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Silva RA, Estevão VAO, Villela EFDM. Circulation of Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomines and Didelphis sp. in urban areas: Transmission risk assessment in the Metropolitan Region. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 52:101059. [PMID: 38880572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The presence of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in urban areas has been frequent, with colonization of homes and associated with reservoir animals that increase risk to humans, with simultaneous circulation of vectors and T. cruzi. The study aimed to describe the circulation of triatomines and T. cruzi in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, as well as evaluate risk situations. For analysis purposes, the triatomine notification information from January 2016 to July 2023 was used. While for Didelphis sp. collection with the aid of traps, notification information used was from 2019 to 2023. Information about triatomines came from spontaneous demand by the population and notification services were carried out by state field teams following defined protocols. 202 notifications were received with the capture of 448 triatomines. The positivity for T. cruzi observed was 60.5%. Regarding Didelphis sp., 416 animals were collected, 5.3% of which were positive for T. cruzi. There was overlapping areas of presence of infected triatomines and Didelphis sp., whose Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) was T. cruzi I. This work indicates the presence of infected vectors in urban areas, and the presence of a wild cycle of T. cruzi in didelphiids, reaffirming the need for and importance of vector surveillance work, through actions that can prevent the transmission of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Antonio Silva
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Pasteur Institute, Afonso Pessini 86, Mogi Guaçu, Brazil.
| | - Vera Aparecida Oliveira Estevão
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Vector Control, Avenue Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edlaine Faria de Moura Villela
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Postgraduate Program in Sciences, Avenue Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, Brazil
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Trovo JVS, Weber-Lima MM, Prado-Costa B, Iunklaus GF, Andrade AJ, Sobral-Souza T, Muylaert RL, Alvarenga LM, Toledo MJO. The risk of vector transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi remains high in the State of Paraná. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230226. [PMID: 38865577 PMCID: PMC11164317 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring and analysing the infection rates of the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, that causes Chagas disease, helps assess the risk of transmission. OBJECTIVES A study was carried out on triatomine in the State of Paraná, Brazil, between 2012 and 2021 and a comparison was made with a previous study. This was done to assess the risk of disease transmission. METHODS Ecological niche models based on climate and landscape variables were developed to predict habitat suitability for the vectors as a proxy for risk of occurrence. FINDINGS A total of 1,750 specimens of triatomines were recorded, of which six species were identified. The overall infection rate was 22.7%. The areas with the highest risk transmission of T. cruzi are consistent with previous predictions in municipalities. New data shows that climate models are more accurate than landscape models. This is likely because climate suitability was higher in the previous period. MAIN CONCLUSION Regardless of uneven sampling and potential biases, risk remains high due to the wide presence of infected vectors and high environmental suitability for vector species throughout the state and, therefore, improvements in public policies aimed at wide dissemination of knowledge about the disease are recommended to ensure the State remains free of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Vitor S Trovo
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Michele Martha Weber-Lima
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Bianca Prado-Costa
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Giullia F Iunklaus
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Andrey J Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Thadeu Sobral-Souza
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica e Ecologia, Laboratório de Macroecologia, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Renata L Muylaert
- Massey University, Hopkirk Research Institute, Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Larissa M Alvarenga
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Max Jean O Toledo
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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López-García A, Gilabert JA. Oral transmission of Chagas disease from a One Health approach: A systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:689-698. [PMID: 37488635 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse acute Chagas disease (CD) outbreaks through a qualitative systematic review and discuss the determinants for its prevention and control. METHODS Review of studies in which clinical cases of oral transmission were confirmed by parasitological and/or serological tests that included an epidemiological investigation of sources of infection, vectors and reservoirs. RESULTS Thirty-two outbreaks (1965-2022) were analysed. The main foods involved in oral transmission outbreaks are homemade fruit juices. Different species of vectors were identified. Reservoirs were mainly dogs, rodents and large American opossums (didelphids). CONCLUSION Under a One Health approach, environmental changes are one of the factors responsible of the rise of oral transmission of CD. Entomological surveillance of vectors and control of the changes in wild and domestic reservoirs and reinforcement of hygiene measures around food in domestic and commercial sites are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra López-García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Gilabert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Oliveira MM, Bonturi CR, Salu BR, Oliva MLV, Mortara RA, Orikaza CM. Modulation of STAT-1, STAT-3, and STAT-6 activities in THP-1 derived macrophages infected with two Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1038332. [PMID: 36389843 PMCID: PMC9643828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative protozoan of Chagas’ Disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects 6−7 million people worldwide. Interaction of the parasite with the host immune system is a key factor in disease progression and chronic symptoms. Although the human immune system is capable of controlling the disease, the parasite has numerous evasion mechanisms that aim to maintain intracellular persistence and survival. Due to the pronounced genetic variability of T. cruzi, co-infections or mixed infections with more than one parasite strain have been reported in the literature. The intermodulation in such cases is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the co-infection of T. cruzi strains G and CL compared to their individual infections in human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells activated by classical or alternative pathways. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that trypomastigotes were more infective than extracellular amastigotes (EAs) and that strain G could infect more macrophages than strain CL. Classically activated macrophages showed lower number of infected cells and IL-4-stimulated cells displayed increased CL-infected macrophages. However, co-infection was a rare event. CL EAs decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas G trypomastigotes displayed increased ROS detection in classically activated cells. Co-infection did not affect ROS production. Monoinfection by strain G or CL mainly induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile by decreasing inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β) and/or increasing IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. Co-infection led to a predominant inflammatory milieu, with reduced IL-10 and TGF-β, and/or promotion of IFN-γ and IL-1β release. Infection by strain G reduced activation of intracellular signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors. In EAs, monoinfections impaired STAT-1 activity and promoted phosphorylation of STAT-3, both changes may prolong cell survival. Coinfected macrophages displayed pronounced activation of all STATs examined. These activations likely promoted parasite persistence and survival of infected cells. The collective results demonstrate that although macrophages respond to both strains, T. cruzi can modulate the intracellular environment, inducing different responses depending on the strain, parasite infective form, and co-infection or monoinfection. The modulation influences parasite persistence and survival of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Martins Oliveira
- ¹Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Ramalho Bonturi
- ²Biochemistry Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ramos Salu
- ²Biochemistry Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- ²Biochemistry Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- ¹Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Mary Orikaza
- ¹Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Department, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cristina Mary Orikaza,
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Bittinelli IF, de Oliveira J, Dos Reis YV, Ravazi A, Madeira FF, de Oliveira ABB, Montanari G, Gomes AJC, Cesaretto LP, Massarin IDS, Galvão C, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Alevi KCC. Do not judge a book by its cover: would Triatoma tibiamaculata (Pinto, 1926) belong to Triatoma Laporte, 1832, or to Panstrongylus Berg, 1879, with misleading homoplasies? Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:184. [PMID: 35643509 PMCID: PMC9148475 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma tibiamaculata is a species distributed in ten Brazilian states which has epidemiological importance as it has already been found infecting household areas. The taxonomy of this triatomine has been quite unstable: it was initially described as Eutriatoma tibiamaculata. Later, the species was transferred from the genus Eutriatoma to Triatoma. Although included in the genus Triatoma, the phylogenetic position of T. tibiamaculata in relation to other species of this genus has always been uncertain once this triatomine was grouped in all phylogenies with the genus Panstrongylus, rescuing T. tibiamaculata and P. megistus as sister species. Thus, we evaluated the generic status of T. tibiamaculata using phylogenetic and chromosomal analysis. Methods Chromosomal (karyotype) and phylogenetic (with mitochondrial and nuclear markers) analyses were performed to assess the relationship between T. tibiamaculata and Panstrongylus spp. Results The chromosomal and phylogenetic relationship of T. tibiamaculata and Panstrongylus spp. confirms the transfer of the species to Panstrongylus with the new combination: Panstrongylus tibiamaculatus. Conclusions Based on chromosomal and phylogenetic characteristics, we state that P. tibiamaculatus comb. nov. belongs to the genus Panstrongylus and that the morphological features shared with Triatoma spp. represent homoplasies. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Freitas Bittinelli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Yago Visinho Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Amanda Ravazi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Giulia Montanari
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Julia Chaves Gomes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Laura Poloto Cesaretto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabella da Silva Massarin
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 505, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, 14801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brasil.,Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, sala 505, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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6
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Sourri P, Tassou CC, Nychas GJE, Panagou EZ. Fruit Juice Spoilage by Alicyclobacillus: Detection and Control Methods—A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050747. [PMID: 35267380 PMCID: PMC8909780 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit juices have an important place in humans’ healthy diet. They are considered to be shelf stable products due to their low pH that prevents the growth of most bacteria. However thermo-acidophilic endospore forming bacteria of the genus Alicyclobacillus have the potential to cause spoilage of commercially pasteurized fruit juices. The flat sour type spoilage, with absence of gas production but presence of chemical spoilage compounds (mostly guaiacol) and the ability of Alicyclobacillus spores to survive after pasteurization and germinate under favorable conditions make them a major concern for the fruit juice industry worldwide. Their special characteristics and presence in the fruit juice industry has resulted in the development of many isolation and identification methods based on cell detection (plating methods, ELISA, flow cytometry), nucleic acid analysis (PCR, RAPD-PCR, ERIC-PCR, DGGE-PCR, RT-PCR, RFLP-PCR, IMS-PCR, qPCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing) and measurement of their metabolites (HPLC, GC, GC-MS, GC-O, GC-SPME, Electronic nose, and FTIR). Early detection is a big challenge that can reduce economic loss in the industry while the development of control methods targeting the inactivation of Alicyclobacillus is of paramount importance as well. This review includes a discussion of the various chemical (oxidants, natural compounds of microbial, animal and plant origin), physical (thermal pasteurization), and non-thermal (High Hydrostatic Pressure, High Pressure Homogenization, ultrasound, microwaves, UV-C light, irradiation, ohmic heating and Pulse Electric Field) treatments to control Alicyclobacillus growth in order to ensure the quality and the extended shelf life of fruit juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patra Sourri
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Sofokli Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece;
| | - Chrysoula C. Tassou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization DIMITRA, Sofokli Venizelou 1, 14123 Lycovrissi, Greece;
- Correspondence: (C.C.T.); (E.Z.P.)
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Efstathios Z. Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (C.C.T.); (E.Z.P.)
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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8
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Gorla DE, Xiao-Nong Z, Diotaiuti L, Khoa PT, Waleckx E, Souza RDCMD, Qin L, Lam TX, Freilij H. Different profiles and epidemiological scenarios: past, present and future. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e200409. [PMID: 35613154 PMCID: PMC9126320 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiplicity of epidemiological scenarios shown by Chagas Disease, derived from multiple transmission routes of the aetiological agent, occurring on multiple geo-ecobiosocial settings determines the complexity of the disease and reveal the difficulties for its control. From the first description of the link between the parasite, the vector and its domestic habitat and the disease that Carlos Chagas made in 1909, the epidemiological scenarios of the American Trypanosomiasis has shown a dynamic increasing complexity. These scenarios changed with time and geography because of new understandings of the disease from multiple studies, because of policies change at the national and international levels and because human movements brought the parasite and vectors to new geographies. Paradigms that seemed solid at a time were broken down, and we learnt about the global dispersion of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, the multiplicity of transmission routes, that the infection can be cured, and that triatomines are not only a health threat in Latin America. We consider the multiple epidemiological scenarios through the different T. cruzi transmission routes, with or without the participation of a Triatominae vector. We then consider the scenario of regions with vectors without the parasite, to finish with the consideration of future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pham Thi Khoa
- Science Services of Insect Joint Stock Company, Viet Nam
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Université de Montpellier, France; Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Liu Qin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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9
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Souza RDCMD, Gorla DE, Chame M, Jaramillo N, Monroy C, Diotaiuti L. Chagas disease in the context of the 2030 agenda: global warming and vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e200479. [PMID: 35649048 PMCID: PMC9150778 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines’ dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.
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Bruneto EG, Fernandes-Silva MM, Toledo-Cornell C, Martins S, Ferreira JMB, Corrêa VR, da Costa JM, Pinto AYDN, de Souza DDSM, Pinto MCG, Neto JADF, Ramos AN, Maguire JH, Silvestre OM. Case-fatality From Orally-transmitted Acute Chagas Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1084-1092. [PMID: 32772104 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally-transmitted acute Chagas disease (CD) is emerging as an important public health problem. The prognosis of acute infection following oral transmission is unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze and summarize data on orally-transmitted acute CD. We searched for publications from 1968 to 31 January 2018. We included studies and unpublished data from government sources that reported patients with acute orally-transmitted CD. We identified 41 papers and we added 932 unpublished cases. In all, our study covered 2470 cases and occurrence of 97 deaths. Our meta-analysis estimated that the case-fatality rate was 1.0% (95% CI 0.0-4.0%). Lethality rates have declined over time (P = .02). In conclusion, orally-transmitted acute CD has considerable lethality in the first year after infection. The lethality in symptomatic cases is similar to that from other routes of infection. The lethality rate of orally-acquired disease has declined over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James H Maguire
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Monsalve-Lara J, Lilioso M, Valença-Barbosa C, Thyssen PJ, Miguel DC, Limeira C, Gadelha FR, Fontes FVHM, Pires-Silva D, Dornak LL, Lima MM, Donalisio MR, Almeida CE. The risk of oral transmission in an area of a Chagas disease outbreak in the Brazilian northeast evaluated through entomological, socioeconomic and schooling indicators. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105803. [PMID: 33373585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease strongly associated with low socioeconomic status, affecting nearly 8 million people - mainly Latin Americans. The current infection risk is based on acute case reports, most of which are typically associated with oral transmissions. In the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, serious outbreaks of this transmission type have surged in the last years. One of those occurred in 2016 in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Rural residents of four municipalities surrounding Marcelino Vieira ingested sugar cane juice - which was probably ground with Trypanosoma cruzi-infected insects. Eighteen cases of Chagas disease were confirmed serologically, with two deaths reported. Socioeconomic information, schooling of residents and the structure of peridomestic and domestic environments in the rural area of Marcelino Vieira, along with entomological indicators, were investigated to understand better the factors related to the outbreaks in this region. We found triatomines (mainly Triatoma brasiliensis) in 35% (24/67) of domiciliary units and all rocky outcrops inspected (n = 7). Overall, 25% (91/357) of examined T. brasiliensis were infected by T. cruzi in artificial ecotopes, with almost the same prevalence in the sylvatic environment (22%; 35/154). Among all ecotopes investigated, wood/tile/brick piles were the ones linked to high insect infestations and triatomine T. cruzi infection prevalence. Ninety-five percent of people interviewed recognized the triatomines and knew the classic route of transmission of disease - triatomine bite-dependent. However, only 7.5% admitted knowledge that Chagas disease can also be acquired orally - which poses a risk this transmission route currently recognized. Here, we highlight the physical proximity between humans and triatomine populations with high T. cruzi infection prevalence as an additional risk factor to oral/vector contaminations. In sum, residents have low income, low level of education, and/or a willful disregard for the routes of Chagas disease transmission (specifically oral transmission), a combination of factors that may have favored the Chagas disease outbreak. We here provide recommendations to avoid further outbreaks.
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Silva RA, Virgínio F, Estevão VAO, Martins ML, Duarte AN, Silva GP, Carvalho PR, Santos AR, Curado I, Sei IA. First report of colonization by Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:178-182. [PMID: 32074173 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.225562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratório Especializado de Mogi Guaçu: Doença de Chagas, Diretoria de Combate a Vetores, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 1º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F Virgínio
- Grupo de Estudo em Entomologia Médica, Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V A O Estevão
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Martins
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A N Duarte
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - G P Silva
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P R Carvalho
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A R Santos
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I Curado
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 5º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I A Sei
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 5º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Finamore-Araujo P, Faier-Pereira A, Ramon do Nascimento Brito C, Gomes Peres E, Kazumy de Lima Yamaguchi K, Trotta Barroso Ferreira R, Moreira OC. Validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Trypanosoma cruzi detection and quantification in açai pulp. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246435. [PMID: 33529258 PMCID: PMC7853518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, orally acquired T. cruzi infection has become the most relevant transmission mechanisms from public health perspective. Around 70% of new Chagas disease cases have been associated with consumption of contaminated food or beverages. Açai (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria) is currently one of the most commercialized Amazonian fruits in the Brazilian and international markets. Therefore, it has become important to incorporate in the production process some procedures to measure out effective hygiene and product quality control required by global market. Molecular methods have been developed for rapid detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in several biological samples, including food matrices, for epidemiological investigation of Chagas disease and food quality control. However, a high-performance molecular methodology since DNA extraction until detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in açai berry pulp is still needed. Herein, a simple DNA extraction methodology was standardized from the supernatant of açai berry pulp stabilized in a 6M Guanidine-HCl/0.2M EDTA buffer. In addition, a multiplex real time qPCR assay, targeting T. cruzi DNA and an Exogenous Internal Positive Control was developed and validated, using reference from all T. cruzi DTUs and commercial samples of açai pulp, from an endemic municipality with previous history of oral Chagas disease outbreak. Thus, a high-sensitivity qPCR assay, that could detect up to 0.01 parasite equivalents/mL in açai, was reached. As of the 45 commercial samples analyzed, 9 (20%) were positive for T. cruzi. This high-sensitive, fast, and easy-to-use molecular assay is compatible with most of the laboratories involved in the investigations of oral Chagas disease outbreaks, representing an important tool to the epidemiology, control, and surveillance of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Faier-Pereira
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Otacilio Cruz Moreira
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Domingues CS, Cardoso FDO, Hardoim DDJ, Pelajo-Machado M, Bertho AL, Calabrese KDS. Host Genetics Background Influence in the Intragastric Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:566476. [PMID: 33329529 PMCID: PMC7732431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.566476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the complexity of the factors involved in the immunopathology of Chagas disease, which influence the Chagas' disease pathogenesis, anti-T. cruzi immune response, and chemotherapy outcome, further studies are needed to improve our understanding about these relationships. On this way, in this article we analyzed the host genetic influence on hematological, histopathological and immunological aspects after T. cruzi infection. Methods BALB/c and A mice were intragastrically infected with T. cruzi SC2005 strain, isolated from a patient of an outbreak of Chagas disease. Parameters such as parasite load, survival rates, cytokines production, macrophages, T and B cell frequencies, and histopathology analysis were carried out. Results BALB/c mice presented higher parasitemia and mortality rates than A mice. Both mouse lineages exhibited hematological alterations suggestive of microcytic hypochromic anemia and histopathological alterations in stomach, heart and liver. The increase of CD8+ T cells, in heart, liver and blood, and the increase of CD19+ B cells, in liver, associated with a high level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), confer a resistance profile to the host. Although BALB/c animals exhibited the same findings observed in A mice, the response to infection occurred later, after a considerable parasitemia increase. By developing an early response to the infection, A mice were found to be less susceptible to T. cruzi SC2005 infection. Conclusions Host genetics background shaping the response to infection. The early development of a cytotoxic cellular response profile with the production of proinflammatory cytokines is important to lead a less severe manifestation of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Salles Domingues
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Jesus Hardoim
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Citometria de Fluxo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Sampaio GHF, Silva ANBD, Brito CRDN, Honorato NRM, Oliveira LMD, Câmara ACJD, Galvão LMDC. Epidemiological profile of acute Chagas disease in individuals infected by oral transmission in northern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200088. [PMID: 32935781 PMCID: PMC7491568 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0088-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Oral infection by Trypanosoma cruzi is currently the most important route of transmission of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in the North region of Brazil, and the reported outbreaks are usually related to ingestion of contaminated food, especially unprocessed açaí pulp. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed to analyze the epidemiological profile of individuals with suspected cases of ACD in the municipality of Breves, located in the state of Pará, Brazil. Therefore, notifications of suspected cases of ACD were collected from the Municipal Health Department of Breves from January 2007 to December 2017. RESULTS A total of 265 individuals were registered, and the majority were male (54.7%; 145/265). Age ranged from nine months to 79 years, with a greater number of notifications for individuals aged between 1 and 39 years (71.3%; 189/265). Most of them had a low level of education (74.3%, 197/265), were living in rural and urban areas (58.9%; 156/265 and 37.7%; 100/265, respectively). Infection occurred mainly in the domestic environment (96.2%; 255/265) through oral transmission (98.1%; 260/265). There were a greater number of notifications in November, December and January. CONCLUSIONS These data showed that oral transmission of T. cruzi has become increasingly high in the study region, and health education programs need to be implemented as strategies to ensure good manufacturing practices of unprocessed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Harisson Felinto Sampaio
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Andressa Noronha Barbosa da Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Nathan Ravi Medeiros Honorato
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Antônia Claudia Jácome da Câmara
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Natal, RN, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Natal, RN, Brasil
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The Glycan Structure of T. cruzi mucins Depends on the Host. Insights on the Chameleonic Galactose. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173913. [PMID: 32867240 PMCID: PMC7504415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoa that causes Chagas disease in humans, is transmitted by insects from the Reduviidae family. The parasite has developed the ability to change the structure of the surface molecules, depending on the host. Among them, the mucins are the most abundant glycoproteins. Structural studies have focused on the epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes that colonize the insect, and on the mammal trypomastigotes. The carbohydrate in the mucins fulfills crucial functions, the most important of which being the accepting of sialic acid from the host, a process catalyzed by the unique parasite trans-sialidase. The sialylation of the parasite influences the immune response on infection. The O-linked sugars have characteristics that differentiate them from human mucins. One of them is the linkage to the polypeptide chain by the hexosamine, GlcNAc, instead of GalNAc. The main monosaccharide in the mucins oligosaccharides is galactose, and this may be present in three configurations. Whereas β-d-galactopyranose (β-Galp) was found in the insect and the human stages of Trypanosoma cruzi, β-d-galactofuranose (β-Galf) is present only in the mucins of some strains of epimastigotes and α-d-galactopyranose (α-Galp) characterizes the mucins of the bloodstream trypomastigotes. The two last configurations confer high antigenic properties. In this review we discuss the different structures found and we pose the questions that still need investigation on the exchange of the configurations of galactose.
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Acute Chagas disease in Brazil from 2001 to 2018: A nationwide spatiotemporal analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008445. [PMID: 32745113 PMCID: PMC7425982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Brazil, acute Chagas disease (ACD) surveillance involves mandatory notification, which allows for population-based epidemiological studies. We conducted a nationwide population-based ecological analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns of ACD notifications in Brazil using secondary surveillance data obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) maintained by Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methodology/Principal findings In this nationwide population-based ecological all cases of ACD reported in Brazil between 2001 and 2018 were included. Epidemiological characteristics and time trends were analyzed through joinpoint regression models and spatial distribution using microregions as the unit of analysis. A total of 5,184 cases of ACD were recorded during the period under study. The annual incidence rate in Brazil was 0.16 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Three statistically significant changes in time trends were identified: a rapid increase prior to 2005 (Period 1), a stable drop from 2005 to 2009 (Period 2), followed by another increasing trend after 2009 (Period 3). Higher frequencies were noted in males and females in the North (all three periods) and in females in Northeast (Periods 1 and 2) macroregions, as well as in individuals aged between 20–64 years in the Northeast, and children, adolescents and the elderly in the North macroregion. Vectorial transmission was the main route reported during Period 1, while oral transmission was found to increase significantly in the North during the other periods. Spatiotemporal distribution was heterogeneous in Brazil over time. Despite regional differences, over time cases of ACD decreased significantly nationwide. An increasing trend was noted in the North (especially after 2007), and significant decreases occurred after 2008 among all microregions other than those in the North, especially those in the Northeast and Central-West macroregions. Conclusions/Significance In light of the newly identified epidemiological profile of CD transmission in Brazil, we emphasize the need for strategically integrated entomological and health surveillance actions. Chagas disease (CD) infection is a debilitating and neglected disease that occurs in 21 Latin America countries. CD has two distinct phases: acute and chronic. The generally asymptomatic acute phase begins shortly after infection and can last up to four months. When symptoms do appear, they are typically mild and unspecific. Following this phase, infected individuals evolve to a long-lasting chronic phase, which can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. In Brazil, only acute cases are mandatorily notifiable in the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (Brazilian Ministry of Health). Most chronic cases are unknown and untreated. Considering that epidemiological data related to ACD is publicly available, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of notified cases of ACD and evaluated relevant epidemiological indicators throughout Brazil from 2001 to 2018. The data present here may contribute to surveillance actions designed at preventing new CD cases. We observed 5,184 cases of ACD during the period under study. The annual incidence rate in Brazil was 0.16 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Three distinct epidemiological periods were identified: a rapid increase prior to 2005 (Period 1), a stable drop from 2005 to 2009 (Period 2), followed by another increasing trend after 2009 (Period 3). Vectorial transmission was the main route reported during Period 1, while oral transmission was found to increase significantly in the North during the other periods. Despite regional differences, over time cases of ACD decreased significantly nationwide. An increasing trend was noted in the North (especially after 2007). In light of the newly identified epidemiological profile of CD transmission in Brazil, we emphasize the need for strategically integrated entomological and health surveillance actions.
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Calvopina M, Segovia G, Cevallos W, Vicuña Y, Costales JA, Guevara A. Fatal acute Chagas disease by Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcI, Ecuador. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:143. [PMID: 32059706 PMCID: PMC7023793 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is caused by the haemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Currently, T. cruzi recognizes seven discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and Tcbat. The genetic diversity of T. cruzi is suspected to influence the clinical outcome. Acute clinical manifestations, which include myocarditis and meningoencephalitis, are sometimes fatal; occur most frequently in children and in immunocompromised individuals. Acute disease is often overlooked, leading to a poor prognosis. Case presentation A 38-year-old man from a subtropical area of the Andes mountains of Ecuador was hospitalized after 3 weeks of evolution with high fever, chills, an enlarged liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as facial edema. ECG changes were also observed. T. cruzi was identified in blood smears, culture and amplification of DNA by PCR. Tests for anti-T. cruzi IgG and IgM and HIV were negative. Molecular typing by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) determined the parasite to DTU TcI. In the absence of a timely anti-T. cruzi medication, the patient died. Conclusions This is a case of severe pathogenicity and the virulence of a DTU TcI strain in an adult patient. The severe acute Chagas disease was probably overlooked due to limited awareness and its low incidence. Our findings suggest that T. cruzi DTU TcI strains circulating in Ecuador are capable of causing fatal acute disease. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is of paramount importance to avoid fatalities in acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Calvopina
- OneHealth Research Group, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Calle Jose Queri s/n entre Av. Granados y Av. Eloy Alfaro, PO BOX 17-17-9788, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Gabriela Segovia
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - William Cevallos
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Yosselin Vicuña
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaime A Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Angel Guevara
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Jansen AM, Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR. Landmarks of the Knowledge and Trypanosoma cruzi Biology in the Wild Environment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:10. [PMID: 32117794 PMCID: PMC7016096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are ancient parasitic eukaryotes that still maintain prokaryotic characteristics. Trypanosoma cruzi, a primarily wild mammal parasite, infected humans already long before European colonization of the Americas. T. cruzi heterogeneity remains an unsolved question, and until now, it has still not been possible to associate T. cruzi genotypes with any biological or epidemiological feature. One of the first biochemical attempts to cluster the T. cruzi subpopulations recognized three main subpopulations (zymodemes) that have been associated with the transmission cycles in the wild (Z1; Z3) and in the domestic environment (Z2). The description of wild mammal species harboring Z2 two decades later challenged this assemblage attempt. Currently, the genotypes of T. cruzi are assembled in seven discrete typing units (DTUs). The biology of T. cruzi still shows novelties such as the description of epimastigotes multiplying and differentiating to metacyclic trypomastigotes in the lumen of the scent glands of Didelphis spp. and the capacity of the true meiosis in parallel to clonal reproduction. The study of the transmission cycle among wild animals has broken paradigms and raised new questions: (i) the interaction of the T. cruzi DTUs with each of its mammalian host species displays peculiarities; (ii) the impact of mixed genotypes and species on the transmissibility of one or another species or on pathogenesis is still unknown; (iii) independent T. cruzi transmission cycles may occur in the same forest fragment; (iv) the capacity to act as a reservoir depends on the peculiarities of the host species and the parasite genotype; and (v) faunistic composition is a defining trait of the T. cruzi transmission cycle profile. The development of models of environmental variables that determine the spatial distribution of the elements that make up T. cruzi transmission by spatial analysis, followed by map algebra and networking, are the next steps toward interpreting and dealing with the new profile of Chagas disease with its many peculiarities. There is no way to solve this neglected disease once and for all if not through a multidisciplinary look that takes into account all kinds of human and animal activities in parallel to environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Jansen
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dos-Santos ALA, Dick CF, Lopes LR, Rocco-Machado N, Muzi-Filho H, Freitas-Mesquita AL, Paes-Vieira L, Vieyra A, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Tartrate-resistant phosphatase type 5 in Trypanosoma cruzi is important for resistance to oxidative stress promoted by hydrogen peroxide. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107748. [PMID: 31442453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi (the causative agent of Chagas disease) presents a complex life cycle that involves adaptations in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. As a protozoan parasite of hematophagous insects and mammalian hosts, T. cruzi is exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). To investigate the functionality of T. cruzi tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5 (TcACP5), we cloned, superexpressed and purified the enzyme. Purified TcACP5 exhibited a Vmax and apparent Km for pNPP hydrolysis of 7.7 ± 0.2 nmol pNP × μg-1 × h-1 and 169.3 ± 22.6 μM, respectively. The pH dependence was characterized by sharp maximal activity at pH 5.0, and inhibition assays demonstrated its sensitivity to acid phosphatase inhibitors. Similar activities were obtained with saturating concentrations of P-Ser and P-Thr as substrates. The enzyme metabolizes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro, and parasites superexpressing this enzyme were more resistant to oxidative stress promoted by H2O2. Taken together, these results suggest that TcACP5 plays a central role in phosphoryl transfer and redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L A Dos-Santos
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia F Dick
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leandro R Lopes
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Paulo de Góes Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anita L Freitas-Mesquita
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lisvane Paes-Vieira
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, Grande Rio University, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Leopoldo De Meis Medical Biochemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (INBEB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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21
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Santana RAG, Guerra MGVB, Sousa DR, Couceiro K, Ortiz JV, Oliveira M, Ferreira LS, Souza KR, Tavares IC, Morais RF, Silva GAV, Melo GC, Vergel GM, Albuquerque BC, Arcanjo ARL, Monteiro WM, Ferreira JMBB, Lacerda MVG, Silveira H, Guerra JAO. Oral Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:132-135. [PMID: 30561299 PMCID: PMC6302584 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.180646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, the suspected source of infection in an outbreak of acute Chagas disease involving 10 patients was Euterpe oleracea (açaí berry) juice. Patient blood and juice samples contained Trypanosoma cruzi TcIV, indicating oral transmission of the Chagas disease agent.
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22
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Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, Sandri TL. Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem. Front Public Health 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31312626 PMCID: PMC6614205 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. Initially, CD occurred only in Latin America and was considered a silent and poorly visible disease. More recently, CD became a neglected worldwide disease with a high morbimortality rate and substantial social impact, emerging as a significant public health threat. In this context, it is crucial to better understand better the epidemiological scenarios of CD and its transmission dynamics, involving people infected and at risk of infection, diversity of the parasite, vector species, and T. cruzi reservoirs. Although efforts have been made by endemic and non-endemic countries to control, treat, and interrupt disease transmission, the cure or complete eradication of CD are still topics of great concern and require global attention. Considering the current scenario of CD, also affecting non-endemic places such as Canada, USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan, in this review we aim to describe the spread of CD cases worldwide since its discovery until it has become a global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Iara J Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Antunes D, Marins-Dos-Santos A, Ramos MT, Mascarenhas BAS, Moreira CJDC, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Savino W, Monteiro RQ, de Meis J. Oral Route Driven Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Unravels an IL-6 Dependent Hemostatic Derangement. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1073. [PMID: 31139194 PMCID: PMC6527737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is presently the most important route of infection in Brazilian Amazon. Other South American countries have also reported outbreaks of acute Chagas disease associated with food consumption. A conspicuous feature of this route of transmission is presenting symptoms such as facial and lower limbs edema, in some cases bleeding manifestations and risk of thromboembolism are evident. Notwithstanding, studies that address this route of infection are largely lacking regarding its pathogenesis and, more specifically, the crosstalk between immune and hemostatic systems. Here, BALB/c mice were orally infected with metacyclic trypomastigotes of T. cruzi Tulahuén strain and used to evaluate the cytokine response, primary and secondary hemostasis during acute T. cruzi infection. When compared with control uninfected animals, orally infected mice presented higher pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6) serum levels. The highest concentrations were obtained concomitantly to the increase of parasitemia, between 14 and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Blood counts in the oral infected group revealed concomitant leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, the latter resulting in increased bleeding at 21 dpi. Hematological changes paralleled with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, Factor VIII consumption and increased D-dimer levels, suggest that oral T. cruzi infection relies on disseminated intravascular coagulation. Remarkably, blockade of the IL-6 receptor blunted hematological abnormalities, revealing a critical role of IL-6 in the course of oral infection. These results unravel that acute T. cruzi oral infection results in significant alterations in the hemostatic system and indicates the relevance of the crosstalk between inflammation and hemostasis in this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Antunes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Marins-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tavares Ramos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Angelica S Mascarenhas
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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24
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Caballero E Z, Correa R, Nascimento MS, Villarreal A, Llanes A, Kesper N. High sensitivity and reproducibility of in-house ELISAs using different genotypes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12627. [PMID: 30908676 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The adequate choice of Trypanosoma cruzi strains as antigen source for the diagnosis of Chagas disease is still controversial due to differences in terms of accuracy reported between different diagnostic tests. In this study was determined if the genetic variability between different genotypes of T. cruzi (TcI, TcII and TcIV) affect the final diagnosis of Chagas disease. The sensitivity and specificity index of in-house ELISA tests prepared with different T. cruzi strains were evaluated with chagasic and non-chagasic control sera and using the TESA-blot as a reference test. The results of this study revealed that the sensitivity index did not vary, with percentages of 100% for all strains in both tests. However, the specificity index for ELISA tests showed differences between 92% and 98%, but were reduced to 78%-89% when Leishmania-positive sera were included. All ELISAs and TESA-blot prepared with different antigens and the recombinant Wiener test were challenged in an endemic community for Chagas disease in Panama. Both ELISAs and TESA-blot recognized the same positive sera, corroborating the sensitivity indexes (100%) found with the control sera. The TESA-blot maintained the specificity index of 100% and did not display false positives. However, the recombinant Wiener test decreased its sensitivity to 81.25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuleima Caballero E
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ricardo Correa
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá.,Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Marilda S Nascimento
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo (IMT-USP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alcibiades Villarreal
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación - Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Asociación de Interés Público (INDICASAT-AIP), Panamá, República of Panamá
| | - Norival Kesper
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Universidade de São Paulo (IMT-USP), São Paulo, Brasil
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25
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Labello Barbosa R, Dias VL, Lorosa ES, de Góes Costa E, Pereira KS, Gilioli R, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi from vector and reservoir in in natura açaí pulp resulting in food-borne acute Chagas disease at Pará State, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Menna-Barreto RFS. Cell death pathways in pathogenic trypanosomatids: lessons of (over)kill. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:93. [PMID: 30700697 PMCID: PMC6353990 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Especially in tropical and developing countries, the clinically relevant protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease), Trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness) and Leishmania species (leishmaniasis) stand out and infect millions of people worldwide leading to critical social-economic implications. Low-income populations are mainly affected by these three illnesses that are neglected by the pharmaceutical industry. Current anti-trypanosomatid drugs present variable efficacy with remarkable side effects that almost lead to treatment discontinuation, justifying a continuous search for alternative compounds that interfere with essential and specific parasite pathways. In this scenario, the triggering of trypanosomatid cell death machinery emerges as a promising approach, although the exact mechanisms involved in unicellular eukaryotes are still unclear as well as the controversial biological importance of programmed cell death (PCD). In this review, the mechanisms of autophagy, apoptosis-like cell death and necrosis found in pathogenic trypanosomatids are discussed, as well as their roles in successful infection. Based on the published genomic and proteomic maps, the panel of trypanosomatid cell death molecules was constructed under different experimental conditions. The lack of PCD molecular regulators and executioners in these parasites up to now has led to cell death being classified as an unregulated process or incidental necrosis, despite all morphological evidence published. In this context, the participation of metacaspases in PCD was also not described, and these proteases play a crucial role in proliferation and differentiation processes. On the other hand, autophagic phenotype has been described in trypanosomatids under a great variety of stress conditions (drugs, starvation, among others) suggesting that this process is involved in the turnover of damaged structures in the protozoa and is not a cell death pathway. Death mechanisms of pathogenic trypanosomatids may be involved in pathogenesis, and the identification of parasite-specific regulators could represent a rational and attractive alternative target for drug development for these neglected diseases.
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27
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Zingales B. Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity: Something new for something known about Chagas disease manifestations, serodiagnosis and drug sensitivity. Acta Trop 2018; 184:38-52. [PMID: 28941731 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan agent of Chagas disease, is widely recognized. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into seven discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. This article reviews the present knowledge on the parasite population structure, the evolutionary relationships among DTUs and their distinct, but not exclusive ecological and epidemiological associations. Different models for the origin of hybrid DTUs are examined, which agree that genetic exchange among T. cruzi populations is frequent and has contributed to the present parasite population structure. The geographic distribution of the prevalent DTUs in humans from the southern United States to Argentina is here presented and the circumstantial evidence of a possible association between T. cruzi genotype and Chagas disease manifestations is discussed. The available information suggests that parasite strains detected in patients, regardless of the clinical presentation, reflect the principal DTU circulating in the domestic transmission cycles of a particular region. In contrast, in several orally transmitted outbreaks, sylvatic strains are implicated. As a consequence of the genotypic and phenotypic differences of T. cruzi strains and the differential geographic distribution of DTUs in humans, regional variations in the sensitivity of the serological tests are verified. The natural resistance to benznidazole and nifurtimox, verified in vivo and in vitro for some parasite stocks, is not associated with any particular DTU, and does not explain the marked difference in the anti-parasitic efficacy of both drugs in the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. Throughout this review, it is emphasized that the interplay between parasite and host genetics should have an important role in the definition of Chagas disease pathogenesis, anti-T. cruzi immune response and chemotherapy outcome and should be considered in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zingales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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28
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Lewis MD, Francisco AF, Jayawardhana S, Langston H, Taylor MC, Kelly JM. Imaging the development of chronic Chagas disease after oral transmission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11292. [PMID: 30050153 PMCID: PMC6062536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission cycles are maintained by haematophagous triatomine bug vectors that carry infective T. cruzi in their faeces. Most human infections are acquired by contamination of mucosal membranes with triatomine faeces after being bitten, however, T. cruzi can be transmitted by several other routes. Oral transmission is an increasingly important aspect of Chagas disease epidemiology, typically involving food or drink products contaminated with triatomines. This has recently caused numerous outbreaks and been linked to unusually severe acute infections. The long-term impact of oral transmission on infection dynamics and disease pathogenesis is unclear. We used highly sensitive bioluminescence imaging and quantitative histopathology to study orally transmitted T. cruzi infections in mice. Both metacyclic and bloodform trypomastigotes were infectious via the oral cavity, but only metacyclics led to established infections by intra-gastric gavage. Mice displayed only mild acute symptoms but later developed significantly increased myocardial collagen content (p = 0.017), indicative of fibrosis. Gastrointestinal tissues and skin were the principal chronic infection reservoirs. Chronic phase parasite load profiles, tissue distribution and myocardial fibrosis severity were comparable to needle-injected controls. Thus, the oral route neither exacerbates nor ameliorates experimental Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lewis
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom.
| | - Amanda F Francisco
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Shiromani Jayawardhana
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Langston
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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29
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Villena FE, Gomez-Puerta LA, Jhonston EJ, Del Alcazar OM, Maguiña JL, Albujar C, Laguna-Torres VA, Recuenco SE, Ballard SB, Ampuero JS. First Report of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Salivary Gland of Bats from the Peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:723-728. [PMID: 30014825 PMCID: PMC6169177 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, 8 million people are infected with Chagas disease, and an additional 90 million people are at risk for infection. Little is known about the role bats play in the sylvatic transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite causing Chagas disease. Here, we captured bats in the villages of Palmiche, Pachacutec, Nuevo San Martin, and Mayuriaga located in the Datem del Marañon Province in Loreto, Peru. Venous blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture or from the upper extremities, and trypanosomatids were identified by microscopy and molecularly. We collected blood samples from 121 bats on filter paper for molecular studies and 111 slides for microscopic examination of thin and thick blood smears from 16 different bat species. The prevalence of trypanosomatids in all bats species was 34.7% (42/121) and the prevalence of T. cruzi was 4.1% (5/121). In hematophagous bat species, the prevalence of trypanosomatids and T. cruzi was 36.9% (27/73) and 2.7% (2/73), respectively. In non-hematophagous bats, the prevalences of trypanosomatids and T. cruzi were 31.2% (15/48) and 6.2% (3/48), respectively. Also, we confirm the presence of T. cruzi in salivary glands of hematophagous bats Diaemus youngi. These results suggest a sylvatic cycle of trypanosomatid transmission in which bats may harbor infectious T. cruzi parasites that could be transmitted to humans via hematophagous bat bites or salivary contamination by non-hematophagous bats of vegetables consumed by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy E Villena
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Luis A Gomez-Puerta
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Erik J Jhonston
- Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Loreto, Peru
| | - O Melisa Del Alcazar
- Departamento de Mastozoología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge L Maguiña
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | | | - V Alberto Laguna-Torres
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio E Recuenco
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Julia S Ampuero
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
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30
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Sathler-Avelar R, Mattoso-Barbosa AM, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Vitelli-Avelar DM, VandeBerg JL, VandeBerg JF. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection in Non-Human Primates. Primates 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Ferreira RTB, Cabral ML, Martins RS, Araujo PF, da Silva SA, Britto C, Branquinho MR, Cardarelli-Leite P, Moreira OC. Detection and genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi from açai products commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and Pará, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:233. [PMID: 29636097 PMCID: PMC5894193 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cases of food-borne acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Brazilian Amazon so far. Up to 2004, the occurrence of ACD by oral transmission, associated with food consumption, was rare. Recent cases of ACD in Brazil have been attributed to the consumption of juice from the açai palm containing reservoir animals or insect vectors waste, infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. This study aimed to determine the T. cruzi contamination rate and to genotype the parasite in food samples prepared from açai, which are commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and the Pará States in Brazil. METHODS The amplificability of DNA extracted from açai samples, and T. cruzi and Triatominae detection were performed by conventional PCR. Molecular characterization was done by multilocus PCR analysis, to determine the parasite discrete type units (DTUs) based on the size of PCR products in agarose gels, using the intergenic region of the spliced leader (SL), 24 Sα rDNA and nuclear fragment A10 as targets. RESULTS From the 140 samples of açai-based products analyzed, T. cruzi DNA was detected in 14 samples (10%); triatomine DNA was detected in one of these 14 samples. The parasite genotyping demonstrated that food samples containing açai showed a mixture of T. cruzi DTUs with TcIII, TcV and TcI prevailing. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the molecular detection and identification of T. cruzi from açai-based manufactured food samples, was performed for the first time. Although parasite DNA is a marker of possible contamination during food manufacturing, our findings do not indicate that açai is a source of Chagas disease via oral transmission per se, as live parasites were not investigated. Nevertheless, a molecular approach could be a powerful tool in the epidemiological investigation of outbreaks, supporting previous evidence that açai-based food can be contaminated with T. cruzi. Furthermore, both food quality control and assessment of good manufacturing practices involving açai-based products can be improved, assuring the safety of açai products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luiza Cabral
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Sodré Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Finamore Araujo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Alves da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Branquinho
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cardarelli-Leite
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ribeiro AR, Lima L, de Almeida LA, Monteiro J, Moreno CJG, Nascimento JD, de Araújo RF, Mello F, Martins LPA, Graminha MAS, Teixeira MMG, Silva MS, Steindel M, da Rosa JA. Biological and Molecular Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi Strains from Four States of Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:453-463. [PMID: 29313485 PMCID: PMC5929169 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease affects between six and seven million people. Its etiological agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs). The biological study of 11 T. cruzi strains presented here included four parameters: growth kinetics, parasitemia curves, rate of macrophage infection, and serology to evaluate IgM, total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3. Sequencing of small subunit of ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA)was performed and the T. cruzi strains were classified into three DTUs. When their growth in liver infusion tryptose medium was represented in curves, differences among the strains could be noted. The parasitemia profile varied among the strains from the TcI, TcII, and TcIII groups, and the 11 T. cruzi strains produced distinct parasitemia levels in infected BALB/c. The TcI group presented the highest rate of macrophage infection by amastigotes, followed by TcII and TcIII. Reactivity to immunoglobulins was observed in the TcI, TcII, and TcIII; all the animals infected with the different strains of T. cruzi showed anti-T. cruzi antibodies. The molecular study presented here resulted in the classification of the T. cruzi strains into the TcI (Bolivia, T lenti, Tm, SC90); TcII (Famema, SC96, SI8, Y); and TcIII (QMM3, QMM5, SI5) groups. These biological and molecular results from 11 T. cruzi strains clarified the factors involved in the biology of the parasite and its hosts. The collection of triatomine (vector) species, and the study of geographic distribution, as well as biological and molecular characterization of the parasite, will contribute to the reporting and surveillance measures in Brazilian states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Aguiar de Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Joana Monteiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Jassica Gonçalves Moreno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociência, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Mello
- Rio Grande do Sul State Health Secretariat, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Aparecida Silva Graminha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Sousa Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociência, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Araraquara, Brazil
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Santana RAG, Guerra MGV, Sousa DR, Couceiro K, Ortiz JV, Oliveira M, Ferreira LS, Souza KR, Tavares IC, Morais RF, Silva GA, Melo GC, Vergel GM, Albuquerque BC, Arcanjo ARL, Monteiro WM, Ferreira JMB, Lacerda MV, Silveira H, Guerra JAO. Oral Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, Brazilian Amazon. Emerg Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2501180646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Volpato FCZ, Sousa GR, D'Ávila DA, Galvão LMDC, Chiari E. Combined parasitological and molecular-based diagnostic tools improve the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in single peripheral blood samples from patients with Chagas disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:506-515. [PMID: 28954072 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0046-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to detect Trypanosoma cruzi and determine the genetic profiles of the parasite during the chronic phase of Chagas disease (ChD), parasitological and molecular diagnostic methods were used to assess the blood of 91 patients without specific prior treatment. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 68 patients with cardiac ChD and 23 patients with an indeterminate form of ChD, followed by evaluation using blood culture and polymerase chain reaction. T . cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different genetic markers. RESULTS: Blood culture was positive in 54.9% of all patients, among which 60.3% had the cardiac form of ChD, and 39.1% the indeterminate form of ChD. There were no significant differences in blood culture positivity among patients with cardiac and indeterminate forms. Additionally, patient age and clinical forms did not influence blood culture results. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in 98.9% of patients, although comparisons between blood culture and PCR results showed that the two techniques did not agree. Forty-two T . cruzi stocks were isolated, and TcII was detected in 95.2% of isolates. Additionally, one isolate corresponded to TcIII or TcIV, and another corresponded to TcV or TcVI. CONCLUSIONS Blood culture and PCR were both effective for identifying T. cruzi using a single blood sample, and their association did not improve parasite detection. However, we were not able to establish an association between the clinical form of ChD and the genetic profile of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Caroline Zempulski Volpato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Giovane Rodrigo Sousa
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniella Alchaar D'Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lúcia Maria da Cunha Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation for the synthesis of quinonoid compounds: Significant Anti- Trypanosoma cruzi activities and electrochemical studies of functionalized quinones. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:406-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oliveira TDSFD, Santos BND, Galdino TS, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Bastos OMP, Sousa MAD. Trypanosoma cruzi I genotype among isolates from patients with chronic Chagas disease followed at the Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ, Brazil). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2017; 50:35-43. [PMID: 28327800 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0406-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease in humans, mainly in Latin America. Trypanosome stocks were isolated by hemoculture from patients followed at Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (FIOCRUZ) and studied using different approaches. METHODS: For species and genotype identification, the stocks were analyzed by parasitological techniques, polymerase chain reaction assays targeted to specific DNA sequences, isoenzyme patterns, besides sequencing of a polymorphic locus of TcSC5D gene (one stock). RESULTS: The isolates presented typical T. cruzi morphology and usually grew well in routine culture media. Metacyclic trypomastigotes were found in cultures or experimentally infected Triatoma infestans. All isolates were pure T. cruzi cultures, presenting typical 330-bp products from kinetoplast DNA minicircles, and 250 or 200-bp amplicons from the mini-exon non-transcribed spacer. Their genetic type assignment was resolved by their isoenzyme profiles. The finding of TcI in one asymptomatic patient from Paraíba was confirmed by the sequencing assay. TcVI was found in two asymptomatic individuals from Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. TcII was identified in six patients from Pernambuco, Bahia and Minas Gerais, who presented different clinical forms: cardiac (2), digestive with megaesophagus (1), and indeterminate (3). CONCLUSIONS: The main T. cruzi genotypes found in Brazilian chronic patients were identified in this work, including TcI, which is less frequent and usually causes asymptomatic disease, unlike that in other American countries. This study emphasizes the importance of T. cruzi genotyping for possible correlations between the parasite and patient' responses to therapeutic treatment or disease clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tainah Silva Galdino
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Auxiliadora de Sousa
- Coleção de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e Outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Silva-dos-Santos D, Barreto-de-Albuquerque J, Guerra B, Moreira OC, Berbert LR, Ramos MT, Mascarenhas BAS, Britto C, Morrot A, Serra Villa-Verde DM, Garzoni LR, Savino W, Cotta-de-Almeida V, de Meis J. Unraveling Chagas disease transmission through the oral route: Gateways to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and target tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005507. [PMID: 28379959 PMCID: PMC5397068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is the most important route of infection in Brazilian Amazon and Venezuela. Other South American countries have also reported outbreaks associated with food consumption. A recent study showed the importance of parasite contact with oral cavity to induce a highly severe acute disease in mice. However, it remains uncertain the primary site of parasite entry and multiplication due to an oral infection. Here, we evaluated the presence of T. cruzi Dm28c luciferase (Dm28c-luc) parasites in orally infected mice, by bioluminescence and quantitative real-time PCR. In vivo bioluminescent images indicated the nasomaxillary region as the site of parasite invasion in the host, becoming consistently infected throughout the acute phase. At later moments, 7 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), luminescent signal is denser in the thorax, abdomen and genital region, because of parasite dissemination in different tissues. Ex vivo analysis demonstrated that the nasomaxillary region, heart, mandibular lymph nodes, liver, spleen, brain, epididymal fat associated to male sex organs, salivary glands, cheek muscle, mesenteric fat and lymph nodes, stomach, esophagus, small and large intestine are target tissues at latter moments of infection. In the same line, amastigote nests of Dm28c GFP T. cruzi were detected in the nasal cavity of 6 dpi mice. Parasite quantification by real-time qPCR at 7 and 21 dpi showed predominant T. cruzi detection and expansion in mouse nasal cavity. Moreover, T. cruzi DNA was also observed in the mandibular lymph nodes, pituitary gland, heart, liver, small intestine and spleen at 7 dpi, and further, disseminated to other tissues, such as the brain, stomach, esophagus and large intestine at 21 dpi. Our results clearly demonstrated that oral cavity and adjacent compartments is the main target region in oral T. cruzi infection leading to parasite multiplication at the nasal cavity. Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with food/beverage consumption is presently an important route of infection in Brazil and Venezuela. Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina and Ecuador have also reported to have acute cases of Chagas disease transmission through the oral route. Significant studies about this form of T. cruzi infection are largely lacking. In addition to the classic cardiac involvement, orally-infected patient progress to a highly symptomatic disease and increased mortality rate (8–35%), surpassing the calculated mortality produced by the disease resulting from the biting of infected insect vectors (5–10%). Here, we explored by in vivo bioluminescent images, qPCR and fluorescence microscopy the primary site of parasite entry and multiplication in oral infection (OI). Our results clearly demonstrated that the oral cavity is the main T. cruzi target region in OI, leading to parasite multiplication at the nasal cavity and parasite dissemination to the brain and peripheral tissues. Interestingly, facial edema, paraesthesia of the tongue, gingivitis and dry cough were already described in affected patients. These findings might be associated to our present data, which describe for the first time the nasomaxillary region as the main target tissue following oral T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Guerra
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bio-imaging—CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tavares Ramos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Constança Britto
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Déa M. Serra Villa-Verde
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratory for Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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39
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Enfermedad de Chagas de transmisión oral. Med Clin (Barc) 2017; 148:125-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Salerno A, Celentano AM, López J, Lara V, Gaozza C, Balcazar DE, Carrillo C, Frank FM, Blanco MM. Novel 2-arylazoimidazole derivatives as inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi proliferation: Synthesis and evaluation of their biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 125:327-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sangenis LHC, De Sousa AS, Sperandio Da Silva GM, Xavier SS, Machado CRC, Brasil P, De Castro L, Da Silva S, Georg I, Saraiva RM, do Brasil PEAA, Hasslocher-Moreno AM. FIRST REPORT OF ACUTE CHAGAS DISEASE BY VECTOR TRANSMISSION IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:361-4. [PMID: 26422165 PMCID: PMC4616926 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is an endemic anthropozoonosis from Latin America of which the main means of transmission is the contact of skin lesions or mucosa with the feces of triatomine bugs infected by Trypanosoma cruzi. In this article, we describe the first acute CD case acquired by vector transmission in the Rio de Janeiro State and confirmed by parasitological, serological and PCR tests. The patient presented acute cardiomyopathy and pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade. Together with fever and malaise, a 3 cm wide erythematous, non-pruritic, papule compatible with a "chagoma" was found on his left wrist. This case report draws attention to the possible transmission of CD by non-domiciled native vectors in non-endemic areas. Therefore, acute CD should be included in the diagnostic workout of febrile diseases and acute myopericarditis in Rio de Janeiro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sérgio Salles Xavier
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | | | - Patrícia Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Liane De Castro
- Intituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Sidnei Da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Ingebourg Georg
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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Campos JDS, Hoppe LY, Duque TLA, de Castro SL, Oliveira GM. Use of Noninvasive Parameters to Evaluate Swiss Webster Mice DuringTrypanosoma cruziExperimental Acute Infection. J Parasitol 2016; 102:280-5. [DOI: 10.1645/15-884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Sá ARN, Dias GBM, Kimoto KY, Steindel M, Grisard EC, Toledo MJO, Gomes ML. Genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and Trypanosoma rangeli genetic groups in experimentally infected Rhodnius prolixus by PCR-RFLP. Acta Trop 2016; 156:115-21. [PMID: 26792202 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The specific detection and genetic typing of trypanosomes that infect humans, mammalian reservoirs, and vectors is crucial for diagnosis and epidemiology. We utilized a PCR-RFLP assay that targeted subunit II of cytochrome oxidase and 24Sα-rDNA to simultaneously detect and discriminate six Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) and two genetic groups of Trypanosoma rangeli (KP1+/KP1-) in intestinal contents of experimentally infected Rhodnius prolixus. The PCR assays showed that in 23 of 29 (79.4%) mixed infections with the six T. cruzi DTUs and mixed infections with individual DTUs and/or groups KP1+ and KP1-, both parasites were successfully detected. In six mixed infections that involved TcIII, the TcI, TcII, TcV, and TcVI DTUs predominated to the detriment of TcIII, indicating the selection of genetic groups. Interactions between different genetic groups and vectors may lead to genetic selection over TcIII. The elimination of this DTU by the immune system of the vector appears unlikely because TcIII was present in other mixed infections (TcIII/TcIV and TcIII/KP1+). Both molecular markers used in this study were sensitive and specific, demonstrating their usefulness in a wide geographical area where distinct genotypes of these two species are sympatric. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in parasite-vector interactions are still poorly understood, our results indicate a dynamic selection toward specific T. cruzi DTUs in R. prolixus during mixed genotype infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R N Sá
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil; Docente do curso de Biomedicina, Faculdade Integrado, Campo Mourão, Rodovia BR 158, KM 207, Campo Mourão, Paraná 87300-970, Brazil.
| | - Greicy B M Dias
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Karen Y Kimoto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Mário Steindel
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Edmundo C Grisard
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Max Jean O Toledo
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Mônica L Gomes
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
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Margioto Teston AP, Paula de Abreu A, Gruendling AP, Bahia MT, Gomes ML, Marques de Araújo S, Jean de Ornelas Toledo M. Differential parasitological, molecular, and serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi I, II, and IV in blood of experimentally infected mice. Exp Parasitol 2016; 166:44-50. [PMID: 26995535 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease), which affects 6-7 million people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. It presents great genetic and biological variability that plays an important role in the clinical and epidemiological features of the disease. Our working hypothesis is that the genetic diversity of T. cruzi has an important impact on detection of the parasite using diagnostic techniques. The present study evaluated the diagnostic performance of parasitological, molecular, and serological techniques for detecting 27 strains of T. cruzi that belonged to discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI (11 strains), TcII (four strains), and TcIV (12 strains) that were obtained from different hosts in the states of Amazonas and Paraná, Brazil. Blood samples were taken from experimentally infected mice and analyzed by fresh blood examination, hemoculture in Liver Infusion Tryptose (LIT) medium, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polymerase chain reaction presented the best detection of TcI, with 80.4% positivity. For all of the detection methods, the animals that were inoculated with TcII presented the highest positivity rates (94.1-100%). ELISA that was performed 7 months after inoculation presented a higher detection ability (95.4%) for TcIV. Intra-DTU comparisons showed that the reproducibility of the majority of the results that were obtained with the different methods was weak for TcI and good for TcII and TcIV. Our data indicate that the detection capability of different techniques varies with the DTUs of the parasites in mammalian blood. The implications of these findings with regard to the diagnosis of human T. cruzi infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Margioto Teston
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de Abreu
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula Gruendling
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Federal University of Ouro Preto, Rua Costa Sena, 171, 35 400-000, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Lúcia Gomes
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Marques de Araújo
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, 87 020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Santos FLN, de Souza WV, Barros MDS, Nakazawa M, Krieger MA, Gomes YDM. Chronic Chagas Disease Diagnosis: A Comparative Performance of Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay Tests. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1034-9. [PMID: 26976886 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant heterogeneity in reported performance of serological assays for Chagas disease diagnosis. The conventional serology testing in laboratory diagnosis and in blood banks is unsatisfactory because of a high number of inconclusive and misclassified results. We aimed to assess the quality of four commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests for their ability to detect Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in 685 sera samples. Cross-reactivity was assessed by using 748 sera from patients with unrelated diseases. Initially, we found that the reactivity index against T. cruzi antigen was statistically higher in sera from Chagas disease patients compared with those from non-chagasic patients, supporting the notion that all evaluated tests have a good discriminatory ability toward the diagnosis of T. cruzi infection in patients in the chronic phase of the disease. Although all tests were similarly sensitive for diagnosing T. cruzi infection, there were significant variations in terms of specificity and cross-reactivity among them. Indeed, we obtained divergent results when testing sera from patient with unrelated diseases, particularly leishmaniasis, with the levels of cross-reactivity being higher in tests using whole T. cruzi extracts compared with those using recombinant proteins. Our data suggest that all four tests may be used for the laboratory diagnosis and routine blood screening diagnose for Chagas disease. We also emphasize that, despite their general good performance, caution is needed when analyzing the results when these tests are performed in areas where other diseases, particularly leishmaniasis, are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Wayner Vieira de Souza
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Michelle da Silva Barros
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mineo Nakazawa
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yara de Miranda Gomes
- Reference Laboratory for Chagas Disease, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute-Molecular Biology Institute of Paraná, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Curitiba, Brazil
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Santos FLN, Lorena VMBD, Souza WVD, Gomes YDM. Spatiotemporal analysis of reported cases of acute Chagas disease in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2002 to 2013. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 48:181-7. [PMID: 25992933 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0312-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Control strategies to eliminate the transmission of Chagas disease by insect vectors have significantly decreased the number of reported acute cases in Brazil. However, data regarding the incidence and distribution of acute Chagas disease cases in the State of Pernambuco are unavailable in the literature. METHODS A geographical information system was used to delineate the spatiotemporal distribution profile of the cases from 2002 to 2013 in 185 municipalities of Pernambuco based on the municipality where notification occurred. The results were presented in digital maps generated by the TerraView software (INPE). RESULTS A total of 302 cases of acute disease were recorded in 37.8% of the municipalities, for a total of 0.13 cases per 1,000,000 inhabitants per year. Out of the 302 cases, 99.3% were reported between 2002 and 2006. The most affected municipalities were Carnaubeira da Penha, Mirandiba and Terra Nova. The risk maps showed a significant decrease in the number of notifications and a concentration of cases in the Midwest region. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a significant decrease in new cases of acute Chagas disease in Pernambuco starting in 2006 when Brazil received an international certification for the interruption of vectorial transmission by Triatoma infestans. However, control strategies should still be encouraged because other triatomine species can also transmit the parasite; moreover, other transmission modes must not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Virginia Maria Barros de Lorena
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wayner Vieira de Souza
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Yara de Miranda Gomes
- Serviço de Referência em Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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de Noya BA, González ON. An ecological overview on the factors that drives to Trypanosoma cruzi oral transmission. Acta Trop 2015; 151:94-102. [PMID: 26066984 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis is one of the few native parasites of this continent. As a zoonosis, Trypanosoma cruzi infects about 180 species out of 25 families of mammals. Its regular transmission is through triatomines, which can easily transmit parasites either by the skin route (contamination of mammals skin with their feces) or by oral route (ingestion of food contaminated with complete triatomines or their feces) and additionally through haematogenous via (congenital and transfusional) and by tissues (transplants). The oral route, which seems to be the ancestral form of transmission to wild and domestic mammals, has recently become more important after the success achieved in the control of domicile vectors using residual pesticides. From its initial diagnosis in 1967, tens of oral outbreaks have been diagnosed mostly in the Brazilian Amazon and subsequently in other four countries in South America. Environmental imbalance caused by man through the invasion and deforestation of woodlands, results in reduction of biodiversity of mammals as food source for triatomines, affecting the "dilution effect" of T. cruzi in the nature increasing the risk of human infection. On the other hand, triatomines invade houses looking for new blood sources. One of the consequences of domiciliated triatomines is the food contamination spread, especially in home-made juices, which has been the source of infection of most oral outbreaks. Other biotic and abiotic factors help to explain the recent increase of oral transmission outbreaks of Chagas disease, distributed in nine eco-regions of America.
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Coura JR, Junqueira ACV. Surveillance, health promotion and control of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region--Medical attention in the Brazilian Amazon Region: a proposal. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:825-30. [PMID: 26560976 PMCID: PMC4660612 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We refer to Oswaldo Cruz's reports dating from 1913 about the necessities of a healthcare system for the Brazilian Amazon Region and about the journey of Carlos Chagas to 27 locations in this region and the measures that would need to be adopted. We discuss the risks of endemicity of Chagas disease in the Amazon Region. We recommend that epidemiological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon Region and Pan-Amazon region should be implemented through continuous monitoring of the human population that lives in the area, their housing, the environment and the presence of triatomines. The monitoring should be performed with periodic seroepidemiological surveys, semi-annual visits to homes by health agents and the training of malaria microscopists and healthcare technicians to identify Trypanosoma cruzi from patients' samples and T. cruzi infection rates among the triatomines caught. We recommend health promotion and control of Chagas disease through public health policies, especially through sanitary education regarding the risk factors for Chagas disease. Finally, we propose a healthcare system through base hospitals, intermediate-level units in the areas of the Brazilian Amazon Region and air transportation, considering the distances to be covered for medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues Coura
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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de Oliveira MT, de Assis GFM, Oliveira e Silva JCV, Machado EMM, da Silva GN, Veloso VM, Macedo AM, Martins HR, de Lana M. Trypanosoma cruzi Discret Typing Units (TcII and TcVI) in samples of patients from two municipalities of the Jequitinhonha Valley, MG, Brazil, using two molecular typing strategies. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:568. [PMID: 26520576 PMCID: PMC4628324 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is classified into six discrete taxonomic units (DTUs). For this classification, different biological markers and classification criteria have been used. The objective was to identify the genetic profile of T. cruzi samples isolated from patients of two municipalities of Jequitinhonha Valley, MG, Brazil. Methods Molecular characterization was performed using two different criteria for T. cruzi typing to characterize 63 T. cruzi samples isolated from chronic Chagas disease patients. The characterizations followed two distinct methodologies. Additionally, the RAPD technique was used to evaluate the existence of genetic intragroup variability. Results The first methodology identified 89 % of the samples as TcII, but it was not possible to define the genetic identity of seven isolates. The results obtained with the second methodology corroborated the classification as TcII of the same samples and defined the classification of the other seven as TcVI. RAPD analysis showed lower intra-group variability in TcII. Conclusions The results confirmed the preliminary data obtained in other municipalities of the Jequitinhonha Valley, showing a predominance of TcII, similar to that verified in northeast/south axis of Brazil and the first detection of TcVI in the study region. The second protocol was more simple and reliable to identify samples of hybrid character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Girley Francisco Machado de Assis
- Departamento- Básico de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), CEP: 35010-177, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jaquelline Carla Valamiel Oliveira e Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Marques Menezes Machado
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vanja Maria Veloso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marta de Lana
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Messenger LA, Miles MA, Bern C. Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:995-1029. [PMID: 26162928 PMCID: PMC4784490 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, concomitant with successful transnational disease control programs across Latin America, Chagas disease has expanded from a neglected, endemic parasitic infection of the rural poor to an urbanized chronic disease, and now a potentially emergent global health problem. Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to severe and often fatal cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal manifestations. To date, few correlates of clinical disease progression have been identified. Elucidating a putative role for T. cruzi strain diversity in Chagas disease pathogenesis is complicated by the scarcity of parasites in clinical specimens and the limitations of our contemporary genotyping techniques. This article systematically reviews the historical literature, given our current understanding of parasite genetic diversity, to evaluate the evidence for any association between T. cruzi genotype and chronic clinical outcome, risk of congenital transmission or reactivation and orally transmitted outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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