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Du T, Li G, Zong Q, Luo H, Pan Y, Ma K. Nuclear alpha-synuclein accelerates cell senescence and neurodegeneration. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:47. [PMID: 38997709 PMCID: PMC11242018 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) is related to ageing. The accumulation of nuclear alpha-synuclein (α-syn) may accelerate the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases, but its role in PD remains poorly understood. METHODS In the present study, α-syn expression was specifically targeted to the nucleus by constructing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in which a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) was added to the α-syn coding sequence. Virus-mediated gene transfer, behavioural tests, RNA-Seq, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and quantitative real-time PCR were then performed. RESULTS In vivo experiments using a mouse model showed that nuclear α-syn increased the severity of the PD-like phenotype, including the loss of dopaminergic neurons concomitant with motor impairment and the formation of α-syn inclusions. These nuclear inclusions contained α-syn species of high molecular weights and induced strong transcriptional dysregulation, especially induced high expression of p21 and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes. In addition, the transcriptional alterations induced by nuclear α-syn were associated with gliosis, inflammation, oxidative and DNA damage, and lysosomal dysfunction, and they eventually accelerated neuronal loss and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that nuclear α-syn plays a crucial role in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Guoxiang Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Qinglan Zong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Haiyu Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650118, China.
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2
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Wang J, Sadeghi CA, Frock RL. DNA-PKcs suppresses illegitimate chromosome rearrangements. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5048-5066. [PMID: 38412274 PMCID: PMC11109964 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Two DNA repair pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative end joining (A-EJ), are involved in V(D)J recombination and chromosome translocation. Previous studies reported distinct repair mechanisms for chromosome translocation, with NHEJ involved in humans and A-EJ in mice predominantly. NHEJ depends on DNA-PKcs, a critical partner in synapsis formation and downstream component activation. While DNA-PKcs inhibition promotes chromosome translocations harboring microhomologies in mice, its synonymous effect in humans is not known. We find partial DNA-PKcs inhibition in human cells leads to increased translocations and the continued involvement of a dampened NHEJ. In contrast, complete DNA-PKcs inhibition substantially increased microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), thus bridging the two different translocation mechanisms between human and mice. Similar to a previous study on Ku70 deletion, DNA-PKcs deletion in G1/G0-phase mouse progenitor B cell lines, significantly impairs V(D)J recombination and generated higher rates of translocations as a consequence of dysregulated coding and signal end joining. Genetic DNA-PKcs inhibition suppresses NHEJ entirely, with repair phenotypically resembling Ku70-deficient A-EJ. In contrast, we find DNA-PKcs necessary in generating the near-exclusive MMEJ associated with Lig4 deficiency. Our study underscores DNA-PKcs in suppressing illegitimate chromosome rearrangement while also contributing to MMEJ in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Wang
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cheyenne A Sadeghi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Frock
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Lai PM, Chan KM. Roles of Histone H2A Variants in Cancer Development, Prognosis, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3144. [PMID: 38542118 PMCID: PMC10969971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Histones are nuclear proteins essential for packaging genomic DNA and epigenetic gene regulation. Paralogs that can substitute core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4), named histone variants, are constitutively expressed in a replication-independent manner throughout the cell cycle. With specific chaperones, they can be incorporated to chromatin to modify nucleosome stability by modulating interactions with nucleosomal DNA. This allows the regulation of essential fundamental cellular processes for instance, DNA damage repair, chromosomal segregation, and transcriptional regulation. Among all the histone families, histone H2A family has the largest number of histone variants reported to date. Each H2A variant has multiple functions apart from their primary role and some, even be further specialized to perform additional tasks in distinct lineages, such as testis specific shortH2A (sH2A). In the past decades, the discoveries of genetic alterations and mutations in genes encoding H2A variants in cancer had revealed variants' potentiality in driving carcinogenesis. In addition, there is growing evidence that H2A variants may act as novel prognostic indicators or biomarkers for both early cancer detection and therapeutic treatments. Nevertheless, no studies have ever concluded all identified variants in a single report. Here, in this review, we summarize the respective functions for all the 19 mammalian H2A variants and their roles in cancer biology whilst potentiality being used in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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4
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Li X, Le Y, Li Y, Chen S, Guo L, Fu X, Manjanatha MG, Mei N. Evaluation of weak genotoxicity of hydroxychloroquine in human TK6 cells. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:84-95. [PMID: 38311193 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a derivative of chloroquine (CQ), is an antimalarial and antirheumatic drug. Since there is limited data available on the genotoxicity of HCQ, in the current study, we used a battery of in vitro assays to systematically examine the genotoxicity of HCQ in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. We first showed that HCQ is not mutagenic in TK6 cells up to 80 μM with or without exogenous metabolic activation. Subsequently, we found that short-term (3-4 h) HCQ treatment did not cause DNA strand breakage as measured by the comet assay and the phosphorylation of histone H2A.X (γH2A.X), and did not induce chromosomal damage as determined by the micronucleus (MN) assay. However, after 24-h treatment, both CQ and HCQ induced comparable and weak DNA damage and MN formation in TK6 cells; upregulated p53 and p53-mediated DNA damage responsive genes; and triggered apoptosis and mitochondrial damage that may partially contribute to the observed MN formation. Using a benchmark dose (BMD) modeling analysis, the lower 95% confidence limit of BMD50 values (BMDL50) for MN induction in TK6 cells were about 19.7 μM for CQ and 16.3 μM for HCQ. These results provide additional information for quantitative genotoxic risk assessment of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Yuxi Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Si Chen
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xin Fu
- Division of Pharmacology Toxicology Review, Office of Safety and Clinical Evaluation, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mugimane G Manjanatha
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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5
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Lee HM, Wright WC, Pan M, Low J, Currier D, Fang J, Singh S, Nance S, Delahunty I, Kim Y, Chapple RH, Zhang Y, Liu X, Steele JA, Qi J, Pruett-Miller SM, Easton J, Chen T, Yang J, Durbin AD, Geeleher P. A CRISPR-drug perturbational map for identifying compounds to combine with commonly used chemotherapeutics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7332. [PMID: 37957169 PMCID: PMC10643606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy is crucial for successfully treating cancer. However, the enormous number of possible drug combinations means discovering safe and effective combinations remains a significant challenge. To improve this process, we conduct large-scale targeted CRISPR knockout screens in drug-treated cells, creating a genetic map of druggable genes that sensitize cells to commonly used chemotherapeutics. We prioritize neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumor, where ~50% of high-risk patients do not survive. Our screen examines all druggable gene knockouts in 18 cell lines (10 neuroblastoma, 8 others) treated with 8 widely used drugs, resulting in 94,320 unique combination-cell line perturbations, which is comparable to the largest existing drug combination screens. Using dense drug-drug rescreening, we find that the top CRISPR-nominated drug combinations are more synergistic than standard-of-care combinations, suggesting existing combinations could be improved. As proof of principle, we discover that inhibition of PRKDC, a component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway, sensitizes high-risk neuroblastoma cells to the standard-of-care drug doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Our findings provide a valuable resource and demonstrate the feasibility of using targeted CRISPR knockout to discover combinations with common chemotherapeutics, a methodology with application across all cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Min Lee
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jonathan Low
- Department of Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Duane Currier
- Department of Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jie Fang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shivendra Singh
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stephanie Nance
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ian Delahunty
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard H Chapple
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yinwen Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jacob A Steele
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Adam D Durbin
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Paul Geeleher
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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6
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Kim JW, Choi J, Park MN, Kim B. Apoptotic Effect of Gallic Acid via Regulation of p-p38 and ER Stress in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 Cells Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15236. [PMID: 37894916 PMCID: PMC10607041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is currently recognized as the seventh most prevalent cause of cancer-related mortality among individuals of both genders. It is projected that a significant number of individuals will succumb to this disease in the forthcoming years. Extensive research and validation have been conducted on both gemcitabine and 5-fluorouracil as viable therapeutic options for PC. Nevertheless, despite concerted attempts to enhance treatment outcomes, PC continues to pose significant challenges in terms of achieving effective treatment alone through chemotherapy. Gallic acid, an endogenous chemical present in various botanical preparations, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential as an anticancer agent. The results of the study demonstrated that gallic acid exerted a decline in cell viability that was dependent on its concentration. Furthermore, it efficiently suppressed cell proliferation in PC cells. This study observed a positive correlation between gallic acid and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, it confirmed the upregulation of proteins associated with the protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway, which is one of the pathways involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Moreover, the administration of gallic acid resulted in verified alterations in the transmission of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals. Notably, an elevation in the levels of p-p38, which represents the phosphorylated state of p38 MAPK was detected. The scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), has shown inhibitory effects on phosphorylated p38 (p-p38), whereas the p38 inhibitor SB203580 inhibited C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). In both instances, the levels of PARP have been successfully reinstated. In other words, the study discovered a correlation between endoplasmic reticulum stress and the p38 signaling pathway. Consequently, gallic acid induces the activation of both the p38 pathway and the ER stress pathway through the generation of ROS, ultimately resulting in apoptosis. The outcomes of this study provide compelling evidence to support the notion that gallic acid possesses considerable promise as a viable therapeutic intervention for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Woo Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea; (J.W.K.); (J.C.); (M.N.P.)
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea; (J.W.K.); (J.C.); (M.N.P.)
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea; (J.W.K.); (J.C.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea; (J.W.K.); (J.C.); (M.N.P.)
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Republic of Korea
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7
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Einig E, Jin C, Andrioletti V, Macek B, Popov N. RNAPII-dependent ATM signaling at collisions with replication forks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5147. [PMID: 37620345 PMCID: PMC10449895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) by oncogenic signaling leads to collisions of RNAPII with DNA synthesis machinery (transcription-replication conflicts, TRCs). TRCs can result in DNA damage and are thought to underlie genomic instability in tumor cells. Here we provide evidence that elongating RNAPII nucleates activation of the ATM kinase at TRCs to stimulate DNA repair. We show the ATPase WRNIP1 associates with RNAPII and limits ATM activation during unperturbed cell cycle. WRNIP1 binding to elongating RNAPII requires catalytic activity of the ubiquitin ligase HUWE1. Mutation of HUWE1 induces TRCs, promotes WRNIP1 dissociation from RNAPII and binding to the replisome, stimulating ATM recruitment and activation at RNAPII. TRCs and translocation of WRNIP1 are rapidly induced in response to hydroxyurea treatment to activate ATM and facilitate subsequent DNA repair. We propose that TRCs can provide a controlled mechanism for stalling of replication forks and ATM activation, instrumental in cellular response to replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Einig
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Andrioletti
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- enGenome S.R.L., Via Fratelli Cuzio 42, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Boris Macek
- Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Auf d. Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikita Popov
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Fleischmann J, Hildebrand LS, Kuhlmann L, Fietkau R, Distel LV. The Effect of Xevinapant Combined with Ionizing Radiation on HNSCC and Normal Tissue Cells and the Impact of Xevinapant on Its Targeted Proteins cIAP1 and XIAP. Cells 2023; 12:1653. [PMID: 37371123 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of HNSCC is partly due to treatment resistance. The SMAC mimetic Xevinapant is a promising new approach to targeted cancer therapy. Xevinapant inhibits cIAP1/2 and XIAP, leading to apoptosis, necroptosis and inhibition of prosurvival signaling. Combining Xevinapant with IR could improve therapeutic potential. The effect of Xevinapant in combination with IR on HNSCC and healthy tissue cells was investigated. Cell growth, cell death, clonogenic survival and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were studied, and intracellular cIAP1 and XIAP levels were evaluated. Xevinapant had cytostatic and cytotoxic, as well as radiosensitizing, effects on the malignant cells, while healthy tissue cells were less affected. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death was particularly affected, but the increase in residual DSBs and the reduced survival implied an additional effect of Xevinapant on DNA damage repair and other cell inactivation mechanisms. cIAP1 and XIAP levels varied for each cell line and were affected by Xevinapant and IR treatment. There was an association between higher IAP levels and increased cell death. Xevinapant appears to be a potent new drug for HNSCC therapy, especially in combination with IR. IAP levels could be an indicator for impaired DNA damage repair and increased susceptibility to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fleischmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Kuhlmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Lu E, Wu L, Chen B, Xu S, Fu Z, Wu Y, Wu Y, Gu H. Maternal Serum tRNA-Derived Fragments (tRFs) as Potential Candidates for Diagnosis of Fetal Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10020078. [PMID: 36826574 PMCID: PMC9968204 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most predominant birth defects that causes infant death worldwide. The timely and successful surgical treatment of CHD on newborns after delivery requires accurate detection and reliable diagnosis during pregnancy. However, there are no biomarkers that can serve as an early diagnostic factor for CHD patients. tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) have been reported to play an important role in the occurrence and progression of numerous diseases, but their roles in CHD remains unknown. METHODS High-throughput sequencing was performed on the peripheral blood of pregnant women with an abnormal fetal heart and a normal fetal heart, and 728 differentially expressed tRFs/tiRNAs were identified, among which the top 18 tRFs/tiRNAs were selected as predictive biomarkers of CHD. Then, a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction verified the expression of tRFs/tiRNAs in more clinical samples, and the correlation between tRFs/tiRNAs abnormalities and CHD was analyzed. RESULTS tRF-58:74-Gly-GCC-1 and tiRNA-1:35-Leu-CAG-1-M2 may be promising biomarkers. Through further bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that TRF-58:744-GLy-GCC-1 could induce CHD by influencing biological metabolic processes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a theoretical basis for the abnormally expressed tRF-58:74-Gly-GCC-1 in maternal peripheral blood as a new potential biomarker for the accurate diagnosis of CHD during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enkang Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Central Laboratory of Jiangsu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Maternal and Child Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shipeng Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Central Laboratory of Jiangsu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Maternal and Child Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-189-0518-0170 (Y.W.); +86-139-5194-5999 (Y.W.); +86-139-0159-2427 (H.G.)
| | - Yanhu Wu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-189-0518-0170 (Y.W.); +86-139-5194-5999 (Y.W.); +86-139-0159-2427 (H.G.)
| | - Haitao Gu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.W.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-189-0518-0170 (Y.W.); +86-139-5194-5999 (Y.W.); +86-139-0159-2427 (H.G.)
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10
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Bock N, Forouz F, Hipwood L, Clegg J, Jeffery P, Gough M, van Wyngaard T, Pyke C, Adams MN, Bray LJ, Croft L, Thompson EW, Kryza T, Meinert C. GelMA, Click-Chemistry Gelatin and Bioprinted Polyethylene Glycol-Based Hydrogels as 3D Ex Vivo Drug Testing Platforms for Patient-Derived Breast Cancer Organoids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010261. [PMID: 36678890 PMCID: PMC9867511 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3D organoid model technologies have led to the development of innovative tools for cancer precision medicine. Yet, the gold standard culture system (Matrigel®) lacks the ability for extensive biophysical manipulation needed to model various cancer microenvironments and has inherent batch-to-batch variability. Tunable hydrogel matrices provide enhanced capability for drug testing in breast cancer (BCa), by better mimicking key physicochemical characteristics of this disease’s extracellular matrix. Here, we encapsulated patient-derived breast cancer cells in bioprinted polyethylene glycol-derived hydrogels (PEG), functionalized with adhesion peptides (RGD, GFOGER and DYIGSR) and gelatin-derived hydrogels (gelatin methacryloyl; GelMA and thiolated-gelatin crosslinked with PEG-4MAL; GelSH). Within ranges of BCa stiffnesses (1−6 kPa), GelMA, GelSH and PEG-based hydrogels successfully supported the growth and organoid formation of HR+,−/HER2+,− primary cancer cells for at least 2−3 weeks, with superior organoid formation within the GelSH biomaterial (up to 268% growth after 15 days). BCa organoids responded to doxorubicin, EP31670 and paclitaxel treatments with increased IC50 concentrations on organoids compared to 2D cultures, and highest IC50 for organoids in GelSH. Cell viability after doxorubicin treatment (1 µM) remained >2-fold higher in the 3D gels compared to 2D and doxorubicin/paclitaxel (both 5 µM) were ~2.75−3-fold less potent in GelSH compared to PEG hydrogels. The data demonstrate the potential of hydrogel matrices as easy-to-use and effective preclinical tools for therapy assessment in patient-derived breast cancer organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Farzaneh Forouz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre (APCRC-Q), QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Luke Hipwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Gelomics Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Julien Clegg
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Gelomics Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Penny Jeffery
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Tirsa van Wyngaard
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Mark N. Adams
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Laura J. Bray
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Laura Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Erik W. Thompson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute (TRI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Centre for Personalised Analysis of Cancers (CPAC), Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- Mater Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Christoph Meinert
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, QUT, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Gelomics Pty Ltd., Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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11
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Kuthala N, Shanmugam M, Yao CL, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. One step synthesis of 10B-enriched 10BPO4 nanoparticles for effective boron neutron capture therapeutic treatment of recurrent head-and-neck tumor. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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2-Mercaptoethanol protects against DNA double-strand breaks after kidney ischemia and reperfusion injury through GPX4 upregulation. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:1041-1053. [PMID: 35989399 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by tubular cell death. DNA double-strand breaks is one of the major sources of tubular cell death induced by IRI. 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is protective against DNA double-strand breaks derived from calf thymus and bovine embryo. Here, we sought to determine whether treatment with 2-ME attenuated DNA double-strand breaks, resulting in reduced kidney dysfunction and structural damage in IRI. METHODS Kidney IRI or sham-operation in mice was carried out. The mice were treated with 2-ME, Ras-selective lethal 3, or vehicle. Kidney function, tubular injury, DNA damage, antioxidant enzyme expression, and DNA damage response (DDR) kinases activation were assessed. RESULTS Treatment with 2-ME significantly attenuated kidney dysfunction, tubular injury, and DNA double-strand breaks after IRI. Among DDR kinases, IRI induced phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), but IRI reduced phosphorylation of other DDR kinases including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related, checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Chk2, and Chinese hamster cells 1 (XRCC1). Treatment with 2-ME enhanced phosphorylation of ATM and ATM-mediated effector kinases in IRI-subjected kidneys, suggesting that 2-ME activates ATM-mediated DDR signaling pathway. Furthermore, 2-ME dramatically upregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in IRI-subjected kidneys. Inhibition of GPX4 augmented adverse IRI consequences including kidney dysfunction, tubular injury, DNA double-strand breaks, and inactivation of ATM-mediated DDR signaling pathway after IRI in 2-ME-treated kidneys. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that exogenous 2-ME protects against DNA double-strand breaks after kidney IRI through GPX4 upregulation and ATM activation.
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13
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Li X, He X, Le Y, Guo X, Bryant MS, Atrakchi AH, McGovern TJ, Davis-Bruno KL, Keire DA, Heflich RH, Mei N. Genotoxicity evaluation of nitrosamine impurities using human TK6 cells transduced with cytochrome P450s. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3077-3089. [PMID: 35882637 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03347-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many nitrosamines are recognized as mutagens and potent rodent carcinogens. Over the past few years, nitrosamine impurities have been detected in various drugs leading to drug recalls. Although nitrosamines are included in a 'cohort of concern' because of their potential human health risks, most of this concern is based on rodent cancer and bacterial mutagenicity data, and there are little data on their genotoxicity in human-based systems. In this study, we employed human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells transduced with human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6 to evaluate the genotoxicity of six nitrosamines that have been identified as impurities in drug products: N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosoethylisopropylamine (NEIPA), N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutanoic acid (NMBA), N-nitrosomethylphenylamine (NMPA), N-nitrosodiisopropylamine (NDIPA), and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA). Using flow cytometry-based assays, we found that 24-h treatment with NDEA, NEIPA, NMBA, and NMPA caused concentration-dependent increases in the phosphorylation of histone H2A.X (γH2A.X) in CYP2A6-expressing TK6 cells. Metabolism of these four nitrosamines by CYP2A6 also caused significant increases in micronucleus frequency as well as G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest. In addition, nuclear P53 activation was found in CYP2A6-expressing TK6 cells exposed to NDEA, NEIPA, and NMPA. Overall, the genotoxic potency of the six nitrosamine impurities in our test system was NMPA > NDEA ≈ NEIPA > NMBA > NDBA ≈ NDIPA. This study provides new information on the genotoxic potential of nitrosamines in human cells, complementing test results generated from traditional assays and partially addressing the issue of the relevance of nitrosamine genotoxicity for humans. The metabolically competent human cell system reported here may be a useful model for risk assessment of nitrosamine impurities found in drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilin Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaobo He
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Yuan Le
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew S Bryant
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Aisar H Atrakchi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Timothy J McGovern
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Karen L Davis-Bruno
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - David A Keire
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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Gusho E, Laimins LA. Human papillomaviruses sensitize cells to DNA damage induced apoptosis by targeting the innate immune sensor cGAS. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010725. [PMID: 35877778 PMCID: PMC9352202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a critical regulator of the innate immune response acting as a sensor of double-strand DNAs from pathogens or damaged host DNA. Upon activation, cGAS signals through the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway to induce interferon expression. Double stranded DNA viruses target the cGAS pathway to facilitate infection. In HPV positive cells that stably maintain viral episomes, the levels of cGAS were found to be significantly increased over those seen in normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore the downstream effectors of the cGAS pathway, STING and IRF3, were fully active in response to signaling from the secondary messenger cGAMP or poly (dA:dT). In HPV positive cells cGAS was detected in both cytoplasmic puncta as well as in DNA damage induced micronuclei. E6 was responsible for increased levels of cGAS that was dependent on inhibition of p53. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of cGAS prevented activation of STING and IRF3 but had a minimal effect on viral replication. A primary function of cGAS in HPV positive cells was in response to treatment with etoposide or cisplatin which lead to increased levels of H2AX phosphorylation and activation of caspase 3/7 cleavage while having only a minimal effect on activation of homologous recombination repair factors ATM, ATR or CHK2. In HPV positive cells cGAS was found to regulate the levels of the phosphorylated non-homologous end-joining kinase, DNA-PK, which may contribute to H2AX phosphorylation along with other factors. Importantly cGAS was also responsible for increased levels of DNA breaks along with enhanced apoptosis in HPV positive cells but not in HFKs. This study identifies an important and novel role for cGAS in mediating the response of HPV positive cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Persistent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) is the major risk factor for development of cervical as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Innate immune surveillance pathways are important in determining whether HPV infections will be cleared or persist. The role and activity of cGAS, an innate immune DNA sensor, during HPV infection is still not well understood. In this study we characterized the activity of cGAS-STING pathway in cells that stably maintain high-risk HPV episomes and found it was fully active. Furthermore, our studies indicate that cGAS helps regulate the response to DNA damage causing drugs such as etoposide and cisplatin. Treatment with both drugs further increased the levels of cGAS in HPV positive cells and this was critical for causing DNA breaks along with apoptotic cell death. These findings identify a novel role of cGAS in HPV positive cells in regulating the response to chemotherapeutic DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laimonis A. Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Choudhury J, Pandey D, Chaturvedi PK, Gupta S. Epigenetic regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition: a trophoblast perspective. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6572349. [PMID: 35451485 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes alter expression of genes at both pre- and post-transcriptional levels without changing their DNA sequence. Accumulating evidence suggests that such changes can modify cellular behaviour and characteristics required during development and in response to various extracellular stimuli. Trophoblast cells develop from the outermost trophectoderm layer of the blastocyst and undergo many phenotypic changes as the placenta develops. One such phenotypic change is differentiation of the epithelial natured cytotrophoblasts into the mesenchymal natured extravillous trophoblasts. The extravillous trophoblasts are primarily responsible for invading into the maternal decidua and thus establishing connection with the maternal spiral arteries. Any dysregulation of this process can have adverse effects on the pregnancy outcome. Hence, tight regulation of this epithelial-mesenchymal transition is critical for successful pregnancy. This review summarizes the recent research on the epigenetic regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition occurring in the trophoblast cells during placental development. The functional significance of chemical modifications of DNA and histone, which regulate transcription, as well as non-coding RNAs, which control gene expression post-transcriptionally, is discussed in relation to trophoblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaganmoy Choudhury
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-, 110029, India
| | - Deepak Pandey
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-, 110029, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-, 110029, India
| | - Surabhi Gupta
- Department of Reproductive Biology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-, 110029, India
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Suzuki K, Kawamura K, Ujiie R, Nakayama T, Mitsutake N. Characterization of radiation-induced micronuclei associated with premature senescence, and their selective removal by senolytic drug, ABT-263. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 876-877:503448. [PMID: 35483779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is well-recognized as an efficient non-invasive remedy for cancer treatment. Since 10 Gy, a weekly total dose for conventional radiotherapy, was proven to create unreparable and residual DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), they were found to give rise to mitotic failure, such as mitotic catastrophe, which resulted in multiple micronuclei associated with premature senescence. We demonstrated that pulverization of micronuclear DNA was caspase-dependent and triggered not ATM-dependent but DNA-PK-dependent DNA damage response, including phosphorylation of histone H2AX. Pulverization of micronuclear DNA and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) worsen tumor microenvironment after radiotherapy, so that senolytic drug was applied to eliminate senescent cancer cells. Prematurely senescent cancer cells with micronuclei caused by 10 Gy of γ-irradiation were subjected to 5 μM of ABT-263, a Bcl-2 family inhibitor, and selective cancer cell death by apoptosis was observed, while ABT-263 had little effect on growing cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed augmented expression of both apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins in senescent cells, indicating that increased apoptotic factors are essential for selective apoptotic cell death in combination with ABT-263. Our results suggested that selective elimination of senescent cells alleviates SASP and micronuclei-mediated the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation, both of which lead to unfavorable adverse effects caused by radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Kasumi Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Risa Ujiie
- Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takahumi Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Atomic Bomb Disease Institute. 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Life Sciences and Radiation Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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A deep learning model (FociRad) for automated detection of γ-H2AX foci and radiation dose estimation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5527. [PMID: 35365702 PMCID: PMC8975967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal form of damage to cells from irradiation. γ-H2AX (phosphorylated form of H2AX histone variant) has become one of the most reliable and sensitive biomarkers of DNA DSBs. However, the γ-H2AX foci assay still has limitations in the time consumed for manual scoring and possible variability between scorers. This study proposed a novel automated foci scoring method using a deep convolutional neural network based on a You-Only-Look-Once (YOLO) algorithm to quantify γ-H2AX foci in peripheral blood samples. FociRad, a two-stage deep learning approach, consisted of mononuclear cell (MNC) and γ-H2AX foci detections. Whole blood samples were irradiated with X-rays from a 6 MV linear accelerator at 1, 2, 4 or 6 Gy. Images were captured using confocal microscopy. Then, dose-response calibration curves were established and implemented with unseen dataset. The results of the FociRad model were comparable with manual scoring. MNC detection yielded 96.6% accuracy, 96.7% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity. γ-H2AX foci detection showed very good F1 scores (> 0.9). Implementation of calibration curve in the range of 0-4 Gy gave mean absolute difference of estimated doses less than 1 Gy compared to actual doses. In addition, the evaluation times of FociRad were very short (< 0.5 min per 100 images), while the time for manual scoring increased with the number of foci. In conclusion, FociRad was the first automated foci scoring method to use a YOLO algorithm with high detection performance and fast evaluation time, which opens the door for large-scale applications in radiation triage.
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18
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Yan Q, Zhang B, Ling X, Zhu B, Mei S, Yang H, Zhang D, Huo J, Zhao Z. CTLA-4 Facilitates DNA Damage–Induced Apoptosis by Interacting With PP2A. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:728771. [PMID: 35281086 PMCID: PMC8907142 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.728771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses. It accumulates in intracellular compartments, translocates to the cell surface, and is rapidly internalized. However, the cytoplasmic function of CTLA-4 remains largely unknown. Here, we describe the role of CTLA-4 as an immunomodulator in the DNA damage response to genotoxic stress. Using isogenic models of murine T cells with either sufficient or deficient CTLA-4 expression and performing a variety of assays, including cell apoptosis, cell cycle, comet, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining analyses, we show that CTLA-4 activates ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) by binding to the ATM inhibitor protein phosphatase 2A into the cytoplasm of T cells following transient treatment with zeocin, exacerbating the DNA damage response and inducing apoptosis. These findings provide new insights into how T cells maintain their immune function under high-stress conditions, which is clinically important for patients with tumors undergoing immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhigang Zhao,
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The Phosphorylated Form of the Histone H2AX (γH2AX) in the Brain from Embryonic Life to Old Age. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237198. [PMID: 34885784 PMCID: PMC8659122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The γ phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX (γH2AX) was described more than 40 years ago and it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of H2AX was one of the first cellular responses to DNA damage. Since then, γH2AX has been implicated in diverse cellular functions in normal and pathological cells. In the first part of this review, we will briefly describe the intervention of H2AX in the DNA damage response (DDR) and its role in some pivotal cellular events, such as regulation of cell cycle checkpoints, genomic instability, cell growth, mitosis, embryogenesis, and apoptosis. Then, in the main part of this contribution, we will discuss the involvement of γH2AX in the normal and pathological central nervous system, with particular attention to the differences in the DDR between immature and mature neurons, and to the significance of H2AX phosphorylation in neurogenesis and neuronal cell death. The emerging picture is that H2AX is a pleiotropic molecule with an array of yet not fully understood functions in the brain, from embryonic life to old age.
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Camero S, Vitali G, Pontecorvi P, Ceccarelli S, Anastasiadou E, Cicchetti F, Flex E, Pomella S, Cassandri M, Rota R, Marampon F, Marchese C, Schiavetti A, Megiorni F. DNMT3A and DNMT3B Targeting as an Effective Radiosensitizing Strategy in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:2956. [PMID: 34831178 PMCID: PMC8616246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. Recently, we demonstrated the overexpression of both DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and 3B (DNMT3B) in RMS tumour biopsies and cell lines compared to normal skeletal muscle. Radiotherapy may often fail due to the abnormal expression of some molecules able to drive resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyse the involvement of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in radioresistance in RMS. RNA interference experiments against DNMT3A/3B were performed in embryonal RMS cells, upon ionizing radiation (IR) exposure and the effects of the combined treatment on RMS cells were analysed. DNMT3A and DNMT3B knocking down increased the sensitivity of RMS cells to IR, as indicated by the drastic decrease of colony formation ability. Interestingly, DNMT3A/3B act in two different ways: DNMT3A silencing triggers the cellular senescence program by up-regulating p16 and p21, whilst DNMT3B depletion induces significant DNA damage and impairs the DNA repair machinery (ATM, DNA-PKcs and Rad51 reduction). Our findings demonstrate for the first time that DNMT3A and DNMT3B overexpression may contribute to radiotherapy failure, and their inhibition might be a promising radiosensitizing strategy, mainly in the treatment of patients with metastatic or recurrent RMS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Camero
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Vitali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Paola Pontecorvi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Pomella
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Rossella Rota
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Amalia Schiavetti
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
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21
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Carpenter MA, Kemp MG. Topical Treatment of Human Skin and Cultured Keratinocytes with High-Dose Spironolactone Reduces XPB Expression and Induces Toxicity. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100023. [PMID: 34909723 PMCID: PMC8659383 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spironolactone (SP) is used to treat a variety of disparate disease states ranging from heart failure to acne through antagonism of the mineralocorticoid and androgen receptors. Although normally taken as an oral medication, recent studies have explored the topical application of SP onto the skin. However, because SP induces the proteolytic degradation of the XPB protein, which plays critical roles in DNA repair and transcription, there may be safety concerns with the use of topical SP. In this study, we show that the topical application of a high concentration of either SP or its metabolite canrenone onto human skin ex vivo lowers XPB protein levels and induces toxic responses in the epidermis. Interestingly, although SP and canrenone both inhibit cell proliferation, induce replication stress responses, and stimulate apoptotic signaling at high concentrations in cultured keratinocytes in vitro, these effects were not correlated with XPB protein loss. Thus, high concentrations of SP and canrenone likely inhibit cell proliferation and induce toxicity through additional mechanisms to XPB proteolytic degradation. This work suggests that care may need to be taken when using high concentrations of SP directly on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alexandra Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael G. Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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22
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Tang FR, Liu L, Wang H, Ho KJN, Sethi G. Spatiotemporal dynamics of γH2AX in the mouse brain after acute irradiation at different postnatal days with special reference to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:15815-15832. [PMID: 34162763 PMCID: PMC8266370 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gamma H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) is a molecular marker of aging and disease. However, radiosensitivity of the different brain cells, including neurons, glial cells, cells in cerebrovascular system, epithelial cells in pia mater, ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain in immature animals at different postnatal days remains unknown. Whether radiation-induced γH2AX foci in immature brain persist in adult animals still needs to be investigated. Hence, using a mouse model, we showed an extensive postnatal age-dependent induction of γH2AX foci in different brain regions at 1 day after whole body gamma irradiation with 5Gy at postnatal day 3 (P3), P10 and P21. P3 mouse brain epithelial cells in pia mater, glial cells in white matter and cells in cerebrovascular system were more radiosensitive at one day after radiation exposure than those from P10 and P21 mice. Persistent DNA damage foci (PDDF) were consistently demonstrated in the brain at 120 days and 15 months after irradiation at P3, P10 and P21, and these mice had shortened lifespan compared to the age-matched control. Our results suggest that early life irradiation-induced PDDF at later stages of animal life may be related to the brain aging and shortened life expectancy of irradiated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ru Tang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lian Liu
- The School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Kimberly Jen Ni Ho
- Radiation Physiology Lab, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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23
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Eren MK, Kartal NB, Pilevneli H. Oncogenic WIP1 phosphatase attenuates the DNA damage response and sensitizes p53 mutant Jurkat cells to apoptosis. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:479. [PMID: 33968195 PMCID: PMC8100942 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type (wt) p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), encoded by the protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1D (PPM1D) gene, is a serine/threonine phosphatase induced upon genotoxic stress in a p53-dependent manner. Wip1/PPM1D is frequently overexpressed, amplified and mutated in human solid tumors harboring wt p53 and is thus currently recognized as an oncogene. Oncogenic Wip1 dampens cellular stress responses, such as cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis and senescence, and consequently increases resistance to anticancer therapeutics. Targeting Wip1 has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for tumors harboring wt p53. However, little is known about the efficacy of Wip1-targeted therapies in tumors lacking p53. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role of oncogenic Wip1 in p53 mutant (mt) Jurkat cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that p53 mt Jurkat cells exhibited PPM1D/Wip1 gene amplification and expressed relatively high levels of Wip1, as confirmed by gene copy number and RNA expression analysis. In addition, Jurkat cells underwent G2 cell cycle arrest, apoptotic cell death and senescence in response to etoposide and doxorubicin, although the phosphorylation levels of DNA damage response (DDR) elements, including ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, ataxia-telangiestasia and Rad3-related, checkpoint kinase (Chk)1 and Chk2 were significantly low. Accordingly, the targeting of Wip1 phosphatase by RNA interference increased the phosphorylation of DDR elements, but decreased the rate of apoptosis in response to etoposide or doxorubicin in Jurkat cells. The induction of senescence or cell cycle arrest was not affected by the knockdown of Wip1. The results suggest that increased Wip1 expression enhances the apoptotic sensitivity of Jurkat cells in response to chemotherapeutic agents by attenuating DDR signaling. The present study highlights the possible pro-apoptotic role of Wip1 in a p53 mt T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. The data suggest the careful consideration of future treatment strategies aiming to manipulate or target Wip1 in human cancers lacking p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kilic Eren
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Nur Betül Kartal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hatice Pilevneli
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Aydin Adnan Menderes, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
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24
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In vitro investigation of the genotoxicity of portimine, a cyclic imine toxin produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, on human hepatic HepaRG cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105125. [PMID: 33631200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Portimine, a recently identified cyclic imine produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, has been described as a potent apoptotic agent in contrast to most of the cyclic imines that are well-known to be neurological toxins. As apoptosis can be a consequence of a high level of DNA lesions, we investigated the responses of portimine on several endpoints aimed at detecting DNA damage in the hepatic cell line HepaRG. Portimine induced phosphorylation of H2AX, which could possibly be consistent with the previously published induction of apoptosis with this toxin. In addition, detection of apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3, the induction of strand breaks detected by the comet assay as well as chromosome and genome mutations using the micronucleus assay were addressed. Surprisingly, portimine treatment resulted in increases in only γH2AX in differentiated HepaRG cells whereas no effects on the other endpoints were detected. These increases in γH2AX in the absence of genotoxic effects in the other tests could indicate that portimine could possibly induce a DNA replication stress and/or that the compound can be detoxified by the HepaRG cells.
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25
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Abstract
Cells activate their DNA damage response (DDR) in response to DNA virus infection, including adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, and herpesviruses. In this study, we found that the DDR kinase pathways activated in normal human fibroblasts by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) input genomic DNA, HSV-1 replicating DNA, and progeny DNA and in uninfected cells treated with etoposide are different. We also found using clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology that different host gene products are required for the DDR in uninfected versus infected cells. Individual DDR components can be proviral or antiviral in that ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and p53 promote and Mre11 restricts replication of ICP0-null HSV-1, but ICP0 expression eliminates these DDR effects. Thus, in total, these results argue that HSV-1 manipulates the host cell DDR to utilize specific components for its optimal replication while inactivating the antiviral aspects of the DDR.IMPORTANCE We investigated the relationship between the DNA damage response, a collection of vital cellular pathways that repair potentially lethal damage to the genome, and the DNA virus herpes simplex virus 1. We found that infection by the virus triggers the DNA damage response, and key proteins that mediate this response have opposing effects on the replication and production of progeny viruses. Our work provides novel insights into the relationship between DNA virus infection and the cellular response to the viral genome. We speculate that viral gene products modulate this response, providing potentially novel targets for therapeutic intervention against the virus.
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26
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Panigrahi R, Glover JNM. Structural insights into DNA double-strand break signaling. Biochem J 2021; 478:135-156. [PMID: 33439989 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic integrity is most threatened by double-strand breaks, which, if left unrepaired, lead to carcinogenesis or cell death. The cell generates a network of protein-protein signaling interactions that emanate from the DNA damage which are now recognized as a rich basis for anti-cancer therapy development. Deciphering the structures of signaling proteins has been an uphill task owing to their large size and complex domain organization. Recent advances in mammalian protein expression/purification and cryo-EM-based structure determination have led to significant progress in our understanding of these large multidomain proteins. This review is an overview of the structural principles that underlie some of the key signaling proteins that function at the double-strand break site. We also discuss some plausible ideas that could be considered for future structural approaches to visualize and build a more complete understanding of protein dynamics at the break site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Panigrahi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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27
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Pozzi E, Giorgio E, Mancini C, Lo Buono N, Augeri S, Ferrero M, Di Gregorio E, Riberi E, Vinciguerra M, Nanetti L, Bianchi FT, Sassi MP, Costanzo V, Mariotti C, Funaro A, Cavalieri S, Brusco A. In vitro dexamethasone treatment does not induce alternative ATM transcripts in cells from Ataxia-Telangiectasia patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20182. [PMID: 33214630 PMCID: PMC7677391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Short term treatment with low doses of glucocorticoid analogues has been shown to ameliorate neurological symptoms in Ataxia–Telangiectasia (A–T), a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disease that mainly affects the cerebellum, immune system, and lungs. Molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical observation are unclear. We aimed at evaluating the effect of dexamethasone on the induction of alternative ATM transcripts (ATMdexa1). We showed that dexamethasone cannot induce an alternative ATM transcript in control and A–T lymphoblasts and primary fibroblasts, or in an ATM-knockout HeLa cell line. We also demonstrated that some of the reported readouts associated with ATMdexa1 are due to cellular artifacts and the direct induction of γH2AX by dexamethasone via DNA-PK. Finally, we suggest caution in interpreting dexamethasone effects in vitro for the results to be translated into a rational use of the drug in A–T patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Lo Buono
- Laboratory of Immune-Mediated Diseases, San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Augeri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Unit of Medical Genetics, "Città Della Salute E Della Scienza" University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Evelise Riberi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vinciguerra
- DNA Metabolism Laboratory, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nanetti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Tommaso Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Sassi
- Istituto Nazionale di RIcerca Metrologica INRIM, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- DNA Metabolism Laboratory, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ada Funaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Cavalieri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy. .,Unit of Medical Genetics, "Città Della Salute E Della Scienza" University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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28
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Kumar K, Mishra JPN, Singh RP. Usnic acid induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells through ROS generation and DNA damage and causes up-regulation of DNA-PKcs and γ-H2A.X phosphorylation. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 315:108898. [PMID: 31715134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Usnic acid, a dibenzofuran derivative found in many lichen species, is reported to have anticancer activity against human gastric cancer. We investigated the molecular alterations associated with anticancer effects of usnic acid against human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and gastric carcinoma SNU-1 cells. Usnic acid (10-25 μM) treatment to these cells caused a significant increase in mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptotic cells. Apoptosis induction was accompanied by an increase in the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 expression and cleaved-PARP. Usnic acid increased the comet tail length and tail DNA in alkaline comet assay indicating DNA double-strand breaks which was also evidenced by an increase in γH2A.X (Ser139) phosphorylation. The expression of DNA damage response proteins including DNA-PKcs, pATM (Ser1981), Chk-2 and p53 were increased. Further, N-acetyl cysteine, a known reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, reversed the effects of usnic acid on expression of DNA damage response proteins and γH2A.X (Ser139) phosphorylation. This reversal was also observed in comet assay in a time and dose-dependent manner suggesting that usnic acid-induced DNA damage was caused by ROS. In addition, the non-toxic concentrations (1-10 μM) of usnic acid inhibited colony forming potential of AGS cells indicating its anti-proliferation activity. More importantly, the concentration of usnic acid that caused significant death in gastric cancer cells, did not show any considerable toxicity to normal human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, human keratinocyte HaCaT cells and mouse primary gastric cells. Collectively, these results for the first time demonstrated the selective apoptotic effect of usnic acid (10-25 μM) through ROS generation and DNA damage on human gastric cancer cells accompanied with upregulation of γH2A.X (Ser139) phosphorylation, DNA-PKcs and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Jai P N Mishra
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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29
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Targeting DNA Damage Response as a Strategy to Treat HPV Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215455. [PMID: 31683862 PMCID: PMC6862220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosotropic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause prevalent anogenital infections, some of which can progress to cancers. It is imperative to identify efficacious drug candidates, as there are few therapeutic options. We have recapitulated a robust productive program of HPV-18 in organotypic raft cultures of primary human keratinocytes. The HPV E7 protein induces S phase reentry, along with DNA damage response (DDR) in differentiated cells to support viral DNA amplification. A number of small molecule inhibitors of DDR regulators are in clinical use or clinical trials to treat cancers. Here, we used our raft culture system to examine effects of inhibitors of ATR/Chk1 and ATM/Chk2 on HPV infection. The inhibitors impaired S-phase reentry and progression as well as HPV DNA amplification. The Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776 was most effective, reducing viral DNA amplification by 90-99% and caused DNA damage and apoptosis, preferentially in HPV infected cells. We found that this sensitivity was imparted by the E7 protein and report that MK-8776 also caused extensive cell death of cervical cancer cell lines. Furthermore, it sensitized the cells to cisplatin, commonly used to treat advanced cervical cancer. Based on these observations, the Chk1 inhibitors could be potential effective agents to be re-purposed to treat the spectrum of HPV infections in single or combination therapy.
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30
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Risso-Ballester J, Sanjuán R. High Fidelity Deep Sequencing Reveals No Effect of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK Cellular DNA Damage Response Pathways on Adenovirus Mutation Rate. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100938. [PMID: 31614688 PMCID: PMC6832117 DOI: 10.3390/v11100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most DNA viruses exhibit relatively low rates of spontaneous mutation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DNA virus genetic stability remain unclear. In principle, mutation rates should not depend solely on polymerase fidelity, but also on factors such as DNA damage and repair efficiency. Most eukaryotic DNA viruses interact with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), but the role of DDR pathways in preventing mutations in the virus has not been tested empirically. To address this goal, we serially transferred human adenovirus type 5 in cells in which the telangiectasia-mutated PI3K-related protein kinase (ATM), the ATM/Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) were chemically inactivated, as well as in control cells displaying normal DDR pathway functioning. High-fidelity deep sequencing of these viral populations revealed mutation frequencies in the order of one-millionth, with no detectable effect of the inactivation of DDR mediators ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK on adenovirus sequence variability. This suggests that these DDR pathways do not play a major role in determining adenovirus genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Risso-Ballester
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat de València-CSIC, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain.
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31
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Elevated H2AX Phosphorylation Observed with kINPen Plasma Treatment Is Not Caused by ROS-Mediated DNA Damage but Is the Consequence of Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8535163. [PMID: 31641425 PMCID: PMC6770374 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8535163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone 2AX (γH2AX) is a long-standing marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) from ionizing radiation in the field of radiobiology. This led to the perception of γH2AX being a general marker of direct DNA damage with the treatment of other agents such as low-dose exogenous ROS that unlikely act on cellular DNA directly. Cold physical plasma confers biomedical effects majorly via release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS). In vitro, increase of γH2AX has often been observed with plasma treatment, leading to the conclusion that DNA damage is a direct consequence of plasma exposure. However, increase in γH2AX also occurs during apoptosis, which is often observed with plasma treatment as well. Moreover, it must be questioned if plasma-derived ROS can reach into the nucleus and still be reactive enough to damage DNA directly. We investigated γH2AX induction in a lymphocyte cell line upon ROS exposure (plasma, hydrogen peroxide, or hypochlorous acid) or UV-B light. Cytotoxicity and γH2AX induction was abrogated by the use of antioxidants with all types of ROS treatment but not UV radiation. H2AX phosphorylation levels were overall independent of analyzing either all nucleated cells or segmenting γH2AX phosphorylation for each cell cycle phase. SB202190 (p38-MAPK inhibitor) and Z-VAD-FMK (pan-caspase inhibitor) significantly inhibited γH2AX induction upon ROS but not UV treatment. Finally, and despite γH2AX induction, UV but not plasma treatment led to significantly increased micronucleus formation, which is a functional read-out of genotoxic DNA DSBs. We conclude that plasma-mediated and low-ROS γH2AX induction depends on caspase activation and hence is not the cause but consequence of apoptosis induction. Moreover, we could not identify lasting mutagenic effects with plasma treatment despite phosphorylation of H2AX.
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32
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Todorova PK, Fletcher-Sananikone E, Mukherjee B, Kollipara R, Vemireddy V, Xie XJ, Guida PM, Story MD, Hatanpaa K, Habib AA, Kittler R, Bachoo R, Hromas R, Floyd JR, Burma S. Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Cooperates with Heterozygosity of TP53 and PTEN to Generate High-Grade Gliomas. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3749-3761. [PMID: 31088835 PMCID: PMC6635038 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are lethal brain tumors that are treated with conventional radiation (X-rays and gamma rays) or particle radiation (protons and carbon ions). Paradoxically, radiation is also a risk factor for GBM development, raising the possibility that radiotherapy of brain tumors could promote tumor recurrence or trigger secondary gliomas. In this study, we determined whether tumor suppressor losses commonly displayed by patients with GBM confer susceptibility to radiation-induced glioma. Mice with Nestin-Cre-driven deletions of Trp53 and Pten alleles were intracranially irradiated with X-rays or charged particles of increasing atomic number and linear energy transfer (LET). Mice with loss of one allele each of Trp53 and Pten did not develop spontaneous gliomas, but were highly susceptible to radiation-induced gliomagenesis. Tumor development frequency after exposure to high-LET particle radiation was significantly higher compared with X-rays, in accordance with the irreparability of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by high-LET radiation. All resultant gliomas, regardless of radiation quality, presented histopathologic features of grade IV lesions and harbored populations of cancer stem-like cells with tumor-propagating properties. Furthermore, all tumors displayed concomitant loss of heterozygosity of Trp53 and Pten along with frequent amplification of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase, which conferred a stem cell phenotype to tumor cells. Our results demonstrate that radiation-induced DSBs cooperate with preexisting tumor suppressor losses to generate high-grade gliomas. Moreover, our mouse model can be used for studies on radiation-induced development of GBM and therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE: This study uncovers mechanisms by which ionizing radiation, especially particle radiation, promote GBM development or recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina K Todorova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Bipasha Mukherjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rahul Kollipara
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vamsidhara Vemireddy
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- College of Dentistry and College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter M Guida
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Michael D Story
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kimmo Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amyn A Habib
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Bachoo
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - John R Floyd
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
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Kopp B, Khoury L, Audebert M. Validation of the γH2AX biomarker for genotoxicity assessment: a review. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2103-2114. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Moeglin E, Desplancq D, Conic S, Oulad-Abdelghani M, Stoessel A, Chiper M, Vigneron M, Didier P, Tora L, Weiss E. Uniform Widespread Nuclear Phosphorylation of Histone H2AX Is an Indicator of Lethal DNA Replication Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E355. [PMID: 30871194 PMCID: PMC6468890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), a central player in the DNA damage response (DDR), serves as a biomarker of DNA double-strand break repair. Although DNA damage is generally visualized by the formation of γ-H2AX foci in injured nuclei, it is unclear whether the widespread uniform nuclear γ-H2AX (called pan-nuclear) pattern occurring upon intense replication stress (RS) is linked to DDR. Using a novel monoclonal antibody that binds exclusively to the phosphorylated C-terminus of H2AX, we demonstrate that H2AX phosphorylation is systematically pan-nuclear in cancer cells stressed with RS-inducing drugs just before they die. The pan-nuclear γ-H2AX pattern is abolished by inhibition of the DNA-PK kinase. Cell death induction of cancer cells treated with increasing combinations of replication and kinase (ATR and Chk1) inhibitory drugs was proportional to the appearance of pan-nuclear γ-H2AX pattern. Delivery of labeled anti-γ-H2AX Fabs in stressed cells demonstrated at a single cell level that pan-nuclear γ-H2AX formation precedes irreversible cell death. Moreover, we show that H2AX is not required for RS-induced cell death in HeLa cells. Thus, the nuclear-wide formation of γ-H2AX is an incident of RS-induced cell death and, thus, the pan nuclear H2AX pattern should be regarded as an indicator of lethal RS-inducing drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Moeglin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
| | - Dominique Desplancq
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
| | - Sascha Conic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Mustapha Oulad-Abdelghani
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Audrey Stoessel
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
| | - Manuela Chiper
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
| | - Pascal Didier
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7213, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France.
| | - Laszlo Tora
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Etienne Weiss
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Boulevard S. Brant, 67412 Illlkirch, France.
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35
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Xiao X, Liang J, Huang C, Li K, Xing F, Zhu W, Lin Z, Xu W, Wu G, Zhang J, Lin X, Tan Y, Cai J, Hu J, Chen X, Huang Y, Qin Z, Qiu P, Su X, Chen L, Lin Y, Zhang H, Yan G. DNA-PK inhibition synergizes with oncolytic virus M1 by inhibiting antiviral response and potentiating DNA damage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4342. [PMID: 30337542 PMCID: PMC6194050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to selectively destroy malignancies. However, the therapeutic effect of certain oncolytic viruses (OVs) varies among cancer patients. Thus, it is necessary to overcome resistance to OVs through rationally designed combination strategies. Here, through an anticancer drug screening, we show that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to OV M1 and improves therapeutic effects in refractory cancer models in vivo and in patient tumour samples. Infection of M1 virus triggers the transcription of interferons (IFNs) and the activation of the antiviral response, which can be abolished by pretreatment of DNA-PK inhibitor (DNA-PKI), resulting in selectively enhanced replication of OV M1 within malignancies. Furthermore, DNA-PK inhibition promotes the DNA damage response induced by M1 virus, leading to increased tumour cell apoptosis. Together, our study identifies the combination of DNA-PKI and OV M1 as a potential treatment for cancers. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, the authors demonstrate that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) inhibition sensitizes cancer cells to M1 virus and improves therapeutic effects in refractory cancer models in vivo and in patient tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiankai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunlong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Fan Xing
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ziqing Lin
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Wencang Xu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Guangen Wu
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Jifu Zhang
- Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Youwei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zixi Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xingwen Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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36
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Miles MA, Hawkins CJ. Mutagenic assessment of chemotherapy and Smac mimetic drugs in cells with defective DNA damage response pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14421. [PMID: 30258062 PMCID: PMC6158240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damaging therapies can spur the formation of therapy-related cancers, due to mis-repair of lesions they create in non-cancerous cells. This risk may be amplified in patients with impaired DNA damage responses. We disabled key DNA damage response pathways using genetic and pharmacological approaches, and assessed the impact of these deficiencies on the mutagenicity of chemotherapy drugs or the "Smac mimetic" GDC-0152, which kills tumor cells by targeting XIAP, cIAP1 and 2. Doxorubicin and cisplatin provoked mutations in more surviving cells deficient in ATM, p53 or the homologous recombination effector RAD51 than in wild type cells, but suppressing non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by disabling DNA-PKcs prevented chemotherapy-induced mutagenesis. Vincristine-induced mutagenesis required p53 and DNA-PKcs but was not affected by ATM status, consistent with it provoking ATM-independent p53-mediated activation of caspases and CAD, which creates DNA lesions in surviving cells that could be mis-repaired by NHEJ. Encouragingly, GDC-0152 failed to stimulate mutations in cells with proficient or defective DNA damage response pathways. This study highlights the elevated oncogenic risk associated with treating DNA repair-deficient patients with genotoxic anti-cancer therapies, and suggests a potential advantage for Smac mimetic drugs over traditional therapies: a reduced risk of therapy-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.
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37
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The Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Basic Leucine Zipper Factor Attenuates Repair of Double-Stranded DNA Breaks via Nonhomologous End Joining. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00672-18. [PMID: 29769340 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a fatal malignancy of CD4+ T cells infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). ATL cells often exhibit random gross chromosomal rearrangements that are associated with the induction and improper repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The viral oncoprotein Tax has been reported to impair DSB repair but has not been shown to be consistently expressed throughout all phases of infection. The viral oncoprotein HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) is consistently expressed prior to and throughout disease progression, but it is unclear whether it also influences DSB repair. We report that HBZ attenuates DSB repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), in a manner dependent upon the bZIP domain. HBZ was found to interact with two vital members of the NHEJ core machinery, Ku70 and Ku80, and to be recruited to DSBs in a bZIP-dependent manner in vitro We observed that HBZ expression also resulted in a bZIP-dependent delay in DNA protein kinase (DNA-PK) activation following treatment with etoposide. Although Tax is reported to interact with Ku70, we did not find Tax expression to interfere with HBZ:Ku complex formation. However, as Tax was reported to saturate NHEJ, we found that this effect masked the attenuation of NHEJ by HBZ. Overall, these data suggest that DSB repair mechanisms are impaired not only by Tax but also by HBZ and show that HBZ expression may significantly contribute to the accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities during HTLV-1-mediated oncogenesis.IMPORTANCE Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 15 million to 20 million people worldwide. Approximately 90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and may remain undiagnosed, increasing the risk that they will unknowingly transmit the virus. About 5% of the HTLV-1-positive population develop adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal disease that is not highly responsive to treatment. Although ATL development remains poorly understood, two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, have been implicated in driving disease progression by manipulating host cell signaling and transcriptional pathways. Unlike Tax, HBZ expression is consistently observed in all infected individuals, making it important to elucidate the specific role of HBZ in disease progression. Here, we present evidence that HBZ could promote the accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) through the attenuation of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. This effect may lead to genome instability, ultimately contributing to the development of ATL.
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38
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Shanmugam MK, Arfuso F, Arumugam S, Chinnathambi A, Jinsong B, Warrier S, Wang LZ, Kumar AP, Ahn KS, Sethi G, Lakshmanan M. Role of novel histone modifications in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11414-11426. [PMID: 29541423 PMCID: PMC5834259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenesis is a multistep process mediated by a variety of factors including epigenetic modifications. Global epigenetic post-translational modifications have been detected in almost all cancers types. Epigenetic changes appear briefly and do not involve permanent changes to the primary DNA sequence. These epigenetic modifications occur in key oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and transcription factors, leading to cancer initiation and progression. The most commonly observed epigenetic changes include DNA methylation, histone lysine methylation and demethylation, histone lysine acetylation and deacetylation. However, there are several other novel post-translational modifications that have been observed in recent times such as neddylation, sumoylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, poly-ADP ribosylation, ubiquitination as well as transcriptional regulation and these have been briefly discussed in this article. We have also highlighted the diverse epigenetic changes that occur during the process of tumorigenesis and described the role of histone modifications that can occur on tumor suppressor genes as well as oncogenes, which regulate tumorigenesis and can thus form the basis of novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Surendar Arumugam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bian Jinsong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, School of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore, India
| | - Ling Zhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manikandan Lakshmanan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Resveratrol induces mitochondria-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis in murine prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20895-20908. [PMID: 28157696 PMCID: PMC5400554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Found in the skins of red fruits, including grapes, resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenolic compound with cancer chemopreventive activity. Because of this activity, it has gained interest for scientific investigations. RES inhibits tumor growth and progression by targeting mitochondria-dependent or -independent pathways. However, further investigations are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms. The present study is focused on examining the role of RES-induced, mitochondria-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis of prostate cancer cells, namely transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) cells. These cells were exposed to RES for various times, and cell killing, cell morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), expression of Bax and Bcl2 proteins, the role of caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation were analyzed. TRAMP cells exposed to RES showed decreased cell viability, altered cell morphology, and disrupted Δψm, which led to aberrant expression of Bax and Bcl2 proteins. Furthermore, since the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk (benzyloxycarbonyl-valine-alanine-aspartic acid-fluoromethyl ketone), had no appreciable impact on RES-induced cell killing, the killing was evidently caspase-independent. In addition, RES treatment of TRAMP-C1, TRAMP-C2, and TRAMP-C3 cells caused an appreciable breakage of genomic DNA into low-molecular-weight fragments. These findings show that, in inhibition of proliferation of TRAMP cells, RES induces mitochondria-mediated, caspase-independent apoptosis. Therefore, RES may be utilized as a therapeutic agent to control the proliferation and growth of cancer cells.
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40
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Executioner caspases and CAD are essential for mutagenesis induced by TRAIL or vincristine. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3062. [PMID: 28981092 PMCID: PMC5680576 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs interfere with cellular processes to generate genotoxic lesions that activate cell death pathways. Sustained DNA damage induced by these drugs can provoke mutations in surviving non-cancerous cells, potentially increasing the risk of therapy-related cancers. Ligation of death receptors by ligands such as TRAIL, and subsequent activation of extrinsic apoptotic pathways, also provokes mutations. In this study, we show that executioner caspase activation of the apoptotic nuclease CAD/DFF40 is essential for TRAIL-induced mutations in surviving cells. As exposure to chemotherapy drugs also activates apoptotic caspases and presumably CAD, we hypothesized that these pathways may also contribute to the mutagenesis induced by conventional chemotherapy drugs, perhaps augmenting the mutations that arise from direct DNA damage provoked by these agents. Interestingly, vincristine-mediated mutations were caspase and CAD dependent. Executioner caspases accounted for some of the mutations caused by the topoisomerase poisons doxorubicin and SN38, but were dispensable for mutagenesis following treatment with cisplatin or temozolomide. These data highlight a non-apoptotic role of caspases in mutagenesis mediated by death receptor agonists, microtubule poisons and topoisomerase inhibitors, and provide further evidence for a potential carcinogenic consequence of sublethal apoptotic signaling stimulated by anticancer therapies.
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41
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Distinct signaling events promote resistance to mitoxantrone and etoposide in pediatric AML: a Children's Oncology Group report. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90037-90049. [PMID: 29163809 PMCID: PMC5685730 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite aggressive chemotherapy including mitoxantrone and etoposide, relapse occurs for almost half of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since both drugs inhibit topoisomerase II and cause DNA double strand breaks, resistance could be achieved by enhanced DNA damage repair (DDR), via homologous recombination (HR) and/or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). An important source of extrinsic chemoresistance is the bone marrow stroma. We aimed to reveal intrinsic and stroma-induced signaling pathways that contribute to chemoresistance. Sixty diagnostic pediatric AML samples were cultured on or off stromal cells, with or without chemotherapy. We measured apoptosis, DNA damage signaling, and NHEJ/HR pathway activity by FACS analysis of intracellular cleaved PARP, γH2AX, pDNA-PKcs and pATM, respectively. Mitoxantrone strongly increased γH2AX and pDNA-PKcs. Neither chemotherapy drug induced pATM. DNA-PK inhibition alleviated mitoxantrone resistance for AML cells on and off stromal cells. Regarding stroma-induced signaling pathways, ERK1/2 was most consistently activated in primary AML cells by stromal cells. ERK1/2 inactivation partially restored chemosensitivity to AML cells on stromal cells. Additionally, low stroma-induced STAT3 activity and strong stroma-induced mitoxantrone resistance were associated with inferior clinical outcome. Taken together, the NHEJ DDR and ERK1/2 pathways are potential targets for reducing intrinsic and extrinsic chemotherapy resistance in pediatric AML.
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42
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Lin X, Wei F, Whyte P, Tang D. BMI1 reduces ATR activation and signalling caused by hydroxyurea. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89707-89721. [PMID: 29163782 PMCID: PMC5685703 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI1 facilitates DNA damage response (DDR) induced by double strand DNA breaks; however, it remains unknown whether BMI1 functions in single strand DNA (ssDNA) lesions-initiated DDR. We report here that BMI1 reduces hydroxyurea-elicited ATR activation, thereby reducing the S-phase checkpoints. Hydroxyurea induces ssDNA lesions, which activate ATR through binding TOPBP1 as evidenced by phosphorylation of ATR at threonine 1989 (ATRpT1989). ATR subsequently phosphorylates H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX) and CHK1 at serine 345 (CHK1pS345), leading to phosphorylation of CDK1 at tyrosine 15 (CDK1pY15) and S-phase arrest. BMI1 overexpression reduced γH2AX, CHK1pS345, CDK1pY15, S-phase arrest, and ATR activation in HU-treated MCF7 and DU145 cells, whereas BMI1 knockdown enhanced these events. BMI1 contains a ring finger, helix-turn, proline/serine domain and two nuclear localization signals (NLS). Individual deletion of these domains did not abolish BMI1-derived reductions of CHK1pS345 in MCF7 cells following HU exposure, suggesting that these structural features are not essential for BMI1 to attenuate ATR-mediated CHK1pS345. BMI1 interacts with both TOPBP1 and ATR. Furthermore, all of our BMI1 mutants associate with endogenous TOPBP1. It has previously been established that association of TOPBP1 and ATR is required for ATR activation. Thus, our results suggest that BMI1 decreases ATR activation through a mechanism that involves binding to TOPBP1 and/or ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Peter Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Eleftheriadou O, Boguslavskyi A, Longman MR, Cowan J, Francois A, Heads RJ, Wadzinski BE, Ryan A, Shattock MJ, Snabaitis AK. Expression and regulation of type 2A protein phosphatases and alpha4 signalling in cardiac health and hypertrophy. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:37. [PMID: 28526910 PMCID: PMC5438423 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac physiology and hypertrophy are regulated by the phosphorylation status of many proteins, which is partly controlled by a poorly defined type 2A protein phosphatase-alpha4 intracellular signalling axis. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that mRNA levels of the type 2A catalytic subunits were differentially expressed in H9c2 cardiomyocytes (PP2ACβ > PP2ACα > PP4C > PP6C), NRVM (PP2ACβ > PP2ACα = PP4C = PP6C), and adult rat ventricular myocytes (PP2ACα > PP2ACβ > PP6C > PP4C). Western analysis confirmed that all type 2A catalytic subunits were expressed in H9c2 cardiomyocytes; however, PP4C protein was absent in adult myocytes and only detectable following 26S proteasome inhibition. Short-term knockdown of alpha4 protein expression attenuated expression of all type 2A catalytic subunits. Pressure overload-induced left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was associated with an increase in both PP2AC and alpha4 protein expression. Although PP6C expression was unchanged, expression of PP6C regulatory subunits (1) Sit4-associated protein 1 (SAP1) and (2) ankyrin repeat domain (ANKRD) 28 and 44 proteins was elevated, whereas SAP2 expression was reduced in hypertrophied LV tissue. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the interaction between alpha4 and PP2AC or PP6C subunits was either unchanged or reduced in hypertrophied LV tissue, respectively. Phosphorylation status of phospholemman (Ser63 and Ser68) was significantly increased by knockdown of PP2ACα, PP2ACβ, or PP4C protein expression. DNA damage assessed by histone H2A.X phosphorylation (γH2A.X) in hypertrophied tissue remained unchanged. However, exposure of cardiomyocytes to H2O2 increased levels of γH2A.X which was unaffected by knockdown of PP6C expression, but was abolished by the short-term knockdown of alpha4 expression. This study illustrates the significance and altered activity of the type 2A protein phosphatase-alpha4 complex in healthy and hypertrophied myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Eleftheriadou
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Andrii Boguslavskyi
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Michael R Longman
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Jonathan Cowan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Asvi Francois
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Richard J Heads
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Brian E Wadzinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ali Ryan
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Michael J Shattock
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Andrew K Snabaitis
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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Parvovirus B19 NS1 protein induces cell cycle arrest at G2-phase by activating the ATR-CDC25C-CDK1 pathway. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006266. [PMID: 28264028 PMCID: PMC5354443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection of primary human erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) arrests infected cells at both late S-phase and G2-phase, which contain 4N DNA. B19V infection induces a DNA damage response (DDR) that facilitates viral DNA replication but is dispensable for cell cycle arrest at G2-phase; however, a putative C-terminal transactivation domain (TAD2) within NS1 is responsible for G2-phase arrest. To fully understand the mechanism underlying B19V NS1-induced G2-phase arrest, we established two doxycycline-inducible B19V-permissive UT7/Epo-S1 cell lines that express NS1 or NS1mTAD2, and examined the function of the TAD2 domain during G2-phase arrest. The results confirm that the NS1 TAD2 domain plays a pivotal role in NS1-induced G2-phase arrest. Mechanistically, NS1 transactivated cellular gene expression through the TAD2 domain, which was itself responsible for ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related) activation. Activated ATR phosphorylated CDC25C at serine 216, which in turn inactivated the cyclin B/CDK1 complex without affecting nuclear import of the complex. Importantly, we found that the ATR-CHK1-CDC25C-CDK1 pathway was activated during B19V infection of EPCs, and that ATR activation played an important role in B19V infection-induced G2-phase arrest.
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Wang R, Zheng X, Zhang L, Zhou B, Hu H, Li Z, Zhang L, Lin Y, Wang X. Histone H4 expression is cooperatively maintained by IKKβ and Akt1 which attenuates cisplatin-induced apoptosis through the DNA-PK/RIP1/IAPs signaling cascade. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41715. [PMID: 28139737 PMCID: PMC5282510 DOI: 10.1038/srep41715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While chromatin remodeling mediated by post-translational modification of histone is extensively studied in carcinogenesis and cancer cell’s response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, little is known about the role of histone expression in chemoresistance. Here we report a novel chemoresistance mechanism involving histone H4 expression. Extended from our previous studies showing that concurrent blockage of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways sensitizes lung cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, we for the first time found that knockdown of Akt1 and the NF-κB-activating kinase IKKβ cooperatively downregulated histone H4 expression, which increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. The enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity in histone H4 knockdown cells was associated with proteasomal degradation of RIP1, accumulation of cellular ROS and degradation of IAPs (cIAP1 and XIAP). The cisplatin-induced DNA-PK activation was suppressed in histone H4 knockdown cells, and inhibiting DNA-PK reduced expression of RIP1 and IAPs in cisplatin-treated cells. These results establish a novel mechanism by which NF-κB and Akt contribute to chemoresistance involving a signaling pathway consisting of histone H4, DNA-PK, RIP1 and IAPs that attenuates ROS-mediated apoptosis, and targeting this pathway may improve the anticancer efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huaizhong Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Molecular Biology and Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr., SE., Albuquerque NM 87108, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University) of Ministry of Education, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Immunology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Banerji B, Killi SK, Katarkar A, Chatterjee S, Tangella Y, Prodhan C, Chaudhuri K. Neo-tanshinlactone D-ring modified novel analogues induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell via DNA damage. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:202-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Double strand break induction and kinetics indicate preserved hypersensitivity in keratinocytes to subtherapeutic doses for 7weeks of radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016; 122:163-169. [PMID: 28017476 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previously we reported that hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was evidenced by quantifying DNA double strand break (DSB) foci in epidermis biopsies collected after delivering radiotherapeutic one and five dose fractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether HRS was preserved throughout a 7-week radiotherapy treatment, and also to examine the rate of foci decline and foci persistence between dose fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 patients with prostate cancer received 7-week fractionated radiotherapy treatment (RT) with daily dose fractions of 0.05-1.10Gy to the skin. Before RT, and at several times throughout treatment, skin biopsies (n=452) were collected at 30min, and 2, 3, 24, and 72h after dose fractions. DSB-foci markers, γH2AX and 53BP1, were labelled in epidermal keratinocytes with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Foci were counted both with digital image analysis and manually. RESULTS HRS in keratinocytes was evidenced by the dose-response relationships of DSB foci, observed throughout the treatment course, independent of sampling time and quantification method. Foci observed at 24h after dose fractions indicated considerable DSB persistence. Accordingly, foci significantly accumulated after 5 consecutive dose fractions. For doses below 0.3Gy, persistent foci could be observed even at 72h after damage induction. A comparison of γH2AX and 53BP1 quantifications in double-stained biopsies showed similar HRS dose-response relationships. CONCLUSIONS These results represented the first evidence of preserved HRS, assessed by γH2AX- and 53BP1-labelled DSB foci, throughout a 7-week treatment course with daily repeated subtherapeutic dose fractions.
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Tong KI, Ota K, Komuro A, Ueda T, Ito A, Anne Koch C, Okada H. Attenuated DNA damage repair delays therapy-related myeloid neoplasms in a mouse model. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2401. [PMID: 27711078 PMCID: PMC5133969 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Therapy-related cancers are potentially fatal late life complications for patients who received radio- or chemotherapy. So far, the mouse model showing reduction or delay of these diseases has not been described. We found that the disruption of Aplf in mice moderately attenuated DNA damage repair and, unexpectedly, impeded myeloid neoplasms after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Irradiated mutant mice showed higher rates of p53-dependent cell death, fewer chromosomal translocations, and a delay in malignancy-induce;/– mice. Depletion of APLF in non-tumorigenic human cells also markedly reduced the risk of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations. We therefore conclude that proficient DNA damage repair may promote chromosomal aberrations in normal tissues after irradiation and induce malignant evolution, thus illustrating the potential benefit in sensitizing p53 function by manipulating DNA repair efficiency in cancer patients undergoing genotoxic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit I Tong
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Kazushige Ota
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Komuro
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ueda
- Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - C Anne Koch
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Hitoshi Okada
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9.,Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9.,Anti-Aging Center, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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49
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Connolly PF, Fearnhead HO. DNA-PK activity is associated with caspase-dependent myogenic differentiation. FEBS J 2016; 283:3626-3636. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Connolly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine; National University of Ireland Galway; Ireland
| | - Howard O. Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics; School of Medicine; National University of Ireland Galway; Ireland
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50
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Štefančíková L, Lacombe S, Salado D, Porcel E, Pagáčová E, Tillement O, Lux F, Depeš D, Kozubek S, Falk M. Effect of gadolinium-based nanoparticles on nuclear DNA damage and repair in glioblastoma tumor cells. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:63. [PMID: 27464501 PMCID: PMC4964094 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor targeting of radiotherapy represents a great challenge. The addition of multimodal nanoparticles, such as 3 nm gadolinium-based nanoparticles (GdBNs), has been proposed as a promising strategy to amplify the effects of radiation in tumors and improve diagnostics using the same agents. This singular property named theranostic is a unique advantage of GdBNs. It has been established that the amplification of radiation effects by GdBNs appears due to fast electronic processes. However, the influence of these nanoparticles on cells is not yet understood. In particular, it remains dubious how nanoparticles activated by ionizing radiation interact with cells and their constituents. A crucial question remains open of whether damage to the nucleus is necessary for the radiosensitization exerted by GdBNs (and other nanoparticles). Methods We studied the effect of GdBNs on the induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the nuclear DNA of U87 tumor cells irradiated with γ-rays. For this purpose, we used currently the most sensitive method of DSBs detection based on high-resolution confocal fluorescence microscopy coupled with immunodetection of two independent DSBs markers. Results We show that, in the conditions where GdBNs amplify radiation effects, they remain localized in the cytoplasm, i.e. do not penetrate into the nucleus. In addition, the presence of GdBNs in the cytoplasm neither increases induction of DSBs by γ-rays in the nuclear DNA nor affects their consequent repair. Conclusions Our results suggest that the radiosensitization mediated by GdBNs is a cytoplasmic event that is independent of the nuclear DNA breakage, a phenomenon commonly accepted as the explanation of biological radiation effects. Considering our earlier recognized colocalization of GdBNs with the lysosomes and endosomes, we revolutionary hypothesize here about these organelles as potential targets for (some) nanoparticles. If confirmed, this finding of cytoplasmically determined radiosensitization opens new perspectives of using nano-radioenhancers to improve radiotherapy without escalating the risk of pathologies related to genetic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Štefančíková
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Bât 351, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
| | - Sandrine Lacombe
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Bât 351, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Daniela Salado
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Bât 351, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Erika Porcel
- Institute des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), Université Paris Sud 11, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Bât 351, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Eva Pagáčová
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - François Lux
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Depeš
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozubek
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic.
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