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Maynard AE, Greenfield PM, Childs CP, Weinstock M. Social change, cultural evolution, weaving apprenticeship, and development: informal education across three generations and 42 years in a Maya community. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2022.2151445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Mert N, Hou Y, Wang Q. What lies ahead of us? Collective future thinking in Turkish, Chinese, and American adults. Mem Cognit 2023; 51:773-790. [PMID: 35596039 PMCID: PMC9122249 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-022-01321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Collective future thinking, namely the anticipation of events for a group, is a relatively new research area in memory studies. Research to date with predominantly Western populations suggests that people tend to expect negative events for their country's future. In two studies, we investigated the emotional valence and perceived control of anticipated future events of one's country and examined the roles of country identification and national well-being in collective future thinking. US and Chinese college students (Study 1) and US, Chinese, and Turkish adults of a community sample (Study 2) imagined events that could happen to their respective countries in 1 week, 1 year, and 10-15 years. Participants rated each event on emotional valence and perceived control. They also completed measures for their country identification and perceived national well-being. Chinese participants imagined future events for their country to be more positive than did the US and Turkish participants, whereas US participants reported higher perceived control by their country for the future events than did Chinese and Turks. Country identification and national well-being predicted more positive future thinking and also mediated cultural differences in future-event valence and perceived country control. These original findings shed critical light on the characteristics of collective future thinking that are shaped by societal-cultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazike Mert
- Culture and Cognition Lab, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-4401, USA.
| | - Yubo Hou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Culture and Cognition Lab, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853-4401, USA
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Developmental theories: Past, present, and future. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2022.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Q. Emotion socialization in cultural context: Lessons from Asian‐heritage families. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Human Ecology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
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Women Across the History of Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Leadership. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Across the years as interest in culture grew in the field of psychology, women contributed to its growth by leading research into new areas, such as children’s socialization and family dynamics, and acknowledging the critical role of the social and environmental context. Moreover, women were significant partners in team-led projects, developing methodologies that have been successfully employed to study cultural similarities and differences. Women have expanded psychological research in many domains, investigating the role of culture in cognitive areas, such as perceptual learning, cognition, and languages, as well as in social areas such as cultural stereotypes, acculturation, self-construal, attributions, and human development. Women have also investigated appropriate psychometric testing for valid assessments, critical for establishing equivalence in cross-cultural research. As women’s research voices grew, they have slowly advanced into important roles in academic organizations, such as IACCP. Although men continue to dominate leadership positions in IACCP and other similar organizations, women have become more visible in recent years. Indeed, women have made important research and leadership contributions to the growth and direction of cross-cultural psychology, and they will certainly continue to do so in the future.
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He A, Greenfield PM, Akiba AJ, Brown G. Why do many parents expect more help from their children during COVID-19? A qualitative follow-up to quantitative survey data. CURRENT RESEARCH IN ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 3:100052. [PMID: 35785025 PMCID: PMC9233887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cresp.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis in this special issue (Greenfield, Brown, & Du, 2021) showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has led most parents to report greater expectations for their children to help with family subsistence. This familistic development exemplifies the shifts in behavior and values predicted by Greenfield's Theory of Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development when survival concerns rise and the social world retracts. Here, we use qualitative analysis to uncover the psychological processes behind the quantitative shift. Our California sample consisted of 109 parents with at least one child between age 7 and 18 living at home during the pandemic when they answered the survey. Forty-six of these parents provided qualitative data concerning expectations for their children's household responsibilities during COVID-19. An open-ended question asked parents to explain why their expectations of their children to help around the house and to carry out self-maintenance had changed or remained the same. Prominent themes in the qualitative responses manifest a shift from a mindset found in a large-scale urban society toward that found in a small-scale subsistence community: Before the pandemic, parents focused on increasing their children's competitiveness in society through extracurricular activities like tutoring, but that transitioned into a focus on household duties such as cooking and cleaning. In some cases, this shift was linked to an increase in life satisfaction; in other cases, it was linked to a decline in life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel He
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Amy J Akiba
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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Culture shapes preschoolers’ emotion recognition but not emotion comprehension: a cross-cultural study in Germany and Singapore. JOURNAL OF CULTURAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41809-021-00093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContemporary approaches suggest that emotions are shaped by culture. Children growing up in different cultures experience culture-specific emotion socialization practices. As a result, children growing up in Western societies (e.g., US or UK) rely on explicit, semantic information, whereas children from East Asian cultures (e.g., China or Japan) are more sensitive towards implicit, contextual cues when confronted with others’ emotions. The aim of the present study was to investigate two aspects of preschoolers’ emotion understanding (emotion recognition and emotion comprehension) in a cross-cultural setting. To this end, Singaporean and German preschoolers were tested with an emotion recognition task employing European-American and East Asian child’s faces and the Test of Emotion Comprehension (TEC; Pons et al., 2004). In total, 129 German and Singaporean preschoolers (mean age 5.34 years) participated. Results indicate that preschoolers were able to recognize emotions of child’s faces above chance level. In line with previous findings, Singaporean preschoolers were more accurate in recognizing emotions from facial stimuli compared to German preschoolers. Accordingly, Singaporean preschoolers outperformed German preschoolers in the Recognition component of the TEC. The overall performance in TEC did not differ between the two samples. Findings of this study provide further evidence that emotion understanding is culturally shaped in accordance with culture-specific emotion socialization practices.
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Bian Q, Chen Y, Greenfield PM, Yuan Q. Mothers' Experience of Social Change and Individualistic Parenting Goals Over Two Generations in Urban China. Front Psychol 2022; 12:487039. [PMID: 35046860 PMCID: PMC8763011 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.487039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past four decades, China has gone through rapid urbanization and modernization. As people adapt to dramatic sociodemographic shifts from rural communities to urban centers and as economic level rises, individualistic cultural values in China have increased. Meanwhile, parent and child behavior in early childhood has also evolved accordingly to match a more individualistic society. This mixed-method study investigated how social change in China may have impacted parenting goals and child development in middle childhood, as seen through the eyes of the current generation of mothers. Thirty mothers of fifth-grade elementary school students from Shenzhen, China were recruited and took part in semi-structured interviews. Participants answered questions and provided examples about their children's life, their own childhood, and the perceived differences between the two generations. Participating mothers were also asked to rate which generation, themselves or their parents, cared more about the childrearing goals of academic competitiveness and socioemotional well-being. Using both qualitative and quantitative analysis, we expected and found an intergenerational increase in the perceived value mothers placed on individualistic traits: current mothers care more about their children's academic competitiveness, personal happiness, and social adjustment, compared to their experience of their own mothers' attitudes during their childhood a generation earlier. They also experience conflict between their children's academic competitiveness and socioemotional well-being. As a function of both urbanization and increased economic means, children's collectivistic family responsibilities for essential household chores have declined as the importance of schoolwork has increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Bian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Patricia M. Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Evers NFG, Greenfield PM. A Model of How Shifting Intelligence Drives Social Movements. J Intell 2021; 9:62. [PMID: 34940384 PMCID: PMC8705832 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the theory of social change, cultural evolution, and human development, we propose a mechanism whereby increased danger in society causes predictable shifts in valued forms of intelligence: 1. Practical intelligence rises in value relative to abstract intelligence; and 2. social intelligence shifts from measuring how well individuals can negotiate the social world to achieve their personal aims to measuring how well they can do so to achieve group aims. We document these shifts during the COVID-19 pandemic and argue that they led to an increase in the size and strength of social movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah F. G. Evers
- Department of Psychology, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;
| | - Patricia M. Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Koh JBK, Wang Q. Mother-Child Reminiscing About Emotionally Negative Events and Children's Long-Term Mental Health. Front Psychol 2021; 12:632799. [PMID: 34675831 PMCID: PMC8523883 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the longitudinal relation between mother-child reminiscing of emotionally negative events and children's mental health. European-American and Chinese-American mothers discussed with their 4.5-year-old children an event that was emotionally negative to the child. At age 7, children's mental health was assessed, including measures for externalizing problems, internalizing problems, negative social self (an Asian-salient dimension of depression), behavioral problems, and socially adaptive behavior. Independent of culture, maternal reference to negative emotional terms was related to fewer externalizing, internalizing, and behavior problems in children. Maternal attribution of emotions to children was associated with lower negative social self in children. Maternal explanation of children's emotions was linked to fewer externalizing problems and lower negative social self in children, and maternal reconfirmation of the explanations was related to fewer externalizing and behavioral problems in children. In contrast, maternal attribution of emotions to other people was associated with more externalizing problems and higher negative social self in children of both cultures. Some important cultural differences emerged. Chinese-American mothers' mention of negative emotional terms was linked to lower negative social self in children, and Chinese-American mothers' reconfirmation of explanation was related to more socially adaptive behaviors in children. No such relations were found in the European-American sample. The findings underscore the importance of family emotional reminiscing for children's long-term well-being and the role of culture in shaping the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Bee Kim Koh
- Culture, Self and Emotion Development Lab, Applied Psychology Program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Culture & Cognition Lab, Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Wang Q. What does cultural research tell us about memory? JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Greenfield PM, Brown G, Du H. Shifts in ecology, behavior, values, and relationships during the coronavirus pandemic: Survival threat, subsistence activities, conservation of resources, and interdependent families. CURRENT RESEARCH IN ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 2:100017. [PMID: 35098185 PMCID: PMC8479537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cresp.2021.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
What are the psychological effects of the coronavirus pandemic? Greenfield's Theory of Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development predicts that when survival concerns augment, and one's social world narrows toward the family household. life shifts towards activities, values, relationships, and parenting expectations typical of small-scale rural subsistence environments with low life expectancy. Specific predictions were that, during the pandemic, respondents would report intensified survival concerns (e.g., thinking about one's own mortality); increased subsistence activities (e.g., growing food); augmented subsistence values (e.g., conserving resources); more interdependent family relationships (e.g., members helping each other obtain food); and parents expecting children to contribute more to family maintenance (e.g., by cooking for the family). All hypotheses were confirmed with a large-scale survey in California (N = 1,137) administered after about a month of stay-at-home orders during the coronavirus pandemic; results replicated in Rhode Island (N = 955). We posited that an experience of increased survival concerns and number of days spent observing stay-at-home orders would predict these shifts. A structural equation model confirmed this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Genavee Brown
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Han Du
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Evers NF, Greenfield PM, Evers GW. COVID-19 shifts mortality salience, activities, and values in the United States: Big data analysis of online adaptation. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 3:107-126. [PMID: 33821242 PMCID: PMC8013295 DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
What is the effect of a life-threatening pandemic at the societal level? An expanded Theory of Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development predicts that, during a period of increasing survival threat and decreasing prosperity, humans will shift toward the psychology and behavior typical of the small-scale, collectivistic, and rural subsistence ecologies in which we evolved. In particular, subjective mortality salience, engagement in subsistence activities, and collectivism will all increase, while the aspiration to be wealthy will decrease. Because coronavirus has forced unprecedented proportions of human activity online, we tested hypotheses derived from the theory by analyzing big data samples for 70 days before and 70 days after the coronavirus pandemic stimulated President Trump to declare a national emergency. Google searches were used for an exploratory study; the exploratory study was followed by three independent replications on Twitter, internet forums, and blogs. Across all four internet platforms, terms related to subjective mortality salience, engagement in subsistence activities, and collectivism showed massive increases. These findings, coupled with prior research testing this theory, indicate that humans may have an evolutionarily conditioned response to the level of death and availability of material resources in society. More specifically, humans may shift their behavior and psychology toward that found in subsistence ecologies under conditions of high mortality and low prosperity or, conversely, toward behavior and psychology found in modern commercial ecologies under conditions of low mortality and high prosperity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah F.G. Evers
- Department of PsychologyHarvard CollegeCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
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Greenfield PM. Multilevel theory of emerging technologies: Implications of historical transformation for human development. HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hbe2.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Greenfield PM. Cross-cultural value mismatch: A by-product of migration and population diversity around the world. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 53 Suppl 2:1-2. [PMID: 30588622 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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