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Aria A, Pourbadakhshan N, Alizadeh A. Evaluation of the Clinical and Paraclinical Symptoms of Children Intoxicated With Amphetamines in Akbar Hospital of Mashhad, Iran 2021-2022. Pediatr Emerg Care 2024:00006565-990000000-00503. [PMID: 39141812 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amphetamine poisoning in children is a significant public health concern due to its potential for severe adverse effects on physical and mental health. In this article, we describe a case series of 29 children under the age of 14 presenting with sympathomimetic toxidrome due to confirmed amphetamine poisoning. MATERIAL AND METHOD In this cross-sectional study, children (1 month to 14 years old) who were hospitalized in the emergency and pediatric departments of Imam Reza and Akbar Hospital in Mashhad from the beginning of April 2021 to September 2022 were identified with the diagnosis of amphetamine poisoning. Their demographic, clinical, and paraclinical (laboratory and electrocardiogram) information, which was included in the relevant checklists, were analyzed and reported. FINDINGS Out of 29 children included in the study, 18 (62%) were male and the rest were female. The average age of children was 44.75 ±43.9 months; most of them were less than 4 years old. In all patients, glasgow coma scale (GCS) was 15. In 25.92% of cases (8 patients) blood pressure was above the 90% percentile for age and sex, 82.60% (24 cases) were tachycardia, 72.41% crying (21 cases), 86.20% were restless (25 cases), 10.34% tremor (3 cases), 10.34% had body pain (3 cases), and 6.89% (2 cases) had delusions. None of the subjects had a seizure. The serum level of creatine phosphokinase was on average 771.99 ± 966 units/L. All children had an increase in creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and 25.9% of children had an increase in CPK to more than 1000 units/L. CONCLUSION Based on the results, in children with symptoms such as restlessness, crying, and tachycardia, poisoning with amphetamine group substances should be included in the differential diagnosis list, and also measuring CPK and investigating the possible occurrence of rhabdomyolysis in cases of poisoning of children with amphetamine seems necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Aria
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Anahita Alizadeh
- From the Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hass RM, Stitt D. Neurological Effects of Stimulants and Hallucinogens. Semin Neurol 2024; 44:459-470. [PMID: 38889896 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In this article, we will discuss the history, pharmacodynamics, and neurotoxicity of psychostimulants and hallucinogens. The drugs discussed are widely used and have characteristic toxidromes and potential for neurological injuries with which the practicing clinician should be familiar. Psychostimulants are a class of drugs that includes cocaine, methamphetamine/amphetamines, and cathinones, among others, which produce a crescendoing euphoric high. Seizures, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, rhabdomyolysis, and a variety of movement disorders are commonly encountered in this class. Hallucinogens encompass a broad class of drugs, in which the user experiences hallucinations, altered sensorium, distorted perception, and cognitive dysfunction. The experience can be unpredictable and dysphoric, creating a profound sense of anxiety and panic in some cases. Recognizing the associated neurotoxicities and understanding the appropriate management is critical in caring for these patient populations. Several of these agents are not detectable by standard clinical laboratory analysis, making identification and diagnosis an even greater challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece M Hass
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Derek Stitt
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Safdar M, Colosimo C, Khurshid MH, Spencer AL, Hejazi O, Castanon L, Hosseinpour H, Magnotti LJ, Bhogadi SK, Joseph B. Drugs, Delirium, and Trauma: Substance Use and Incidence of Delirium After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Surg Res 2024; 301:45-53. [PMID: 38909477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of data on the effect of preinjury substance (alcohol, drugs) abuse on the risk of delirium in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study aimed to assess the incidence of delirium among patients with blunt TBI in association with different substances. METHODS We analyzed the 2020 American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement Program. We included all adult (≥18 y) patients with blunt TBI who had a recorded substance (drugs and alcohol) screening. Our primary outcome was the incidence of delirium. RESULTS A total of 72,901 blunt TBI patients were identified. The mean (standard deviation) age was 56 (20) years and 68.0% were males. The median (interquartile range) injury severity score was 17 (10-25). Among the study population, 23.1% tested positive for drugs (Stimulants: 3.0%; Depressants: 2.9%, hallucinogens: 5.1%, Cannabinoids: 13.4%, TCAs: 0.1%), and 22.8% tested positive for Alcohol. Overall, 1856 (2.5%) experienced delirium. On univariate analysis, patients who developed delirium were more likely to have positive drug screening results. On multivariable regression analyses, positive screen tests for isolated stimulants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.340, P = 0.018), tricyclic antidepressants (aOR: 3.107, P = 0.019), and cannabinoids (aOR: 1.326, P ≤ 0.001) were independently associated with higher odds of developing delirium. CONCLUSIONS Nearly one-fourth of adult patients with blunt TBI had an initial positive substance screening test. Patients with positive results for isolated stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants, and cannabinoids were at a higher risk of developing delirium, whereas this association was not evident with other drugs and alcohol-positive tests. These findings emphasize the need for early drug screening in TBI patients and close monitoring of patients with positive screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Safdar
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christina Colosimo
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Muhammad Haris Khurshid
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Audrey L Spencer
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Omar Hejazi
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lourdes Castanon
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hamidreza Hosseinpour
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Louis J Magnotti
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sai Krishna Bhogadi
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bellal Joseph
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burns, and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Geng P, Fan N, Li Z, Ling R, Yang K, Mao X, Guo H. The effect of detoxification on acoustic features of Mandarin speech in male heroin users. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304399. [PMID: 38865318 PMCID: PMC11168614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effect of detoxification on acoustic features of Mandarin speech. Speech recordings were collected from 66 male abstinent heroin users with different durations of drug detoxification, specifically early abstinent users with a detoxification duration of less than 2 years, sustained abstinent users with 2 years of detoxification, and long-term abstinent users with a detoxification duration of more than 2 years. The results of the acoustic analyses showed that early abstinent users exhibited lower loudness, relative energies of F1, F2, and F3, higher H1-A3, and fewer loudness peaks per second, as well as a longer average duration of unvoiced segments, compared to the sustained and long-term abstinent users. The findings suggest that detoxification may lead to a rehabilitation process in the speech production of abstinent heroin users (e.g., less vocal hoarseness). This study not only provides valuable insights into the effect of detoxification on speech production but also provides a theoretical basis for the speech rehabilitation and detoxification treatment of heroin users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puyang Geng
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxue Fan
- Information Security and Social Management Innovation Lab, Shanghai Open University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Ling
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Mao
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Audio, Video, and Electronic Forensics, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, China
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Naviaux W, Hedman C, Barkholtz H. Strategies to detect trace methamphetamine contamination on hard surfaces: Assessing realistic performance of commercially available presumptive tests and a laboratory-based LC-MS/MS method. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:1011-1020. [PMID: 38351585 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Recreational methamphetamine production and heavy use can result in dwelling contamination that is difficult to detect. First responders and public health officials may use commercially available trace methamphetamine detection (presumptive) test kits to understand apparent and hidden dangers in impacted dwellings. Here, we assessed the limit of detection (LOD) of several commercially available presumptive test kits using simulated contaminated hard surfaces. Pyrex petri dishes were spiked with aliquots of methanolic methamphetamine solutions to reach desired simulated contamination levels. Commercially available presumptive tests were conducted according to manufacturer instructions and using included sample preparation materials, when available. Additionally, a laboratory-based liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) trace methamphetamine quantification method was developed and validated using the EZSTATSG2 tool. For the LC-MS/MS method, samples were collected using 2-ply alcohol prep pads and methamphetamine was extracted using a 1:1 (v:v) methanol: water solution. Most presumptive tests considered were able to detect trace levels of methamphetamine extracted from hard surfaces, with LOD ranging from 0.10-15.00 μg/sample. Comparatively, the laboratory-based LC-MS/MS LOD was 0.05 μg/sample and limit of quantitation was 0.10 μg/sample. The LC-MS/MS method may be useful when the presence of dust or other contaminants interferes with presumptive test interpretation or reliability. Costs of presumptive tests varied from several dollars to tens of dollars, which is included alongside LOD results to aid stakeholders in identifying which test(s) are the best fit for purpose. Therefore, first responders, public health officials, and other stakeholders have several options for assessing trace methamphetamine contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Naviaux
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Curtis Hedman
- Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Heather Barkholtz
- Forensic Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Handlos P, Klabal O, Vojtek V, Handlosová K, Krejčí T, Uvíra M. Determining the manner of death in victims in drug-induced psychosis: a case of an atypical head stab wound. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00784-w. [PMID: 38532148 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This case report presents a rare case of an atypical head stab wound suffered by a drug addict and inflicted with a screwdriver during drug-induced psychosis. It describes the diagnostic and treatment procedures in the hospital and the findings of the subsequent autopsy. It also analyzes the review of the interpretation of the CT scans made upon admission and the subsequent treatment by an independent medical review panel, which revealed signs of medical mismanagement. Therefore, it also discusses the legal consequences that the case may have involved for the attending physicians in addition to the consequences for the suspected perpetrator. The report raises many issues encountered in the case in terms of the clinical treatment and forensic determination of the manner of death in cases of injuries caused by sharp instruments and highlights the importance of comprehensive evaluation of the circumstantial evidence together with the clinical or autopsy findings, since such evidence may sometimes be overlooked in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Handlos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 701 03, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Klabal
- Department of English and American Studies, Faculty of Arts, Palacký University Olomouc, 771 80, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vojtek
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Handlosová
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 701 03, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Krejčí
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ostrava, 708 52, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 701 03, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Matěj Uvíra
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Alasmari A, Alhejaili A, Alharbi H, Alzahrani M, Zughaibi T. Challenges and insights: Methamphetamine analysis in post-mortem putrefied human tissues in a hot climate. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101990. [PMID: 38384477 PMCID: PMC10879005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The production and distribution of methamphetamine (meth) is often associated with illegal and clandestine laboratories, posing significant challenges for law enforcement and public health efforts. Global concern is growing over meth-related fatalities, as its high potential for abuse and detrimental impact on health make it an important issue in the realm of substance abuse and addiction. This concern has notably increased in Saudi Arabia, where the hot climate adds complexity to the analysis due to challenges posed by putrefaction. There is still an urgent need to enhance the screening capabilities of many toxicology laboratories to determine the cause of death, whether it be due to drug use or natural causes. Aim This research aimed to investigate meth concentrations in post-mortem putrefied human solid tissues in a hot climate and comparing meth metabolite concentrations in cases where signs of putrefaction were observed versus those with no signs of putrefaction. The objective is to assist criminal investigations by analyzing meth and its metabolite concentrations. Methods This retrospective cohort study involved postmortem samples from human subjects during autopsies conducted between 2016 and 2022. It focused on analyzing meth and its metabolite concentrations using LC-MS/MS analysis. Data on demographics, medical history, age, location, putrefaction, and other drug use were retrieved from medical records. Results Out of the 27 reported samples of meth and its metabolite amphetamine in both putrefied and non-putrefied biological fluids and tissues, only 8 (30%) exhibited signs of putrefaction between 2016 and 2022. Despite decomposition, detectable concentrations of meth and amphetamine were sufficient to determine the cause of death and the source of amphetamines. Conclusion This study found no significant difference in concentrations between putrefied and non-putrefied cases, underscoring the importance of multiple sample testing during autopsy for accurate interpretation. Each case is unique and must be considered individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alasmari
- Special Toxicological Analysis Unit, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine DPLM, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Alhejaili
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alharbi
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 21176, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Torki Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Seyed Aliyan SM, Roohbakhsh A, Jafari Fakhrabad M, Salmasi Z, Moshiri M, Shahbazi N, Etemad L. Evaluating the Protective Effects of Thymoquinone on Methamphetamine-induced Toxicity in an In Vitro Model Based on Differentiated PC12 Cells. Altern Lab Anim 2024; 52:94-106. [PMID: 38445454 DOI: 10.1177/02611929241237409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is a highly addictive stimulant. Its potential neurotoxic effects are mediated through various mechanisms, including oxidative stress and the initiation of the apoptotic process. Thymoquinone (TQ), obtained from Nigella sativa seed oil, has extensive antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of TQ against Meth-induced toxicity by using an in vitro model based on nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Cell differentiation was assessed by detecting the presence of a neuronal marker with flow cytometry. The effects of Meth exposure were evaluated in the in vitro neuronal cell-based model via the determination of cell viability (in an MTT assay) and apoptosis (by annexin/propidium iodide staining). The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and dopamine, were also determined. The model was used to determine the protective effects of 0.5, 1 and 2 μM TQ against Meth-induced toxicity (at 1 mM). The results showed that TQ reduced Meth-induced neurotoxicity, possibly through the inhibition of ROS generation and apoptosis, and by helping to maintain GSH and dopamine levels. Thus, the impact of TQ treatment on Meth-induced neurotoxicity could warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jafari Fakhrabad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahar Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Niosha Shahbazi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Alexander-Savino CV, Mirowski GW, Culton DA. Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Recreational Drug Use. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:281-297. [PMID: 38217568 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-023-00835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Recreational drug use is increasingly common in the dermatology patient population and is often associated with both general and specific mucocutaneous manifestations. Signs of substance use disorder may include changes to general appearance, skin, and mucosal findings associated with particular routes of drug administration (injection, insufflation, or inhalation) or findings specific to a particular drug. In this review article, we provide an overview of the mucocutaneous manifestations of illicit drug use including cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, hallucinogens, marijuana, and common adulterants to facilitate the identification and improved care of these patients with the goal being to connect this patient population with appropriate resources for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina V Alexander-Savino
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 410 Market Street, Suite 400, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Ginat W Mirowski
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine, Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Donna A Culton
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 410 Market Street, Suite 400, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
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Kondo A, Shimane T, Takahashi M, Kobayashi M, Otomo M, Takeshita Y, Matsumoto T. Sex differences in the characteristics of stimulant offenders with a history of substance use disorder treatment. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:561-569. [PMID: 37340754 PMCID: PMC10739071 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the results of a nationwide questionnaire administered to 699 stimulant offenders and examined sex differences in the association between various psychosocial problems and treatment history for substance use disorder. Based on their attributes, we predominantly evaluated the treatment and support provided to women with substance use disorder. The rates of childhood (before the age of 18) traumatic experiences (physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect) and lifetime intimate partner violence were significantly higher in women than in men. The history of treatment for substance use disorder was also significantly higher in women than in men, at 15.8% for men and 42.4% for women [χ2 (1) = 41.223, p < 0.001]. Logistic regression analysis was performed using the treatment history of substance use disorder as the dependent variable. The results showed that treatment history was significantly associated with the total drug abuse screening test-20 score and suicidal ideation in men and with survivors of child abuse and eating disorders in women. A comprehensive assessment is required for several issues, such as child abuse, domestic violence, trauma symptoms, eating disorders, and drug problems. Moreover, an integrated treatment for substance use disorder, trauma, and eating disorders is required for female stimulant offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kondo
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Takuya Shimane
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
| | - Masaru Takahashi
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
- Faculty of Core ResearchOchanomizu UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Michiko Kobayashi
- Nagoya Regional Correction HeadquartersMinistry of JusticeAichiJapan
| | - Marie Otomo
- Research DepartmentResearch and Training Institute, Ministry of JusticeChibaJapan
| | | | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Dependence ResearchNational Institute of Mental Health National Center of Neurology and PsychiatryTokyoJapan
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Sancho Santos ME, Horký P, Grabicová K, Steinbach C, Hubená P, Šálková E, Slavík O, Grabic R, Randák T. From metabolism to behaviour - Multilevel effects of environmental methamphetamine concentrations on fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163167. [PMID: 37003339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a concerning drug of abuse that produces strong psychostimulant effects. The use of this substance, along with the insufficient removal in the sewage treatment plants, leads to its occurrence in the environment at low concentrations. In this study, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) were exposed to 1 μg/L of METH as environmental relevant concentration for 28 days in order to elucidate the complex effects resulting from the drug, including behaviour, energetics, brain and gonad histology, brain metabolomics, and their relations. Trout exposed to METH displayed lowered activity as well as metabolic rate (MR), an altered morphology of brain and gonads as well as changes in brain metabolome when compared to controls. Increased activity and MR were correlated to an increased incidence of histopathology in gonads (females - vascular fluid and gonad staging; males - apoptotic spermatozoa and peritubular cells) in exposed trout compared to controls. Higher amounts of melatonin in brain were detected in exposed fish compared to controls. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression in locus coeruleus was related to the MR in exposed fish, but not in the control. Brain metabolomics indicated significant differences in 115 brain signals between control and METH exposed individuals, described by the coordinates within the principal component analyses (PCA) axes. These coordinates were subsequently used as indicators of a direct link between brain metabolomics, physiology, and behaviour - as activity and MR varied according to their values. Exposed fish showed an increased MR correlated with the metabolite position in PC1 axes, whereas the control had proportionately lower MR and PC1 coordinates. Our findings emphasize the possible complex disturbances in aquatic fauna on multiple interconnected levels (metabolism, physiology, behaviour) as a result of the presence of METH in aquatic environments. Thus, these outcomes can be useful in the development of AOP's (Adverse Outcome Pathways).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sancho Santos
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Grabicová
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Hubená
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Šálková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Randák
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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12
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Kessler L, Hopkins A, Bahrke J, Kunstman K. An Overview of Adolescent Psychostimulant Use. Pediatr Ann 2023; 52:e170-e177. [PMID: 37159061 DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20230307-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence marks a period of significant neural maturation and development of lifelong habits, including the potential use of recreational psychostimulant drugs. Increased prevalence of drug adulteration and fatalities related to drug overdose pose new challenges for individuals who use drugs recreationally. As the prevalence of recreational psychostimulant use drastically increases during young adulthood, pediatric and adolescent health care providers can play a crucial role in the lifelong well-being of their patients by identifying those with risk factors for consequences associated with substance use at an early age. This article discusses the epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical manifestations, complications, and common methods of use for three types of psychostimulant drugs-amphetamines, methamphetamine, and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. This article aims to provide pediatric and adolescent health care providers with practical knowledge to effectively perform substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment with the goal of reducing drug-related morbidity and mortality among the adolescent age group. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(5):170-e177.].
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13
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Jones R, Jackson D, Woods C, Usher K. Social issues, crisis, and care coordination: First responders experience responding to people affected by methamphetamines. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:755-766. [PMID: 36695412 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamines remain a public health problem due to the extensive burden of illicit drug use on society. Callout events in the pre-hospital environment related to methamphetamine use is increasing. In addition, there has been an increase in reported mental health side effects and breakdown in relationships and social networks. Descriptive phenomenology research design was undertaken and data analysed using thematic analysis. Semi-structured interviews were utilized to collect data exploring the experience of first responders attending callouts to people affected by methamphetamines in the pre-hospital environment. Interviews included paramedics (8) and police officers (10) from across Australia. Overall, participants reported responding to people affected by methamphetamines was complex in nature. Complexity was affected by extensive social circumstances, people presenting in states of crisis, lack of coordinated approach, and unsuitable care environments. The social impact of methamphetamine addiction is extensive. Staff working as first responders have an opportunity to help reduce the social impact and crises, referring people to follow-up care and drug and alcohol support services. Further research is needed to determine if a standardized approach, between first responders and EDs, should be developed to help streamlines services and improve how the individual services respond as a group to people affected by substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Jones
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Debra Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy Woods
- University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kim Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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14
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Shekar A, Mabry SJ, Cheng MH, Aguilar JI, Patel S, Zanella D, Saleeby DP, Zhu Y, Romanazzi T, Ulery-Reynolds P, Bahar I, Carter AM, Matthies HJG, Galli A. Syntaxin 1 Ser 14 phosphorylation is required for nonvesicular dopamine release. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd8417. [PMID: 36630507 PMCID: PMC9833662 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant that is commonly abused. The stimulant properties of AMPH are associated with its ability to increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. This increase is promoted by nonvesicular DA release mediated by reversal of DA transporter (DAT) function. Syntaxin 1 (Stx1) is a SNARE protein that is phosphorylated at Ser14 by casein kinase II. We show that Stx1 phosphorylation is critical for AMPH-induced nonvesicular DA release and, in Drosophila melanogaster, regulates the expression of AMPH-induced preference and sexual motivation. Our molecular dynamics simulations of the DAT/Stx1 complex demonstrate that phosphorylation of these proteins is pivotal for DAT to dwell in a DA releasing state. This state is characterized by the breakdown of two key salt bridges within the DAT intracellular gate, causing the opening and hydration of the DAT intracellular vestibule, allowing DA to bind from the cytosol, a mechanism that we hypothesize underlies nonvesicular DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shekar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Samuel J. Mabry
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mary H. Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenny I. Aguilar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shalin Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniele Zanella
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David P. Saleeby
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yanqi Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tiziana Romanazzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Angela M. Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Aurelio Galli
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Huang Y, Nguyen NV, Mammo DA, Albini TA, Hayek BR, Timperley BD, Krueger RR, Yeh S. Vision health perspectives on Breaking Bad: Ophthalmic sequelae of methamphetamine use disorder. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1135792. [PMID: 36969265 PMCID: PMC10031494 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1135792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine use has become a rampant public health issue that not only causes devastating consequences to the user but also poses a burden to surrounding communities. A spectrum of ophthalmic sequelae is associated with methamphetamine use and includes episcleritis, scleritis, corneal ulceration, panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, retinal vasculitis, and retinopathy. In many instances, prompt recognition of the condition and associated infectious process and early initiation of antimicrobial therapy are crucial steps to preventing vision loss. In this review, we summarize the reported ocular complications that may result from methamphetamine use in addition to several postulated mechanisms regarding the ocular toxicity of methamphetamine. The increasing prevalence of methamphetamine use as a public health threat highlights the need for continued investigation of this ophthalmologic issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nam V. Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Danny A. Mammo
- Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Thomas A. Albini
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Brent R. Hayek
- North Georgia Eye Clinic, Gainesville, GA, United States
| | - Brent D. Timperley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ronald R. Krueger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Steven Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Steven Yeh,
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16
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Cui Z, Bach P, Ti L, Hayashi K, Morgan J, Milloy MJ, Kerr T. Opioid agonist therapy engagement and crystal methamphetamine use: The impact of unregulated opioid use in Vancouver, Canada. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 110:103879. [PMID: 36265327 PMCID: PMC9886012 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crystal methamphetamine use has substantially increased among people who use opioids in recent years, yet the impact of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) on crystal methamphetamine use remains poorly characterized. Therefore, we sought to examine the relationship between OAT engagement and crystal methamphetamine use and to assess if this relationship differs according to the ongoing use of unregulated opioids. METHODS Data was collected from two harmonized ongoing prospective cohorts of people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada, between December 2005 and March 2020. We employed multivariable generalized estimating equations to study the relationship between OAT engagement and crystal meth use stratified by ongoing unregulated opioid use. RESULTS Of 1742 participants who reported frequent opioid use at baseline, the median age was 42 years, and 61.3% were male. Multivariable analyses showed that compared to those who had not received OAT for at least one year: in the absence of ongoing unregulated opioid use, individuals who recently discontinued (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.27-0.79), newly initiated (aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.31-0.89), or were retained on OAT (aOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.31-0.72) reported a lower frequency of crystal methamphetamine use; in the presence of ongoing unregulated opioid use, individuals who newly initiated OAT reported a greater crystal methamphetamine use frequency (aOR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02-1.51). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a differential relationship between OAT engagement and crystal methamphetamine use that was conditional on the ongoing use of unregulated opioids. Our findings highlight the complexity of OAT implementation and suggest that polysubstance use patterns should be an important consideration for care providers when devising comprehensive treatment strategies and prognosticating treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishan Cui
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Paxton Bach
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Lianping Ti
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317-2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3 Canada.
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17
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Tatari F, Farnia V, Lalehgni F, Moradi A, Radmehr F, Davarinejad O, Hookari S, Salemi S, Golmohammadi F, Alikhani M. The efficacy of venlafaxine in the treatment of depression, withdrawal symptoms, and craving in individuals with methamphetamine dependence. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2144508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Tatari
- Department of Psychiatry, Substance abuse Prevention Research Center, Health institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Farnia
- Department of Psychiatry, Substance abuse Prevention Research Center, Health institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Lalehgni
- Department of Psychiatry, Substance abuse Prevention Research Center, Health institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Asieh Moradi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farnaz Radmehr
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Omran Davarinejad
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sara Hookari
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Safora Salemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Substance abuse Prevention Research Center, Health institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Golmohammadi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alikhani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini and Mohammad Kermanshahi and Farabi Hospitals, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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18
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Differential Effects of Chronic Methamphetamine Treatment on High-Frequency Oscillations and Responses to Acute Methamphetamine and NMDA Receptor Blockade in Conscious Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111503. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of high-frequency neuronal oscillations has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Chronic methamphetamine (METH) use can induce psychosis similar to paranoid schizophrenia. The current study in mice aimed to determine the effect of chronic METH treatment on ongoing and evoked neuronal oscillations. C57BL/6 mice were treated with METH or vehicle control for three weeks and implanted with extradural recording electrodes. Two weeks after the last METH injection, mice underwent three EEG recording sessions to measure ongoing and auditory-evoked gamma and beta oscillatory power in response to an acute challenge with METH (2 mg/kg), the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg), or saline control. A separate group of mice pretreated with METH showed significantly greater locomotor hyperactivity to an acute METH challenge, confirming long-term sensitisation. Chronic METH did not affect ongoing or evoked gamma or beta power. Acute MK-801 challenge reduced ongoing beta power whereas acute METH challenge significantly increased ongoing gamma power. Both MK-801 and METH challenge suppressed evoked gamma power. Chronic METH treatment did not modulate these acute drug effects. There were minor effects of chronic METH and acute METH and MK-801 on selected components of event-related potential (ERP) waves. In conclusion, chronic METH treatment did not exert neuroplastic effects on the regulation of cortical gamma oscillations in a manner consistent with schizophrenia, despite causing behavioural sensitisation.
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19
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Fakharbad MJ, Moshiri M, Ommati MM, Talebi M, Etemad L. A review of basic to clinical studies of the association between hyperammonemia, methamphetamine. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:921-931. [PMID: 35604430 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), an addictive psychostimulant drug, is the second most widely used type of drug all around the world. METH abusers are more likely to develop a psycho-neurological complication. Hyperammonemia (HAM) causes neuropsychiatric illnesses such as mental state changes and episodes of acute encephalopathy. Recently, there are some shreds of evidence about the relationship between METH complication and HAM. Both METH intoxication and HAM could induce psychosis, agitation, memory impairment, and psycho-neuronal disorders. They also have similar mechanisms of neuronal damages, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairments, and inflammation responses, which can subsequently increase the glutamate level of the brain. Hence, the basic to clinical studies of the association between HAM and METH are reviewed by monitoring six case studies and a good body of animal studies literature. All instances of METH-associated HAM had changes in mental state and some level of confusion that were improved when the ammonia serum level returned to the normal level. Furthermore, most of them had typical vital signs. Several studies suggested some sources for METH-associated HAM, including METH-induced liver and renal damages, muscular hyperactivity, gut bacterial overgrowth, co-abuse of other substances, and using some forms of NH3 in METH cooking. In conclusion, it seems that mental status changes in METH abusers may be related to ammonia intoxication or HAM; therefore, it is important to assess the serum level of ammonia in METH intoxicated patients and resolve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Jafari Fakharbad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - Mehdi Talebi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Strzelecki A, Weafer J, Stoops WW. Human behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 93:77-103. [PMID: 35341574 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulant use disorders present an enduring public health concern. Chronic stimulant use is associated with a range of health problems, with notable increases in stimulant overdose that disproportionately affect marginalized populations. With these persistent problems, it is important to understand the behavioral and pharmacological factors that contribute to stimulant use in humans. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an update and narrative review on recent human laboratory research that has evaluated the behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs. We focus on two prototypic stimulants: cocaine as a prototype monoamine reuptake inhibitor and d-amphetamine as a prototype monoamine releaser. As such, placebo controlled human laboratory studies that involved administration of doses of cocaine or d-amphetamine and were published in peer reviewed journals within the last 10 years (i.e., since 2011) are reviewed. Primary outcomes from these studies are subjective effects, reinforcing effects, cognitive/behavioral effects, and discriminative stimulus effects. Both cocaine and d-amphetamine produce classical stimulant-like behavioral effects (e.g., increase positive subjective effects, function as reinforcers), but there are notable gaps in the literature including understanding sex differences in response to stimulant drugs, cognitive-behavioral effects of stimulants, and influence of use history (e.g., relatively drug naïve vs drug experienced) on stimulant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Strzelecki
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica Weafer
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William W Stoops
- University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Department of Psychiatry, Lexington, KY, United States; University of Kentucky, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Lexington, KY, United States.
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21
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Regnier SD, Lile JA, Rush CR, Stoops WW. Clinical neuropharmacology of cocaine reinforcement: A narrative review of human laboratory self-administration studies. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:420-441. [PMID: 35229294 PMCID: PMC9090960 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use is an unrelenting public health concern. To inform intervention and prevention efforts, it is crucial to develop an understanding of the clinical neuropharmacology of the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and synthesize human laboratory studies that assess pharmacological manipulations of cocaine self-administration. Forty-one peer-reviewed, human cocaine self-administration studies in which participants received a pretreatment drug were assessed. The pharmacological action and treatment regimen for all drugs reviewed were considered. Drugs that increase extracellular dopamine tend to have the most consistent effects on cocaine self-administration. The ability of nondopaminergic drugs to impact cocaine reinforcement might be related to their downstream effects on dopamine, though it is difficult to draw conclusions because pharmacologically selective compounds are not widely available for human testing. The ability of acute versus chronic drug treatment to differentially affect human cocaine self-administration was not determined because buprenorphine was the only pretreatment drug that was assessed under both acute and chronic dosing regimens. Future research directly comparing acute and chronic drug treatment and/or comparing drugs with different mechanisms of action, is needed to make more conclusive determinations about the clinical neuropharmacology of cocaine reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Regnier
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
| | - Joshua A Lile
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
| | - Craig R Rush
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences
| | - William W Stoops
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine.,Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences.,Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky College of Medicine
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22
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Allaeian Jahromi Z, Meshkibaf MH, Naghdi M, Vahdati A, Makoolati Z. Methamphetamine Downregulates the Sperm-Specific Calcium Channels Involved in Sperm Motility in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5190-5196. [PMID: 35187334 PMCID: PMC8851642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcium channels play essential roles in sperm motility. A family of sperm-specific cation channels including CatSper1-4 has been identified as voltage-dependent ion channels that act as sperm motility regulators. Methamphetamine is known to cause apoptosis in seminiferous tubules and affect sperm quality. This research was conducted to investigate the effects of methamphetamine on expression of the CatSper family and Mvh genes. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of nine rats each: the control and experimental groups 1, 2, and 3. The control group received no solvents or drugs, but experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 were daily given 0.2 mL of a solution by gavage that contained 0.5, 1, and 2 mg of methamphetamine, respectively, for 45 days. The rats were then anesthetized, and one testis removed from each rat was used in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's posthoc test were used to analyze the data at the P < 0.05 significance level. Treatment with methamphetamine resulted in decreased testis and epididymis weights compared to the control rats. The results showed that the mRNA fold expression level of the CatSper family and Mvh genes decreased significantly in experimental groups compared to that in the control (P < 0.05). Methamphetamine decreased the expression levels of the CatSper and Mvh genes, and thus, it seemed that it can increase the probability of infertility through sperm motility reduction by lowering the expression levels of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Allaeian Jahromi
- Department
of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars 11341-73631, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Meshkibaf
- Department
of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Majid Naghdi
- Department
of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
| | - Akbar Vahdati
- Department
of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Shiraz 71937-1135, Iran
| | - Zohreh Makoolati
- Department
of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran
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23
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A review on the current methods of methamphetamine remediation, their limitations, and chemical degradation techniques which have been investigated. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Karam CS, Williams BL, Morozova I, Yuan Q, Panarsky R, Zhang Y, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Kalachikov S, Javitch JA. Functional Genomic Analysis of Amphetamine Sensitivity in Drosophila. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:831597. [PMID: 35250674 PMCID: PMC8894854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abuse of psychostimulants, including amphetamines (AMPHs), is a major public health problem with profound psychiatric, medical, and psychosocial complications. The actions of these drugs at the dopamine transporter (DAT) play a critical role in their therapeutic efficacy as well as their liability for abuse and dependence. To date, however, the mechanisms that mediate these actions are not well-understood, and therapeutic interventions for AMPH abuse have been limited. Drug exposure can induce broad changes in gene expression that can contribute to neuroplasticity and effect long-lasting changes in neuronal function. Identifying genes and gene pathways perturbed by drug exposure is essential to our understanding of the molecular basis of drug addiction. In this study, we used Drosophila as a model to examine AMPH-induced transcriptional changes that are DAT-dependent, as those would be the most relevant to the stimulatory effects of the drug. Using this approach, we found genes involved in the control of mRNA translation to be significantly upregulated in response to AMPH in a DAT-dependent manner. To further prioritize genes for validation, we explored functional convergence between these genes and genes we identified in a genome-wide association study of AMPH sensitivity using the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. We validated a number of these genes by showing that they act specifically in dopamine neurons to mediate the behavioral effects of AMPH. Taken together, our data establish Drosophila as a powerful model that enables the integration of behavioral, genomic and transcriptomic data, followed by rapid gene validation, to investigate the molecular underpinnings of psychostimulant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caline S Karam
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brenna L Williams
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Irina Morozova
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qiaoping Yuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rony Panarsky
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuchao Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sergey Kalachikov
- Center for Genome Technology and Biomolecular Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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25
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He XH, Galaj E, Bi GH, He Y, Hempel B, Wang YL, Gardner EL, Xi ZX. β-caryophyllene, an FDA-Approved Food Additive, Inhibits Methamphetamine-Taking and Methamphetamine-Seeking Behaviors Possibly via CB2 and Non-CB2 Receptor Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722476. [PMID: 34566647 PMCID: PMC8458938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that brain cannabinoid CB2 receptors are involved in drug reward and addiction. However, it is unclear whether β-caryophyllene (BCP), a natural product with a CB2 receptor agonist profile, has therapeutic effects on methamphetamine (METH) abuse and dependence. In this study, we used animal models of self-administration, electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR) and in vivo microdialysis to explore the effects of BCP on METH-taking and METH-seeking behavior. We found that systemic administration of BCP dose-dependently inhibited METH self-administration under both fixed-ratio and progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules in rats, indicating that BCP reduces METH reward, METH intake, and incentive motivation to seek and take METH. The attenuating effects of BCP were partially blocked by AM 630, a selective CB2 receptor antagonist. Genetic deletion of CB2 receptors in CB2-knockout (CB2-KO) mice also blocked low dose BCP-induced reduction in METH self-administration, suggesting possible involvement of a CB2 receptor mechanism. However, at high doses, BCP produced a reduction in METH self-administration in CB2-KO mice in a manner similar as in WT mice, suggesting that non-CB2 receptor mechanisms underlie high dose BCP-produced effects. In addition, BCP dose-dependently attenuated METH-enhanced electrical BSR and inhibited METH-primed and cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking in rats. In vivo microdialysis assays indicated that BCP alone did not produce a significant reduction in extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), while BCP pretreatment significantly reduced METH-induced increases in extracellular NAc DA in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a DA-dependent mechanism involved in BCP action. Together, the present findings suggest that BCP might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hu He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yi He
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Briana Hempel
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Eliot L Gardner
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
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26
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Sharma HS, Lafuente JV, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Menon PK, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Methamphetamine exacerbates pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at high altitude. Neuroprotective effects of nanodelivery of a potent antioxidant compound H-290/51. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:123-193. [PMID: 34689858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are often exposed to high altitude (HA, ca. 4500-5000m) for combat operations associated with neurological dysfunctions. HA is a severe stressful situation and people frequently use methamphetamine (METH) or other psychostimulants to cope stress. Since military personnel are prone to different kinds of traumatic brain injury (TBI), in this review we discuss possible effects of METH on concussive head injury (CHI) at HA based on our own observations. METH exposure at HA exacerbates pathophysiology of CHI as compared to normobaric laboratory environment comparable to sea level. Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation and reductions in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) following CHI were exacerbated by METH intoxication at HA. Damage to cerebral microvasculature and expression of beta catenin was also exacerbated following CHI in METH treated group at HA. TiO2-nanowired delivery of H-290/51 (150mg/kg, i.p.), a potent chain-breaking antioxidant significantly enhanced CBF and reduced BBB breakdown, edema formation, beta catenin expression and brain pathology in METH exposed rats after CHI at HA. These observations are the first to point out that METH exposure in CHI exacerbated brain pathology at HA and this appears to be related with greater production of oxidative stress induced brain pathology, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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27
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Zhao X, Lu J, Chen X, Gao Z, Zhang C, Chen C, Qiao D, Wang H. Methamphetamine exposure induces neuronal programmed necrosis by activating the receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 -related signalling pathway. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21561. [PMID: 33864423 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a synthetic drug with severe neurotoxicity, however, the regulation of METH-induced neuronal programmed necrosis remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanisms of METH-induced neuronal programmed necrosis. We found that neuronal programmed necrosis occurred in the striatum of brain samples from human and mice that were exposed to METH. The receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) was highly expressed in the neurons of human and mice exposed to METH, and RIP3-silenced or RIP1-inhibited protected neurons developed neuronal programmed necrosis in vitro and in vivo following METH exposure. Moreover, the RIP1-RIP3 complex causes cell programmed necrosis by regulating mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL)-mediated cell membrane rupture and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission. Together, these data indicate that RIP3 plays an indispensable role in the mechanism of METH-induced neuronal programmed necrosis, which may represent a potential therapeutic target for METH-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiancong Lu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiang Gao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cui Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiang Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Qiao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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28
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Pathological methamphetamine exposure triggers the accumulation of neuropathic protein amyloid-β by inhibiting UCHL1. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:19-25. [PMID: 34175320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a powerful psychoactive drug, causes damage to the nervous system and leads to degenerative changes similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, the molecular mechanism between the toxicity of METH and AD-related symptoms remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of METH exposure on the accumulation of amyloid-β by establishing the animal and cell models. The results showed that METH exposure increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-secretase (BACE1), contributed to the accumulation of amyloid-β, and which was alleviated with the pretreatment of BACE1 inhibitor. In addition, METH exposure decreased ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolases L1 (UCHL1) which was related to the degradation of BACE1, and therefore led to the up-regulation of BACE1. In summary, the study could provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of METH toxicity and new evidence for the link between METH abuse and AD.
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29
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Khan SI, Khan MNM, Irfan SD, Rumayan Hasan AM, Ross AG, Horng LMS, Lachowsky N, Knudson G, Azim T. The Effects of Methamphetamine Use on the Sexual Lives of Gender and Sexually Diverse People in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:479-493. [PMID: 32239362 PMCID: PMC7529687 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use has increased among gender and sexually diverse people in several countries, including Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore the effects of methamphetamine on the sexual lives of these people in Dhaka, Bangladesh. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted, comprising 30 in-depth interviews with gender and sexually diverse people including males having sex with males, male sex workers, and transgender women (hijra) under HIV intervention coverage. Ten key informant interviews were also conducted with individuals who have expertise in relevant disciplines such as drug use, harm reduction, and HIV and AIDS. Digitally recorded data were manually analyzed under the thematic analysis framework. Findings indicated that many participants reported that methamphetamine brought changes in their sexual lives such as increased sexual drive, engagement in group sex, the increased ability to perform serial sex, transactional sex, impulsive and coercive sex, initiation and switching of male-to-male sexual practices, and limited condom use. Key informants noted that there is a dearth of methamphetamine-related services in Bangladesh. Methamphetamine use was found to lead to diverse effects on the sexual lives of gender and sexually diverse people, thus making it a driving force for shaping sexual practices and, hence, sexual risks. Therefore, it is essential for policy-level stakeholders and program managers to consider the risks of methamphetamine use due to their negative ramifications on sexual health, including HIV risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharful Islam Khan
- Programme for HIV and AIDS, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Niaz Morshed Khan
- Programme for HIV and AIDS, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Samira Dishti Irfan
- Programme for HIV and AIDS, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A M Rumayan Hasan
- Programme for HIV and AIDS, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Allen G Ross
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lily Ming-Sha Horng
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Lachowsky
- Faculty of Human and Social Development, School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Gail Knudson
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tasnim Azim
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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30
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Activation of proline biosynthesis is critical to maintain glutamate homeostasis during acute methamphetamine exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1422. [PMID: 33446840 PMCID: PMC7809342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant that causes long-lasting effects in the brain and increases the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. The cellular and molecular effects of METH in the brain are functionally linked to alterations in glutamate levels. Despite the well-documented effects of METH on glutamate neurotransmission, the underlying mechanism by which METH alters glutamate levels is not clearly understood. In this study, we report an essential role of proline biosynthesis in maintaining METH-induced glutamate homeostasis. We observed that acute METH exposure resulted in the induction of proline biosynthetic enzymes in both undifferentiated and differentiated neuronal cells. Proline level was also increased in these cells after METH exposure. Surprisingly, METH treatment did not increase glutamate levels nor caused neuronal excitotoxicity. However, METH exposure resulted in a significant upregulation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), the key enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of proline from glutamate. Interestingly, depletion of P5CS by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a significant increase in glutamate levels upon METH exposure. METH exposure also increased glutamate levels in P5CS-deficient proline-auxotropic cells. Conversely, restoration of P5CS expression in P5CS-deficient cells abrogated the effect of METH on glutamate levels. Consistent with these findings, P5CS expression was significantly enhanced in the cortical brain region of mice administered with METH and in the slices of cortical brain tissues treated with METH. Collectively, these results uncover a key role of P5CS for the molecular effects of METH and highlight that excess glutamate can be sequestered for proline biosynthesis as a protective mechanism to maintain glutamate homeostasis during drug exposure.
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31
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Kondo A, Shimane T, Takahashi M, Takeshita Y, Kobayashi M, Takagishi Y, Omiya S, Takano Y, Yamaki M, Matsumoto T. Gender Differences in Triggers of Stimulant Use Based on the National Survey of Prisoners in Japan. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:54-60. [PMID: 33100112 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1833930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are a few studies on gender differences in terms of reasons and motives for methamphetamine use. Purpose/Objectives: To examine gender differences in triggers of methamphetamine use Methods: We provided a questionnaire survey to 699 inmates who were incarcerated because of violation of the Stimulants Control Act. Results: The results of DAST-20 (the severity of drug dependence) moderately correlated with the applicable numbers of the 37 situational triggers and 34 emotional triggers for stimulant use, respectively. Regarding gender differences, items including "when having sex" [46.3% (men) vs. 25.3% (women)], "when I have some money" (39.4% vs. 25.3%), and "after getting paid from work" (22.1% vs. 11.4%) were applicable in a significantly higher proportion in males (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively), whereas items including "worried about the body shape" (3.5% vs. 31.2%) and "after quarreling with someone" (11.7% vs. 29.1%) were applicable in a significantly higher proportion in females (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Further, most trigger (emotions) items that exhibited gender differences were significantly higher in females. Many females answered that they had used drugs to relieve discomfort symptoms associated with menstrual periods. Conclusions/Importance: Thus, the awareness of important factors including learning how to deal with negative emotions (e.g. depression), repairing self-image, and recognizing physical and emotional changes associated with the menstrual cycle is helpful in providing proper care and treatment of drug addiction in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kondo
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimane
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Michiko Kobayashi
- Research Department, Research and Training Institute, Ministry of Justice, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuriko Takagishi
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychology, Surugadai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Omiya
- Graduate School of Education, Joetsu University of Education, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Mayuko Yamaki
- Training Institute for Correctional Personnel, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Jones R, Woods C, Usher K. Methamphetamines: Cross sectional-survey exploring police and paramedic attitudes and perceptions of deservingness of care. Nurs Health Sci 2020; 23:157-166. [PMID: 33098343 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Jones
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy Woods
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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33
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Environmental Methamphetamine Exposures and Health Effects in 25 Case Studies. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8030061. [PMID: 32825457 PMCID: PMC7560285 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The clandestine manufacture and use of methamphetamine can result in contamination of residential properties. It is understood that this contamination remains in homes for a significant period, however there are a lack of data available to understand the health effects of exposure to environmental methamphetamine contamination (third-hand exposure). Our study collected information from 63 individuals in 25 separate case studies where the subjects had unwittingly suffered third-hand exposure to methamphetamine from former manufacture, use, or both. Data included environmental contamination data, information on subjects' health effects, and evidence of exposure using hair analysis. This study identified a range of health effects that occur from residing in these properties, including behavioural effects or issues, sleep issues, respiratory effects, skin and eye effects, and headaches. Methamphetamine was detected in hair samples from some individuals, including children. The exposures and concomitant reported health effects covered a wide range of environmental methamphetamine levels in the properties, including low levels close to the current Australian guideline of 0.5 µg methamphetamine/100 cm2. There were no discernible differences between health effects from living in properties contaminated from former manufacture or use. This study demonstrates that residing in these properties can represent a serious public health risk.
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34
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Bach P, Hayashi K, Milloy MJ, Nosova E, Kerr T, Wood E, Fairbairn N. Characterising the increasing prevalence of crystal methamphetamine use in Vancouver, Canada, from 2006-2017: A gender-based analysis. Drug Alcohol Rev 2020; 39:932-940. [PMID: 32666650 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methamphetamine use is increasing in North America and is associated with numerous negative health effects and social harms. As drug-related harms are often gendered, this study sought to examine the differential impacts of gender on the trends, risk factors and health implications of crystal methamphetamine use among a Canadian cohort of people with high rates of injection polysubstance use. METHODS Data were collected from two prospective cohorts of people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada. We examined trends in reported crystal methamphetamine use from 2006-2017 using the Cochrane-Armitage test for trend. We used multivariable generalised estimating equations, stratified by gender, to determine independent risk factors and health outcomes associated with crystal methamphetamine use. RESULTS In total, 1984 participants were included in the study, including 694 (35%) women. The prevalence of reported crystal methamphetamine use within the previous 6 months rose from 19% in 2006 to 36% in 2017, with a rise seen in both genders (P < 0.001). Reported crystal methamphetamine use was associated with numerous risk behaviours and drug-related harms in both genders, and in women it was associated with an increase in experiences of sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.18, 2.27). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the rising prevalence of reported crystal methamphetamine use in Vancouver in a cohort with high rates of polysubstance use. This work highlights drug and sex-related risk behaviours associated with crystal methamphetamine use for both genders, and underscores the need to develop strategies to address the growing use of crystal methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paxton Bach
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nadia Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre on Substance Use, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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35
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Huang S, Dai Y, Zhang C, Yang C, Huang Q, Hao W, Shen H. Higher impulsivity and lower grey matter volume in the bilateral prefrontal cortex in long-term abstinent individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108040. [PMID: 32428790 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that grey matter volume (GMV) might be lower in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder and that dynamic alterations in selected brain regions might appear in individuals after short-term abstinence. However, the GMV of brains in these individuals after long-term abstinence is poorly understood. Moreover, individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder have been considered to have high levels of impulsivity, but the biological mechanism is still unclear. METHODS In this study, the impulsivity of all participants was assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in conjunction with statistical parametric mapping on structural magnetic resonance images, the GMVs of the whole brain were compared among 32 drug-naïve healthy controls (HC) and 40 individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder who had been abstinent for at least 20 months (SMUD-A). RESULTS We observed significantly higher BIS-11 impulsivity scores and lower GMV in the bilateral superior frontal cortex of SMUD-A individuals than in those of control subjects. The impulsivity score was negatively correlated with GMV in the right superior frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer novel evidence with respect to the impulsivity trait and brain GMV feature in long-term abstinent individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder. Moreover, our findings suggest that lower GMV in the right superior frontal cortex might reflect a trait marker of higher impulsivity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Substance Dependence, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Changcun Zhang
- Pingtang Isolated Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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36
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The Effect of Chronic Methamphetamine Treatment on Schizophrenia Endophenotypes in Heterozygous Reelin Mice: Implications for Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060940. [PMID: 32580454 PMCID: PMC7355789 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia but the mechanisms involved in this interaction remain unclear. Chronic methamphetamine (Meth) use may cause dopaminergic sensitisation and psychosis and has been proposed to affect brain dopamine systems similarly to changes seen in schizophrenia. We compared the long-term effect of chronic Meth treatment between heterozygous reelin mice (HRM) and wildtype controls (WT) with the aim of better understanding the role of reelin in schizophrenia. Meth pretreatment induced sensitisation to the effect of an acute Meth challenge on locomotor activity, but it had no effect on baseline PPI or sociability and social preference. In all behavioural models, HRM did not significantly differ from WT at baseline, except spontaneous exploratory locomotor activity which was higher in HRM than WT, and sociability which was enhanced in HRM. Locomotor hyperactivity sensitisation was not significantly different between HRM and WT. Chronic Meth treatment reduced spontaneous locomotor activity to the level of WT. No deficits in PPI or social behaviour were induced by chronic Meth pretreatment in either strain. In conclusion, these data do not support a role of reelin in schizophrenia, at least not in HRM and in the methamphetamine sensitisation model.
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De Felice B, Mondellini S, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Parolini M. Methamphetamine exposure modulated oxidative status and altered the reproductive output in Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137728. [PMID: 32169646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a central nervous system stimulant drug whose use has increased in the last few years worldwide. After the ingestion of even a single dose, METH is excreted by the organism and enters the aquatic ecosystems, whereby concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L were measured in both sewage and surface waters. Although the environmental concentrations are currently quite low, the high biological activity of METH might cause adverse effects towards non-target organisms. However, to date the information on METH toxicity towards aquatic organisms is limited. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating biochemical and behavioral effects induced by METH exposure towards the Cladoceran Daphnia magna. A 21-days exposure to two environmental concentrations of METH (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) was performed. At selected time points (7, 14 and 21 days) the amount of pro-oxidant molecules, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) and levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. Changes in swimming activity and reproductive output were assessed as behavioral endpoints. METH exposure affected the oxidative status of D. magna specimens at both tested concentrations, although no oxidative damage occurred. Although METH did not modulate the swimming activity of D. magna, a significant, positive effect on reproductive output, in terms of number of offspring was found. Our results showed that low concentrations of METH might represent a threat for D. magna, affecting the health status of this aquatic species at different level of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Simona Mondellini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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38
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Reddy PKV, Ng TMH, Oh EE, Moady G, Elkayam U. Clinical Characteristics and Management of Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016704. [PMID: 32468897 PMCID: PMC7428977 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine‐associated cardiomyopathy (MACM) is an increasingly recognized disease entity in the context of a rapidly spreading methamphetamine epidemic. MACM may afflict individuals with a wide range of ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Presentations can vary greatly and may involve several complications unique to the disease. Given the public health significance of this disease, there is a relative dearth of consensus material to guide clinicians in understanding, diagnosing, and managing MACM. This review therefore aims to: (1) describe pathologic mechanisms of methamphetamine as they pertain to the development, progression, and prognosis of MACM, and the potential to recover cardiac function; (2) summarize existing data from epidemiologic studies and case series in an effort to improve recognition and diagnosis of the disease; (3) guide short‐ and long‐term management of MACM with special attention to expected or potential sequelae of the disease; and (4) highlight pivotal unanswered questions in need of urgent investigation from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K V Reddy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Tien M H Ng
- School of Pharmacy University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Esther E Oh
- School of Pharmacy University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Gassan Moady
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
| | - Uri Elkayam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles CA
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Pasha AK, Chowdhury A, Sadiq S, Fairbanks J, Sinha S. Substance use disorders: diagnosis and management for hospitalists. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2020; 10:117-126. [PMID: 32850046 PMCID: PMC7425622 DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1742495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder is a significant health concern. Hospitalists manage patient with various forms of substance use disorder on a daily basis. In this review, we have tried to synthesize evidence together to give a brief, yet succinct, review of commonly encounters disorders; alcohol intoxication and withdrawal, opioid intoxication and withdrawal, cocaine intoxication and methamphetamine intoxication. We describe clinical features, diagnosis and management, which would serve as a great resource for hospitalist when managing these complicated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Pasha
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Southwest Minnesota Region, Mankato, MN, USA
| | - Arnab Chowdhury
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Southwest Minnesota Region, Mankato, MN, USA
| | - Sanah Sadiq
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Southwest Minnesota Region, Mankato, MN, USA
| | - Jeremiah Fairbanks
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Mankato, MN, USA
| | - Shirshendu Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Health System, Southwest Minnesota Region and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mankato, MN, USA
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40
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Traumatic brain injury and methamphetamine: A double-hit neurological insult. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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He Y, Zhai J, Liu Y. Association of methamphetamine use with depressive symptoms and gender differences in this association: a meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1736659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin He
- School of Education, Education Science Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Zhai
- Department of Social Work, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- School of Education, Education Science Research Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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42
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Riley AL, Nelson KH, To P, López-Arnau R, Xu P, Wang D, Wang Y, Shen HW, Kuhn DM, Angoa-Perez M, Anneken JH, Muskiewicz D, Hall FS. Abuse potential and toxicity of the synthetic cathinones (i.e., “Bath salts”). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:150-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Li MJ, Briones MS, Heinzerling KG, Kalmin MM, Shoptaw SJ. Ibudilast attenuates peripheral inflammatory effects of methamphetamine in patients with methamphetamine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 206:107776. [PMID: 31812878 PMCID: PMC7012103 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies suggest that the non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Ibudilast (IBUD) may contribute to the treatment of methamphetamine (METH) use disorder through the attenuation of METH-induced inflammatory markers such as adhesion molecules, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1, and cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to test whether treatment with IBUD can attenuate peripheral markers of inflammation during a METH challenge in an inpatient clinical trial of 11 patients. METHODS This trial followed a randomized, within-subjects crossover design where participants received a METH challenge, during which five participants were treated with placebo then with IBUD, while the remaining six participants were treated with IBUD prior to placebo. Mixed effects regression modeled changes in peripheral markers of inflammation-sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, MIF, and cathepsin D-by treatment condition, with measurements at baseline, 60 min post-METH infusion, and 360 min post-METH infusion. RESULTS While on placebo, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and cathepsin D significantly increased by 60 min post-METH infusion, while IL-6 significantly increased 360 min post-METH infusion. Treatment with IBUD significantly reduced METH-induced levels of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and cathepsin D at 60 min post-METH infusion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that IBUD attenuated acute pro-inflammatory effects of METH administration, which may have implications for treatment of METH use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Li
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
| | - Marisa S Briones
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Keith G Heinzerling
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Mariah M Kalmin
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Steven J Shoptaw
- Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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44
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Colyer SP, Moore DM, Cui Z, Zhu J, Armstrong HL, Taylor M, Edward J, Howard T, Dickie C, Olarewaju G, Montaner JSG, Hogg RS, Roth EA, Lachowsky NJ. Crystal Methamphetamine Use and Initiation among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV in a Treatment as Prevention Environment. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2428-2437. [PMID: 33059493 PMCID: PMC7657389 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1833925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk compensation in an HIV Treatment as Prevention (TasP) environment may increase high-risk sexual and substance use behaviors among people living with HIV. Objective: To examine recent crystal methamphetamine (CM) use/initiation in a longitudinal cohort of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) living with HIV in Metro Vancouver, Canada. Methods: Eligible participants were GBMSM aged >15 years who reported sex with another man in the past six months. Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and self-completed a computer questionnaire every six months. We used multi-level generalized mixed-effect models to evaluate trends in recent CM use (past six months), multivariable logistic regression to identify covariates of recent CM use, and multivariable survival analysis to identify predictors of CM initiation. Results: Of 207 GBMSM living with HIV at enrollment, 44.3% reported recent CM use; there was a statistically non-significant decrease over the study period (41% in first period to 25% in final period, p = 0.087). HIV treatment optimism was not associated with CM use/initiation. CM use was positively associated with depressive symptomology, sexual escape motivation, transactional sex, number of anal sex partners, condomless anal sex with seroconcordant partners, STIs, and other substance use. Recent CM use was negatively associated with viral load sorting. CM initiation was predicted by escape motivation, transactional sex, and group sex participation. Conclusion: Results suggest that CM use among GBMSM living with HIV is prevalent and increased CM use/initiation is not a consequence of TasP public policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Colyer
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David M Moore
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Zishan Cui
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julia Zhu
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Heather L Armstrong
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Joshua Edward
- Health Initiative for Men Society, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Terry Howard
- Community Advisory Board, Momentum Health Study, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chad Dickie
- Community Advisory Board, Momentum Health Study, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gbolahan Olarewaju
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Julio S G Montaner
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Robert S Hogg
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Eric A Roth
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Nathan J Lachowsky
- Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
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45
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Darvishzadeh H, Mirzaee M, Jahani Y, Sharifi H. Age of Onset of Methamphetamine Consumption among the Iranian Youth Aged 19-29: A Cross-sectional Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2019; 11:138-147. [PMID: 31839911 PMCID: PMC6904974 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v11i3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Around the world, one of the main concerns and risky behaviors among youths is methamphetamine consumption. Since the age of onset of methamphetamine use is decreasing, therefore, it is important to identify the effective factors on the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption. In the present study, factors affecting the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption was studied in Iranian youths aged 19-29 years. Methods In this cross-sectional nationwide study, individuals aged 19-29 years were selected through multistage cluster sampling and convenience sampling method from 13 provinces in Iran. People completed the questionnaire pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and history of methamphetamine consumption. In order to investigate the factors effective on the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption, we used the Weibull parametric model for data with doubly censored characteristic. Findings 3246 people participated in this study, half of whom were men and mostly single (60.3%), university student or graduate (50.2%), and unemployed (58.1%). Nearly 6% of participants have ever used methamphetamine. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of age of onset of methamphetamine use was 20.3 ± 3.3 years. Data analysis indicated that the variables of gender, marital status, education, knowing a methamphetamine consumer, knowing an ecstasy consumer, ecstasy consumption, illegitimate sex, attitude towards methamphetamine, and age group were the factors affecting the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption. Conclusion The results can contribute to the policy-makers to take the necessary interventions on the factors affecting the age of onset of methamphetamine consumption to reduce the methamphetamine consumption, especially in the critical young ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadiseh Darvishzadeh
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moghaddameh Mirzaee
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yunes Jahani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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46
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Santuré Sinfreu A, Buil Arasanz ME, Esparza Siegel L. Complicaciones cardiovasculares de las metanfetaminas: estudio de 6 casos. Med Clin (Barc) 2019; 153:e41-e43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Stevens C, Ton E, Jones P, Shattuck B. A complicated case of bowel obstruction with sepsis and methamphetamine toxicity in a child with pica. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2019; 15:598-602. [PMID: 31444700 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-019-00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report, a pediatric case of bowel obstruction with sepsis complicated by methamphetamine toxicity is described. The decedent, an eleven-year-old female with a clinical history of pica, was found unresponsive in her home and pronounced dead following unsuccessful resuscitative efforts. Radiologic imaging showed multiple radio-opaque foreign objects in the stomach and bowel. Autopsy revealed a green leafy substance, coins and other metallic items, folded paper, and plastic in her stomach and bowels. Postmortem iliac blood and urine tested positive for amphetamine and methamphetamine. While the decedent's medical history and autopsy findings provided evidence consistent with bowel obstruction with sepsis due to the ingestion of foreign materials, the high methamphetamine concentration was suggestive of concurrent methamphetamine toxicity. Unique complications associated with this case include the phenomenon that methamphetamine toxicity and bowel obstruction can present similarly in children and the reported opinion that accidental drug ingestion is uncommon in children over the age of five. This case emphasizes that the age range for suspected accidental drug ingestion should be expanded for those with pica, as these patients, despite being older, may not be able to differentiate between what they should and should not ingest. Furthermore, when treating a pediatric patient with pica that appears to present with bowel obstruction, unintentional drug ingestion should also be considered, particularly if there is a suspicion that the child lives in a household where drugs are abused, given the prospect that drug toxicity can present similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Stevens
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 276 Portage Street #200, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Erinn Ton
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 276 Portage Street #200, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Prentiss Jones
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 276 Portage Street #200, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Brandy Shattuck
- Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, 276 Portage Street #200, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
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Jones R, Woods C, Barker R, Usher K. Patterns and features of methamphetamine-related presentations to emergency departments in QLD from 2005 to 2017. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2019; 28:833-844. [PMID: 31179592 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the patterns and features of methamphetamine-related presentations to emergency departments (EDs) in Queensland. Despite an overall decrease in the use of methamphetamine in Australian, an increase in the use of the crystalized form of methamphetamine has been noted over recent years. A descriptive observational study was utilized to analyse emergency department (ED) injury surveillance data sourced from Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit (QISU) from 2005 to 2017. Data were analysed for presentations related to stimulants (n = 564) with methamphetamine (n = 250) included as a subcategory. Descriptive statistics were used to identify patterns and features of presentations related to methamphetamines. The relationship between demographic variables, service type variables, and drug type was assessed using chi-square and z-tests. Results included the following: 84.4% of methamphetamine-related presentations were allocated a triage score of 1, 2, or 3; 14.8% of all methamphetamine-related presentations required police involvement; 18% were brought in by ambulance; and 15.6% exhibited behaviour that was either, agitated, aggressive, or violent in nature. Methamphetamine-related presentations more frequently required police or ambulance services and more often included aggression or agitation. Methamphetamine-related presentations to ED have a high acuity and often require other emergency resources (police and ambulance). There is a need to develop policy for managing aggressive and agitated people presenting to EDs as a result of methamphetamine use and to further explore the experience of personnel (police and ambulance) managing persons under the influence of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikki Jones
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cindy Woods
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth Barker
- Queensland Injury Surveillance Unit, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kim Usher
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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49
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Identification of cytotoxic markers in methamphetamine treated rat C6 astroglia-like cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9412. [PMID: 31253835 PMCID: PMC6599005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerfully addictive psychostimulant that has a pronounced effect on the central nervous system (CNS). The present study aimed to assess METH toxicity in differentiated C6 astroglia-like cells through biochemical and toxicity markers with acute (1 h) and chronic (48 h) treatments. In the absence of external stimulants, cellular differentiation of neuronal morphology was achieved through reduced serum (2.5%) in the medium. The cells displayed branched neurite-like processes with extensive intercellular connections. Results indicated that acute METH treatment neither altered the cell morphology nor killed the cells, which echoed with lack of consequence on reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) or inhibition of any cell cycle phases except induction of cytoplasmic vacuoles. On the other hand, chronic treatment at 1 mM or above destroyed the neurite-like processors and decreased the cell viability that paralleled with increased levels of ROS, lipid peroxidation and lactate, depletion in glutathione (GSH) level and inhibition at G0/G1 phase of cell cycle, leading to apoptosis. Pre-treatment of cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 2.5 mM for 1 h) followed by METH co-treatment for 48 h rescued the cells completely from toxicity by decreasing ROS through increased GSH. Our results provide evidence that increased ROS and GSH depletion underlie the cytotoxic effects of METH in the cells. Since loss in neurite connections and intracellular changes can lead to psychiatric illnesses in drug users, the evidence that we show in our study suggests that these are also contributing factors for psychiatric-illnesses in METH addicts.
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Rindelaub JD, Miskelly GM. Potential for the Remediation of Methamphetamine Contamination Using Ozone
,. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1844-1850. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel D. Rindelaub
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Gordon M. Miskelly
- School of Chemical Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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