1
|
A Novel In Vitro Simulator to Investigate Promotion of Reconstruction of Damaged Neuronal Cell Colony Differentiated from iPS Cells with the Aid of Micro Dynamic Stimulation. TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/technologies9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cells are equipped with the function of a sensor that senses stimulation and elongates neurites to connect nearby neuronal cells in forming a neuronal network, as they are generally said to be hard to recover from physical damage, such as in the case of a spinal cord injury. Therefore, in this study, a novel in vitro simulator in which micro dynamic stimulations are applied to a damaged neuronal cell colony artificially is proposed to investigate the possibility of promoting the reconstruction of damaged neuronal cells on a colony basis. A neuronal cell colony differentiated from iPS cells is physically damaged by cutting off treatment, and micro dynamic stimulations are applied to the colony by utilizing a developed mini-vibration table system. NeuroFluor NeuO is used to establish a method for fluorescent staining of the living neuronal cells, and morphologies of the reconstructing neurons are analysed, revealing a relationship between the stimulation and the reconstructing process of the damaged neurons. It is found that significant differences are observed in the reconstructing efficiency between the statically cultured damaged neuronal cell colony and the dynamically stimulated one. The results suggest that applying appropriate micro dynamic stimulations is a promising approach to promote the reconstruction of a damaged neuronal cell colony.
Collapse
|
2
|
Varlet AA, Helfer E, Badens C. Molecular and Mechanobiological Pathways Related to the Physiopathology of FPLD2. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091947. [PMID: 32842478 PMCID: PMC7565540 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are rare and heterogeneous diseases affecting one to almost all tissues, as in Progeria, and sharing certain features such as metabolic disorders and a predisposition to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. These two features are the main characteristics of the adipose tissue-specific laminopathy called familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2). The only gene that is involved in FPLD2 physiopathology is the LMNA gene, with at least 20 mutations that are considered pathogenic. LMNA encodes the type V intermediate filament lamin A/C, which is incorporated into the lamina meshwork lining the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. Lamin A/C is involved in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties through the control of nuclear rigidity and deformability, gene modulation and chromatin organization. While recent studies have described new potential signaling pathways dependent on lamin A/C and associated with FPLD2 physiopathology, the whole picture of how the syndrome develops remains unknown. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways involving lamin A/C that are associated with the progression of FPLD2. We also explore the links between alterations of the cellular mechanical properties and FPLD2 physiopathology. Finally, we introduce potential tools based on the exploration of cellular mechanical properties that could be redirected for FPLD2 diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice-Anaïs Varlet
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Emmanuèle Helfer
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINAM), CNRS, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (C.B.); Tel.: +33-6-60-30-28-91 (E.H.); +33-4-91-78-68-94 (C.B.)
| | - Catherine Badens
- Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: (E.H.); (C.B.); Tel.: +33-6-60-30-28-91 (E.H.); +33-4-91-78-68-94 (C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang YY, Huang M, Wang Y. Targeted Proteomic Analysis of Small GTPases in Murine Adipogenesis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6756-6763. [PMID: 32237738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases are essential signaling molecules for regulating glucose uptake in adipose tissues upon insulin stimulation, and this regulation maintains an appropriate range of glycemia. The involvement of small GTPases in adipogenesis, however, has not been systemically investigated. In this study, we applied a high-throughput scheduled multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) method, along with the use of synthetic stable isotope-labeled peptides, to identify differentially expressed small GTPase proteins during adipogenesis of cultured murine cells. We were able to quantify the relative levels of expression of 55 and 49 small GTPases accompanied by adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells, respectively. When compared with analysis conducted in the data-dependent acquisition (DDA) mode, the MRM-based proteomic platform substantially increased the coverage of the small GTPase proteome. Western blot analysis further corroborated the MRM quantification results for selected small GTPases. Interestingly, overall a significant number of small GTPases were down-regulated during adipogenesis. Among them, the expression levels of Rab32 protein were consistently lower in differentiated adipocytes than the corresponding undifferentiated precursors in both cell lines. Overexpression of Rab32 in 3T3-L1 and C3H10T1/2 cells prior to adipogenesis induction suppressed their differentiation. Together, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the alterations in small GTPase proteome during adipogenesis, and we reveal a previously unrecognized role of Rab32 in adipogenic differentiation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Putative Receptors for Gravity Sensing in Mammalian Cells: The Effects of Microgravity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10062028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gravity is a constitutive force that influences life on Earth. It is sensed and translated into biochemical stimuli through the so called “mechanosensors”, proteins able to change their molecular conformation in order to amplify external cues causing several intracellular responses. Mechanosensors are widely represented in the human body with important structures such as otholiths in hair cells of vestibular system and statoliths in plants. Moreover, they are also present in the bone, where mechanical cues can cause bone resorption or formation and in muscle in which mechanical stimuli can increase the sensibility for mechanical stretch. In this review, we discuss the role of mechanosensors in two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity, emphasizing their emerging role in microgravity. Microgravity is a singular condition in which many molecular changes occur, strictly connected with the modified gravity force and free fall of bodies. Here, we first summarize the most important mechanosensors involved in normogravity and microgravity. Subsequently, we propose muscle LIM protein (MLP) and sirtuins as new actors in mechanosensing and signaling transduction under microgravity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Friedrich O, Merten AL, Schneidereit D, Guo Y, Schürmann S, Martinac B. Stretch in Focus: 2D Inplane Cell Stretch Systems for Studies of Cardiac Mechano-Signaling. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 30972334 PMCID: PMC6445849 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanobiology is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary research field, involving biophysics, molecular and cell biology, biomedical engineering, and medicine. Rapid progress has been possible due to emerging devices and tools engineered for studies of the effect of mechanical forces, such as stretch or shear force, impacting on biological cells and tissues. In response to such mechanical stimuli, cells possess various mechanosensors among which mechanosensitive ion channels are molecular transducers designed to convert mechanical stimuli into electrical and/or biochemical intracellular signals on millisecond time scales. To study their role in cellular signaling pathways, devices have been engineered that enable application of different strain protocols to cells allowing for determination of the stress-strain relationship or other, preferably optical, readouts. Frequently, these devices are mounted on fluorescence microscopes, allowing simultaneous investigation of cellular mechanotransduction processes combined with live-cell imaging. Mechanical stress in organs/tissues can be complex and multiaxial, e.g., in hollow organs, like lung alveoli, bladder, or the heart. Therefore, biomedical engineers have, in recent years, developed devices based on elastomeric membranes for application of biaxial or multiaxial stretch to 2D substrate-adhered or even 3D-embedded cells. Here, we review application of stretch technologies to cellular mechanotransduction with a focus on cardiovascular systems. We also present new results obtained by our IsoStretcher device to examine mechanosensitivity of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. We show that sudden isotropic stretch of cardiomyocytes can already trigger arrhythmic Ca2+ transients on the single cell level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Merten
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schneidereit
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Muscle Research Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yang Guo
- Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Boris Martinac
- Mechanosensory Biophysics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Lin Q, Zhang T, Wang X, Cheng K, Gao M, Xia P, Li X. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30670079 PMCID: PMC6343259 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, although the mechanism of its potential effects on chondrogenic differentiation is unknown. Since autophagy is known to regulate the differentiation of MSCs, the aim of our study was to determine whether LIPUS induced chondrogenesis via autophagy regulation. Methods MSCs were isolated from the rat bone marrow, cultured in either standard or chondrogenic medium, and stimulated with 3 MHz of LIPUS given in 20% on–off cycles, with or without prior addition of an autophagy inhibitor or agonist. Chondrogenesis was evaluated on the basis of aggrecan (AGG) organization and the amount of type II collagen (COL2) and the mRNA expression of AGG, COL2, and SRY-related high mobility group-box gene 9 (SOX9) genes. Results LIPUS promoted the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, as shown by the changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and upregulation of chondrogenic genes, and these effects were respectively augmented and inhibited by the autophagy inhibitor and agonist. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that LIPUS promotes MSC chondrogenesis by inhibiting autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Kai Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
| | - Xueping Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Najrana T, Sanchez-Esteban J. Mechanotransduction as an Adaptation to Gravity. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:140. [PMID: 28083527 PMCID: PMC5183626 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity has played a critical role in the development of terrestrial life. A key event in evolution has been the development of mechanisms to sense and transduce gravitational force into biological signals. The objective of this manuscript is to review how living organisms on Earth use mechanotransduction as an adaptation to gravity. Certain cells have evolved specialized structures, such as otoliths in hair cells of the inner ear and statoliths in plants, to respond directly to the force of gravity. By conducting studies in the reduced gravity of spaceflight (microgravity) or simulating microgravity in the laboratory, we have gained insights into how gravity might have changed life on Earth. We review how microgravity affects prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells at the cellular and molecular levels. Genomic studies in yeast have identified changes in genes involved in budding, cell polarity, and cell separation regulated by Ras, PI3K, and TOR signaling pathways. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of late pregnant rats have revealed that microgravity affects genes that regulate circadian clocks, activate mechanotransduction pathways, and induce changes in immune response, metabolism, and cells proliferation. Importantly, these studies identified genes that modify chromatin structure and methylation, suggesting that long-term adaptation to gravity may be mediated by epigenetic modifications. Given that gravity represents a modification in mechanical stresses encounter by the cells, the tensegrity model of cytoskeletal architecture provides an excellent paradigm to explain how changes in the balance of forces, which are transmitted across transmembrane receptors and cytoskeleton, can influence intracellular signaling pathways and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanbir Najrana
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
| | - Juan Sanchez-Esteban
- Department of Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island , Providence, RI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi M, Matsuzaki E, Higashi K, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Takano A, Hirata M, Nishimura F. Sphingosine-1-phosphate-enhanced Wnt5a promotes osteogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1129-36. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hashimoto
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Mari Kobayashi
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Etsuko Matsuzaki
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
- Section of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology; Department of Odontology; Fukuoka Dental College; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Katsumasa Higashi
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Graduate School of Medical Sciences; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Aiko Takano
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dental Science; Kyushu University; Fukuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Filipowska J, Reilly GC, Osyczka AM. A single short session of media perfusion induces osteogenesis in hBMSCs cultured in porous scaffolds, dependent on cell differentiation stage. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1814-24. [PMID: 26806539 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfusing culture media through porous cell-seeded scaffolds is now a common approach within many tissue engineering strategies. Human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC) are a clinically valuable source of osteoprogenitors that respond to mechanical stimuli. However, the optimal mechanical conditions for their osteogenic stimulation in vitro have not been defined. Whereas the effects of short durations of media fluid flow have been studied in monolayers of osteoblastic cells, in 3D culture continuous or repeated perfusion is usually applied. Here, we investigated whether a short, single perfusion session applied to hBMSCs cultured in 3D would enhance their osteogenesis in vitro. We cultured hBMSCs on gelatine-coated, porous polyurethane scaffolds with osteogenic supplements and stimulated them with a single 2-h session of unidirectional, steady, 2.5 mL/min media perfusion, at either early or late stages of culture in 3D. Some cells were pre-treated in monolayer with osteogenic supplements to advance cell differentiation, followed by 3D culture also with the osteogenic supplements. We report that this single, short session of media perfusion can markedly enhance the expression of bone-related transcription and growth factors, and matrix components, by hBMSCs but that it is more effective when cells reach the pre-osteoblast or osteoblast differentiation stage. These findings could aid in the optimization of 3D culture protocols for efficient bone tissue engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1814-1824. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Filipowska
- Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Malopolska, Poland
| | - Gwendolen C Reilly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Osyczka
- Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Malopolska, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li R, Liang L, Dou Y, Huang Z, Mo H, Wang Y, Yu B. Mechanical stretch inhibits mesenchymal stem cell adipogenic differentiation through TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling. J Biomech 2015; 48:3665-71. [PMID: 26341460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the common precursors of several functionally disparate cell lineages. A plethora of chemical and physical stimuli contribute to lineage decisions and guidance, including mechanical stretch concomitant with physical movement. Here, we examined how stretch regulates MSC differentiation into adipocytes and the intracellular signaling pathways involved. MSCs were cultured under adipogenic conditions and divided into a control and an experimental group. Cultures in the experimental group were subjected to a sinusoidal stretch regimen delivered via flexible culture bottoms (5% magnitude, 10 times per min, 6h/day, 3 or 5 days). Expression levels of the adipocyte markers PPARγ-2, adiponectin, and C/EBPα were measured as indices of differentiation. Compared to controls, MSCs exposed to mechanical stretch exhibited downregulated PPARγ-2, adiponectin, and C/EBPα mRNA expression. Alternatively, stretch upregulated phosphorylation of Smad2. This stretch-induced increase in Smad2 phosphorylation was suppressed by pretreatment with the TGFβ1/Smad2 pathway antagonist SB-431542. Pretreatment with the TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling agonist TGFβ1 facilitated the inhibitory effect of stretch on the expression levels of PPARγ-2, adiponectin, and C/EBPα proteins, while pretreatment with SB-431542 reversed the inhibitory effects of subsequent stretch on the expression levels of these markers. These results strongly suggest that the anti-adipogenic effects of mechanical stretch on MSCs are mediated, at least in part, by activation of the TGFβ1/Smad2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runguang Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Huiqiao Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yonggang Dou
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zeping Huang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huiting Mo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unser AM, Tian Y, Xie Y. Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:962-79. [PMID: 26231586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) via brown adipogenesis has become a notable process due to its ability to expend energy as heat with implications in the treatment of metabolic disorders and obesity. With the advent of complexity within white adipose tissue (WAT) along with inducible brown adipocytes (also known as brite and beige), there has been a surge in deciphering adipocyte biology as well as in vivo adipogenic microenvironments. A therapeutic outcome would benefit from understanding early events in brown adipogenesis, which can be accomplished by studying cellular differentiation. Pluripotent stem cells are an efficient model for differentiation and have been directed towards both white adipogenic and brown adipogenic lineages. The stem cell microenvironment greatly contributes to terminal cell fate and as such, has been mimicked extensively by various polymers including those that can form 3D hydrogel constructs capable of biochemical and/or mechanical modifications and modulations. Using bioengineering approaches towards the creation of 3D cell culture arrangements is more beneficial than traditional 2D culture in that it better recapitulates the native tissue biochemically and biomechanically. In addition, such an approach could potentially protect the tissue formed from necrosis and allow for more efficient implantation. In this review, we highlight the promise of brown adipocytes with a focus on brown adipogenic differentiation of stem cells using bioengineering approaches, along with potential challenges and opportunities that arise when considering the energy expenditure of BAT for prospective therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Unser
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yangzi Tian
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - Yubing Xie
- Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, 257 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mechanical strain regulates osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:873251. [PMID: 25922842 PMCID: PMC4398939 DOI: 10.1155/2015/873251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of mechanical strain on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of cultured MSCs by stimulating MSCs cultured in general and adipogenic differentiation media using a mechanical strain device. Markers of osteogenic (Runx2, Osx, and I-collagen) and adipogenic (PPARγ-2, C/EBPα, and lipid droplets) differentiation were examined using real-time PCR, western blot, immunocytochemical, or histochemical stain analyses. Levels of Runx2 and Osx gradually increased in MSC groups in general medium subject to strain stimulation, as compared with in unstrained groups. After adding the stress signal, I-collagen protein levels of expression were obviously promoted in cells in comparison to the controls. The levels of PPARγ-2 and C/EBPα were decreased, and the emergence of lipid droplets was delayed in MSCs groups in adipogenic differentiation medium subject to strain stimulation, as compared with in unstrained groups. Mechanical strain can promote differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts and can impede differentiation into adipocytes. These results clarify the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on bone repair and reconstruction and provide a more adequate scientific basis for the use of exercise therapy in the treatment of obesity and metabolic osteoporosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Hashimoto Y, Matsuzaki E, Higashi K, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Takano A, Hirata M, Nishimura F. Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells into adipocyte. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 401:39-47. [PMID: 25445169 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into a number of cell types, including adipocytes and osteoblasts. MSC differentiation into adipocytes inhibits osteogenic differentiation and vice versa. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of MSC differentiation at the signaling level can lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies toward tissue regeneration. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling molecule that regulates many cellular responses, including cellular differentiation. However, the effects of S1P on MSC differentiation are largely unknown. The purpose of study was to investigate whether S1P drives MSCs toward either adipogenic or osteogenic differentiation, and if so, to clarify the underlying signaling mechanisms for such differentiation. We found that S1P inhibited adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 multipotent stem cells, while promoting their osteogenic differentiation. During adipogenic differentiation, S1P suppressed the cAMP accumulation in a Gi-protein-dependent manner. The Gi-dependent S1P signaling suppressed C/EBPβ expression, which is essential for adipogenic differentiation. Furthermore, S1P did not affect cAMP-independent adipogenic differentiation. These findings suggest that S1P suppresses cAMP accumulation, leading to inhibition of C/EBPβ expression, thereby resulting in decreased adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. Thus, our findings provide novel molecular mechanisms as regards how S1P inhibits adipogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells, indicating a potential beneficial role for regeneration and repair of tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Hashimoto
- Periodontal Section, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Patil S, Paul S. A comprehensive review on the role of various materials in the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells with a special focus on the association of heat shock proteins and nanoparticles. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:81-102. [PMID: 25401759 DOI: 10.1159/000362226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have important roles in the area of regenerative medicine and clinical applications due to their pluripotent nature. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs has been studied extensively using various stimulants to develop models of bone repair. There are several factors that enhance the differentiation of MSCs into bone tissues. This review focuses on the effects of various inducers on the osteoblast differentiation of MSCs at different stages of cellular development. We discuss the various growth factors, hormones, vitamins, cytokines, chemical stimulants, and mechanical forces applied in bioreactors that play an essential role in the proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization of stem cells during osteogenesis. Various nanoparticles have also been used recently for the same purpose and the results are promising. Moreover, we review the role of various stresses, including thermal stress, and the subsequent involvement of heat shock proteins as inducers of the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. We also report how various proteasome inhibitors have been shown to induce proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in a number of cases. In this communication, the role of peptide-based scaffolds in osteoblast proliferation and differentiation is also reviewed. Based on the reviewed information, this article proposes novel possibilities for the enhancement of proliferation, differentiation, and migration of osteoblasts from MSCs. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Patil
- Structural Biology and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shafieyan Y, Tiedemann K, Komarova SV, Quinn TM. Effects of low frequency cyclic mechanical stretching on osteoclastogenesis. J Biomech 2014; 47:3750-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
16
|
Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of articular chondrocytes activates p38 MAPK and induces phenotypic changes associated with osteoarthritis and pain. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:14427-41. [PMID: 25196344 PMCID: PMC4159860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150814427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disorder resulting from an incompletely understood combination of mechanical, biological, and biochemical processes. OA is often accompanied by inflammation and pain, whereby cytokines associated with chronic OA can up-regulate expression of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF). Several studies suggest a role for cytokines and NGF in OA pain, however the effects of changing mechanical properties in OA tissue on chondrocyte metabolism remain unclear. Here, we used high-extension silicone rubber membranes to examine if high mechanical strain (HMS) of primary articular chondrocytes increases inflammatory gene expression and promotes neurotrophic factor release. HMS cultured chondrocytes displayed up-regulated NGF, TNFα and ADAMTS4 gene expression while decreasing TLR2 expression, as compared to static controls. HMS culture increased p38 MAPK activity compared to static controls. Conditioned medium from HMS dynamic cultures, but not static cultures, induced significant neurite sprouting in PC12 cells. The increased neurite sprouting was accompanied by consistent increases in PC12 cell death. Low-frequency high-magnitude mechanical strain of primary articular chondrocytes in vitro drives factor secretion associated with degenerative joint disease and joint pain. This study provides evidence for a direct link between cellular strain, secretory factors, neo-innervation, and pain in OA pathology.
Collapse
|
17
|
Arfat Y, Xiao WZ, Iftikhar S, Zhao F, Li DJ, Sun YL, Zhang G, Shang P, Qian AR. Physiological effects of microgravity on bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:569-79. [PMID: 24687524 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth developed under the influence of normal gravity (1g). With evidence from previous studies, scientists have suggested that normal physiological processes, such as the functional integrity of muscles and bone mass, can be affected by microgravity during spaceflight. During the life span, bone not only develops as a structure designed specifically for mechanical tasks but also adapts for efficiency. The lack of weight-bearing forces makes microgravity an ideal physical stimulus to evaluate bone cell responses. One of the most serious problems induced by long-term weightlessness is bone mineral loss. Results from in vitro studies that entailed the use of bone cells in spaceflights showed modification in cell attachment structures and cytoskeletal reorganization, which may be involved in bone loss. Humans exposed to microgravity conditions experience various physiological changes, including loss of bone mass, muscle deterioration, and immunodeficiency. In vitro models can be used to extract valuable information about changes in mechanical stress to ultimately identify the different pathways of mechanotransduction in bone cells. Despite many in vivo and in vitro studies under both real microgravity and simulated conditions, the mechanism of bone loss is still not well defined. The objective of this review is to summarize the recent research on bone cells under microgravity conditions based on advances in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Arfat
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi Xilu, Xi'an, 710072, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gawri R, Rosenzweig DH, Krock E, Ouellet JA, Stone LS, Quinn TM, Haglund L. High mechanical strain of primary intervertebral disc cells promotes secretion of inflammatory factors associated with disc degeneration and pain. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R21. [PMID: 24457003 PMCID: PMC3979109 DOI: 10.1186/ar4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Excessive mechanical loading of intervertebral discs (IVDs) is thought to alter matrix properties and influence disc cell metabolism, contributing to degenerative disc disease and development of discogenic pain. However, little is known about how mechanical strain induces these changes. This study investigated the cellular and molecular changes as well as which inflammatory receptors and cytokines were upregulated in human intervertebral disc cells exposed to high mechanical strain (HMS) at low frequency. The impact of these metabolic changes on neuronal differentiation was also explored to determine a role in the development of disc degeneration and discogenic pain. Methods Isolated human annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were exposed to HMS (20% cyclical stretch at 0.001 Hz) on high-extension silicone rubber dishes coupled to a mechanical stretching apparatus and compared to static control cultures. Gene expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), neuronal growth factor (NGF) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) was assessed. Collected conditioned media were analysed for cytokine content and applied to rat pheocromocytoma PC12 cells for neuronal differentiation assessment. Results HMS caused upregulation of TLR2, TLR4, NGF and TNFα gene expression in IVD cells. Medium from HMS cultures contained elevated levels of growth-related oncogene, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), MCP-3, monokine induced by γ interferon, transforming growth factor β1, TNFα and NGF. Exposure of PC12 cells to HMS-conditioned media resulted in both increased neurite sprouting and cell death. Conclusions HMS culture of IVD cells in vitro drives cytokine and inflammatory responses associated with degenerative disc disease and low-back pain. This study provides evidence for a direct link between cellular strain, secretory factors, neoinnervation and potential degeneration and discogenic pain in vivo.
Collapse
|
19
|
Rosenzweig DH, Chicatun F, Nazhat SN, Quinn TM. Cartilaginous constructs using primary chondrocytes from continuous expansion culture seeded in dense collagen gels. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9360-9. [PMID: 23896567 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies such as autologous chondrocyte implantation require in vitro cell expansion. However, standard culture techniques require cell passaging, leading to dedifferentiation into a fibroblast-like cell type. Primary chondrocytes grown on continuously expanding culture dishes (CE culture) limits passaging and protects against dedifferentiation. The authors tested whether CE culture chondrocytes were advantageous for producing mechanically competent cartilage matrix when three-dimensionally seeded in dense collagen gels. Primary chondrocytes, grown either in CE culture or passaged twice on static silicone dishes (SS culture; comparable to standard methods), were seeded in dense collagen gels and cultured for 3 weeks in the absence of exogenous chondrogenic growth factors. Compared with gels seeded with SS culture chondrocytes, CE chondrocyte-seeded gels had significantly higher chondrogenic gene expression after 2 and 3 weeks in culture, correlating with significantly higher aggrecan and type II collagen protein accumulation. There was no obvious difference in glycosaminoglycan content from either culture condition, yet CE chondrocyte-seeded gels were significantly thicker and had a significantly higher dynamic compressive modulus than SS chondrocyte-seeded gels after 3 weeks. Chondrocytes grown in CE culture and seeded in dense collagen gels produce more cartilaginous matrix with superior mechanical properties, making them more suitable than SS cultured cells for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and proliferation in human mesenchymal stem cells by a modified low intensity ultrasound stimulation under simulated microgravity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73914. [PMID: 24069248 PMCID: PMC3772078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells can differentiate into multiple lineages depending on their exposure to differing biochemical and biomechanical inductive factors. Lack of mechanical signals due to disuse can inhibit osteogenesis and induce adipogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Long-term bed rest due to both brain/spinal cord injury and space travel can lead to disuse osteoporosis that is in part caused by a reduced number of osteoblasts. Thus, it is essential to provide proper mechanical stimulation for cellular viability and osteogenesis, particularly under disuse conditions. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on the osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived human stem cells (Ad-hMSC) in simulated microgravity conditions. Cells were cultured in a 1D clinostat to simulate microgravity (SMG) and treated with LIPUS at 30mW/cm2 for 20 min/day. It was hypothesized that the application of LIPUS to SMG cultures would restore osteogenesis in Ad-hMSCs. The results showed significant increases in ALP, OSX, RANKL, RUNX2, and decreases in OPG in LIPUS treated SMG cultures of Ad-MSC compared to non-treated cultures. LIPUS also restored OSX, RUNX2 and RANKL expression in osteoblast cells. SMG significantly reduced ALP positive cells by 70% (p<0.01) and ALP activity by 22% (p<0.01), while LIPUS treatment restored ALP positive cell number and activity to equivalence with normal gravity controls. Extracellular matrix collagen and mineralization was assessed by Sirius red and Alizarin red staining, respectively. SMG cultures showed little or no collagen or mineralization, but LIPUS treatment restored collagen content to 50% (p<0.001) and mineralization by 45% (p<0.001) in LIPUS treated-SMG cultures relative to SMG-only cultures. The data suggest that LIPUS treatment can restore normal osteogenic differentiation of MSCs from disuse by daily short duration stimulation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang MS, Koobatian M, Lei P, Swartz DD, Andreadis ST. Differential and synergistic effects of mechanical stimulation and growth factor presentation on vascular wall function. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7281-91. [PMID: 23810080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that immobilizing TGF-β1 within fibrin hydrogels may act in synergy with cyclic mechanical stimulation to enhance the properties of vascular grafts. To this end, we engineered a fusion TGF-β1 protein that can covalently anchor to fibrin during polymerization upon the action of factor XIII. We also developed a 24-well based bioreactor in which vascular constructs can be mechanically stimulated by distending the silastic mandrel in the middle of each well. TGF-β1 was either conjugated to fibrin or supplied in the culture medium and the fibrin-based constructs were cultured statically for a week followed by cyclic distention for another week. The tissues were examined for myogenic differentiation, vascular reactivity, mechanical properties and ECM content. Our results showed that some aspects of vascular function were differentially affected by growth factor presentation vs. pulsatile force application, while others were synergistically enhanced by both. Overall, this two-prong biomimetic approach improved ECM secretion, vascular reactivity and mechanical properties of vascular constructs. These findings may be applied in other tissue engineering applications such as cartilage, tendon or cardiac regeneration where growth factors TGF-β1 and mechano-stimulation play critical roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Shih Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Elongated cell morphology and uniaxial mechanical stretch contribute to physical attributes of niche environment for MSC tenogenic differentiation. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:755-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
Low-Frequency Mechanical Stimulation Modulates Osteogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/138704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation influences stem cell differentiation and may therefore provide improved lineage specification control for clinical applications. Low-frequency oscillatory mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) has recently been shown to suppress adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that the range of effective stimulation frequencies is not limited to those associated with locomotion, circulation, and respiration. We hypothesized that low-frequency mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) can also promote osteogenic cell differentiation of myoblastic C2C12 cells in combination with BMP-2. Results indicate that low-frequency mechanical stimulation can significantly enhance osteogenic gene expression, provided that differentiation is initiated by a priming period involving BMP-2 alone. Subsequent application of low-frequency mechanical stimulation appears to act synergistically with continued BMP-2 exposure to promote osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and can even partially compensate for the removal of BMP-2. These effects may be mediated by the ERK and Wnt signalling pathways. Osteogenic induction of C2C12 cells by low-frequency mechanical stimulation is therefore critically dependent upon previous exposure to growth factors, and the timing of superimposed BMP-2 and mechanical stimuli can sensitively influence osteogenesis. These insights may provide a technically simple means for control of stem cell differentiation in cell-based therapies, particularly for the enhancement of differentiation toward desired lineages.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rosenzweig DH, Solar-Cafaggi S, Quinn TM. Functionalization of dynamic culture surfaces with a cartilage extracellular matrix extract enhances chondrocyte phenotype against dedifferentiation. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3333-41. [PMID: 22659179 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Culture on silicone rubber surfaces has been shown to partially overcome the chondrocyte dedifferentiation characteristic of standard culture on rigid polystyrene. These methods typically involve functionalization of culture surfaces with proteins. Collagen type I is often used, but more cartilage-specific proteins may be more appropriate for chondrocytes. To explore this hypothesis, a twofold experimental design was applied. First, chondrocytes were cultured in rigid Petri dishes coated with silicone rubber ("static silicone" or SS culture) functionalized with either cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) extract or collagen type I. Second, chondrocytes were cultured on monotonically expanded high extension silicone rubber dishes ("continuous expansion" or CE culture) functionalized with ECM extract and compared to cells grown in SS culture. There were no differential effects of surface functionalization with the ECM extract vs. collagen type I on chondrocyte morphology, viability, proliferation or apoptosis in SS culture. However, chondrocyte growth on the ECM extract was associated with significantly reduced collagen types I and X gene expression and significantly increased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) secretion. After 3 passages (P3) on ECM-coated SS culture, chondrocyte phenotype and GAG secretion was enhanced compared to cells passaged on collagen type I. Pellet cultures from P3 SS culture displayed enhanced collagen type II content when ECM extract was used for functionalization rather than collagen type I. In CE culture with ECM functionalization, chondrocyte dedifferentiation was significantly inhibited vs. SS cultures, as evidenced by both gene expression and pellet cultures. Functionalization of extendable culture surfaces with cartilage ECM extract therefore supports enhanced preservation of chondrocyte phenotype.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosenzweig DH, Matmati M, Khayat G, Chaudhry S, Hinz B, Quinn TM. Culture of primary bovine chondrocytes on a continuously expanding surface inhibits dedifferentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2466-76. [PMID: 22738340 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of autologous chondrocytes in vitro is used to generate adequate populations for cell-based therapies. However, standard (SD) culture methods cause loss of chondrocyte phenotype and dedifferentiation to fibroblast-like cells. Here, we use a novel surface expansion culture system in an effort to inhibit chondrocyte dedifferentiation. A highly elastic silicone rubber culture surface was continuously stretched over a 13-day period to 600% of its initial surface area. This maintained cells at a high density while limiting contact inhibition and reducing the need for passaging. Gene expression analysis, biochemical assays, and immunofluorescence microscopy of follow-on pellet cultures were used to characterize the results of continuous expansion (CE) culture versus SD cultures on rigid polystyrene. CE culture yielded cells with a more chondrocyte-like morphology and higher RNA-level expression of the chondrogenic markers collagen type II, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Furthermore, the expression of collagen type I RNA and α-smooth muscle actin protein were significantly reduced, indicating suppression of fibroblastic features. Pellet cultures from CE chondrocytes contained more sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen type II than pellets from SD culture. Additional control cultures on static (unexpanded) silicone (SS culture) indicated that benefits of CE culture were partially due to features of the culture surface itself and partially due to the reduced passaging which that surface enabled through CE. Chondrocytes grown in CE culture may, therefore, be a superior source for cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek H Rosenzweig
- Soft Tissue Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|