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Lyu J, Liu Y, Liu F, Liu G, Gao Y, Wei R, Cai Y, Shen X, Zhao D, Zhao X, Xie Y, Yu H, Chai Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Xie Y. Therapeutic effect and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compound (Qilong capsule) in the treatment of ischemic stroke. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155781. [PMID: 38870749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Qilong capsule (QLC) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine compound extensively used in clinical practice. It has been approved by the China's FDA for the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). In our clinical trial involving QLC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03174535), we observed the potential of QLC to improve neurological function in IS patients at the 24th week, while ensuring their safety. However, the effectiveness of QLC beyond the initial 12-week period remains uncertain, and the precise mechanisms underlying its action in IS have not been fully elucidated. Purpose In order to further explore the clinical efficacy of QLC in treating IS beyond the initial 12-week period and systematically elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Study Design This study employed an interdisciplinary integration strategy that combines post hoc analysis of clinical trials, transcriptome sequencing, integrated bioinformatics analysis, and animal experiments. Methods In this study, we conducted a post-hoc analysis with 2302 participants to evaluate the effectiveness of QLC at the 12th week. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving functional independence at the 12th week, defined as a score of 0-2 on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), which ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). Subsequently, we employed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) techniques in the QLC trial to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of QLC in IS. Simultaneously, we utilized integrated bioinformatics analyses driven by external multi-source data and algorithms to further supplement the exploration and validation of QLC's therapeutic mechanism in treating IS. This encompassed network pharmacology analysis and analyses at the mRNA, cellular, and pathway levels focusing on core targets. Additionally, we developed a disease risk prediction model using machine learning. By identifying differentially expressed core genes (DECGs) between the normal and IS groups, we quantitatively predicted IS occurrence. Furthermore, to assess its protective effects and determine the key regulated pathway, we conducted experiments using a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MACO/R) rat model. Results Our findings demonstrated that the combination of QLC and conventional treatment (CT) significantly improved the proportion of patients achieving functional independence (mRS score 0-2) at the 12th week compared to CT alone (n = 2,302, 88.65 % vs 87.33 %, p = 0.3337; n = 600, 91.33 % vs 84.67 %, p = 0.0165). Transcriptome data revealed that the potential underlying mechanism of QLC for IS is related to the regulation of the NF-κB inflammatory pathway. The RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the regulatory trends of key genes, such as MD-2, were consistent with those observed in the RNA-Seq analysis. Integrated bioinformatics analysis elucidated that QLC regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway by identifying core targets, and machine learning was utilized to forecast the risk of IS onset. The MACO/R rat model experiment confirmed that QLC exerts its anti-CIRI effects by inhibiting the MD-2/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling axis. Conclusion: Our interdisciplinary integration study has demonstrated that the combination of QLC with CT exhibits significant superiority over CT alone in improving functional independence in patients at the 12th week. The potential mechanism underlying QLC's therapeutic effect in IS involves the inhibition of the MD-2/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway, thereby attenuating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory injury and facilitating neurofunctional recovery. The novelty and innovative potential of this study primarily lie in the novel finding that QLC significantly enhances the proportion of patients achieving functional independence (mRS score 0-2) at the 12th week. Furthermore, employing a "multilevel-multimethod" integrated research approach, we elucidated the potential mechanism underlying QLC's therapeutic effect in IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lyu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, XiYuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan playground Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Inner Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Fumei Liu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Inner Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guangyu Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, XiYuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan playground Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100078, PR China
| | - Ruili Wei
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Inner Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Yefeng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.111 Dade Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No.19 Renmin Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, PR China
| | - Dexi Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No.1478 Gongnong Road, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing,100070, PR China
| | - Yingzhen Xie
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No.5 Hai Yun Cang, Dongcheng District, Beijing,100700, PR China
| | - Haiqing Yu
- Taiyuan Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 2 Baling South Street, Xinghualing District, Taiyuan 030009, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yan Chai
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, CA90095, USA
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- Center for Applied Statistics, School of Statistics, Renmin University of China, 100872, Beijing, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, XiYuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan playground Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, PR China.
| | - Yanming Xie
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Inner Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
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Fu Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, He T, Shi W, Guo X, Wang Y. SRSF3 Knockdown Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Macrophages. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6237-6247. [PMID: 38921043 PMCID: PMC11202707 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3), the smallest member of the SR protein family, serves multiple roles in RNA processing, including splicing, translation, and stability. Recent studies have shown that SRSF3 is implicated in several inflammatory diseases. However, its impact on macrophage inflammation remains unclear. Herein, we determined the expression of SRSF3 in inflammatory macrophages and found that the level of SRSF3 was increased in macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques, as well as in RAW-264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. Moreover, the downregulation of SRSF3 suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines by deactivating the nuclear factor κB (NFκB) pathway. Furthermore, the alternative splicing of myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), a co-receptor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is regulated by SRSF3. The depletion of SRSF3 increased the level of the shorter MD2B splicing variants, which contributed to inflammatory inhibition in macrophages. In conclusion, our findings imply that SRSF3 regulates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation, in part by controlling the alternative splicing of MD2 mRNA in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (T.H.); (W.S.); (X.G.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yingze Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; (Y.W.); (L.Z.); (T.H.); (W.S.); (X.G.)
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Sales Conniff A, Tur J, Kohena K, Zhang M, Gibbons J, Heller LC. DNA Electrotransfer Regulates Molecular Functions in Skeletal Muscle. Bioelectricity 2024; 6:80-90. [PMID: 39119567 PMCID: PMC11304878 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2022.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tissues, such as skeletal muscle, have been targeted for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding vaccines and therapeutics. The application of electric pulses (electroporation or electrotransfer) increases cell membrane permeability to enhance plasmid delivery and expression. However, the molecular effects of DNA electrotransfer on the muscle tissue are poorly characterized. Materials and Methods Four hours after intramuscular plasmid electrotransfer, we evaluated gene expression changes by RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were analyzed by gene ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis. Results GO analysis highlighted many enriched molecular functions. The terms regulated by pulse application were related to muscle stress, the cytoskeleton and inflammation. The terms regulated by pDNA injection were related to a DNA-directed response and its control. Several terms regulated by pDNA electrotransfer were similar to those regulated by pulse application. However, the terms related to pDNA injection differed, focusing on entry of the plasmid into the cells and intracellular trafficking. Conclusion Each muscle stimulus resulted in specific regulated molecular functions. Identifying the unique intrinsic molecular changes driven by intramuscular DNA electrotransfer will aid in the design of preventative and therapeutic gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sales Conniff
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jared Tur
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kristopher Kohena
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- USF Genomics Core, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Gibbons
- USF Omics Hub, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Loree C. Heller
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Xu Y, Xin J, Sun Y, Wang X, Sun L, Zhao F, Niu C, Liu S. Mechanisms of Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Advancements of Natural Small Molecules in Its Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:472. [PMID: 38675431 PMCID: PMC11054595 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by widespread lung dysfunction, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to the lack of effective pharmacological treatments available clinically. Small-molecule compounds derived from natural products represent an innovative source and have demonstrated therapeutic potential against sepsis-induced ALI. These natural small molecules may provide a promising alternative treatment option for sepsis-induced ALI. This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. It assembles critical updates (from 2014 to 2024) on natural small molecules with therapeutic potential against sepsis-induced ALI, detailing their sources, structures, effects, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Jianzeng Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Yupei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Feng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Changshan Niu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; (Y.X.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
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Oliveira TT, Freitas JF, de Medeiros VPB, Xavier TJDS, Agnez-Lima LF. Integrated analysis of RNA-seq datasets reveals novel targets and regulators of COVID-19 severity. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302358. [PMID: 38262689 PMCID: PMC10806258 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, RNA-seq datasets were produced to investigate the virus-host relationship. However, much of these data remains underexplored. To improve the search for molecular targets and biomarkers, we performed an integrated analysis of multiple RNA-seq datasets, expanding the cohort and including patients from different countries, encompassing severe and mild COVID-19 patients. Our analysis revealed that severe COVID-19 patients exhibit overexpression of genes coding for proteins of extracellular exosomes, endomembrane system, and neutrophil granules (e.g., S100A9, LY96, and RAB1B), which may play an essential role in the cellular response to infection. Concurrently, these patients exhibit down-regulation of genes encoding components of the T cell receptor complex and nucleolus, including TP53, IL2RB, and NCL Finally, SPI1 may emerge as a central transcriptional factor associated with the up-regulated genes, whereas TP53, MYC, and MAX were associated with the down-regulated genes during COVID-19. This study identified targets and transcriptional factors, lighting on the molecular pathophysiology of syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Teixeira Oliveira
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - Júlia Firme Freitas
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Jesus da Silva Xavier
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez-Lima
- https://ror.org/04wn09761 Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
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Ramu N, Krishna TM, Kapavarapu R, Narsimha S. Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-piperazin-benzo[ b][1,4]thiazine 1,1-dioxides: antibacterial, hemolytic and in silico TLR4 protein inhibitory activities. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8921-8931. [PMID: 38500620 PMCID: PMC10945376 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized a number of novel 1,2,3-triazole-piperazin-benzo[b][1,4]thiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives and investigated their in vitro antibacterial and hemolytic activity. When compared to the lead chemical, dicloxacillin, the majority of the compounds demonstrated acceptable activity. Among them, the most promising compounds 6e, 6g, 6i, 8d, and 8e exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) with MIC values of 1.56 ± 0.22 to 12.5 ± 1.75 μg mL-1, respectively, The percentage of hemolysis ranged from 21.3 μg mL-1 to 33.8 μg mL-1. Out of the six compounds (6i, 6e, 6f, 6g, 8e, 8d) tested compound 8e and 8d displayed minimal or negligible hemolytic activity across all the tested concentrations 29.6% and 30.2% recorded at 100 μg mL-1 concentration respectively. In silico docking studies were performed to evaluate the molecular interactions of 6e, 6f, 6g, 6i, 8d, and 8e compounds with Human, Mouse and Bovine TLR4 proteins (PDB: 3FXI, 3VQ1, 3RG1) and observed that three of the compounds (6i, 8d, and 8i) had appreciable binding energies ranging from -8.5 to -9.0 Kcal mol-1. Finally, the in silico pharmacokinetic profile was predicted for potent compounds 8d, 8e and 6i using SWISS/ADME, All compounds investigated in this study adhered to Lipinski's rule of five with slight deviation in molecular weight (8d and 8e).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagavelli Ramu
- Department of Chemistry, Chaitanya Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana India
| | | | - Ravikumar Kapavarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy Atmakur Mangalgiri Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Sirassu Narsimha
- Department of Chemistry, Chaitanya Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana India
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Kim M, Chaudhary SC, Kim B, Kim Y. Protective Effects of Rhamnetin in Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-Induced Sepsis Model and the Underlying Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15603. [PMID: 37958587 PMCID: PMC10647638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a well-known harmful bacterium that causes severe health disorders and dysregulates the host immune response associated with inflammation. Upon examining the suppressive activity of natural flavonoid rhamnetin on various pro-inflammatory cytokines in a CRAB-induced septic shock mouse model, we found that rhamnetin inhibited the production of IL-1β and IL-18, two pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with pyroptotic cell death, a process dependent on caspase-1. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities of rhamnetin and the underlying mechanism of action in a CRAB infection. In the CRAB-induced septic shock mouse model, rhamnetin reduced the level of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in lung lysates, resulting in the inhibition of TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling. Notably, rhamnetin reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in macrophages and inhibited apoptotic and pyroptotic cell injury induced by CRAB infection. Therefore, rhamnetin inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators, hindering apoptotic and pyroptotic processes and contributing to a recovery effect in CRAB-induced sepsis mice by suppressing oxidative stress. Taken together, our study presents the potential role of rhamnetin in protecting against oxidative damage induced by CRAB infection through a TLR4 and ROS-mediated pyroptotic pathway, showing an alternative mechanism for sepsis prevention. Therefore, rhamnetin is a promising therapeutic candidate for treating CRAB-induced sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yangmee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (S.C.C.); (B.K.)
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Chen P, Xu Z, Wang X, He J, Yang J, Wang J, Chattipakorn N, Wu D, Tang Q, Liang G, Chen T. Discovery of new cinnamic derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents for treating acute lung injury in mice. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200191. [PMID: 36344425 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The blockade of the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by anti-inflammatory natural products has been proven therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI). Given the fact that cinnamic acid has been proven to have significant anti-inflammatory activity, we selected it as a promising lead compound to develop more effective analogs in treating ALI. Learning from the symmetric structure of curcumin, 32 new symmetric cinnamic derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Among them, 6h not only displayed a remarkable inhibitory activity in vitro (85.9% and 65.7% for IL-6 and TNF-α, respectively) without cytotoxicity but also possessed chemical structure stability. Furthermore, an in vivo study in mice revealed that the administration of 6h significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI, providing new lead structures for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengqin Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiemin Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou Central Hospital and Affiliated Dingli Clinical Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Di Wu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qidong Tang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China.,Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Vallés PG, Gil Lorenzo AF, Garcia RD, Cacciamani V, Benardon ME, Costantino VV. Toll-like Receptor 4 in Acute Kidney Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021415. [PMID: 36674930 PMCID: PMC9864062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and devastating pathologic condition, associated with considerable high morbidity and mortality. Although significant breakthroughs have been made in recent years, to this day no effective pharmacological therapies for its treatment exist. AKI is known to be connected with intrarenal and systemic inflammation. The innate immune system plays an important role as the first defense response mechanism to tissue injury. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a well-characterized pattern recognition receptor, and increasing evidence has shown that TLR4 mediated inflammatory response, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), which are the conserved microbial motifs, are sensed by these receptors. Endogenous molecules generated during tissue injury, and labeled as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), also activate pattern recognition receptors, thereby offering an understanding of sterile types of inflammation. Excessive, uncontrolled and/or sustained activation of TLR4, may lead to a chronic inflammatory state. In this review we describe the role of TLR4, its endogenous ligands and activation in the inflammatory response to ischemic/reperfusion-induced AKI and sepsis-associated AKI. The potential regeneration signaling patterns of TLR4 in acute kidney injury, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G. Vallés
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Fernanda Gil Lorenzo
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D. Garcia
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Valeria Cacciamani
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Benardon
- Área de Fisiopatología, Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Valeria Victoria Costantino
- IMBECU-CONICET (Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Mendoza 5500, Argentina
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Centro Universitario, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
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Huang D, Wang P, Chen J, Li Y, Zhu M, Tang Y, Zhou W. Selective targeting of MD2 attenuates intestinal inflammation and prevents neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by suppressing TLR4 signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995791. [PMID: 36389716 PMCID: PMC9663461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory disease that occurs in premature infants and has a high mortality rate; however, the mechanisms behind this disease remain unclear. The TLR4 signaling pathway in intestinal epithelial cells, mediated by TLR4, is important for the activation of the inflammatory storm in NEC infants. Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) is a key auxiliary component of the TLR4 signaling pathway. In this study, MD2 was found to be significantly increased in intestinal tissues of NEC patients at the acute stage. We further confirmed that MD2 was upregulated in NEC rats. MD2 inhibitor (MI) pretreatment reduced the occurrence and severity of NEC in neonatal rats, inhibited the activation of NF-κB and the release of inflammatory molecules (TNF-α and IL-6), and reduced the severity of intestinal injury. MI pretreatment significantly reduced enterocyte apoptosis while also maintaining tight junction proteins, including occludin and claudin-1, and protecting intestinal mucosal permeability in NEC rats. In addition, an NEC in vitro model was established by stimulating IEC-6 enterocytes with LPS. MD2 overexpression in IEC-6 enterocytes significantly activated NF-κB. Further, both MD2 silencing and MI pretreatment inhibited the inflammatory response. Overexpression of MD2 increased damage to the IEC-6 monolayer cell barrier, while both MD2 silencing and MI pretreatment played a protective role. In conclusion, MD2 triggers an inflammatory response through the TLR4 signaling pathway, leading to intestinal mucosal injury in NEC. In addition, MI alleviates inflammation and reduces intestinal mucosal injury caused by the inflammatory response by blocking the TLR4-MD2/NF-κB signaling axis. These results suggest that inhibiting MD2 may be an important way to prevent NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juncao Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Wiatrak B, Krzyżak E, Szczęśniak-Sięga B, Szandruk-Bender M, Szeląg A, Nowak B. Effect of tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives in neuroinflammation induced by preincubation with lipopolysaccharide or coculturing with microglia-like cells. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:890-908. [PMID: 36129673 PMCID: PMC9584986 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. One of the modifiable causes of AD is neuroinflammation. The current study aimed to investigate the influence of new tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives on in vitro model of neuroinflammation and their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB).
Methods The potential anti-inflammatory effect of new tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives (TP1, TP4, TP5, TP6, TP7, TP8, TP9, TP10) was assessed in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated to the neuron-like phenotype incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (5 or 50 μg/ml) or THP-1 microglial cell culture supernatant using MTT, DCF-DA, Griess, and fast halo (FHA) assays. Additionally, for cultures preincubated with 50 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cyclooxygenase (COX) activity assay was performed. Finally, the potential ability of tested compounds to cross the BBB was evaluated by computational studies. Molecular docking was performed with the TLR4/MD-2 complex to assess the possibility of binding the tested compounds in the LPS binding pocket. Prediction of ADMET parameters (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) was also conducted. Results The unfavorable effect of LPS and co-culture with THP-1 cells on neuronal cell viability was counteracted with TP1 and TP4 in all tested concentrations. Tested compounds reduced the oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by both LPS and microglia activation and also reduced DNA damage. Furthermore, new derivatives inhibited total COX activity. Additionally, new compounds would cross the BBB with high probability and reach concentrations in the brain not lower than in the serum. The binding affinity at the TLR4/MD-2 complex binding site of TP4 and TP8 compounds is similar to that of the drug donepezil used in Alzheimer's disease. The ADMET analysis showed that the tested compounds should not be toxic and should show high intestinal absorption. Conclusions New tricyclic 1,2-thiazine derivatives exert a neuroregenerative effect in the neuroinflammation model, presumably via their inhibitory influence on COX activity and reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43440-022-00414-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edward Krzyżak
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marta Szandruk-Bender
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Nowak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
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12
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FAK mediates LPS-induced inflammatory lung injury through interacting TAK1 and activating TAK1-NFκB pathway. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:589. [PMID: 35803916 PMCID: PMC9270420 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI), characterized by inflammatory damage, is a major clinical challenge. Developing specific treatment options for ALI requires the identification of novel targetable signaling pathways. Recent studies reported that endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a TLR4-dependent activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, suggesting that FAK may be involved in LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated the involvement and mechanism of FAK in mediating LPS-induced inflammation and ALI. We show that LPS phosphorylates FAK in macrophages. Either FAK inhibitor, site-directly mutation, or siRNA knockdown of FAK significantly suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. FAK inhibition also blocked LPS-induced activation of MAPKs and NFκB. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that activated FAK directly interacts with transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), an upstream kinase of MAPKs and NFκB, and then phosphorylates TAK1 at Ser412. In a mouse model of LPS-induced ALI, pharmacological inhibition of FAK suppressed FAK/TAK activation and inflammatory response in lung tissues. These activities resulted in the preservation of lung tissues in LPS-challenged mice and increased survival during LPS-induced septic shock. Collectively, our results illustrate a novel FAK-TAK1-NFκB signaling axis in LPS-induced inflammation and ALI, and support FAK as a potential target for the treatment of ALI.
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13
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Zhang Y, Liang X, Bao X, Xiao W, Chen G. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitors: Current research and prospective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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14
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Wu S, Lin C, Zhang T, Zhang B, Jin Y, Wang H, Li H, Wang Y, Wang X. Pentamidine Alleviates Inflammation and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Sepsis by Inhibiting TLR4 Activation via Targeting MD2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:835081. [PMID: 35281916 PMCID: PMC8905599 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) that can recognize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and initiate the immune response, to protect the body from infection. However, excessive activation of TLR4 induced by LPS leads to substantial release of pro-inflammatory factors, which may bring a cytokine storm in the body and cause severe sepsis. Existing molecules specialized in sepsis therapy are either in clinical trials or show mediocre effects. In this study, pentamidine, an approved drug used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, was identified as a TLR4 antagonist. Saturation transferred difference (STD)-NMR spectra indicated that pentamidine directly interacted with TLR4's co-receptor myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) in vitro. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) showed that pentamidine binding decreased MD2 stability, which was supported by in silico simulations that pentamidine binding rendered most regions of MD2 more flexible. Pentamidine was found to inhibit the formation of the TLR4/MD2/MyD88 complex and the activation of the TLR4 signaling axes of NF-κB and MAPKs, therefore blocking LPS-induced TLR4 signaling downstream of the pro-inflammatory factors NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The bioisosteric replacement of the methylene group at the center 13' site of pentamidine by the ether oxygen group significantly decreased its interactions with MD2 and abolished its TLR4 antagonist activity. Furthermore, pentamidine enhanced the survival rate of septic mice and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on organs. All these data provide strong evidence that pentamidine may be an effective drug in alleviating inflammation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Wu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yushan Jin
- Department of Immunology and Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Song Y, Zhou K, Nan X, Qin Y, Zhao K, Li W, Wang Q. A novel ML protein functions as a pattern recognition protein in antibacterial responses in Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104310. [PMID: 34762938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)-related lipid recognition (ML) domain is present in MD-2, MD-1, GM2-activator protein (GM2A) and Niemann-Pick disease type C2 (NPC2). ML proteins function in antibacterial signal transduction and lipid metabolism in vertebrates, but the mechanism in invertebrates is unknown. In this study, we found that ML proteins were involved in bacterial resistance in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). One member, EsML3, a soluble, bacterial-induced pattern recognition protein was upregulated in hemocytes following bacterial challenge. Recombinant EsML3 bound to Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) by interaction with peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide. EsML3 showed no direct bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal activity. Pre-incubating bacteria with rEsML3 significantly promoted in vivo bacterial clearance. EsML3 also promoted phagocytic activity and plays a role against bacterial infection. In summary, EsML3 mediates cellular immune responses by recognising invasive microorganisms, promoting bacterial clearance and phagocytosis against bacterial infection in crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaimin Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Nan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukai Qin
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Hu RH, Wu CT, Wu TS, Yu FY, Ko JL, Lue KH, Liu YF. Systematic Characterization of the Group 2 House Dust Mite Allergen in Dermatophagoides microceras. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:793559. [PMID: 35111694 PMCID: PMC8801679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.793559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAllergic asthma, a chronic airway inflammatory disease, is a critical public health problem. Indoor house dust mites (HDMs) could cause allergic asthma. The prevalence of sensitization to Dermatophagoides microceras (Der m) was approximately 80% and is related to the immunoglobulin E crossing-reactivity of mites belonging to the same genus, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) and Dermatophagoides farina (Der f). However, studies on Der m are scant.MethodsWe used integrated OMICs approaches to identify and characterize the group 2 mite allergen-like protein in Der m (Der m 2). We established a Der m 2-induced allergic asthma mouse model and treated the mice with a fungal immunomodulatory protein (FIP-fve) isolated from Flammulina veluptipes to evaluate the allergenicity of Der m 2 and the immunomodulatory effects of FIP-fve.ResultsBy performing de novo draft genome assembly and comparative genome analysis, we identified the putative 144-amino acid Der m 2 in silico and further confirmed its existence through liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Der m 2 is a lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-binding protein. Thus, we examined the LPS-binding activity of recombinant Der m 2 by performing molecular docking analysis, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and a pull-down assay. Der m 2 elicited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 in BEAS-2B cells, a human bronchial epithelial cell line, and induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Furthermore, in mice sensitized with Der m 2, the administration of FIP-fve in either the earlier stage or the late stage, FIP-fve alleviated allergic asthma by moderating airway inflammation and remodeling.ConclusionsDer m 2 induced inflammatory responses in cell and mouse models. FIP-fve alleviated inflammation in Der m 2-induced asthma in mice by exerting an immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei-Hsing Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ta Wu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Huang Lue
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Fan Liu, ; Ko-Huang Lue,
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yu-Fan Liu, ; Ko-Huang Lue,
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17
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Zhao WY, Yi J, Chang YB, Sun CP, Ma XC. Recent studies on terpenoids in Aspergillus fungi: Chemical diversity, biosynthesis, and bioactivity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113011. [PMID: 34775270 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites from fungi are a major source of natural small molecule drugs in addition to plants, while fungal derived terpenoids have been confirmed to have great potentials in many diseases. Aspergillus fungi are distributed in every corner of the earth, and their terpenoid metabolites exhibit promising diversity in term of both their chemistry and bioactivity. This review attempted to provide timely and comprehensive coverage of chemical, biosynthesis, and biological studies on terpenoids discovered from the genus Aspergillus, including mono-, sesqui-, di-, sester-, tri-, and meroterpenoids, in the last decade. The structural characteristics, biosynthesis, and pharmacological activities of 288 terpenoids were introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yi-Bo Chang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Cheng-Peng Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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18
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Aldakheel FM, Abrar A, Munir S, Aslam S, Allemailem KS, Khurshid M, Ashfaq UA. Proteome-Wide Mapping and Reverse Vaccinology Approaches to Design a Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Clostridium perfringens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1079. [PMID: 34696187 PMCID: PMC8539331 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C. perfringens is a highly versatile bacteria of livestock and humans, causing enteritis (a common food-borne illness in humans), enterotoxaemia (in which toxins are formed in the intestine which damage and destroy organs, i.e., the brain), and gangrene (wound infection). There is no particular cure for the toxins of C. perfringens. Supportive care (medical control of pain, intravenous fluids) is the standard treatment. Therefore, a multiple-epitope vaccine (MEV) should be designed to battle against C. perfringens infection. Furthermore, the main objective of this in silico investigation is to design an MEV that targets C. perfringens. For this purpose, we selected the top three proteins that were highly antigenic using immuno-informatics approaches, including molecular docking. B-cells, IFN-gamma, and T cells for target proteins were predicted and the most conserved epitopes were selected for further investigation. For the development of the final MEV, epitopes of LBL5, CTL17, and HTL13 were linked to GPGPG, AAY, and KK linkers. The vaccine N-end was joined to an adjuvant through an EAAK linker to improve immunogenicity. After the attachment of linkers and adjuvants, the final construct was 415 amino acids. B-cell and IFN-gamma epitopes demonstrate that the model structure is enhanced for humoral and cellular immune responses. To validate the immunogenicity and safety of the final construct, various physicochemical properties, and other properties such as antigenicity and non-allergens, were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking was carried out for verification of vaccine compatibility with the receptor, evaluated in silico. Also, in silico cloning was employed for the verification of the proper expression and credibility of the construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M. Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amna Abrar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Samman Munir
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Sehar Aslam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Khaled S. Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (A.A.); (S.M.); (S.A.)
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19
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Qi Y, Fang Q, Li Q, Ding H, Shu Q, Hu Y, Xin W, Fang L. MD2 blockage prevents the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1873-1883. [PMID: 34532135 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The toll-like receptor (TLR) is an emerging signaling pathway in tumor invasion and metastasis. The activation of TLRs requires specific accessory proteins, such as the small secreted glycoprotein myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), which contributes to ligand responsiveness. However, the role of MD2 in tumorigenesis and metastasis has rarely been reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of MD2 on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8), cell colony formation, wound healing, and transwell assays were conducted to determine cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess the expression of MD2 in HCC cell lines and human normal liver cell lines as well as the silencing efficiency of MD2 blockage. Western blot and qRT-PCR assays were performed to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) markers and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling molecules. Results MD2 was highly expressed in HCC tissues and cell lines. High expression of MD2 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. In addition, MD2 silencing slightly inhibited the proliferation of HepG2 and HCCLM3, and significantly suppressed cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, MD2 blockage could distinctly prevent the EMT process by increasing the protein and mRNA levels of E-cadherin and Occludin, and decreasing the levels of Vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snail. Finally, the phosphorylation level of EGFR as well as its downstream molecular Src, Akt, I-κBα, and p65 were downregulated in HCC cells with MD2 silencing. Conclusions Our findings suggest that high expression of MD2 may affect the EMT, migration, and invasion via modulation of the EGFR pathway in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qilu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Comprehensive Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiying Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Shu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiu Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Comprehensive Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Zuo W, Zhao J, Zhang J, Fang Z, Deng J, Fan Z, Guo Y, Han J, Hou W, Dong H, Xu F, Xiong L. MD2 contributes to the pathogenesis of perioperative neurocognitive disorder via the regulation of α5GABA A receptors in aged mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:204. [PMID: 34530841 PMCID: PMC8444589 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) is a long-term postoperative complication in elderly surgical patients. The underlying mechanism of PND is unclear, and no effective therapies are currently available. It is believed that neuroinflammation plays an important role in triggering PND. The secreted glycoprotein myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) functions as an activator of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inflammatory pathway, and α5GABAA receptors (α5GABAARs) are known to play a key role in regulating inflammation-induced cognitive deficits. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the role of MD2 in PND and determine whether α5GABAARs are involved in the function of MD2. METHODS Eighteen-month-old C57BL/6J mice were subjected to laparotomy under isoflurane anesthesia to induce PND. The Barnes maze was used to assess spatial reference learning and memory, and the expression of hippocampal MD2 was assayed by western blotting. MD2 expression was downregulated by bilateral injection of AAV-shMD2 into the hippocampus or tail vein injection of the synthetic MD2 degrading peptide Tat-CIRP-CMA (TCM) to evaluate the effect of MD2. Primary cultured neurons from brain tissue block containing cortices and hippocampus were treated with Tat-CIRP-CMA to investigate whether downregulating MD2 expression affected the expression of α5GABAARs. Electrophysiology was employed to measure tonic currents. For α5GABAARs intervention experiments, L-655,708 and L-838,417 were used to inhibit or activate α5GABAARs, respectively. RESULTS Surgery under inhaled isoflurane anesthesia induced cognitive impairments and elevated the expression of MD2 in the hippocampus. Downregulation of MD2 expression by AAV-shMD2 or Tat-CIRP-CMA improved the spatial reference learning and memory in animals subjected to anesthesia and surgery. Furthermore, Tat-CIRP-CMA treatment decreased the expression of membrane α5GABAARs and tonic currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. Inhibition of α5GABAARs by L-655,708 alleviated cognitive impairments after anesthesia and surgery. More importantly, activation of α5GABAARs by L-838,417 abrogated the protective effects of Tat-CIRP-CMA against anesthesia and surgery-induced spatial reference learning and memory deficits. CONCLUSIONS MD2 contributes to the occurrence of PND by regulating α5GABAARs in aged mice, and Tat-CIRP-CMA is a promising neuroprotectant against PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jianshuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yaru Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200434, China.
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21
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Pinocembrin alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice via regulating gut microbiota, suppressing TLR4/MD2/NF-κB pathway and promoting intestinal barrier. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225839. [PMID: 32687156 PMCID: PMC7391130 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinocembrin, a plant-derived flavonoid, has a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-infection, anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, cardiovascular protection, etc. However, the mechanism of pinocembrin on the anti-colitis efficacy remains elusive and needs further investigation. Here, we reported that pinocembrin eased the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by suppressing the abnormal activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway in vivo. In addition, the gut microbiota was disordered in DSS colitis mice, which was associated with a significant decrease in microbiota diversity and a great shift in bacteria profiles; however, pinocembrin treatment improved the imbalance of gut microbiota and made it similar to that in normal mice. On the other hand, in vitro, pinocembrin down-regulated the TLR4/NF-κB signaling cascades in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. At the upstream level, pinocembrin competitively inhibited the binding of LPS to myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2), thereby blocking the formation of receptor multimer TLR4/MD2·LPS. Furthermore, pinocembrin dose-dependently promoted the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin and JAM-A) in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, our work presented evidence that pinocembrin attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mouse, at least in part, via regulating intestinal microbiota, inhibiting the over-activation of TLR4/MD2/NF-κB signaling pathway, and improving the barriers of intestine.
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22
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Mahmood M, Javaid A, Shahid F, Ashfaq UA. Rational design of multimeric based subunit vaccine against Mycoplasma pneumonia: Subtractive proteomics with immunoinformatics framework. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104795. [PMID: 33667723 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the prevalent cause of acquired respiratory infections around the globe. A multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) must be developed to combat infections of M. pneumoniae because there is no specific disease-modifying treatment or vaccination is present. The objective of this research is to design a vaccine that targets M. pneumoniae top five highly antigenic proteins using a combination of immunological techniques and molecular docking. T-cell (HTL & CTL), B-cell, and IFN-γ of target proteins were forecasted and highly conservative epitopes were chosen for further study. For designing of final vaccine, 4LBL, 7CTL, and 5HTL epitopes were joined by linkers of KK, AAY, and GPGPG. The N-end of the vaccine was linked to an adjuvant (Cholera enterotoxin subunit B) with a linker named EAAAK to enhance immunogenicity. After the addition of adjuvants and linkers, the size of the construct was 395 amino acids. The epitopes of IFN-γ and B-cells illustrate that the model construct is optimized for cell-mediated immune or humoral responses. To ensure that the final design is safer and immunogenic, properties like non-allergens, antigenicity, and various physicochemical properties were evaluated. Molecular docking of the vaccine with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was conducted to check the compatibility of the vaccine with the receptor. Besides, in-silico cloning was utilized for validation of the credibility and proper expression of the vaccine. Furthermore, to confirm that the multi-epitope vaccine created is protective and immunogenic, this research requires experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvah Mahmood
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Anam Javaid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Rocca C, De Bartolo A, Grande F, Rizzuti B, Pasqua T, Giordano F, Granieri MC, Occhiuzzi MA, Garofalo A, Amodio N, Cerra MC, Schneider F, Panno ML, Metz-Boutigue MH, Angelone T. Cateslytin abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through toll like receptor 4 interaction. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107487. [PMID: 33636560 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Global public health is threatened by new pathogens, antimicrobial resistant microorganisms and a rapid decline of conventional antimicrobials efficacy. Thus, numerous medical procedures become life-threating. Sepsis can lead to tissue damage such as myocardium inflammation, associated with reduction of contractility and diastolic dysfunction, which may cause death. In this perspective, growing interest and attention are paid on host defence peptides considered as new potential antimicrobials. In the present study, we investigated the physiological and biochemical properties of Cateslytin (Ctl), an endogenous antimicrobial chromogranin A-derived peptide, in H9c2 cardiomyocytes exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection. We showed that both Ctl (L and D) enantiomers, but not their scrambled counterparts, significantly increased cardiomyocytes viability following LPS, even if L-Ctl was effective at lower concentration (1 nM) compared to D-Ctl (10 nM). L-Ctl mitigated LPS-induced LDH release and oxidative stress, as visible by a reduction of MDA and protein carbonyl groups content, and by an increase of SOD activity. Molecular docking simulations strongly suggested that L-Ctl modulates TLR4 through a direct binding to the partner protein MD-2. Molecular analyses indicated that the protection mediated by L-Ctl against LPS-evoked sepsis targeted the TLR4/ERK/JNK/p38-MAPK pathway, regulating NFkB p65, NFkB p52 and COX2 expression and repressing the mRNA expression levels of the LPS-induced proinflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and NOS2. These findings indicate that Ctl could be considered as a possible candidate for the development of new antimicrobials strategies in the treatment of myocarditis. Interestingly, L-enantiomeric Ctl showed remarkable properties in strengthening the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Anna De Bartolo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; Department of Health Science, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Granieri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cerra
- Laboratory of Organ and System Physiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Francis Schneider
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Hautepierre, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Inserm UMR 1121, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maria Luisa Panno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marie Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Inserm UMR 1121, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Odontology, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg France.
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, E and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy; National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
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XU JINGCHENG, GUO SHANSHAN, TANG XINSHENG, CAI YAFEI. Correlation of SNPs in Myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) gene with the susceptibility to clinical mastitis in Chinese Holstein dairy cows. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v90i9.109447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2), as an essential component of the CD14-TLR4/MD-2 receptor complex, is critical in identifying bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activating innate immune responses. To evaluate the relationship between MD-2 polymorphisms (including 5′ end and exon regions) and clinical mastitis, population genetic analysis was performed via PCR single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing in Chinese Holstein dairy cows. Eleven pairs of primer PCR products for SSCP analysis: six pairs of primers (P1-P6) for the 5′-end, four (P7–P10) for the exon regions, and one (P11) for 3′-untranslational region. There were six SSCP bands (named: EE, EF, FF, EQ, EM and EN genotype) in the PCR amplification products of primer P1, two bands in P4 (CD and DD) and three bands in P5 (AA, AB, and BB). Total of five (g.-2173 C/G, g.-2148 C/T, g.-2089 G/T, g.-555 G/A and g.-121 C/A) single nucleotides polymorphism sites (SNPs) were identified in 5′-end of the MD-2 gene. Data showed that SNPs g.-555 (G/A) had significant differences (P<0.01). However, only Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. E. coli) were screened in the milk of the clinical mastitis cows, indicating that this SNPs g.-555 (G/A) in MD-2 gene may play an important role in susceptibility to clinical mastitis infected with Gram-negative bacteria in Chinese Holstein dairy cows.
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25
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Oo TT, Pratchayasakul W, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Potential Roles of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2 on Neuroinflammation and Its Possible Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4825-4844. [PMID: 32803490 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is the primary response by immune cells in the nervous system to protect against infection. Chronic and uncontrolled neuroinflammation triggers neuronal injury and neuronal death resulting in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, fine tuning of the immune response in the nervous system is now extensively considered as a potential therapeutic intervention for those diseases. The immune cells of the nervous system express Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) together with myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) to protect against the pathogens. Over the last 10 years, antagonists targeting the functional domains of MD-2 have become attractive pharmacological intervention strategies in pre-clinical studies into neuroinflammation and its associated brain pathologies. This review aims to summarize and discuss the roles of TLR4-MD-2 signaling pathway activation in various models of neuroinflammation. This review article also highlights the studies reporting the effect of MD-2 antagonists on neuroinflammation in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thura Tun Oo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Wasana Pratchayasakul
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. .,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Yang Y, Hu Y, Zhou Y, Liang T, Tang H, Ju H, Shi Q, Fang H. Lys694Arg polymorphism leads to blunted responses to LPS by interfering TLR4 with recruitment of MyD88. Innate Immun 2020; 27:483-492. [PMID: 32513051 PMCID: PMC8504268 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920927479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 polymorphisms such as Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile related to Gram-negative sepsis have been reported to result in significantly blunted responsiveness to LPS. Our study group previously screened other TLR4 polymorphic variants by checking the NF-κB activation in comparison to wild type (WT) TLR4 in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. In this study, we found that the Lys694Arg (K694R) polymorphism reduced the activation of NF-κB, and the production of downstream inflammatory factors IL-1, TNF-α and IL-6, representing the K694R polymorphism, led to blunted responsiveness to LPS. Then, we examined the influence of the K694R polymorphism on total and cell-surface TLR4 expression by Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively, but observed no differences between the K694R polymorphism and WT TLR4. We also used co-immunoprecipitation to determine the interaction of the K694R polymorphism and WT TLR4 with their co-receptor myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and their downstream signal adaptor MyD88. We found that K694R reduced the recruitment of MyD88 in TLR4 signalling but had no impact on the interaction with MD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Yile Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Haihong Tang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Huihui Ju
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Qiqing Shi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Hao Fang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
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Kasus-Jacobi A, Land CA, Stock AJ, Washburn JL, Pereira HA. Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from the Immune Defense Protein CAP37 Inhibit TLR4 Activation by S100A9. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:16. [PMID: 32298435 PMCID: PMC7401491 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal abrasion is a common eye injury, and its resolution can be seriously complicated by bacterial infection. We showed that topical application of the cationic antimicrobial protein of 37 kDa (CAP37) promotes corneal re-epithelialization in mice, and peptides derived from CAP37 can recapitulate the antibacterial and wound-healing effects of the full-length protein. The current study was designed to identify the molecular mechanisms mediating the wound-healing effect of CAP37 and derived bioactive peptides. Methods We used a TriCEPS-based, ligand-receptor glycocapture method to identify the binding partners of CAP37 on live human corneal epithelial cells using the hTCEpi cell line. We used an ELISA method to confirm binding with identified partners and test the binding with CAP37-derived peptides. We used a reporter cell line to measure activation of the identified membrane receptor by CAP37 and derived peptides. Results We pulled down S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) as a binding partner of CAP37 and found that CAP37 and four derived peptides encompassing two regions of CAP37 bind S100A9 with high affinities. We found that CAP37 and the S100A9-binding peptides could also directly interact with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a known receptor for S100A9. CAP37 and one peptide partially activated TLR4. The other three peptides did not activate TLR4. Finally, we found that CAP37 and all four peptides could inhibit the activation of TLR4 by S100A9. Conclusions This study identifies a mechanism of action for CAP37 and derived antimicrobial peptides that may restrain inflammatory responses to corneal injury and favor corneal re-epithelialization.
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Wang Y, Hwang J, Yadav D, Oda T, Lee PCW, Jin JO. Inhibitory effect of porphyran on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of human immune cells. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Michalska P, Buendia I, Duarte P, FernandezMendivil C, Negredo P, Cuadrado A, López MG, Leon R. Melatonin-sulforaphane hybrid ITH12674 attenuates glial response in vivo by blocking LPS binding to MD2 and receptor oligomerization. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Ain QU, Batool M, Choi S. TLR4-Targeting Therapeutics: Structural Basis and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Approaches. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030627. [PMID: 32023919 PMCID: PMC7037830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of computational techniques into drug development has led to a substantial increase in the knowledge of structural, chemical, and biological data. These techniques are useful for handling the big data generated by empirical and clinical studies. Over the last few years, computer-aided drug discovery methods such as virtual screening, pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and molecular docking have been employed by pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers for the development of pharmacologically active drugs. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a vital role in various inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disorders such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and systemic lupus erythematosus. TLRs, particularly TLR4, have been identified as potential drug targets for the treatment of these diseases, and several relevant compounds are under preclinical and clinical evaluation. This review covers the reported computational studies and techniques that have provided insights into TLR4-targeting therapeutics. Furthermore, this article provides an overview of the computational methods that can benefit a broad audience in this field and help with the development of novel drugs for TLR-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangdun Choi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-2600; Fax: +82-31-219-1615
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31
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Zhang Y, Liu H, Jia W, Qi J, Zhang W, Zhang W, Liang G, Zhang Y, Chen H. Myeloid Differentiation Protein 2 Mediates Angiotensin II-Induced Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis in Mice. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010025. [PMID: 31861702 PMCID: PMC6983196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) participates in the pathogenesis of liver injury. Our previous publications reported that myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) mediates Ang II-induced cardiac and kidney inflammation by directly binding to Ang II. Thus, we hypothesize that MD2 is critical to Ang II-induced liver injury. Subcutaneous injections of Ang II for 8 weeks were adopted to build the liver injury model. With a specific MD2 inhibitor L6H21 and MD2 knockout mice, we reported that MD2 inhibition and knockout significantly mitigate liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice injected with Ang II. To be more specific, the functional and pathological damages induced by Ang II were mitigated by L6H21 or MD2 knockout. MD2 knockout or L6H21 administration inhibited the Ang II-induced upregulation of fibrosis markers, inflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules in gene or protein levels. The activation of NF-κB and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) induced by Ang II was also reversed by L6H21 treatment or MD2 deficiency. Note that the co-immunoprecipitation study showed that L6H21 downregulated the ANG II-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MD2 complex in liver tissues while having no effects on MD2 expression. Our results reported the critical role of MD2 in the progress of liver injury and suggested that MD2 is a potential therapeutic target for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hui Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenjing Jia
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiayu Qi
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongjin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (H.L.); (W.J.); (J.Q.); (W.Z.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Qiu Y, Xiao Z, Wang Y, Zhang D, Zhang W, Wang G, Chen W, Liang G, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Optimization and anti-inflammatory evaluation of methyl gallate derivatives as a myeloid differentiation protein 2 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115049. [PMID: 31466835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD2) is a co-receptor of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) responsible for the recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and mediates a series of TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses in inflammatory lung diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). Targeting MD2 thus may provide a therapeutic strategy against these lung diseases. In this study, we identified a novel compound 4k with the potent anti-inflammatory activity among 39 methyl gallate derivatives (MGDs). MGD 4k exhibited a high binding affinity to MD2, which in turn prevented the formation of the LPS/MD2/TLR4 complex. In addition, MGD 4k significantly reversed the upregulation of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MGD 4k performed anti-inflammatory function by inactivating JNK, ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Taken together, our study identified MGD 4k as a novel potential therapeutic agent for ALI through inhibiting MD2, inflammatory responses, and major inflammation-associated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinda Qiu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhongxiang Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Yueqing Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Haerbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingfang Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China.
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Key residues in TLR4-MD2 tetramer formation identified by free energy simulations. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007228. [PMID: 31609969 PMCID: PMC6812856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in both the innate and adaptive immune systems by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns and inducing the release of the effector molecules of the immune system. The dysregulation of the TLR system may cause various autoimmune diseases and septic shock. A series of molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations were performed to investigate the ligand-free, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-bound, and neoseptin3-bound (TLR4-MD2)2 tetramers. Compared to earlier simulations done by others, our simulations showed that TLR4 structure was well maintained with stable interfaces. Free energy decomposition by molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method suggests critical roles that two hydrophobic clusters I85-L87-P88 and I124-L125-P127 of MD2, together with LPS and neoseptin3, may play in TLR4 activation. We propose that 1) direct contacts between TLR4 convex surface and LPS and neoseptin3 at the region around L442 significantly increase the binding and 2) binding of LPS and neoseptin3 in the central hydrophobic cavity of MD2 triggers burial of F126 and exposure of I85-L87-P88 that facilitate formation of (TLR4-MD2)2 tetramer and activation of TLR4 system.
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Inuki S, Sato K, Zui N, Yamaguchi R, Matsumaru T, Fujimoto Y. Synthetic Studies on FNC-RED and Its Analogues Containing an All syn-Cyclopentanetetrol Moiety. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12680-12685. [PMID: 31507185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FNC-RED exhibits innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD2) stimulatory activity. We have developed a divergent synthetic route to FNC-RED derivatives containing various alkyl side chains. Key features of the synthetic study include stepwise palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and the construction of an all syn-cyclopentanetetrol moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Sakyo-ku , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Naoto Zui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Takanori Matsumaru
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology , Keio University , Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 223-8522 , Japan
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Ye J, Guan M, Lu Y, Zhang D, Li C, Li Y, Zhou C. Protective effects of hesperetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by targeting MD2. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 852:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bruno K, Woller SA, Miller YI, Yaksh TL, Wallace M, Beaton G, Chakravarthy K. Targeting toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-an emerging therapeutic target for persistent pain states. Pain 2018; 159:1908-1915. [PMID: 29889119 PMCID: PMC7890571 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that initiate signaling in innate and adaptive immune pathways. The highly conserved family of transmembrane proteins comprises an extracellular domain that recognizes exogenous and endogenous danger molecules and an ectodomain that activates downstream pathways in response. Recent studies suggest that continuous activation or dysregulation of TLR signaling may contribute to chronic disease states. The receptor is located not only on inflammatory cells (meningeal and peripheral macrophages) but on neuraxial glia (microglia and astrocytes), Schwann cells, fibroblasts, dorsal root ganglia, and dorsal horn neurons. Procedures blocking TLR functionality have shown pronounced effects on pain behavior otherwise observed in models of chronic inflammation and nerve injury. This review addresses the role of TLR4 as an emerging therapeutic target for the evolution of persistent pain and its role in noncanonical signaling, mediating anomalous pro-algesic actions of opiates. Accordingly, molecules targeting inhibition of this receptor have promise as disease-modifying and opioid-sparing alternatives for persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bruno
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Excellence in Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A. Woller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yury I. Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Science, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L. Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark Wallace
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Graham Beaton
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Krishnan Chakravarthy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Douleur Therapeutics, 10225 Barnes Canyon Road, Suite A104, San Diego, CA, USA
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