Helicobacter pylori infection: a clinical overview

After the Infection: A Survey of Pathogens and Non-communicable Human Disease

There are many well-established relationships between pathogens and human disease, but far fewer when focusing on non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We leverage data from The UK Biobank and TriNetX to perform a systematic survey across 20 pathogens and 426 diseases, focused primarily on NCDs. To this end, we assess the association between disease status and infection history proxies. We identify 206 pathogen-disease pairs that replicate in both cohorts. We replicate many established relationships, including Helicobacter pylori with several gastroenterological diseases, and connections between Epstein-Barr virus with multiple sclerosis and lupus. Overall, our approach identified evidence of association for 15 of the pathogens and 96 distinct diseases, including a currently controversial link between human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We validate this connection through two orthogonal analyses, revealing increased CMV gene expression in UC patients and enrichment for UC genetic risk signal near human genes that have altered expression upon CMV infection. Collectively, these results form a foundation for future investigations into mechanistic roles played by pathogens in disease.

Metabolic Isolation, Stereochemical Determination, and Total Synthesis of Predominant Native Cholesteryl Phosphatidyl-α-glucoside from Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori

We report the isolation and stereochemical determination of the predominant native cholesteryl 6-O-phosphatidyl α-glucoside (CPG) from Helicobacter pylori via an integrated biological and chemical strategy. The strategy employed (i) the metabolic isolation of a CPG analogue and (ii) the enzymatic degradation of the analogue to obtain the native lactobacillic acid for the stereochemical determination. The absolute stereochemistry of the acid was found to be 11R and 12S. Using the new stereochemical data, we accomplished the total synthesis of predominant native CPG and other predominant αCG derivatives.

Preparation and Characterization of Controlled-Release Floating Bilayer Tablets of Esomeprazole and Clarithromycin

Controlled-release effervescent floating bilayer tablets reduce dosage frequency and improve patient compliance with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Generally, two different tablets of clarithromycin and esomeprazole, respectively, are given for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and it might be worth incorporating both in a single tablet. In the current study, controlled-release floating bilayer tablets of clarithromycin and esomeprazole (F1−F4) were developed with different rates of polymeric materials by a direct compression method. During the formulation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was performed for possible interactions between drugs and excipients. No interactions between drugs and excipients were noted. Moreover, the bilayer tablets’ thickness, diameter, friability, hardness, weight variation, dissolution, and percent purity were found within the acceptable limits. The floating lag time and total floating time of all formulations were found to be < 25 s and 24 h, respectively. The release of both the clarithromycin and esomeprazole started at the same time from the controlled-release floating bilayer tablets by anomalous non-Fickian diffusion, and the polymeric materials extended the drug release rate up to 24 h. In the case of F1, the results approached ideal zero-order kinetics. The dissolution profiles of the tested and reference tablet formulations were compared, but no significant differences were observed. It can be concluded that such controlled-release effervescent floating bilayer tablets can be efficiently used in clinical practice to reduce dosage frequency and increase patient compliance with continuous drug release for 24 h, which ultimately might enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Efficacy and Safety of the Cudrania tricuspidata Extract on Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Study

Cudrania tricuspidata is a folk remedy used to treat inflammation in patients with tumors or liver damage. This study investigated the efficacy of Cudrania tricuspidata extract (CTE) for relieving the symptoms of functional dyspepsia. In an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 100 adults with any condition featured in the Rome IV criteria and a Gastrointestinal Symptoms Scale (GIS) score ≥4 were randomly allocated to take either a placebo (maltodextrin) or a 50 mg CTE tablet, which equally included celluloses, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide, twice daily, 20 January 2020, and 3 August 2020. Among the 83 participants finally analyzed, the CTE group was associated with a significant reduction in the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (day 0: 8.0 ± 5.2, day 28: 4.7 ± 3.9, and day 56: 2.3 ± 2.4, p < 0.001, respectively) in comparison with the control group (day 0: 8.1 ± 4.7, day 28: 7.8 ± 5.7, and day 56: 7.5 ± 6.6, p > 0.05) after adjusting for smoking, drinking, eating habits, stress levels, and caffeine intake. The CTE group resulted in significant improvements of GIS, Nepean Dyspepsia Index (Korean version), and functional dyspepsia-related quality of life over time. There were no different adverse events (p = 0.523). These findings suggest that CTE is safe and efficacious for alleviating gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with functional dyspepsia.

Revisiting Therapeutic Strategies for H. pylori Treatment in the Context of Antibiotic Resistance: Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection remains significant worldwide and it depends on many factors: gender, age, socio-economic status, geographic area, diet, and lifestyle. All successful infectious diseases treatments use antibiotic-susceptibility testing, but this strategy is not currently practical for H. pylori and the usual cure rates of H. pylori are lower than other bacterial infections. Actually, there is no treatment that ensures complete eradication of this pathogen. In the context of an alarming increase in resistance to antibiotics (especially to clarithromycin and metronidazole), alternative and complementary options and strategies are taken into consideration. As the success of antibacterial therapy depends not only on the susceptibility to given drugs, but also on the specific doses, formulations, use of adjuvants, treatment duration, and reinfection rates, this review discusses the current therapies for H. pylori treatment along with their advantages and limitations. As an alternative option, this work offers an extensively referenced approach on natural medicines against H. pylori, including the significance of nanotechnology in developing new strategies for treatment of H. pylori infection.

A single centre experience of treatment outcomes for Helicobacter pylori infection among inner-city children and adolescents

AIM

This study assessed treatment outcomes of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection among inner-city children.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of patients aged 1-21 years who underwent initial treatment for H pylori infection from 2011 to 2015. We included patients who completed 2 weeks of treatment with documented adequate compliance after H pylori infection was diagnosed. Treatment outcomes were measured based on stool H pylori antigen and/or histology.

RESULTS

Of the total 261 patients diagnosed with H pylori, 239 completed the first-line treatment. The regimens used included amoxicillin/clarithromycin/proton pump inhibitor (PPI) in 207/239 patients (86.6%), amoxicillin/metronidazole/PPI in 14/239 patients (5.8%) and other regimens in 18/239 patients (7.5%). H pylori eradication status was tested in 111/207 (53.6%) patients treated with amoxicillin/clarithromycin/PPI, and the eradication was achieved in 84/111(75.7%) patients. The treatment success rates for amoxicillin/metronidazole/PPI and other regimens were 71.4% (5/7) and 63.6% (7/11), respectively. There was no statistical significance of post-treatment stool H pylori antigen results between PPI (n = 31) and no PPI (n = 43) users.

CONCLUSION

The study showed an eradication rate of 75.7% with the regimen amoxicillin/clarithromycin/PPI suggesting significant antibiotic resistance in our population. The use of PPI did not influence post-treatment stool H pylori antigen results.

Best Helicobacter pylori Eradication Strategy in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the major reason for Helicobacter pylori treatment failure, and the increasing frequency of antibiotic resistance is a challenge for clinicians. Resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole is a particular problem. The standard triple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin) is no longer appropriate as the first-line treatment in most areas. Recent guidelines for the treatment of H. pylori infection recommend a quadruple regimen (bismuth or non-bismuth) as the first-line therapy. This treatment strategy is effective for areas with high resistance to clarithromycin or metronidazole, but the resistance rate inevitably increases as a result of prolonged therapy with multiple antibiotics. Novel potassium-competitive acid blocker-based therapy may be effective, but the data are limited. Tailored therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility test results is ideal. This review discussed the current important regimens for H. pylori treatment and the optimum H. pylori eradication strategy.

Compliance, adverse effects and effectiveness of first line bismuth-containing quadruple treatment (Pylera®) to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection in 200 patients

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

quadruple therapy with bismuth is recommended as a first line treatment for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compliance, adverse effects and effectiveness of this treatment with the new galenic three-in-one capsule formulation containing bismuth subcitrate, metronidazole and tetracycline (Pylera®).

METHODS

a prospective, non-controlled, single center observational study was performed in a cohort of 200 consecutive patients with an untreated H. pylori infection; 58% were female. The subjects were treated for ten days with Pylera® of three capsules four times daily with meals and a proton pump inhibitor taken before breakfast and dinner. The Pylera® capsule contains 140 mg of bismuth subcitrate, 125 mg of metronidazole and 125 mg of tetracycline. The compliance and adverse effects of the treatment were evaluated via telephone contact and via an interview during the clinical revision. Eradication of infection was controlled for at least four weeks after treatment termination via the urea breath test, the stool antigen test with monoclonal antibodies or by histology.

RESULTS

treatment compliance was observed in 96% (192/200) of the patients. Only 28.5% (57/200) of the patients experienced adverse effects, which led to abandoning the treatment in only seven subjects. Severe adverse effects developed in only one case due to Clostridium difficile infection. The effectiveness based on intention to treat was 91.5% (183/200, 95% CI: 87.1-96.8) and per protocol was 95.2% (182/191, 95% CI: 90.9-98.9).

CONCLUSIONS

in our experience, Pylera® is an effective and safe treatment that should be considered as a first line therapeutic option for the eradication of H. pylori infection.

Gastroprotective Effects of Cudrania tricuspidata Leaf Extracts by Suppressing Gastric cAMP and Increasing Gastric Mucins

Cudrania tricuspidata has been used as an East Asian folk remedy to treat various symptoms. Recently, scientific evidence of the efficacy of C. tricuspidata has emerged. The objective of this study was to elucidate protective role of C. tricuspidata in the gastric mucosa using pylorus-ligated Sprague-Dawley rats and primary parietal cells. C. tricuspidata ethanol extracts attenuated gastric mucosal damage, secretion, and juice acidity in pylorus-ligated rats; however, it did not affect expression of gastric acid-related genes [muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 receptor (M3R), histamine H2-receptors (H2R), and cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptors (CCK2R)] or serum gastrin concentrations. Furthermore, extracts greatly reduced levels of gastric cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and significantly increased mRNA levels of gastric-type mucins (MUC5AC and MUC6). To identify the mode of action of C. tricuspidata extract in regulating gastric acid secretion, intracellular cAMP and mRNA for H2R, M3R, and CCK2R were measured in primary parietal cells. mRNA levels of H2R, M3R, and CCK2R did not significantly differ following treatment with C. tricuspidata extract, whereas cAMP induced by the H2R-specific agonist was significantly decreased. C. tricuspidata may therefore reduce gastric acid secretion by inhibiting H2R activity rather than regulating mRNA expression. These finding suggest that ethanol extracts of C. tricuspidata inhibit H2R-related gastric acid secretion and increase gastric mucus to help prevent gastric mucosal damage. Therefore, C. tricuspidata extract has potential to be used in foods and medicines to prevent diseases related to gastric mucosal damage, such as gastritis and functional dyspepsia.

Antibiotic Resistance and Therapy for H. pylori Infection in Immigrant Patients Treated in Italy

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the leading cause of both peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade MALT-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. Although it is decreasing in developed countries, H. pylori prevalence remains high in developing areas, mainly due to low socio-economic levels, and the potential consumption of contaminated water. Moreover, a different pattern of primary antibiotic resistance is expected in their H. pylori isolates, potentially affecting the efficacy of standard eradication therapies. Indeed, a previous study showed the eradication rate following triple therapy was distinctly lower in dyspeptic H. pylori infected immigrants living in Italy as compared to Italian patients. Aims: to evaluate the resistance pattern in H. pylori isolates from immigrant patients in Italy, and the success rate of first-line therapy in these patients. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated data of consecutive immigrant patients, diagnosed with H. pylori infection in a single center (Bologna, Italy) between January 2009 and January 2019. Patients underwent first-line therapy with either sequential or Pylera^® (Allergan USA, Inc. Madison, NJ, USA) therapy. Results: A total of 609 immigrants were diagnosed with H. pylori infection during the study period, but 264 previously received an eradication therapy. Therefore, the study was focused on 294 out of 345 naïve patients with a successful bacterial culture with antibiogram. Latin America immigrants had the highest overall resistance rate. Levofloxacin resistance rate was significantly higher in Latin Americans and Asians as compared with Europeans. Based on resistance patterns, sequential therapy showed a clear decreasing trend in eradication rates. Conclusions: while antibiotic resistance rates are generally increasing worldwide, Pylera^® seems to achieve a good performance as first-line treatment in all naïve foreigner patients, except for Africans.

High-Salt Diet-Induced Gastritis in C57BL/6 Mice is Associated with Microbial Dysbiosis and Alleviated by a Buckwheat Diet

SCOPE

A high-salt diet is a cause of gastritis, but the associated mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that gastric flora is associated with a variety of stomach diseases, but it is not known whether gastric flora is involved in gastritis induced by a high-salt diet.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Gastritis is successfully induced in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-salt diet (salt: 5% NaCl) for four weeks. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the composition of the stomach microbiota of mice fed normal and high-salt diets are compared, the results of which show that the high-salt diet induces significant changes in the gastric flora. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) is used to predict the function of the microbiota in the stomach of mice, and the results indicate that a high-salt diet leads to a decrease in the ability of the gastric microbiota to metabolize polysaccharides and vitamins. A buckwheat diet is used to treat gastritis. The results show gastritis induced by the high-salt diet is significantly alleviated, and the dysbiosis in the stomach also improved.

CONCLUSION

Buckwheat diet may be one of the ways to prevent and treat gastritis caused by a high-salt diet.

Influence of N-acylhomoserine lactonase silver nanoparticles on the quorum sensing system of Helicobacter pylori: A potential strategy to combat biofilm formation

The treatment of Helicobacter pylori usually fails due to their ability to form biofilms and resistance to antibiotics. This might potentially lead to gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In the present study, we elucidate the potential role of N-acylhomoserine lactonase stabilized silver nanoparticles (AiiA-AgNPs) in treating biofilms produced by H. pylori. AiiA-AgNPs inhibited quorum sensing (QS) by degradation of QS molecules, thereby reducing biofilm formation, urease production, and altering cell surface hydrophobicity of H. pylori. AiiA-AgNPs showed no cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 macrophages at the effective concentration (1-5 µM) of antibiofilm activity. In addition, AiiA-AgNP in high concentration (80-100 µM) exhibited cytotoxicity against HCT-15 carcinoma cells, depicting its therapeutic role in treating cancer.

Helicobacter pylori, Vascular Risk Factors and Cognition in U.S. Older Adults

Previous studies suggested that Helicobacter pylori infection could be a risk factor for stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors examined data from participants, 60 years old and older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III) to assess the relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and results of the Mini-Mental State Examination (n = 1860) using logistic regression analysis controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, poverty and history of medically diagnosed diabetes. Moreover, we examined performance on the digit-symbol substitution test (DSST) of 1031 participants in the 1999-2000 NHANES according to their H. pylori infection status controlling for potential confounders using multiple linear regression analyses. In 1988-1991, older adults infected with CagA strains of H. pylori had a 50% borderline statistically significant increased level of cognitive impairment, as measured by low Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (age-education adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.0, 2.0). In 1999-2000, older US adults infected with H. pylori scored 2.6 fewer points in the DSST than those uninfected (mean adjusted difference: -2.6; 95% confidence interval -5.1, -0.1). The authors concluded that H. pylori infection might be a risk factor for cognitive decline in the elderly. They also found that low cobalamin and elevated homocysteine were associated with cognitive impairment.

Helicobacter pylori And Duodenal Ulcer: Systematic Review Of Controversies In Causation

Background

There are controversies on the causal role of H. pylori in duodenal ulceration. Helicobacter pylori are curved gram-negative microaerophilic bacteria found at the layer of gastric mucous or adherent to the epithelial lining of the stomach. It’s a public health significance bacteria starting from discovery, and the prevalence and severity of the infection varies considerably among populations. H. pylori are a risk for various diseases, while the extent of host response like gastric inflammation and the amount of acid secretion by parietal cells affects the outcome of infection.

Method

Relevant literature were searched from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Hinari, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct.

Result

The review evidence supports a strong causal relation between H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer, as patients are more likely to be infected by virulent strains which later cause duodenal ulceration. Thus, eradication of H. pylori infection decreases the incidence of duodenal ulcers, and prevents its recurrence by reducing both basal gastrin release and acid secretion without affecting parietal cell sensitivity. On the other hand, some studies show that H. pylori infection is not associated with the development of duodenal ulcers and such a lack of association revealed that duodenal ulceration has different pathogenesis.

Conclusion

Despite controversies observed in the causal role of H. pylori to duodenal ulceration by various studies, Hill criteria of causation proved the presence of a causal relation between H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcers. Other factors are also responsible for the development of duodenal ulcers and such factors are responsible for the differences in the prevalence of the diseases.

Biologic roles of the ABH and Lewis histo-blood group antigens Part I: infection and immunity

The ABH and Lewis antigens were among the first of the human red blood cell polymorphisms to be identified and, in the case of the former, play a dominant role in transfusion and transplantation. But these two therapies are largely twentieth century innovations, and the ABH and related carbohydrate antigens are not only expressed on a very wide range of human tissues, but were present in primates long before modern humans evolved. Although we have learned a great deal about the biochemistry and genetics of these structures, the biological roles that they play in human health and disease are incompletely understood. This review and its companion, to appear in a later issue of Vox Sanguinis, will focus on a few of the biologic and pathologic processes which appear to be affected by histo-blood group phenotype. The first of the two reviews will explore the interactions of two bacteria with the ABH and Lewis glycoconjugates of their human host cells, and describe the possible connections between the immune response of the human host to infection and the development of the AB-isoagglutinins. The second review will describe the relationship between ABO phenotype and thromboembolic disease, cardio-vascular disease states, and general metabolism.

Prevalence and patient characteristics of Helicobacter pylori among adult in primary health care of security forces hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2018

Aim:

To estimate the Helicobacter pylori prevalence and patients’ characteristics in primary health care in security forces hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study, using a fecal H. pylori antigen, is including adults (14-64 years) in the duration from 18 March 2018 to 18 April 2018 on Saudi male and female visiting Primary care center in Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Results:

The study came up with H. pylori prevalence is significantly correlated with age for those below 20 years and more than 50 years (P-value = 0.022 and 0.016, respectively) but with no correlation with the patient's sex.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, overall prevalence of H. pylori is low among primary healthcare patients, which is 10.2% and it is correlated to younger age <20 years old and elderly >50 years old.

A proposed role for diffusible signal factors in the biofilm formation and morphological transformation of Helicobacter pylori

Due to the increasing resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics, there is a growing need for new strategies for the effective eradication of this pathogen. The inhibition of quorum-sensing activity in most microorganisms leads to a decrease in virulence. A different reaction is observed in H. pylori, as interfering with the production of autoinducer-2 initiates biofilm formation and increases the survival of these bacteria. Therefore, it is believed that there is an alternative way to control the physiological changes of H. pylori exposed to environmental stress. In this article, we present the compounds probably involved in the modulation of H. pylori virulence. Diffusible signal factors (DSFs) are fatty acid signal molecules involved in communication between microbes. DSFs are likely to stimulate H. Pylori transition into a sedentary state that correlates with bacterial transformation into a more resistant coccoid form and initiates biofilm formation. Biofilm is a structure that plays a crucial role in protecting against adverse environmental factors (low pH, oxidative stress, action of immune system) and limiting the effective concentration of antimicrobial substances. This article has suggested and characterized the existence of an alternative DSF-mediated cell-cell signaling of H. pylori, which controls autoaggregative behaviors, biofilm formation, and the transition of microorganisms into the coccoid form.

Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Chinese children: A multicenter retrospective study over 7 years

BACKGROUND

To determine the prevalence of resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, amoxicillin, and furazolidone in Helicobacter pylori isolated from Chinese children.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This multicenter retrospective study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2015. A total of 1746 isolates of H. pylori were collected from nine areas of Zhejiang province in the southeast coastal region of China. H. pylori strains were examined for antibiotics susceptibility by agar dilution method.

RESULTS

The resistance rates were 75.20% for metronidazole, 16.38% for clarithromycin, 6.70% for levofloxacin, 0.06% for amoxicillin, and 0.06% for furazolidone. The pattern of H. pylori antibiotic resistance demonstrated no significant changes in the rates of resistance to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, furazolidone, and metronidazole over 7 years. A significant trend of increasing resistance to metronidazole was observed as children aged, but a downward trend in clarithromycin resistance was observed as children aged. No difference in the resistance to other antibiotics was observed among different age groups. Also, there was no significant difference between male and female subjects in rates of resistance to these five types of antibiotics. The predominant dual resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin was presented in 10.65% of the isolates.

CONCLUSIONS

The resistance rates of H. pylori in children from southeast coastal region of China were very high to metronidazole, moderate to clarithromycin and levofloxacin, and low to amoxicillin and furazolidone. It is important to continue monitoring the resistance profiles of H. pylori isolated in this region.

Helicobacter pylori serology testing is a useful diagnostic screening tool for symptomatic inner city children

AIM

This study assessed the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) serum antibody test as a diagnostic screening tool in symptomatic inner city children.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of patients aged one to 18 years who were referred to our paediatric gastroenterology department from 2009 to 2013. We included all patients who had H. pylori serum antibodies and/or faecal antigens who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for histology, with or without a gastric tissue rapid urease test.

RESULTS

A total of 395 patients had EGDs carried out to evaluate epigastric pain, heartburn and nausea or vomiting, and their overall socio-economic Z-score was -2.62. The histology was positive for H. pylori infection in 52 of 395 patients (13%), and epigastric pain was documented in 45 of these 52 patients (87%). Compared to histology, the serum H. pylori antibody test had a sensitivity of 88.4% and a specificity of 93.4%. The tissue rapid urease test and faecal antigen test had sensitivities of 89.3% and 55.6% and specificities of 89.9% and 98.9%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The serum H. pylori antibody test had high sensitivity and specificity, and it was a good diagnostic screening tool in our study. Epigastric pain was strongly associated with a current H. pylori infection in our population.

Helicobacter pylori participates in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy

Increasing evidences have shown that Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a pathogen closely related to extra-gastric disorders. Our previous in vitro studies had demonstrated that Hp infection, at least via cytotoxin-associated gene A protein (CagA), might play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) by stimulating proliferation and ectopic synthesis of aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 of B cells. However, the relevant clinical evidence of IgAN resulted from Hp infection remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the risk incidence of IgAN caused by Hp infection. 22 primary IgAN, 20 non-IgA nephropathy (n-IgAN), and 30 healthy controls were included in this study. We found that the rate of IgG anti-Hp seropositivity was significantly improved in IgAN, but the current Hp infection was similar in all groups. The production and underglycosylation of IgA1 tended to increase in IgAN patients with IgG anti-Hp seropositivity. A tendency toward increased the risk of clinical prognosis was seen in IgAN with Hp infection. Hp antigen and CagA were only deposited in renal tubules, and enhanced antigen deposition in response to Hp was observed in IgAN. Our study suggested that Hp infection might have a pathogenic role in IgAN through giving rise to strongly mucosal immune response, and based on damage of renal tubular.

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF UREA BREATH TEST FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN CHILDREN WITH DYSPEPSIA IN COMPARISON TO HISTOPATHOLOGY

ABSTRACT Background - Helicobacter pylori infection is the gram negative bacillus with the close association with chronic antral gastritis. Objective - In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of urea breath test (UBT) with carbon isotope 13 in comparison with histopathology of gastric antrum for detection of H. pylori infection in children with dyspepsia. Methods - This cross-sectional study was performed at specialized laboratory of Shiraz Gastroenterohepatology Research Center and Nemazee Hospital, Iran, during a 12-months period. This study investigated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of UBT in comparison with biopsy-based tests. We included a consecutive selection of 60 children who fulfilled Rome III criteria for dyspepsia. All children were referred for performing UBT with carbon isotope 13 (C13) as well as endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from antrum of stomach and duodenum. The pathologic diagnosis was considered as the standard test. Results - The mean age of the participants was 10.1±2.6 (range 7-17 years). From our total 60 patients, 28 (46.7%) had positive UBT results and 32 (53.3%) had negative UBT results. Pathologic report of 16 (57.1%) out of 28 patients who had positive UBT were positive for H. pylori and 12 (42.9%) ones were negative. Sensitivity and specificity of C13-UBT for detection of H. pylori infection were 76.2% and 69.2% respectively. Conclusion - Sensitivity and specificity of C13-UBT for detection of H. pylori infection were 76.2% and 69.2% respectively. Another multicenter study from our country is recommended.

Interaction between inflammatory mediators and miRNAs in Helicobacter pylori infection

Helicobacter pylori cause chronic inflammation favouring gastric carcinogenesis, and its eradication may prevent malignant transformation. We evaluated whether H. pylori infection and its eradication modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in patients with chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we assessed whether microRNAs modulate inflammatory pathways induced by H. pylori and identified miRNA–gene interaction networks. mRNA and protein expression of TNFA, IL6, IL1B, IL12A, IL2 and TGFBRII and miRNAs miR‐103a‐3p, miR‐181c‐5p, miR‐370‐3p, miR‐375 and miR‐223‐3p were evaluated in tissue samples from 20 patients with chronic gastritis H. pylori negative (Hp−) and 31 H. pylori positive (Hp+), before and three months after bacterium eradication therapy, in comparison with a pool of Hp− normal gastric mucosa. Our results showed that H. pylori infection leads to up‐regulation of TNFA, IL6, IL12A and IL2 and down‐regulation of miRNAs. Bacterium eradication reduces the expression of TNFA and IL6 and up‐regulates TGFBRII and all investigated miRNAs, except miR‐223‐3p. Moreover, transcriptional profiles of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs after eradication are different from the non‐infected group. Deregulated miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were observed in the Hp+ group before and after eradication. Therefore, miRNAs modulated cytokine expression in the presence of H. pylori and after its eradication, suggesting that miRNAs participate in the pathological process triggered by H. pylori in the gastric mucosa.

Antibiotic treatment for Helicobacter pylori: Is the end coming?

Infection with the Gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) has been associated with gastro-duodenal disease and the importance of H. pylori eradication is underscored by its designation as a group I carcinogen. The standard triple therapy consists of a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin, although many other regimens are used, including quadruple, sequential and concomitant therapy regimens supplemented with metronidazole, clarithromycin and levofloxacin. Despite these efforts, current therapeutic regimens lack efficacy in eradication due to antibiotic resistance, drug compliance and antibiotic degradation by the acidic stomach environment. Antibiotic resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole is particularly problematic and several approaches have been proposed to overcome this issue, such as complementary probiotic therapy with Lactobacillus. Other studies have identified novel molecules with an anti-H. pylori effect, as well as tailored therapy and nanotechnology as viable alternative eradication strategies. This review discusses current antibiotic therapy for H. pylori infections, limitations of this type of therapy and predicts the availability of newly developed therapies for H. pylori eradication.

Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases

Helicobacter pylori is responsible for most peptic ulcers, plays a role in functional dyspepsia and is thought by some to influence the course of gastroesophageal reflux disease. This article addresses recent studies that have been published in connection with these diseases. H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer is declining in prevalence but the incidence of perforation and bleeding remains high especially in the elderly. All H. pylori associated peptic ulcers should be treated by eradication of the infection. Dyspepsia is a common disorder that affects up to 25% of the population. About 8% of cases that are infected with H. pylori will respond to treatment of the infection. The association between H. pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease continues to be debated, a number of studies have shown that there is a negative association between H. pylori infection and Gastroesophageal reflux disease but treatment of H. pylori has not been shown to induce reflux or to affect the response to medication. Gastric atrophy is known to extend when acid suppression is used in infected patients implying that H. pylori treatment should be used in infected patients who are to undergo long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor therapy.

Blood Groups in Infection and Host Susceptibility

Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients at a tertiary hospital in a low resource setting

Background

More than half of the world’s population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the primary cause of chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is associated with peptic ulcer and in advanced stages with an increased risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma. In many developing countries access to upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy services is limited. As a result, many UGI diseases are treated empirically.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of H. pylori in patients presenting with dyspepsia, and the mean time from onset of symptoms to performing an endoscopy examination.

Methods

A cross sectional descriptive study conducted from 5th January to 30th April 2014. Adult patients with dyspepsia who were referred for UGI endoscopy were recruited consecutively. Questionnaires were used to collect data which were analyzed using STATA software. IRB approval was obtained.

Results

In total, 111 participants’ data were analyzed. The F:M ratio was 1:1.4, mean age 43 years (SD = 16). The prevalence of H. pylori gastritis was 36%. The minimum time to endoscopy was 3 weeks, maximum 1,248 weeks and the mean time 57 weeks.

Conclusion

The burden of H. pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia was high. Patients had prior empirical antibiotic therapy. Access to endoscopic services is limited.

Helicobacteraceae in Bulk Tank Milk of Dairy Herds from Northern Italy

Helicobacter pylori is responsible for gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans, but the routes of transmission of this bacterium have not been clearly defined. Few studies led to supposing that H. pylori could be transmitted through raw milk, and no one investigated the presence of other Helicobacteraceae in milk. In the current work, the presence of Helicobacteraceae was investigated in the bulk tank milk of dairy cattle herds located in northern Italy both by direct plating onto H. pylori selective medium and by screening PCR for Helicobacteraceae, followed by specific PCRs for H. pylori, Wolinella spp., and “Candidatus Helicobacter bovis.” Three out of 163 bulk milk samples tested positive for Helicobacteraceae, but not for the subsequent PCRs. H. pylori was not isolated in any case. However, given similar growth conditions, Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii were recovered. In conclusion, the prevalence of Helicobacteraceae in raw milk was negligible (1.8%), and H. pylori was not identified in any of the positive samples, suggesting that, at least in the farming conditions of the investigated area, bovine milk does not represent a potential source of infection.

Gastroduodenal Changes Two Years After Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in a Population-Based Cohort

Background

The main cause of chronic gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Some individuals with H. pylori-related chronic gastritis develop atrophy of the gastric mucosa, a risk factor for gastric neoplasia. When H. pylori-associated gastritis is encountered, it is important to be aware of its natural history and reversibility of associated histopathological and hormonal changes.

Methods

A sample of 501 volunteers from the general population in the municipality of Linkoping, Sweden, was examined with esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state and the subjects answered a questionnaire concerning lifestyle factors, medications and disease history. At a primary follow-up examination, after 8 years, 314 participants were re-examined and those infected with H. pylori received eradication. Two years after successful eradication therapy, 82 participants attended re-examination with EGD and blood sampling, as in the previous examinations.

Results

In this prospective cohort study of a sample of volunteers from the general population, all of the 82 participants had chronic gastritis with at least one positive H. pylori test before eradication therapy. During follow-up, non-steroid-inflammatory-drug (NSAID) use had decreased significantly (P = 0.007, McNemar). The H. pylori serology was still positive in 79/82 subjects (P = 0.007, McNemar). The basal gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations both had decreased (P < 0.001 for both, Wilcoxon), whereas the P-somatostatin had increased (P < 0.001, Wilcoxon). Symptoms included in the self-administered symptom questionnaire concerned the last 3 months showed no big difference at all. The inflammation had decreased in both antrum (before 2/38/42/0 and after 60/22/0/0, P < 0.0001) and corpus (before 3/54/22/3 and after 58/23/1/0, P < 0.0001). Changes in the inflammatory activity had decreased significantly in both the antrum (P < 0.001) and the corpus (P < 0.001). Intestinal metaplasia was without changes. Regarding the duodenal bulb, the inflammation decreased.

Conclusions

Being aware of the natural history of chronic gastritis, even beyond eradication of H. pylori, is important because of the associations to gastric neoplasia and ulcer disease. The blood mirror of gastroduodenal parameters showed decreased values, except for somatostatin that increased and a symptomatology with no significant changes although, morphologically determined, both inflammation and atrophy had decreased.

Efficacy and safety of ecabet sodium as an adjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies have reported that the application of ecabet sodium during the eradication of Helicobacter pylori can improve the eradication rate and reduce therapy-associated side effects. However, the efficacy and safety of this therapy are controversial.

OBJECTIVES

To determine whether ecabet sodium improves the eradication rate of H. pylori and examine treatment safety by conducting a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

METHODS

Literature searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Science Citation Index, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and the Wanfang Database. A meta-analysis of all RCTs comparing ecabet sodium supplementation with nonecabet sodium-containing therapy was performed.

RESULTS

Thirteen RCTs that included a total of 1808 patients were assessed. The meta-analysis showed that the eradication rate in the ecabet sodium-containing quadruple therapy group was higher than that in the standard triple therapy group (84.5% vs 74.55%, OR 1.757 (95%CI: 1.307 to 2.362), p < .001). The analysis also showed that the eradication rate in the ecabet sodium-containing triple therapy group was significantly higher than that in the PPI plus amoxicillin or clarithromycin therapy group (74.6% vs 43.9%,OR 3.727 (95%CI: 2.320 to 5.988), p < .001)(ITT), (74.6% vs 43.9%,OR 3.863 (95%CI: 2.369 to 6.298), p < .001) (PP). Furthermore, our meta-analysis suggested that the occurrence of side effects did not significantly differ between patients receiving ecabet sodium-containing therapy and patients receiving nonecabet sodium-containing therapy (14.0% vs 13.3%, OR 1.055 (95%CI: 0.632 to 1.759), p = .839).

CONCLUSION

Supplementation with ecabet sodium during H. pylori eradication therapy improves the eradication rate. The use of ecabet sodium does not increase the side effects based on our meta-analysis.

Effectiveness of individual-focused interventions to prevent chronic disease

BACKGROUND

The burden of chronic disease is projected to assume crisis proportions in most parts of the world by the middle of the century, focusing attention on the need for preventive interventions. We identify and review published research on primary prevention individual-level interventions in current practice and describe and discuss the limitations of the current evidence. The report facilitates prioritizing a research agenda for potential interventions that might be investigated within cohort studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study is a rapid review. Computerized database searches (PubMed and EMBASE) were performed in October 2012 to identify articles on primary prevention interventions that are directed at the individual level. Potentially, relevant International Agency of Research on Cancer handbooks and monographs were also reviewed. The review includes articles reported in English on the efficacy or effectiveness of a preventive intervention in an adult population. It excludes articles on alcohol or tobacco smoking.

RESULTS

Many chronic disease interventions directed at individuals report a protective effect in the short term and some evidence for the efficacy of chemoprevention in chronic disease prevention exists. Evidence these effects persist in the longer term is inconsistent.

CONCLUSIONS

There are currently only limited evidence-based preventions for most chronic diseases, for which a summary is available in Table A1 (see Appendix B). Most individual-level intervention research studies have been conducted using case-control designs and some small, randomized studies. There are fewer impediments to lifestyle modifications when compared to prevention using chemoprevention and vaccination or other methods of prevention of persistent infection.

Biofilms and Helicobacter pylori: Dissemination and persistence within the environment and host

The presence of viable Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the environment is considered to contribute to the levels of H. pylori found in the human population, which also aids to increase its genetic variability and its environmental adaptability and persistence. H. pylori form biofilms both within the in vitro and in vivo environment. This represents an important attribute that assists the survival of this bacterium within environments that are both hostile and adverse to proliferation. It is the aim of this paper to review the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms in vivo and in vitro and to address the inherent mechanisms considered to significantly enhance its persistence within the host and in external environments. Furthermore, the dissemination of H. pylori in the external environment and within the human body and its impact upon infection control will be discussed.

Gastric adenocarcinoma presenting with gastric outlet obstruction in a child

Gastric carcinoma is extremely rare in children representing only 0.05% of all gastrointestinal malignancies. Here, we report the first pediatric case of gastric cancer presenting with gastric outlet obstruction. Upper endoscopy revealed a markedly thickened antral mucosa occluding the pylorus and a clean base ulcer 1.5 cm × 2 cm at the lesser curvature of the stomach. The narrowed antrum and pylorus underwent balloon dilation, and biopsy from the antrum showed evidence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. The biopsy taken from the edge of the gastric ulcer demonstrated signet-ring-cell type infiltrate consistent with gastric adenocarcinoma. At laparotomy, there were metastases to the liver, head of pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Therefore, the gastric carcinoma was deemed unresectable. The patient died few months after initiation of chemotherapy due to advanced malignancy. In conclusion, this case report underscores the possibility of gastric adenocarcinoma occurring in children and presenting with gastric outlet obstruction.

Vaccine-mediated protection against Helicobacter pylori is not associated with increased salivary cytokine or mucin expression

BACKGROUND

The development of an effective vaccine against Helicobacter pylori is impeded by the inability to reliably produce sterilizing immunity and our lack of knowledge regarding mechanisms of protective immunity against this pathogen. It has previously been described that salivary glands are essential for vaccine-mediated protection against H. pylori, but the mechanism responsible for this effect has not been identified. In this study we tested the hypothesis that vaccines reduce H. pylori colonization by inducing an immune-mediated change in salivary gland mucin secretion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands were removed from untreated mice, from mice infected with H. pylori and from mice vaccinated against H. pylori then challenged with live bacteria. Cytokine levels in these salivary glands were quantified by ELISA, and salivary mucins were quantified by real-time PCR. Salivary antibody responses were determined by Western blot.

RESULTS

Vaccine-mediated protection against H. pylori did not produce any evidence of a positive increase in either salivary cytokine or mucin levels. In fact, many cytokines were significantly reduced in the vaccinated/challenged mice, including IL-17A, IL-10, IL-1ß, as well as the mucin Muc10. These decreases were associated with an increase in total protein content within the salivary glands of vaccinated mice which appeared to be the result of increased IgA production. While this study showed that vaccination increased salivary IgA levels, previous studies have demonstrated that antibodies do not play a critical role in protection against H. pylori that is induced by current vaccine formulations and regimes.

CONCLUSIONS

The effector mechanism of protective immunity induced by vaccination of mice did not involve immune changes within the salivary glands, nor increased production of salivary mucins.

Clinical factors related with helicobacter pylori infection--is there an association with gastric cancer history in first-degree family members?

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to assess clinical factors associated with Helicobacter pylori positivity and to evaluate the incidence of gastric carcinoma in first-degree family members of infected patients. A total of 580 patients (mean age:38±17) with gastrointestinal complaints underwent C-14 urea breath test (UBT). Patients were grouped as: Group-1, untreated patients (n:384); and Group-2, patients who previously treated with eradication triple therapy (n:196). C-14 UBT was performed 1-2 months after the completion of eradication therapy. Associations of H pylori positivity with age, gender, ABO and Rhesus groups, smoking, dietary habits, and history of gastric cancer in first-degree family members were evaluated. The frequency of H pylori positivity was significantly higher in group-1 (58%) compared to group-2 (20%), p=0.001. There were no correlations between H pylori positivity and age, gender, ABO groups, Rhesus subgroups, smoking and dietary habits in both patient groups. The frequency of gastric cancer in family members was significantly higher in patients with H pylori infection among group-1, compared to infected patients among group-2 (56% vs. 28.6% respectively, p=0.03). We observed a significant association between H pylori positivity and the presence of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives of group-1 patients. Our results provide some confirmation of the presence of a link between gastric cancer development and H pylori. C-14 UBT is a sensitive, reliable and a widely recommended test for the detection of H pylori infection and recurrence. We suggest that detection and eradication of H pylori may contribute to a reduced risk of gastric cancer in the family members of infected patients.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection has become an important issue recently, because this bacterial species cluster can cause many gastrointestinal diseases. Elevated antibiotic resistance is related to an increasing failure rate of H. pylori eradication. Standard triple therapy is still the first-line therapy; however, according to the Maastricht IV Consensus Report, it should be abandoned in areas of high clarithromycin resistance. Alternative first-line therapies include bismuth-containing quadruple therapy, sequential, concomitant, and hybrid therapies. Quinolone-based triple therapy may be considered as first-line therapy in areas of clarithromycin resistance >15-20% and quinolone resistance <10%. Unique second-line therapy is still unclear, and bismuth-containing quadruple therapy or levofloxacin-based triple therapy can be used as rescue treatment. Third-line therapy should be under culture guidance to select the most effective regimens (such as levofloxacin-based, rifabutin-based, or furazolidone-based therapies). Antibiotics resistance, patient compliance, and CYP 2C19 genotypes could influence the outcome. Clinicians should use antibiotics according to local reports.

Host Gene Polymorphisms in Relation to Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Associated Diseases in a Population Based Cohort

Background

This prospective population based cohort study explores possible associations between host gene polymorphisms, blood group and life style factors on the one hand, and Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa, on the other hand.

Methods

The study population (472 volunteers) has previously undergone screening with gastroduodenoscopy, biopsy and blood sampling. The host gene polymorphisms of IL1B-31C/T, IFNGR1-56T/C, the IL1RN VNTR in exon 2 and the HLA-DRB1 gene alleles were analyzed using PCR and pyrosequencing.

Results

H. pylori infection was negatively related to HLA DRB1*03 (odds ratio (OR) 95% CI: 0.388 - 0.989) and was more frequent in individuals with blood group O than A (OR 95% CI: 1.121 - 2.677). There was a lower risk of moderate to severe inflammation in the antrum among individuals with IL1B-31 TC compared to CC carriers (OR 95% CI: 0.094 - 0.733). The IL1RN*L2 genotype was associated with higher risk of IM in the antrum than the *LL genotype (OR 95% CI: 1.570 - 15.878). There was a negative relation between the HLA DRB1 alleles *04 (OR 95% CI: 0.234 - 0.831) and *08 (OR 95% CI: 0.013 - 0.915), and IM in the antrum.

Conclusion

The IL1RN VNTR and the IL1β-31 alleles seem to be associated with intestinal metaplasia of the corpus mucosa and the grade of inflammation of the antrum, respectively. However, no unambiguous correlations could be identified between the host polymorphisms and the occurrence of H. pylori infection, peptic ulcer, and the grade of inflammation, atrophy and IM of the gastric mucosa.

Why do GPs continue inappropriate hospital prescriptions of proton pump inhibitors? A qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Inappropriate prescriptions of Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) initiated in hospitals are frequently continued in primary care. No research has explored why general practitioners (GPs) continue or discontinue inappropriate drug therapy.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to describe factors and motives associated with the continuation of inappropriate prescriptions of PPIs in primary care.

METHODS

Semi-structured qualitative interviews on basis of a purposive sampling of five GPs who often continued inappropriate prescriptions and five GPs who frequently discontinued inappropriate drug therapy with PPIs (10 GPs total, of which four were female and six male).

RESULTS

Although all GPs enrolled in the study were enthusiastic about the effectiveness of PPIs, differences between the continuing and discontinuing GPs exists in three areas: The two groups varied ( 1 ) in awareness of indications and general attitudes towards prescribing ( 2 ) in perception of the hospital physicians' competence in prescribing and ( 3 ) appreciation of general prescribing conditions in hospitals.

CONCLUSION

Differences between the continuing and discontinuing GPs were found in their level of knowledge and their perceptions of the hospital physicians' competence and the threshold to prescribing in hospitals. Financial pressure and possible adverse effects demand a more balanced and evidence-based prescribing of PPIs. Attempts to change behaviour should focus on the GPs' awareness of indications for PPIs, NSAID risks, and prescribing approaches in hospitals. Default prescribing in hospital demands critical examination.

The Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection Decreases with Older Age in Atrophic Gastritis

The clinical pathological characteristics of 3969 adult patients with chronic atrophic gastritis were retrospectively studied. The positivity of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in atrophic gastric specimens increased with age; however, H. pylori positivity and inflammatory activity decreased significantly with increased age. H. pylori infection was present in 21.01% of chronic atrophic gastritis patients, and 92.33% of the subjects with H. pylori infection were found to have simultaneous inflammatory activity. The intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia positivity markedly increased as the degree of gastric atrophy increased. In conclusion, the incidence of H. pylori infection decreased with age and correlated significantly with inflammatory activity in atrophic gastritis patients. The intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia positivity notably increased as the degree of gastric atrophy increased. Large population-based prospective studies are needed to better understand the progression of CAG.

Antibacterial activities of almond skins on cagA-positive and-negative clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori is known to be a gastric pathogen of humans. Eradication regimens for H. pylori infection have some side effects, compliance problems, relapses, and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the need for alternative therapies for H. pylori infections is of special interest. We have previously shown that polyphenols from almond skins are active against a range of food-borne pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of natural almond skins before and after simulated human digestion and the pure flavonoid compounds epicatechin, naringenin and protocatechuic acid against H. pylori.

RESULTS

H. pylori strains were isolated from gastric biopsy samples following standard microbiology procedures. Also, cagA and vacA genes were identified using PCR. Susceptibility studies on 34 strains of H. pylori, including two reference strains (ATCC 43504, ATCC 49503), were performed by the standard agar dilution method.

CONCLUSIONS

Polyphenols from almond skins were effective in vitro against H. pylori, irrespective of genotype status and could therefore be used in combination with antibiotics as a novel strategy for antibiotic resistance.

Role of gastritis pattern on Helicobacter pylori eradication

Helicobacter pylori eradication rate following standard triple therapy is decreasing. Identification of predictive factors of therapy success would be useful for H. pylori management in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the role of different gastritis patterns on the efficacy of the currently suggested 14-day triple therapy regimen. One-hundred and seventeen, consecutive, non-ulcer dyspeptic patients, with H. pylori infection diagnosed at endoscopy, were enrolled. All patients received a 14-day, triple therapy with lansoprazole 30 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg and amoxicillin 1 g, all given twice daily. Bacterial eradication was assessed with (13)C-urea breath test 4-6 weeks after completion of therapy. H. pylori infection was cured in 70.1% at ITT analysis and 83.7% at PP analysis. The eradication rate tended to be lower in patients with corpus-predominant gastritis as compared to those with antral-predominant gastritis at both ITT (66.1 vs 74.5%) and PP (80.4 vs 87.2%) analyses. The multivariate analysis failed to identify factors associated with therapy success. However, 14-day triple therapy does not achieve acceptable H. pylori cure rate in Italy, and should be not recommended in clinical practice.

Review article: biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori as a target for eradication of resistant infection

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of bacterial infection in humans. Resistance of this infection to conventional therapies has suggested the role of a biofilm-growing bacterium, which is recalcitrant to many antimicrobial agents.

AIM

To review the current knowledge on biofilm formation by H. pylori and to discuss the implications of this behaviour in the context of human infections and their treatment.

RESULTS

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of gastric biopsies of infected patients demonstrated that H. pylori forms biofilm on the gastric mucosa epithelium. Adaptation to the biofilm environment may produce many persister cells, namely dormant cells, which are highly tolerant to antimicrobials that could account for the recalcitrance of H. pylori infections in vivo. Resistant H. pylori infection has become increasingly common with triple or quadruple therapy, even in the presence of H. pylori strains susceptible to all antibiotics. The mucolytic and thiol-containing antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, associated with antibiotics, was successfully used in clinic for therapy of patients with chronic respiratory tract infections. Consistently, N-acetylcysteine treatment prior to starting antibiotic therapy allowed the disappearance of gastric biofilm in all patients in whom H. pylori was eradicated.

CONCLUSION

Effective strategies targeting H. pylori biofilm infections are possible, through the use of substances degrading components of the biofilm.

Inverse association between Helicobacter pylori and pediatric asthma in a high-prevalence population

BACKGROUND

Helicobacter pylori-associated disease has led to aggressive diagnostic and eradication protocols that are partially responsible for the decrease in prevalence of H. pylori carriage. Recent evidence indicates that in low-prevalence populations, H. pylori may have protective effects on allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between pediatric asthma and H. pylori infection in a population with high prevalence of H. pylori infection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A national referral laboratory was screened for all (13) C urea breath tests performed in children aged 5-18 years between 2007 and 2008, for patient demographics and physician-diagnosed asthma. Data concerning asthma-associated medication usage were extracted from electronic medical records and databases. Data were analyzed using a stepwise logistic regression model.

RESULTS

During the study period, 6959 patients underwent urea breath testing (average age 12.4±3.5years). Of these, 3175/6959 (45.6%) were positive for H. pylori, and 578/6959 (8.3%) had asthma. Rates of asthma in H. pylori-positive and H. pylori-negative children were 7.3 and 9.1%, respectively (odds ratio 0.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69-0.98; p=.032). We also confirmed that male gender, urban residence, and age are associated with childhood asthma.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate an inverse association between H. pylori and pediatric asthma in a population with a high prevalence of H. pylori.

Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in human gastric mucosa as mediator of proinflammatory effects in Helicobacter pylori infection

INTRODUCTION

Protease-activated receptors (PAR) are seven transmembrane receptors that are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro experiments using gastric tumor cell lines, murine models and one clinical study provided evidence for a potential role of PAR2 in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis.

AIM

To investigate PAR2 expression in H. pylori-infected patients and correlation with proinflammatory IL-8, IL-1β as well as histologic changes of the mucosa. Furthermore, PAR2 expression was studied in context to mucosal amounts of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a putative regulator of PAR2.

METHODS

Twenty-two H. pylori-infected patients and 72 H. pylori-negative subjects underwent upper GI endoscopy. In antrum-derived mucosal biopsies, PAR2, IL-1β, IL-8, and SLPI expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR, and in part by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Histopathologic evaluation of gastritis was performed according to the updated Sydney classification.

RESULTS

IL-8 gene expression was 5-fold increased in the mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients compared with non-infected (p < .0001), whereas no differences for PAR2 and IL-1β mRNA amounts were observed between both groups. PAR2 gene expression correlated positively with transcript levels of IL-8, IL-1β as well mucosal SLPI levels in H. pylori-infected patients (r: 0.47-0.84; p < .0001), whereas no correlation was found with the degree of gastritis.

CONCLUSIONS

PAR2 represents an additive pathway of IL-8 secretion and proinflammatory effects in H. pylori-induced gastritis. Reduced SLPI levels leading to higher serine protease activities in the mucosa of infected subjects might regulate PAR2 activation.

Historical impact to drive research in peptic ulcer disease

The story of gastric acid secretion began with early ideas on gastric secretion (Spallanzani and de Réaumur, 17th century) and with first descriptions of food digestion (Dupuytren and Bichat, Beaumont, early 18th century), followed by proof that gastric juice contained acid (Prout, early 18th century). The research continued with first descriptions of gastric glands as the source of gastric acid and its changes upon digestive stimulus (Purkinje and Golgi, mid and late 19th century). The theory of 'nervism' - the neuro-reflex stimulation of gastric secretion by vagal nerve (Pavlov, early 20th century) was contrasted by a histamine-mediated concept of gastric secretion (Popielski and Code, mid 20th century). Thus, gastric acid and pepsin (Schwann, early 19th century) were found to be essential for food digestion and studies also pointed to histamine, being the most potent final common chemostimulator of oxyntic cells. The discoveries in etiopathogenesis of mucosal injury were marked by the famous dictum: 'No acid, no ulcer' ('Ohne saueren Magensaft kein peptisches Geschwür', Schwarz, 1910) that later induced the term of 'mucosal defense' and the notion that the breaking of 'gastric mucosal barrier' represents the initial step in the process of mucosal injury (Davenport, Code and Scholer, mid 20th century). The prostaglandins were shown to influence all major components of gastric mucosal barrier, described with the term 'cytoprotection' (Vane, Robert and Jacobson, 1970s). Beginning in the latter half of 19th century, the studies on gastric bacteriology that followed enabled the discovery of association between Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori and peptic ulcers (Warren and Marshall, 1980s) that led to worldwide major interventions in treating peptic ulcer disease. The surgical approach to peptic ulcer had been outlined by resection procedures (Billroth, Pean, Moynihan, late 19 century) and vagotomy, with or without drainage procedures (Jaboulay, Latarjet, Dragstedt, mid 20th century). Antacids, protective agents, anticholinergics, and later gastrin antagonists and prostaglandins were used for decades in the treatment of peptic ulcer, with differing effects. The advent of the concept of H(2)-receptor antagonists (Black, 1970s) and the discovery of acid (proton) pumps in parietal cells (Ganser, Forte and Sachs, late 1970s) paved the way for potent (H(2) antagonists) and profound acid inhibition (proton pump inhibitors) that revolutionized the treatment of acid-related disorders, including peptic ulcer disease. Worldwide, peptic ulcer and its complications remain the cause of significant morbidity, especially in older age groups, representing a major burden for ambulatory and hospital healthcare resources.

Pathology of diseases that cause upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding

Acute and chronic bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract is a common indication for endoscopy and hospitalization and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding are numerous and can result in both acute and chronic hemorrhage. The aim of this article is to examine the pathologic features of various diseases associated with upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding.

Probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in a fermented milk product with added fruit preparation reduce antibiotic associated diarrhea and Helicobacter pylori activity

To investigate matrix-specifity of probiotic effects and particularly of the reduction of antibiotics-associated diarrhea, a controlled, randomized, double-blind study was performed, in which 88 Helicobacter pylori-infected but otherwise healthy subjects were given for eight weeks either a) a probiotic fruit yoghurt "mild" containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 plus Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12, n = 30), b) the same product but pasteurized after fermentation (n = 29) or c) milk acidified with lactic acid (control, n = 29). During week five, a Helicobacter eradication therapy was performed. Helicobacter activity was measured via 13C-2-urea breath tests and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal complaints were recorded by validated questionnaires. In intervention group a, b and c the mean number of days with diarrhoea was 4, 10 and 10 (P<0·05), the frequency of episodes 17%, 7% and 27% (n.s.), and the change in total symptoms score before antibiotics treatment was -1·4 ± 1·1, -1·2 ± 1·1, 2·6 ± 1·1 points/four weeks (P<0·05). All milk products decreased Helicobacter activity by 18 to 45% without significant differences between groups. The observed decrease in Hel. pylori activity seems to be not or not only due to probiotic bacteria but (rather) to components of acidified milk (most probably lactic acid). Fruit-yogurt-like fermented milk products with living probiotic bacteria significantly shorten the duration of antibiotics-associated diarrhoea and improve gastrointestinal complaints. Fruit yogurt-like fermented milk is a matrix suitable for probiotic bacteria.

Effect of vitamins C and E supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication: a meta-analysis

Vitamins C and E can act as potent antioxidants to reduce the damage caused by reactive oxygen species in gastric mucosa. Whether vitamin supplements for Helicobacter pylori eradication regimen could improve the rate of eradication remains uncertain. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of vitamins C and E supplementation for the eradication of H. pylori. Searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) that fulfilled the inclusion criteria and addressed the clinical questions of this analysis were further assessed. Of the six RCT included, five had a low methodological quality. Of the six RCT, three compared the efficacy of the eradication regimen v. eradication regimen plus vitamins C and E. The result of the meta-analysis showed a non-significant difference in the eradication rate of H. pylori between the two groups (risk ratio (RR) 0·93, P = 0·76). Another three RCT compared the eradication regimen v. eradication regimen plus vitamin C only, and there too there was no significant difference in the eradication rate (RR 0·83, P = 0·32). In conclusion, vitamins C and/or E supplements to the H. pylori eradication regimen could not improve the eradication rate. However, currently available data do not draw a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins on H. pylori eradication, owing to the small sample size and low-to-moderate methodological quality.

Reliability of Diagnostic Tests for Helicobacter pylori Infection

Introduction. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is very common worldwide. A reliable diagnosis is crucial for patients with H. pylori-related diseases. At followup, it is important to confirm that eradication therapy has been successful. There is no established gold standard for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection. Material and Methods. A sample of 304 volunteers from the general population was screened for H. pylori infection with serology, ¹³C-urea breath test (UBT), rapid urease test (RUT) on fresh biopsy, culture from biopsy, and histological examination. Culture was used as gold standard. Results. The sensitivity was 0.99 for serology, 0.90 for UBT, 0.90 for RUT, and 0.90 for histological examination. Corresponding specificities were 0.82, 0.99, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively. The accuracy was 0.86 for serology, 0.96 for UBT, 0.95 for RUT, 0.93 for culture, and 0.95 for histology. There was a strong correlation between the results of UBT and the histological scores of H. pylori colonisation as well as between the results of UBT and the scores of RUT. Conclusion. There were only minor differences in accuracy between the three invasive tests for H. pylori infection in this population. RUT may be recommended as the first choice since a result is obtained within hours. The accuracy of UBT was comparable to the invasive tests, and it is recommended for situations when endoscopy is not needed.

Age and gender differences in urea breath test results

BACKGROUND

(13) C urea breath test (UBT) results, used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, fluctuate in different age groups. We characterized both the age- and gender-based trends of UBT results, from early childhood through late adulthood.

METHODS

A national H. pylori referral laboratory was screened for all positive UBTs during 2007-2008, determined as a delta over baseline (DOB) ≥ 3·5. Data were analysed with respect to both age and gender.

RESULTS

In the studied period, 61,060 UBTs were performed and 24,237 were positive. After excluding multiple testing for an individual, a total of 21,767 positive results were analysed. The male/female ratio for positive UBTs was 1 : 1·77. DOB results decreased as age increased from a maximum of 38·6 ± 21 at age 3-5 years to 21·1 ± 12 at age 19-30 in females (P < 0·001) and from 30·0 ± 16 at age 6-10 years to 14·7 ± 8 at age 19-30 years in males (P < 0·0001). At this point, the values reached a nadir for both genders. In patients older than 60 years, old test results increased moderately (P < 0·003). In all age groups, except 6-10 years old, females had significantly higher UBT results than males.

CONCLUSIONS

The decrease in mean UBT values already occurs during the first decade of life, and results increase following the sixth decade. Females have significantly higher results than males even in early childhood and throughout old age.