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Abo Hamza E, Yoon A, Liu L, Garg A, Richard Y, Frydecka D, Helal A, Moustafa AA. The Relationship between Mindfulness and Readiness to Change in Alcohol Drinkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095690. [PMID: 37174208 PMCID: PMC10178867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness is a multi-faceted construct that involves paying attention to thoughts and emotions without automatically reacting and being critical of them. Recent research has suggested that mindfulness might play an important role in reducing problematic alcohol use. Further, Readiness to Change (RTC) is related to motivation to change drinking behaviours. The RTC scale identifies motivation to change drinking behaviours including Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action stages. The current study investigated, for the first time, the relationship between mindfulness (and its facets) and RTC in relation to drinking behaviours. Undergraduate students from Western Sydney University (N = 279) were screened for drinking levels using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and then completed the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCT) and the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), which includes the following facets: Acting with Awareness, Non-Judging of Inner Experience, Non-Reactivity to Inner Experience, Describing, and Observing. Results show that overall, mindfulness and its facets negatively correlated with RTC. Multiple regression analysis further showed that Awareness and Non-Judgement facets negatively predicted RTC. These findings provide insight into how the facets of mindfulness interact with the drinking motives of individuals and their intentions to change drinking behaviours. Based on these findings, we recommend the incorporation of mindfulness techniques in interventions targeting problematic drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eid Abo Hamza
- College of Education, Humanities & Social Sciences, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 64141, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Adam Yoon
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Liquan Liu
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Milperra, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Anchal Garg
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Yuliya Richard
- Blue Horizon Counselling and Mediation, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmed Helal
- Faculty of Education, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4229, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg P.O. Box 524, South Africa
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Chaney BH, Martin RJ, Barry AE, Lee JGL, Cremeens-Matthews J, Stellefson ML. Pregaming: A Field-Based Investigation of Alcohol Quantities Consumed Prior to Visiting a Bar and Restaurant District. Subst Use Misuse 2019; 54:1017-1023. [PMID: 30614346 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2018.1558252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations examining the association between pregaming, or the consumption of alcohol prior to attending a social gathering or drinking establishment, and blood alcohol concentrations have primarily relied on estimations (i.e., Widmark equation), rather than objective biologic samples, such as breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). OBJECTIVES The current study assessed: (1) pregaming, using quantity-based measures, among a sample of college and non-college affiliated bar patrons, (2) associations between pregaming intensity/status and participant intoxication (BrAC), and (3) whether participants who pregamed were more likely to identify as a hazardous drinker. METHODS 548 bar patrons provided data on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C) and a single pregaming item assessing quantity of alcohol consumed prior to visiting a bar/restaurant district in 2015. BrAC samples were collected post interview. We used hierarchical linear regression models, respectively, to assess whether pregaming significantly impacted BrAC and whether presence of hazardous drinking predicted pregaming behavior. RESULTS After controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, age, student status, and Greek affiliation, the linear regression model explained 32.3% (R2 = .323) of the variance of BrAC levels (F(12) = 21.162, p < .001), with 4.30% of the variance explained solely by pregaming (β = 0.014; p < .001). The linear regression model to assess if harzardous drinking behavior (AUDIT-C) significantly predicted pregaming explained 31.2% (R2 = .312) of the variance of pregaming behavior (F(18) = 13.276, p < .001), with 4.2% of the variance explained solely by AUDIT-C scores (β = 0.280; p < .001). CONCLUSION Findings further highlight pregaming as a harmful risk behavior linked to elevated levels of hazardous drinking and intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth H Chaney
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Ryan J Martin
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Adam E Barry
- b Division of Health Education, Department of Health & Kinesiology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Jennifer Cremeens-Matthews
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael L Stellefson
- a Department of Health Education & Promotion , East Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
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Rossheim ME, Barry AE, Thombs DL, Weiler RM, Krall JR, Stephenson CJ, Walters ST, Reed MB, Clapp JD, Suzuki S, Barnett TE, Cannell MB. Factors Associated with Self-Estimated Breath Alcohol Concentration Among Bar Patrons. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:1492-1501. [PMID: 28683518 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the context in which drinkers underestimate their breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in natural drinking environments. This study examined factors associated with bar patrons' self-estimated BrAC in high-risk college town settings. METHODS Guided interview and BrAC data were collected from 510 participants recruited as they exited bars located close to large universities: 1 in Florida and 1 in Texas. RESULTS Participants with the highest measured BrACs underestimated their BrAC levels the most. Findings from multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that BrAC (std β = 0.014, p < 0.001), number of alcoholic drinks consumed (std β = 0.006, p < 0.01), and perceived drunkenness (std β = 0.024, p < 0.001) had significant positive associations with BrAC self-estimates, where the regression coefficients were scaled by values approximately equal to each variable's interquartile range. Among the 321 participants with BrAC levels ≥ 0.08 g/dl, 21.2% believed their BrAC was below the legal per se driving limit of 0.08 g/dl. Results from a logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of perceived drunkenness were associated with better self-recognition that one's BrAC level exceeded the legal driving threshold (OR = 3.312, p < 0.001). Further, participants under 26 years of age had reduced odds of recognizing that their BrAC was greater than 0.079 g/dl (OR = 0.245, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the inaccuracy of self-estimated BrAC when drinking, particularly among younger drinkers. Adjusting for BrAC, situational factors were strongly associated with self-estimated BrAC. Future research is needed to better understand how altering drinking environments may improve accuracy of BrAC self-estimates and deter driving after drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Adam E Barry
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dennis L Thombs
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Robert M Weiler
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Jenna R Krall
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Caroline J Stephenson
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Mark B Reed
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - John D Clapp
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Systems, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - M Brad Cannell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Chaney BH, Vail-Smith K, Martin RJ, Cremeens-Matthews J. Alcohol use, risky sexual behavior, and condom possession among bar patrons. Addict Behav 2016; 60:32-6. [PMID: 27082266 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study seeks to: 1) assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and intentions to engage in unprotected sex in an uncontrolled environment, and 2) to identify if covariates (race, age, sex, breath alcohol content (BrAC), intentions to engage in sex, hazardous drinking rates) are significant predictors of condom possession during time of uncontrolled alcohol consumption. METHODS Data were collected from 917 bar patrons to assess alcohol use using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C), BrAC levels, intentions to engage in risky sex, and condom possession. Correlational analysis and hierarchical binary logistic regression was conducted using SPSS. RESULTS Correlational analyses indicated a negative relationship between AUDIT-C scores (r=-0.115, p=0.001), BrAC (r=-0.08, p=0.015), and intentions to use a condom. Over 70% of participants intended to use a condom if they engaged in sex; however, only 28.4% had a condom to use. The regression analysis indicated the predictive model (χ(2)=114.5, df=8, p<0.001) was statistically significant, and correctly classified 72.9% of those in possession of a condom. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption was associated with intentions to have unprotected sex; however, intentions to engage in protected sex and condom possession were higher for males and those with higher BrAC levels.
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Rossheim ME, Thombs DL, Weiler RM, Barry AE, Suzuki S, Walters ST, Barnett TE, Paxton RJ, Pealer LN, Cannell B. Alcohol mixed with energy drink: Use may be a consequence of heavy drinking. Addict Behav 2016; 57:55-61. [PMID: 26890245 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In recent years, studies have indicated that consumers of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) are more likely to drink heavily and experience more negative consequences than consumers who avoid these beverages. Although researchers have identified a number of plausible hypotheses that explain how alcohol-energy drink co-ingestion could cause greater alcohol consumption, there has been no postulation about reverse causal relations. This paper identifies several plausible hypotheses for the observed associations between AmED consumption and greater alcohol consumption, and provides initial evidence for one such hypothesis suggesting that heavy drinking may be a determinant of AmED use. METHOD Data collected from 511bar patrons were used to examine the plausibility of one of the proposed hypotheses, i.e., AmED is an artifact of heavy drinking. Associations between the consumption of an assortment of alcoholic beverage types and total alcohol consumption were examined at the event-level, to assess whether AmED is uniquely related with greater alcohol consumption. RESULTS Increased alcohol consumption was associated with greater odds of consuming most alcoholic beverage types; this association was not unique to AmED. CONCLUSIONS Results support the overlooked hypothesis that AmED use is an artifact of heavy drinking. Thus, AmED consumption may be a consequence or marker of heavier drinking. Much of the existing research on alcoholic beverage types is limited in its ability to implicate any specific type of drink, including AmED, as a cause of increased alcohol consumption and related harm. More rigorous study designs are needed to examine causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Rossheim
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, VA, United States.
| | - Dennis L Thombs
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robert M Weiler
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, VA, United States
| | - Adam E Barry
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Scott T Walters
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Tracey E Barnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Raheem J Paxton
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Lisa N Pealer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Brad Cannell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Barry AE, Howell S, Bopp T, Stellefson M, Chaney E, Piazza-Gardner A, Payne-Purvis C. A field-based community assessment of intoxication levels across college football weekends: does it matter who's playing? J Prim Prev 2015; 35:409-16. [PMID: 25236926 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-014-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While alcohol consumption has been consistently linked to college football games in the United States, this literature lacks (a) field-based event-level analyses; (b) assessments of the context of drinking, such as days leading to an event, that occurs in conjunction with a contest; (c) investigations of non-student drinking; and (d) objective assessments of opponent rating. Therefore, the present study: (1) examines the extent to which breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) among restaurant and bar district patrons differ for low- and high-profile games and (2) explores the relationship between an objective rating of a team's opponent and BrAC levels. Data were collected throughout the fall 2011 football season via six anonymous field studies in a bar district within a southeastern college community. During low-profile game weekends, respondents recorded significantly lower BrAC levels than those during high-profile game weekends. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between opponent rating and BrAC levels, such that mean BrAC readings were highest prior to the game featuring the highest rated opponent. Overall, participants exhibited significantly higher BrACs when a higher-rated opponent was playing that weekend. When resources (money, manpower) are limited, community-based prevention and enforcement efforts should occur during the weekends surrounding higher-profile games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Barry
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845-4243, USA,
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Whitehill JM, Pumper MA, Moreno MA. Emerging adults' use of alcohol and social networking sites during a large street festival: A real-time interview study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2015; 10:21. [PMID: 25990109 PMCID: PMC4443595 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-015-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Emerging adults have high rates of heavy episodic drinking (binge drinking) and related risks including alcohol-impaired driving. To understand whether social networking sites (SNSs) used on mobile devices represent a viable platform for real-time interventions, this study measured emerging adults’ use of two popular SNSs (Facebook and Twitter) during the Mifflin Street Block Party. This annual festival is held in Madison, Wisconsin and is known for high alcohol consumption. Findings Event attendees ages 18–23 years were recruited by young adult research assistants (>21 years). Participants completed a brief in-person interview assessing drinking intensity, use of SNSs, and use of SNSs to plan transportation. Analyses included t-tests, chi-squared tests, and Fisher’s exact tests. At the event, nearly all of the 200 participants (97 %) consumed alcohol and 18 % met criteria for heavy episodic drinking. Approximately one-third of participants had used Facebook or Twitter on the day of the event. Facebook use (23 %) was more prevalent than Twitter use (18 %), especially among heavy episodic drinkers. Use of either SNS was 41 % among females and 24 % among males (χ2 = 6.01; df = 1; p = 0.01). Plans to use a SNS to arrange transportation were relatively uncommon (4 %), but this was more frequent among heavy episodic drinkers (11 %) compared to non-heavy episodic drinkers (2 %) (Fisher’s exact p = 0.02). Conclusions These results indicate that SNSs are used during alcohol consumption and warrant exploration as a way to facilitate connections to resources like safe ride services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Whitehill
- Department of Health Promotion and Policy, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Megan A Pumper
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Megan A Moreno
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Usala JM, Celio MA, Lisman SA, Day AM, Spear LP. A field investigation of the effects of drinking consequences on young adults' readiness to change. Addict Behav 2015; 41:162-8. [PMID: 25452061 PMCID: PMC4314315 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the research on readiness to change (RTC) one's drinking, there has been little assessment of the influence of positive drinking consequences or other potential moderating variables. To address these limitations, we examined how young adults' RTC their alcohol consumption shortly following a drinking episode was associated with self-reported drinking consequences, as well as any potential moderating effects of gender and Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC). In street interviews outside bars, 238 young adults were administered questionnaires about their drinking, including a measure examining participants' current readiness to reduce their alcohol consumption. Within 72h of their drinking episode, 67 participants (36 males; entire sample Mage=20.90years, Range=18-26years) completed an online survey, once again measuring RTC as well as positive and negative drinking consequences. Consistent with our hypothesis, positive drinking consequences were negatively associated with participants' changes in RTC. Additionally, a three-way interaction of gender×BrAC×positive drinking consequences on RTC showed that females with low BrACs reported higher RTC scores when they had endorsed fewer positive drinking consequences. Interestingly, negative drinking consequences alone did not impact individuals' RTC. Because positive drinking consequences were a significantly better predictor of RTC than were negative drinking consequences, researchers are advised to examine both types of consequences in future studies. Finally, effective alcohol education programs for those who have never consumed alcohol as well as social drinkers should include consideration of the experience of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Usala
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Mark A Celio
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Stephen A Lisman
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Anne M Day
- Brown University School of Public Health, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, United States
| | - Linda P Spear
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University (SUNY), P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton NY 13902-6000, United States
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Chaney BH, Barry AE, Cremeens-Matthews J, Martin RJ, Stellefson ML, Vail-Smith K. Psychometric properties of a single-item assessing drunkenness to identify hazardous drinking: a replication study. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2014.980862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Harrison C, Hoonpongsimanont W, Anderson CL, Roumani S, Weiss J, Chakravarthy B, Lotfipour S. Readiness to change and reasons for intended reduction of alcohol consumption in emergency department versus trauma population. West J Emerg Med 2014; 15:337-44. [PMID: 24829617 PMCID: PMC4018185 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2013.8.15829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primary objective was to identify the most common reasons for intending to cut back on alcohol use, in emergency department (ED) and trauma patient populations. The secondary objective was to determine the association between reason to cut back on alcohol and education level. Methods We conducted the study at a level one trauma center in California between 2008 and 2012. This was a retrospective analysis of data collected from computerized alcohol screening and intervention (CASI). We excluded patients who drank too little, and those whose scores were consistent with dependency (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]>19). The CASI database includes the patient’s age, gender, language, education level, an AUDIT score (1–40 scale), a readiness to change score (1–10), and the option to choose any of 10 “reasons to cut back” on their alcohol consumption. Results From 10,537 patients, 1,202 met criteria for the study (848 ED, 354 trauma). Overall, the most common reasons cited for cutting back on alcohol were “To avoid health problems” (68.5%), “To avoid getting a DUI” (43.6%), “It could save me money” (42.0%), and “To avoid situations where I could get hurt” (41.0%). Trauma patients cited the following reasons significantly more than ED patients: “To avoid situations where I could get hurt” (46.3% versus 38.8%, respectively), “So I can be in control of my behavior” (40.7% versus 32.2%), and “My partner or spouse wants me to stop” (20.1% versus 15.0%). Additionally, those patients who cited “To avoid health problems” reported 1.2 points higher than average (p<0.001) on the 10-point readiness to change scale. Those who have completed some college or an associate degree cited “To avoid health problems” less often than high school graduates (odds ratio [OR] 0.45), while they cited “To avoid situations where I could get hurt” (OR 2.5) and “To avoid being in a car crash caused by alcohol use” (OR 3.8) more often than high school graduates. Conclusion Health, injury, finances, and legal issues remain top concerns for patients, while trauma patients specifically had proportionately more concerns with situations where they could get hurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Harrison
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Wirachin Hoonpongsimanont
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Craig L Anderson
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Samer Roumani
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jie Weiss
- Department of Health Science, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - Bharath Chakravarthy
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Shahram Lotfipour
- Center for Trauma and Injury Prevention Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
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Day AM, Celio MA, Lisman SA, Johansen GE, Spear LP. Acute and chronic effects of alcohol on trail making test performance among underage drinkers in a field setting. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2014; 74:635-41. [PMID: 23739029 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2013.74.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol's effects on executive functioning are well documented. Research in this area has provided much information on both the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on processes such as working memory and mental flexibility. However, most research on the acute effects of alcohol is conducted with individuals older than 21 years of age. Using field recruitment methods can provide unique empirical data on the acute effects of alcohol on an underage population. METHOD The current study examined the independent effects of acute alcohol intoxication (measured by breath alcohol content) and chronic alcohol use (measured by years drinking) on a test of visuomotor performance and mental flexibility (Trail Making Test) among 91 drinkers ages 18-20 years recruited from a field setting. RESULTS Results show that breath alcohol predicts performance on Trails B, but not on Trails A, and that years drinking, above and beyond acute intoxication, predicts poorer performance on both Trails A and B. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that, independent of the acute effects of alcohol, chronic alcohol consumption has deleterious effects on executive functioning processes among underage drinkers. Our discussion focuses on the importance of these data in describing the effect of alcohol on adolescents and the potential for engaging in risky behavior while intoxicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Day
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA.
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Day AM, Celio MA, Lisman SA, Spear LP. Gender, history of alcohol use and number of drinks consumed predict craving among drinkers in a field setting. Addict Behav 2014; 39:354-7. [PMID: 24148138 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To the extent that craving serves to compel excessive drinking, it would be important to predict the intensity of an individual's craving over the course of a drinking episode. Previous research indicates that regular alcohol use (measured by the AUDIT) and the number of drinks individuals have already consumed that evening independently predict craving to drink (Schoenmakers & Wiers, 2010). The current study aims to replicate those findings by testing whether these same variables predict craving to drink in a sample of 1320 bar patrons in a naturalistic setting. In addition, we extend those findings by testing whether regular alcohol use and self-reported number of drinks consumed interact to predict craving, and whether gender independently predicts craving or interacts with other variables to predict craving. Results indicate that for men, AUDIT score alone predicted craving, whereas for women, AUDIT score and number of drinks consumed interacted to predict craving, with craving highest among women with either high AUDIT scores or relatively high consumption levels. Our findings have implications for targeted intervention and prevention efforts, as women who have a history of harmful alcohol use and consume several drinks in an evening might be at the greatest risk for continued alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Day
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Celio MA, Usala JM, Lisman SA, Johansen GE, Vetter-O'Hagen CS, Spear LP. Are we drunk yet? Motor versus cognitive cues of subjective intoxication. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 38:538-44. [PMID: 24117655 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perception of alcohol intoxication presumably plays an important role in guiding behavior during a current drinking episode. Yet, there has been surprisingly little investigation of what aspects associated with intoxication are used by individuals to attribute their level of intoxication. METHODS Building on recent laboratory-based findings, this study employed a complex field-based design to explore the relative contributions of motor performance versus cognitive performance-specifically executive control-on self-attributions of intoxication. Individuals recruited outside of bars (N = 280; mean age = 22; range: 18 to 32) completed a structured interview, self-report questionnaire, and neuropsychological testing battery, and provided a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) sample. RESULTS Results of a multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that current level of subjective intoxication was associated with current alcohol-related stimulant effects, current sedative effects, and current BrAC. After controlling for the unique variance accounted for by these factors, subjective intoxication was better predicted by simple motor speed, as indexed by performance on the Finger Tapping Test, than by executive control, as indexed by performance on the Trail Making Test. CONCLUSIONS These results-generated from data collected in a naturally occurring setting-support previous findings from a more traditional laboratory-based investigation, thus illustrating the iterative process of linking field methodology and controlled laboratory experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Celio
- Department of Psychology , Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, New York
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15
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Barry AE, Chaney BH, Stellefson ML, Dodd V. Validating the ability of a single-item assessing drunkenness to detect hazardous drinking. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2013; 39:320-5. [PMID: 23837735 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2013.810745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To simplify the screening process to identify problem drinking, researchers have developed single-item, quantity-based instruments. Quantity-based items, however, suffer from several limitations. OBJECTIVE Determine whether a non-quantity-based single item assessing drunkenness would be able to identify those who exhibited signs of hazardous alcohol use, as determined by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)-C scores. METHODS Between September and November of 2011, the alcohol-related behaviors of 1062 self-identified current drinkers were assessed with self-report measures (i.e. AUDIT-C and one item assessing frequency of drunkenness) in addition to corresponding biologic samples (i.e. breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) samples). We assessed the concurrent validity of the single item to identify hazardous alcohol use established via gender-based AUDIT-C thresholds. Convergent validity of the single-item was assessed by determining its relationship to BrAC levels. RESULTS The single item accounted for 0.791 of the area under the received operating characteristics curve for hazardous alcohol use (p < 0.001). When employing a cut-off of 1, the single-item question was 95.9% sensitive in identifying hazardous alcohol use. CONCLUSION The results reported herein highlight the validity (both concurrent and convergent) and potential utility of a non-quantity-based single-item alcohol screen for assessing drunkenness. Additional research is warranted to confirm the utility of this one-item drunkenness measure to capture risk of injury and hazardous drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Barry
- Department of Health Education & Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Abstract
The high levels of alcohol consumption characteristic of adolescence may be in part biologically based, given that elevated consumption levels are also evident during this developmental transition in other mammalian species as well. Studies conducted using a simple animal model of adolescence in the rat has shown adolescents to be more sensitive than adults to social facilitatory and rewarding effects of alcohol, but less sensitive to numerous alcohol effects that may serve as cues to limit intake. These age-specific alcohol sensitivities appear related to differential rates of development of neural systems underlying different alcohol effects as well as to an ontogenetic decline in rapid brain compensations to alcohol, termed "acute tolerance". In contrast, these adolescent-typical sensitivities to alcohol do not appear to be notably influenced by pubertally-related increases in gonadal hormones. Although data are sparse, there are hints that similar alcohol sensitivities may also be seen in human adolescents, with this developmentally decreased sensitivity to alcohol's intoxicating effects possibly exacerbated by genetic vulnerabilities also characterized by an insensitivity to alcohol intoxication, thereby perhaps permitting especially high levels of alcohol consumption among vulnerable youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Patia Spear
- Department of Psychology and Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
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