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Burke EL, Desai RI. Reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and minor tobacco alkaloids in squirrel monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 258:111280. [PMID: 38614019 PMCID: PMC11117166 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent psychoactive chemical in tobacco smoke is nicotine, which has been shown to maintain tobacco consumption as well as cause acute adverse effects at high doses, like nausea and emesis. Recent studies in laboratory animals have suggested that many non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke (e.g., minor tobacco alkaloids) may also contribute to tobacco's overall reinforcing and adverse effects. Here, we used intravenous (IV) self-administration (n = 3) and observation (n = 4) procedures in squirrel monkeys to, respectively, compare the reinforcing and adverse observable effects of nicotine and three prominent minor tobacco alkaloids, nornicotine, anatabine, and myosmine. In self-administration studies, male squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a second-order fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement and dose-effects functions for nicotine and each of the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anatabine, and mysomine were determined. Observation studies were conducted in a different group of male squirrel monkeys to quantify the ability of nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and mysomine to produce adverse overt effects, including hypersalivation, emesis, and tremors. Results show that nicotine and to a lesser extent nornicotine were readily self-administered, whereas anatabine and myosmine were not. In observation studies, all minor tobacco alkaloids produced adverse observable effects that were either comparable or more pronounced than nicotine. Collectively, the present results showing that nicotine and the minor tobacco alkaloids nornicotine, anatabine, and myosmine produce differential reinforcing and acute adverse observable effects in monkeys provides further evidence that these constituents may differently contribute to the psychopharmacological and adverse effects of tobacco consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Burke
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Rajeev I Desai
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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2
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Reynaga DD, Cano M, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke extract increases nicotine withdrawal symptoms in adult and adolescent male rats. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11324. [PMID: 38389812 PMCID: PMC10880785 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine whether non-nicotine constituents of cigarette smoke contribute to nicotine dependence in adolescent and adult male Sprague Dawley rats. For 10 days animals were given three times daily intravenous injections of nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day) or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) containing an equivalent dose of nicotine. Both spontaneous and mecamylamine-precipitated withdrawal were then measured. Chronic treatment with CSE induced significantly greater somatic and affective withdrawal signs than nicotine in both adolescents and adults. Mecamylamine-precipitated somatic signs were similar at both ages. In contrast, animals spontaneously withdrawn from chronic drug treatment exhibited significant age differences: whereas adolescents chronically treated with nicotine did not show somatic signs, those treated with CSE showed similar physical withdrawal to those of adults. Mecamylamine did not precipitate anxiety-like behavior at either age. However, both adolescents and adults showed significant anxiety in a light-dark box test 18 h after spontaneous withdrawal. Anxiety-like behavior was still evident in an open field test 1 month after termination of drug treatment, with adolescents showing significantly greater affective symptoms than adults. Our findings indicate that non-nicotine constituents of cigarette smoke do contribute to dependence in both adolescents and adults and emphasize the importance of including smoke constituents with nicotine in animal models of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy D Reynaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Cano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James D Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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3
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Truman P. Commentary: Harmane potentiates nicotine reinforcement through MAO-A inhibition at the dose related to cigarette smoking. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1119538. [PMID: 36825277 PMCID: PMC9941319 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1119538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Perry RN, Girgulis JP, Harrison SL, Barrett SP. Dual users' perceptions of the addictive properties of cigarettes versus E-cigarettes. Addict Behav 2023; 136:107483. [PMID: 36084416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes ("e-cigarettes") are commonly promoted as a less-harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes, yet many individuals concurrently use both products ("dual users"). Little is known about the extent to which dual users' perceptions of the addictive properties of these products differ, or to what extent there are differences in the factors that elicit craving for each product. METHODS An online survey evaluated beliefs about the addictive properties of cigarettes vs e-cigarettes and the situational and affective precipitants of product craving, on a scale from 1 to 10, in a sample of Canadian adults that reported past-month use of combustible and e-cigarettes (N = 175; 79 female). RESULTS Participants rated cigarettes as more addictive than e-cigarettes, and on average reported higher levels of dependence on combustible cigarettes. While the addictive properties of both combustible and e-cigarettes were largely attributed to nicotine, non-nicotine factors (e.g. flavouring, other non-nicotine ingredients) were believed to make a relatively stronger contribution to the addictive properties of e-cigarettes, particularly among women. Participants reported greater increases in craving for combustible cigarettes in response to negative affective states and situational factors, and these effects were strongest among participants that displayed greater dependence on combustible tobacco relative to e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Dual users perceived cigarettes to be more addictive than e-cigarettes and attributed the addictive properties of each product to different factors. Further, cravings for combustible cigarettes were more strongly linked to certain negative affective states and situational factors relative to e-cigarettes. Findings suggest that there may be limited substitutability between combustible and e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Perry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Jane P Girgulis
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Sarah L Harrison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Sean P Barrett
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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5
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Liu G, Wang R, Chen H, Wu P, Fu Y, Li K, Liu M, Shi Z, Zhang Y, Su Y, Song L, Hou H, Hu Q. Non-nicotine constituents in cigarette smoke extract enhance nicotine addiction through monoamine oxidase A inhibition. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1058254. [PMID: 36507317 PMCID: PMC9729261 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1058254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco addiction has been largely attributed to nicotine, a component in tobacco leaves and smoke. However, extensive evidence suggests that some non-nicotine components of smoke should not be overlooked when considering tobacco dependence. Yet, their individual effect and synergistic effect on nicotine reinforcement remain poorly understood. The study herein focused on the role of non-nicotine constituents in promoting the effects of nicotine and their independent reinforcing effects. Denicotinized cigarettes were prepared by chemical extracting of cut tobacco, and the cigarette smoke extracts (CSE, used as a proxy for non-nicotine ingredients) were obtained by machine-smoking the cigarettes and DMSO extraction. The compositions of harmful components, nicotine, and other minor alkaloids in both cut tobacco and the CSE of experimental denicotinized cigarettes were examined by GC-MS, and compared with 3R4F reference cigarettes. individually and in synergy with nicotine were determined by conditioned place preference (CPP), dopamine (DA) level detection, the open field test (OFT), and the elevated plus maze (EPM). Finally, the potential enhancement mechanism of non-nicotinic constituents was investigated by nicotine metabolism and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) activity inhibition in the striatum of mice and human recombinant MAOA. Thenicotine content in smoke from the experimental denicotinized cigarettes (under ISO machine-smoking conditions) was reduced by 95.1% and retained most minor alkaloids, relative to the 3R4F reference cigarettes. It was found that non-nicotine constituents increased acute locomotor activities. This was especially pronounced for DA levels in NAc and CPP scores, decreased the time in center zone. There were no differences in these metrics with DNC group when compared to the NS group. Non-nicotine constituents alone did not show reinforcing effects in CPP or striatum DA levels in mice. However, in the presence of nicotine, non-nicotine constituents further increased the reinforcing effects. Furthermore, non-nicotine constituents may enhance nicotine's reinforcing effects by inhibiting striatum MAOA activity rather than affecting nicotine metabolism or total striatum DA content in mice. These findings expand our knowledge of the effect on smoking reinforcement of non-nicotine constituents found in tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiyan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Beijing, China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaixin Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingda Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Su
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingxiao Song
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Hongwei Hou,
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China,Joint Laboratory of Translational Neurobiology, Zhengzhou, China,Qingyuan Hu,
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6
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Sved AF, Weeks JJ, Grace AA, Smith TT, Donny EC. Monoamine oxidase inhibition in cigarette smokers: From preclinical studies to tobacco product regulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:886496. [PMID: 36051642 PMCID: PMC9424897 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.886496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is reduced in cigarette smokers and this may promote the reinforcing actions of nicotine, thereby enhancing the addictive properties of cigarettes. At present, it is unclear how cigarette smoking leads to MAO inhibition, but preclinical studies in rodents show that MAO inhibition increases nicotine self-administration, especially at low doses of nicotine. This effect of MAO inhibition develops slowly, likely due to plasticity of brain monoamine systems; studies relying on acute MAO inhibition are unlikely to replicate what happens with smoking. Given that MAO inhibition may reduce the threshold level at which nicotine becomes reinforcing, it is important to consider this in the context of very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes and potential tobacco product regulation. It is also important to consider how this interaction between MAO inhibition and the reinforcing actions of nicotine may be modified in populations that are particularly vulnerable to nicotine dependence. In the context of these issues, we show that the MAO-inhibiting action of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) is similar in VLNC cigarettes and cigarettes with a standard nicotine content. In addition, we present evidence that in a rodent model of schizophrenia the effect of MAO inhibition to enhance nicotine self-administration is absent, and speculate how this may relate to brain serotonin systems. These issues are relevant to the MAO-inhibiting effect of cigarette smoking and its implications to tobacco product regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F. Sved
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan F. Sved,
| | - Jillian J. Weeks
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tracy T. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eric C. Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Frie JA, Nolan CJ, Murray JE, Khokhar JY. Addiction-Related Outcomes of Nicotine and Alcohol Co-use: New Insights Following the Rise in Vaping. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1141-1149. [PMID: 34758090 PMCID: PMC9278825 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nicotine and alcohol-containing products are some of the most commonly used substances of abuse and are both leading causes of preventable death. These substances also have significant interactions that have additive and, in some cases, multiplicative effects on the health consequences of their use. Thus, to reduce these negative consequences, it is important to understand the abuse liability of nicotine and alcohol in combination, especially in the most relevant use cases among those who are most vulnerable. Specifically, as tobacco cigarette use is continually decreasing, vaping is quickly replacing cigarettes as the primary mode of nicotine use. This pattern is especially true in adolescent populations in which vaping has grown considerably. Particularly concerning is that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to the negative consequences of substance use. It is therefore imperative to revisit the literature as it relates to the rising state of co-use of vaping products with alcohol. Here, we review the clinical outcomes of nicotine and alcohol co-use as they relate to the abuse liability of each individually. Special attention is paid to adolescent findings, where available, as well as investigations that use nontobacco nicotine products as these may more accurately reflect the more recent trends of co-use. IMPLICATIONS Though nicotine alone has previously been considered a proxy for tobacco and tobacco cigarette use, combustible routes of administration have been decreasing. They are, instead, being replaced by e-cigarettes that do not involve other tobacco constituents and contain additional nonnicotine constituents of their own. Unfortunately, the literature remains limited with regard to e-cigarettes and their interactions with other substances, especially their prevalent co-use with alcohol. This review attempts to discuss the current literature on nicotine and alcohol co-use in the context of the vaping epidemic, predominantly focusing on addiction-related outcomes and why e-cigarette use may be unique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Caitlin J Nolan
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Harris AC, Muelken P, Alcheva A, Stepanov I, LeSage MG. Cigarette Smoke Extract, but Not Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extract, Inhibits Monoamine Oxidase in vitro and Produces Greater Acute Aversive/Anhedonic Effects Than Nicotine Alone on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868088. [PMID: 35712461 PMCID: PMC9196039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional tobacco cigarettes appear to have greater abuse liability than non-combusted products such as electronic cigarettes (ECs) and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). This may be due to the higher levels of behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents [e.g., monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as β-carbolines] in cigarette smoke (CS) compared to non-combusted products. To evaluate this hypothesis, the current studies compared the relative abuse liability of CS and EC aerosol extracts containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents to that of nicotine alone (NRT analog) using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. Effects of formulations on brain MAO activity in vitro and ex vivo were also studied to evaluate the potential role of MAO inhibition in the ICSS study. CS extract contained higher levels of several behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents (e.g., the β-carbolines norharmane and harmane) than EC extract. Nicotine alone reduced ICSS thresholds at a moderate nicotine dose, suggesting a reinforcement-enhancing effect that may promote abuse liability, and elevated ICSS thresholds at a high nicotine dose, suggesting an aversive/anhedonic effect that may limit abuse liability. CS extract elevated ICSS thresholds to a greater degree than nicotine alone at high nicotine doses. Effects of EC extract on ICSS did not differ from those of nicotine alone. Finally, CS extract significantly inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B activity in vitro, whereas EC extract and nicotine alone did not. None of the formulations inhibited MAO measured ex vivo. These findings indicate greater acute aversive/anhedonic effects for CS extract compared to nicotine alone, suggesting lower abuse liability. Although confirmation of our findings using other dosing regimens, preclinical addiction models, and tobacco product extracts is needed, these findings suggest that the centrally-mediated effects of MAO inhibitors and other non-nicotine constituents may not account for the greater abuse liability of cigarettes compared to non-combusted products. Nonetheless, identifying the specific constituent(s) mediating the effects of CS extracts in this study could help clarify mechanisms mediating tobacco addiction and inform FDA product standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Harris
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Andrew C. Harris,
| | - Peter Muelken
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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9
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Hong SW, Teesdale-Spittle P, Page R, Ellenbroek B, Truman P. Biologically Active Compounds Present in Tobacco Smoke: Potential Interactions Between Smoking and Mental Health. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:885489. [PMID: 35557609 PMCID: PMC9087043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.885489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco dependence remains one of the major preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are well over 8,000 compounds present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, but we do not know what effect, if any, many of them have on smokers. Major interest has been on nicotine, as well as on toxic and carcinogenic effects and several major and minor components of tobacco smoke responsible for the negative health effects of smoking have been elucidated. Smokers themselves report a variety of positive effects from smoking, including effects on depression, anxiety and mental acuity. Smoking has also been shown to have protective effects in Parkinson’s Disease. Are the subjective reports of a positive effect of smoking due to nicotine, of some other components of tobacco smoke, or are they a manifestation of the relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms that smoking provides? This mini-review summarises what is currently known about the components of tobacco smoke with potential to have positive effects on smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Weon Hong
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul Teesdale-Spittle
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Page
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bart Ellenbroek
- Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
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10
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Berlowitz I, Egger K, Cumming P. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition by Plant-Derived β-Carbolines; Implications for the Psychopharmacology of Tobacco and Ayahuasca. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:886408. [PMID: 35600851 PMCID: PMC9121195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.886408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are flavin-containing amine oxidoreductases responsible for metabolism of many biogenic amine molecules in the brain and peripheral tissues. Whereas serotonin is the preferred substrate of MAO-A, phenylethylamine is metabolized by MAO-B, and dopamine and tyramine are nearly ambivalent with respect to the two isozymes. β-Carboline alkaloids such as harmine, harman(e), and norharman(e) are MAO inhibitors present in many plant materials, including foodstuffs, medicinal plants, and intoxicants, notably in tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and in Banisteriopsis caapi, a vine used in the Amazonian ayahuasca brew. The β-carbolines present in B. caapi may have effects on neurogenesis and intrinsic antidepressant properties, in addition to potentiating the bioavailability of the hallucinogen N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which is often present in admixture plants of ayahuasca such as Psychotria viridis. Tobacco also contains physiologically relevant concentrations of β-carbolines, which potentially contribute to its psychopharmacology. However, in both cases, the threshold of MAO inhibition sufficient to interact with biogenic amine neurotransmission remains to be established. An important class of antidepressant medications provoke a complete and irreversible inhibition of MAO-A/B, and such complete inhibition is almost unattainable with reversible and competitive inhibitors such as β-carbolines. However, the preclinical and clinical observations with synthetic MAO inhibitors present a background for obtaining a better understanding of the polypharmacologies of tobacco and ayahuasca. Furthermore, MAO inhibitors of diverse structures are present in a wide variety of medicinal plants, but their pharmacological relevance in many instances remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Berlowitz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ilana Berlowitz,
| | - Klemens Egger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Donny EC, White CM. A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2021; 99:103436. [PMID: 34535366 PMCID: PMC8785120 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In May 2018, the Secretariat for the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control convened a meeting to discuss the potential for reducing the addictiveness of tobacco products. A central focus was to review research findings on the behavioral effects of reducing the addictiveness of cigarettes. Methods This manuscript reports the results of a review of the behavioral science literature, updated through April 2021, with special attention to both the potential benefits and unintended consequences of reducing nicotine in cigarettes. Results Available evidence suggests that reducing nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels could benefit public health in three primary ways, by 1) decreasing uptake of regular smoking, 2) decreasing the amount people smoke, and 3) increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Current evidence also suggests that reducing nicotine in cigarettes may produce similar benefits across many important subpopulations of people who smoke, including those with psychiatric comorbidities, those who use other substances, those with low socioeconomic status, young people, people who smoke infrequently and people who prefer menthol cigarettes. Cigarette nicotine reduction could also lead to some undesirable outcomes, such as experiencing withdrawal, product manipulation, an illicit market, and harm misperceptions; strategies that may mitigate each are discussed. Conclusion Overall, behavioral research suggests product standards that limit the nicotine content of combusted tobacco products could render cigarettes and similar products less addictive. The availability of legal, non-combusted products that effectively substitute for cigarettes and the dissemination of public health campaigns that clarify misperceptions about the relationship between nicotine, tobacco and disease may facilitate the extent to which a nicotine reduction policy reduces smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Donny
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Cassidy M White
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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12
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Swain Y, Gewirtz JC, Harris AC. Behavioral predictors of individual differences in opioid addiction vulnerability as measured using i.v. self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108561. [PMID: 33588371 PMCID: PMC8048102 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other forms of psychopathology, vulnerability to opioid addiction is subject to wide individual differences. Animal behavioral models are valuable in advancing our understanding of mechanisms underlying vulnerability to the disorder's development and amenability to treatment. METHODS This review provides an overview of preclinical work on behavioral predictors of opioid addiction vulnerability as measured using the intravenous (i.v.) self-administration (SA) model in rats. We also highlight several new approaches to studying individual differences in opioid addiction vulnerability in preclinical models that could have greater sensitivity and lead to more clinically relevant findings. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Evidence for the relationship between various behavioral traits and opioid SA in the preclinical literature is limited. With the possible exceptions of sensitivity to opioid agonist/withdrawal effects and stress reactivity, predictors of individual differences in SA of other drugs of abuse (e.g. sensation-seeking, impulsivity) do not predict vulnerability to opioid SA in rats. Refinement of SA measures and the use of multivariate designs and statistics could help identify predictors of opioid SA and lead to more clinically relevant studies on opioid addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Swain
- Departments of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States; Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, United States
| | | | - Andrew C Harris
- Departments of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States; Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States.
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13
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Castillo-Zacarías C, Barocio ME, Hidalgo-Vázquez E, Sosa-Hernández JE, Parra-Arroyo L, López-Pacheco IY, Barceló D, Iqbal HNM, Parra-Saldívar R. Antidepressant drugs as emerging contaminants: Occurrence in urban and non-urban waters and analytical methods for their detection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143722. [PMID: 33221013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are drugs with a direct action on the brain's biochemistry through their interaction with the neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The increasing worldwide contamination from these drugs may be witnessed through their increasing presence in the urban water cycle. Furthermore, their occurrence has been detected in non-urban water, such as rivers and oceans. Some endemic aquatic animals, such as certain fish and mollusks, have bioaccumulated different antidepressant drugs in their tissues. This problem will increase in the years to come because the present COVID-19 pandemic has increased the general worldwide occurrence of depression and anxiety, triggering the consumption of antidepressants and, consequently, their presence in the environment. This work provides information on the occurrence of the most administrated antidepressants in urban waters, wastewater treatment plants, rivers, and oceans. Furthermore, it provides an overview of the analytical approaches currently used to detect each antidepressant presented. Finally, the ecotoxicological effect of antidepressants on several in vivo models are listed. Considering the information provided in this review, there is an urgent need to test the presence of antidepressant members of the MAOI and TCA groups. Furthermore, incorporating new degradation/immobilization technologies in WWTPs will be useful to stop the increasing occurrence of these drugs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario E Barocio
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | | | | | - Lizeth Parra-Arroyo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Itzel Y López-Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute of Water Research, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain; College of Environmental and Resources Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hafiz N M Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico.
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14
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Sex- and age-dependent differences in nicotine susceptibility evoked by developmental exposure to tobacco smoke and/or ethanol in mice. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:940-951. [PMID: 33292889 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Either tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy sex-selectively increases susceptibility to drugs of abuse later in life. Considering that pregnant smoking women are frequently intermittent consumers of alcoholic beverages, here, we investigated whether a short-term ethanol exposure restricted to the brain growth spurt period when combined with chronic developmental exposure to tobacco smoke aggravates susceptibility to nicotine in adolescent and adult mice. Swiss male and female mice were exposed to tobacco smoke (SMK; research cigarettes 3R4F, whole-body exposure, 8 h/daily) or ambient air during the gestational period and until the tenth postnatal day (PN). Ethanol (ETOH, 2 g/Kg, 25%, i.p.) or saline was injected in the pups every other day from PN2 to PN10. There were no significant differences in cotinine (nicotine metabolite) and ethanol serum levels among SMK, ETOH and SMK + ETOH groups. During adolescence (PN30) and adulthood (PN90), nicotine (NIC, 0.5 mg/Kg) susceptibility was evaluated in the conditioned place preference and open field tests. NIC impact was more evident in females: SMK, ETOH and SMK + ETOH adolescent females were equally more susceptible to nicotine-induced place preference than control animals. At adulthood, SMK and SMK + ETOH adult females exhibited a nicotine-evoked hyperlocomotor profile in the open field, with a stronger effect in the SMK + ETOH group. Our results indicate that ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt, when combined to developmental exposure to tobacco smoke, increases nicotine susceptibility with stronger effects in adult females. This result represents a worsened outcome from the early developmental dual exposure and may predispose nicotine use/abuse later in life.
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15
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Harris AC, Muelken P, LeSage MG. β-Carbolines found in cigarette smoke elevate intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173041. [PMID: 32926882 PMCID: PMC7554228 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel constituents that contribute to tobacco addiction is essential for developing more effective treatments and informing FDA regulation of tobacco products. While preclinical data indicate that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors can have abuse liability or potentiate the addiction-related effects of nicotine, most of these studies have used clinical MAO inhibitors (e.g., tranylcypromine) that are not present in cigarette smoke. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the abuse potential of the β-carbolines harmane, norharmane, and harmine - MAO inhibitors that are found in cigarette smoke - in an intracranial self-simulation (ICSS) model in rats. A secondary goal was to evaluate the ability of norharmane to influence nicotine's acute effects on ICSS. None of the β-carbolines lowered ICSS thresholds at any dose studied when administered alone, suggesting a lack of abuse liability. Rather, all three β-carbolines produced dose-dependent elevations in ICSS thresholds, indicating aversive/anhedonic effects. Harmane and harmine also elevated ICSS response latencies, suggesting a disruption of motor function, albeit with reduced potency compared to their ICSS threshold-elevating effects. Norharmane (2.5 mg/kg) modestly attenuated the effects of nicotine on ICSS thresholds. Our findings indicate that these β-carbolines produced only aversive/anhedonic effects in an ICSS model when administered alone, and that norharmane unexpectedly attenuated nicotines acute effects on ICSS. Future work evaluating the addiction-related effects of nicotine combined with these and other MAO inhibitors present in smoke may be useful for understanding the role of MAO inhibition in tobacco addiction and informing FDA tobacco regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Harris
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Peter Muelken
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mark G LeSage
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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16
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Robinson JD, Kypriotakis G, Al'absi M, Denlinger-Apte RL, Drobes DJ, Leischow SJ, McClernon FJ, Pacek LR, Severson HH, Smith TT, Donny EC, Luo X, Jensen JA, Strayer LG, Cinciripini PM, Hatsukami DK. Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes Disrupt the Feedback Loop of Affective States and Smoking Behavior. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1294-1300. [PMID: 31701153 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking to reduce negative affect has been identified as a key motivational feature of tobacco use. Our recent work suggests that smoking very low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes reduces the relationship between negative affect and smoking behavior over a 6-week period. Here, we sought to extend our findings by evaluating whether a gradual or immediate approach to switching to VLNC cigarettes led to a differential reduction in the relationship between affect and smoking behavior over a longer (20-week) period. AIMS AND METHODS Participants (n = 1250) were adult smokers from 10 US sites randomized to one of three groups: gradual nicotine reduction (15.5, 11.7, 5.2, 2.4, and 0.4 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco [mg/g]), immediate nicotine reduction (0.4 mg/g), or standard nicotine content cigarettes (15.5 mg/g; control), for 20 weeks. We examined whether the relationship between affect-both negative and positive-and cigarettes per day differed as a function of reduction group. RESULTS We found that both negative and positive affect were associated with cigarette consumption in the control group, but not in the gradual or immediate reduction groups across the 20 weeks of exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our results extend previous findings that switching to VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between affect and cigarette consumption by showing that either gradually or immediately reducing cigarette nicotine content achieves this disruption. These findings provide further evidence that switching to VLNC cigarettes reduces nicotine-related reinforcement of cigarette smoking. IMPLICATIONS These findings support the notion that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes reduces the association between affect and smoking behavior, and that either a gradual or immediate nicotine reduction approach achieves this reduction. This provides further evidence that switching to very low nicotine content cigarettes weakens reinforcement mechanisms associated with nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mustafa Al'absi
- Department of Family Medicine and BioBehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - David J Drobes
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Scott J Leischow
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Tracy T Smith
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joni A Jensen
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lori G Strayer
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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White CM, Pickworth WB, Sved AF, Donny EC. Using Product Standards to Render the Most Harmful Tobacco Products Minimally Addictive: Maximum Nicotine Level, Non-Nicotine Constituents, and Scope. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:S13-S15. [PMID: 31867639 PMCID: PMC6939768 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy M White
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Wallace B Pickworth
- Center for Analytics and Public Health, Battelle Memorial Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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18
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van der Toorn M, Koshibu K, Schlage WK, Majeed S, Pospisil P, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. Comparison of monoamine oxidase inhibition by cigarettes and modified risk tobacco products. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1206-1215. [PMID: 31768332 PMCID: PMC6872813 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of cigarette smoking are well documented, and the two main strategies for reducing smoking prevalence are prevention of smoking initiation and promotion of smoking cessation. More recently, a third and complementary avenue, tobacco harm reduction has emerged, which is aimed to reduce the burden of smoking-related diseases. This has been enabled by the development of novel products such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products, designed to deliver nicotine with significantly reduced levels of the toxicants that are emitted by cigarettes. Several potential modified risk tobacco products (pMRTP) have been reported to emit significantly less toxicants than cigarettes and significantly reduce toxicant exposure in smokers who switch completely to such products. These are two prerequisites for pMRTPs to reduce harm and the risk of smoking-related disease. However, concerns remain regarding the addictive nature of these products. Smoking addiction is a complex phenomenon involving multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors. Although the main pharmacological substance associated with smoking addiction is nicotine, accumulating evidence suggests that nicotine mostly acts as a primary reinforcer and that other factors are involved in establishing smoking addiction. Inhibition of monoamine oxidases (MAO)-mammalian flavoenzymes with a central role in neurotransmitter metabolism-has also been suggested to be involved in this process. Therefore, we aimed to comparatively investigate the ability of several types of pMRTPs and cigarette smoke (3R4F) to inhibit MAO activity. The results showed that the heated tobacco product Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2 and the MESH 1.1 e-cigarette possessed no MAO inhibitory activity while 3R4F significantly inhibits the levels of MAO activity (3R4F MAO-A and B; > 2 μM nicotine). Snus products have similar inhibition profiles as 3R4F but for larger nicotine concentrations (snus MAO-A; ∼68-fold, snus MAO-B; ∼23-fold higher compared to 3R4F). These observations were confirmed by analytical datasets of potential MAO inhibitors emitted by these products. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that specific pMRTPs, namely THS 2.2 and MESH 1.1, have a significantly lower MAO-inhibitory activity than 3R4F. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the role of MAO inhibitors in cigarette addiction as well as the implications of the findings for abuse liability of pMRTPs in comparison with cigarettes.
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Key Words
- 3R4F, reference cigarette
- CRP, CORESTA Reference Product
- CS, cigarette smoke
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- E-cigarettes
- FID, flame ionization detection
- GC, gas chromatography
- GCW, General Classic White
- GVP, gas–vapor phase
- Harm reduction
- IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentrations
- Ki, Inhibition Constant
- Km, Michaelis constant
- MAO, monoamine oxidases
- MESH, electronic cigarette
- Monoamine oxidase
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMI, Philip Morris International
- PREP, potential reduced exposure products
- RT, room temperature
- Snus
- THS, Tobacco Heating System
- TPM, total particulate matter (TPM)
- Tobacco heating system
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- pMRTP, potential modified risk tobacco products
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van der Toorn
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Kyoko Koshibu
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Department of Systems Toxicology, PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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19
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Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Silinski MAR, Thomas BF, Meredith SE, Gahl RF, Jackson KJ. Comparison of cigarette, little cigar, and waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate and e-cigarette aerosol condensate in a self-administration model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112061. [PMID: 31254537 PMCID: PMC6664429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of tobacco products are primarily mediated by nicotine; however, research suggests that several non-nicotine tobacco constituents may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine. This study evaluated the reinforcing effects of aqueous solutions of smoke/aerosol condensate from cigarettes, little cigars, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and waterpipe tobacco in a self-administration procedure to determine if abuse liability of these tobacco products differed. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64 total) were trained to self-administer intravenous nicotine (30 μg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Following nicotine dose-effect assessment (1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion), rats were given access to smoke/aerosol condensate derived from their assigned tobacco product. Rats responded for smoke/aerosol condensate containing 1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, with the ratio of nicotine:non-nicotine constituents held constant across doses for each tobacco product. Responding for nicotine or smoke/aerosol condensate was also assessed on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Cigarette, little cigar, and e-cigarette smoke/aerosol condensates shifted the nicotine dose-effect curve leftward, whereas waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate shifted the dose-effect curve rightward. Smoke/aerosol condensate from all tobacco products produced similar levels of responding compared to nicotine alone during the progressive ratio phase. Results suggest that non-nicotine constituents in cigarettes, little cigars, and e-cigarettes differentially enhance nicotine's reinforcing potency. In contrast, waterpipe tobacco blunted nicotine's reinforcing potency, suggesting that it may contain unique constituents that dampen nicotine's reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melanie A R Silinski
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Steven E Meredith
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert F Gahl
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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20
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Truman P, Stanfill S, Heydari A, Silver E, Fowles J. Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity of flavoured e-cigarette liquids. Neurotoxicology 2019; 75:123-128. [PMID: 31536738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monoamine oxidase inhibitors have been hypothesised to be important in tobacco dependence, reinforcing the brain's response to nicotine by delaying the degradation of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidases. The development of electronic cigarettes has provided an alternative nicotine delivery system, which is widely viewed as less toxic than tobacco smoke. However, significant data gaps remain. This paper reports the results of measurements of monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity in a small sample of commercially available, flavoured e-liquids. METHODS Twelve e-liquids were tested for monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity, using the kynuramine assay and monoamine oxidase enzymes (human, recombinant). Control samples of carrier liquids, propylene glycol and glycerol, and nicotine were also tested. RESULTS Four e-liquids contained high levels of inhibitory activity, four more were moderately inhibitory. The remaining four e-liquids were mildly inhibitory, while the carrier liquids, and nicotine were inactive at relevant concentrations. The active compounds in the e-liquids were subsequently identified as vanillin and ethyl vanillin. Under some conditions of use, the sampled e-liquids with the highest concentrations of monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity have the potential to expose consumers to physiologically significant levels of MAO inhibitory activity. CONCLUSIONS While only a small sample of e-liquids was tested, the findings suggest that some flavours have pharmacological actions, with potential to enhance the response to nicotine or to other drugs. The public health implications of these preliminary findings on addiction and smoking cessation warrant exploration and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Stanfill
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ali Heydari
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Jefferson Fowles
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
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21
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Fowler CD, Gipson CD, Kleykamp BA, Rupprecht LE, Harrell PT, Rees VW, Gould TJ, Oliver J, Bagdas D, Damaj MI, Schmidt HD, Duncan A, De Biasi M. Basic Science and Public Policy: Informed Regulation for Nicotine and Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:789-799. [PMID: 29065200 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Scientific discoveries over the past few decades have provided significant insight into the abuse liability and negative health consequences associated with tobacco and nicotine-containing products. While many of these advances have led to the development of policies and laws that regulate access to and formulations of these products, further research is critical to guide future regulatory efforts, especially as novel nicotine-containing products are introduced and selectively marketed to vulnerable populations. Discussion In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the scientific findings that have impacted regulatory policy and discuss considerations for further translation of science into policy decisions. We propose that open, bidirectional communication between scientists and policy makers is essential to develop transformative preventive- and intervention-focused policies and programs to reduce appeal, abuse liability, and toxicity of the products. Conclusions Through these types of interactions, collaborative efforts to inform and modify policy have the potential to significantly decrease the use of tobacco and alternative nicotine products and thus enhance health outcomes for individuals. Implications This work addresses current topics in the nicotine and tobacco research field to emphasize the importance of basic science research and provide examples of how it can be utilized to inform public policy. In addition to relaying current thoughts on the topic from experts in the field, the article encourages continued efforts and communication between basic scientists and policy officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | | | | | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Paul T Harrell
- Division of Community Health & Research, Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Jason Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Heath D Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alexander Duncan
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mariella De Biasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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22
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Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 3, Smoking behavior and plasma nicotine pharmacokinetics. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Piechowska P, Zawirska-Wojtasiak R, Mildner-Szkudlarz S. Bioactive β-Carbolines in Food: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E814. [PMID: 30978920 PMCID: PMC6520841 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Harman and norharman, two neuroactive β-carbolines, are present in several plants and in thermally processed foods. They exhibited a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this article, we review the progress of recent research on the presence of these compounds in food, as well as their various biological and neuroactive properties. Our findings strongly suggest that some foods, especially coffee, can act as a rich source of β-carbolines, which may possibly be associated with a reduced risk for serious neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Piechowska
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Renata Zawirska-Wojtasiak
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Mildner-Szkudlarz
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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24
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Schmidt HD, Rupprecht LE, Addy NA. Neurobiological and Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Nicotine Seeking and Smoking Relapse. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 4:169-189. [PMID: 30815453 PMCID: PMC6388439 DOI: 10.1159/000494799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco-related morbidity and mortality continue to be a significant public health concern. Unfortunately, current FDA-approved smoking cessation pharmacotherapies have limited efficacy and are associated with high rates of relapse. Therefore, a better understanding of the neurobiological and neurophysiological mechanisms that promote smoking relapse is needed to develop novel smoking cessation medications. Here, we review preclinical studies focused on identifying the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems that mediate nicotine relapse, often modeled in laboratory animals using the reinstatement paradigm, as well as the plasticity-dependent neurophysiological mechanisms that facilitate nicotine reinstatement. Particular emphasis is placed on how these neuroadaptations relate to smoking relapse in humans. We also highlight a number of important gaps in our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying nicotine reinstatement and critical future directions, which may lead toward the development of novel, target pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath D. Schmidt
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura E. Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nii A. Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Fowler CD, Turner JR, Imad Damaj M. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Nicotine Pharmacology and Dependence. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:373-393. [PMID: 31267166 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco dependence is a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco cigarettes, has also been garnering increased popularity in its vaporized form, as derived from e-cigarette devices. Thus, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine pharmacology and dependence is required to ascertain novel approaches to treat drug dependence. In this chapter, we review the field's current understanding of nicotine's actions in the brain, the neurocircuitry underlying drug dependence, factors that modulate the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and the role of specific genes in mitigating the vulnerability to develop nicotine dependence. In addition to nicotine's direct actions in the brain, other constituents in nicotine and tobacco products have also been found to alter drug use, and thus, evidence is provided to highlight this issue. Finally, currently available pharmacotherapeutic strategies are discussed, along with an outlook for future therapeutic directions to achieve to the goal of long-term nicotine cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy at VCU, Richmond, VA, USA.
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26
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The effect of nicotine and nicotine+monoamine oxidase inhibitor on the value of alcohol. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 30:363-369. [PMID: 30272586 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug in the USA and many people suffer from alcohol use disorder. Many factors are associated with alcohol use disorder, but the causal role of comorbid nicotine use has not been extensively considered. Nicotine has reward-enhancing properties and may increase the value of alcohol. Monoamine oxidase inhibition increases nicotine self-administration and may increase the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine. We assessed the effect of nicotine and nicotine in combination with a commonly used monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tranylcypromine) on the value of alcohol using a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. Nicotine administration increased the breakpoint for alcohol, but nicotine in combination with tranylcypromine decreased the breakpoint for alcohol. The current study adds to previous research showing that nicotine increases the value of alcohol. This finding has important implications for the etiology of addiction because of the comorbidity of smoking with many drugs of abuse. The finding that nicotine in combination with tranylcypromine reduces the value of alcohol warrants further investigation.
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Robinson JD, Kypriotakis G, Karam-Hage M, Green CE, Hatsukami DK, Cinciripini PM, Donny EC. Cigarette Nicotine Content as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Negative Affect and Smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1080-1086. [PMID: 28371900 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Research suggests a strong association between negative affect (NA) and smoking. However, little is known about the association between NA and smoking among individuals who switch to reduced-nicotine cigarettes. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which cigarette nicotine content moderates the relationship between NA and smoking over time. Methods Seven hundred and seventeen participants, 237 in the normal nicotine content (NNC; 15.8 mg/g and usual brand) cigarette group and 480 in the very low nicotine content (VLNC; 2.4 mg/g nicotine or less) cigarette group, participated in a randomized trial that examined the effects of cigarette nicotine content on smoking behavior over 6 weeks. We used parallel process latent growth curve modeling to estimate the relationship between changes in NA and changes in the numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), from baseline to 6 weeks, as a function of cigarette nicotine content. Results The relationship between NA and investigational CPD reduced over time for those in the VLNC group, but not for those in the NNC group. There was no significant relationship between change in PA and CPD over time for either cigarette group. Conclusions Smoking VLNC cigarettes disrupts the relationship between smoking and negative affect, which may help reduce nicotine dependence. Implications This study suggests that the association between NA and smoking behavior is reduced over time among those that smoked reduced-nicotine content cigarettes. This provides additional evidence that smoking reduced-nicotine content cigarettes may help reduce nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - George Kypriotakis
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maher Karam-Hage
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Charles E Green
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | | | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Denlinger-Apte RL, Weeks JJ, Panas RS, Donny EC, Sved AF. Animal Research on Nicotine Reduction: Current Evidence and Research Gaps. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1005-1015. [PMID: 28379511 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A mandated reduction in the nicotine content of cigarettes may improve public health by reducing the prevalence of smoking. Animal self-administration research is an important complement to clinical research on nicotine reduction. It can fill research gaps that may be difficult to address with clinical research, guide clinical researchers about variables that are likely to be important in their own research, and provide policy makers with converging evidence between clinical and preclinical studies about the potential impact of a nicotine reduction policy. Convergence between clinical and preclinical research is important, given the ease with which clinical trial participants can access nonstudy tobacco products in the current marketplace. Herein, we review contributions of preclinical animal research, with a focus on rodent self-administration, to the science of nicotine reduction. Throughout this review, we highlight areas where clinical and preclinical research converge and areas where the two differ. Preclinical research has provided data on many important topics such as the threshold for nicotine reinforcement, the likelihood of compensation, moderators of the impact of nicotine reduction, the impact of environmental stimuli on nicotine reduction, the impact of nonnicotine cigarette smoke constituents on nicotine reduction, and the impact of nicotine reduction on vulnerable populations. Special attention is paid to current research gaps including the dramatic rise in alternative tobacco products, including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ie, e-cigarettes). The evidence reviewed here will be critical for policy makers as well as clinical researchers interested in nicotine reduction. IMPLICATIONS This review will provide policy makers and clinical researchers interested in nicotine reduction with an overview of the preclinical animal research conducted on nicotine reduction and the regulatory implications of that research. The review also highlights the utility of preclinical research for research questions related to nicotine reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Jillian J Weeks
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rachel S Panas
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Swain Y, Muelken P, LeSage MG, Gewirtz JC, Harris AC. Locomotor activity does not predict individual differences in morphine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 166:48-56. [PMID: 29409807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding factors contributing to individual differences in opioid addiction vulnerability is essential for developing more effective preventions and treatments. Sensation seeking has been implicated in addiction to several drugs of abuse, yet its relationship with individual differences in opioid addiction vulnerability has not been well established. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship between locomotor activity in a novel environment, a preclinical model of sensation-seeking, and individual differences in acquisition of i.v. morphine self-administration (SA) in rats. A secondary goal was to evaluate the relationship between activity and elasticity of demand (reinforcing efficacy) for morphine measured using a behavioral economic approach. Following an initial locomotor activity screen, animals were allowed to acquire morphine SA at a unit dose of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion in 4 hour/day sessions (Experiment 1) or 0.2 mg/kg/infusion in 2 hour/day sessions (Experiment 2) until infusion rates were stable. Unit price was subsequently manipulated via progressive reductions in unit dose (Experiment 1) or increases in response requirement per infusion (Experiment 2). Activity levels were not correlated with acquisition of morphine SA in either experiment. Morphine consumption was generally well described by an exponential demand function in both experiments (R2 values > 0.95 for rats as a group), but activity did not correlate with behavioral economic measures. Locomotor activity in a novel environment did not predict individual differences in acquisition of morphine SA. These data complement findings from some human studies and suggest that the role of sensation seeking in individual differences in opioid addiction vulnerability may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Swain
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Peter Muelken
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark G LeSage
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jonathan C Gewirtz
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrew C Harris
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Marusich JA, Darna M, Wilson AG, Denehy ED, Ebben A, Deaciuc AG, Dwoskin LP, Bardo MT, Lefever TW, Wiley JL, Reissig CJ, Jackson KJ. Tobacco's minor alkaloids: Effects on place conditioning and nucleus accumbens dopamine release in adult and adolescent rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 814:196-206. [PMID: 28844873 PMCID: PMC6563910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco products are some of the most commonly used psychoactive drugs worldwide. Besides nicotine, alkaloids in tobacco include cotinine, myosmine, and anatabine. Scientific investigation of these constituents and their contribution to tobacco dependence is less well developed than for nicotine. The present study evaluated the nucleus accumbens dopamine-releasing properties and rewarding and/or aversive properties of nicotine (0.2-0.8mg/kg), cotinine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), anatabine (0.5-5.0mg/kg), and myosmine (5.0-20.0mg/kg) through in vivo microdialysis and place conditioning, respectively, in adult and adolescent male rats. Nicotine increased dopamine release at both ages, and anatabine and myosmine increased dopamine release in adults, but not adolescents. The dopamine release results were not related to place conditioning, as nicotine and cotinine had no effect on place conditioning, whereas anatabine and myosmine produced aversion in both ages. While the nucleus accumbens shell is hypothesized to play a role in strengthening drug-context associations following initiation of drug use, it may have little involvement in the motivational effects of tobacco constituents once these associations have been acquired. Effects of myosmine and anatabine on dopamine release may require a fully developed dopamine system, since no effects of these tobacco alkaloids were observed during adolescence. In summary, while anatabine and myosmine-induced dopamine release in nucleus accumbens may play a role in tobacco dependence in adults, the nature of that role remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Mahesh Darna
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - A George Wilson
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Emily D Denehy
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Amanda Ebben
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Agripina G Deaciuc
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chad J Reissig
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-administered nicotine differentially impacts body weight gain in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:71-75. [PMID: 28189503 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and tobacco smoking represent the largest challenges to public health, but the causal relationship between nicotine and obesity is poorly understood. Nicotine suppresses body weight gain, a factor impacting smoking initiation and the failure to quit, particularly among obese smokers. The impact of nicotine on body weight regulation in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant populations consuming densely caloric diets is unknown. In the current experiment, body weight gain of adult male rats maintained on a high energy diet (31.8% kcal from fat) distributed into obesity-prone (OP), obesity-resistant (OR) and an intermediate group, which was placed on standard rodent chow (Chow). These rats were surgically implanted with intravenous catheters and allowed to self-administer nicotine (0 or 60μg/kg/infusion, a standard self-administration dose) in 1-h sessions for 20 consecutive days. Self-administered nicotine significantly suppressed body weight gain but not food intake in OP and Chow rats. Self-administered nicotine had no effect on body weight gain in OR rats. These data suggest that: 1) OR rats are also resistant to nicotine-induced suppression of body weight gain; and 2) nicotine may reduce levels of obesity in a subset of smokers prone to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, A210A Langley Hall, Fifth and Ruskin Avenues, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Tracy T Smith
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 4119 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Eric C Donny
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 4119 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Alan F Sved
- Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, A210A Langley Hall, Fifth and Ruskin Avenues, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 4119 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, A210A Langley Hall, Fifth and Ruskin Avenues, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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Henningfield JE, Smith TT, Kleykamp BA, Fant RV, Donny EC. Nicotine self-administration research: the legacy of Steven R. Goldberg and implications for regulation, health policy, and research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3829-3848. [PMID: 27766371 PMCID: PMC5588156 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering behavioral pharmacologist whose intravenous drug self-administration studies advanced the understanding of conditioned stimuli and schedules of reinforcement as determinants of pattern and persistence of drug-seeking behavior, and in particular, the importance of nicotine in tobacco use. His passing in 2014 led to invitations to contribute articles to psychopharmacology dedicated to his work. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review are to summarize and put into historical perspective Goldberg's contributions to elucidate the reinforcing effects of nicotine and to summarize the implications of his research for medication development, tobacco regulation, and potential tobacco control policy options. This includes a review of intravenous nicotine self-administration research from the 1960s to 2016. RESULTS Goldberg's application of behavioral pharmacology methods to investigate nicotine reinforcement and the influence of schedule of reinforcement and conditioned stimuli on nicotine administration contributed to the conclusions of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Surgeon General, that nicotine met the criteria as a dependence-producing drug and cigarette smoking as a prototypic drug dependency or "addiction." Equally important, this work has been systematically extended to other species and applied to address a range of factors relevant to tobacco use, medication development, regulation, and public health policy. CONCLUSIONS Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering scientist whose systematic application of the science of behavioral pharmacology advanced the understanding of tobacco and nicotine use and contributed to the scientific foundation for tobacco product regulation and potential public health tobacco control policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack E Henningfield
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy T Smith
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Bethea A Kleykamp
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Reginald V Fant
- Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical abuse liability assessment is an essential component of tobacco regulatory science. The goal of this project was to evaluate the relative abuse liability of smokeless tobacco products in rats using aqueous extracts of those products. These extracts provide exposure to an extensive range of nicotine and non-nicotine tobacco constituents as occurs in humans. METHODS Rats were trained to self-administer either nicotine alone or extracts of Camel Snus or Kodiak smokeless tobacco at an equivalent nicotine unit dose. In Experiment 1, the relative reinforcing efficacy of these formulations was assessed in adults and adolescents using a progressive ratio schedule under limited-access conditions. In Experiment 2, relative reinforcing efficacy was assessed in adolescents under unlimited-access conditions using behavioral economic demand curve analysis. RESULTS The reinforcing efficacy of nicotine formulations was higher in adolescents than adults, but no difference was observed between formulations in either age group. Similarly, there was no difference in elasticity of demand between formulations in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that the abuse liability of these smokeless tobacco products is similar to nicotine alone, and that nicotine dose is the primary determinant of the reinforcing efficacy of systemic exposure to these products.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research that can provide a scientific foundation for the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tobacco policy decisions is needed to inform tobacco regulatory policy. One factor that affects the impact of a tobacco product on public health is its intensity of use, which is determined, in part, by its abuse liability or reinforcing efficacy. Behavioral economic tasks have considerable utility for assessing the reinforcing efficacy of current and emerging tobacco products. METHODS This paper provides a narrative review of several behavioral economic laboratory tasks and identifies important applications to tobacco regulatory science. RESULTS Behavioral economic laboratory assessments, including operant self-administration, choice tasks and purchase tasks, can be used generate behavioral economic data on the effect of price and other constraints on tobacco product consumption. These tasks could provide an expedited simulation of the effects of various tobacco control policies across populations of interest to the FDA. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco regulatory research questions that can be addressed with behavioral economic tasks include assessments of the impact of product characteristics on product demand, assessments of the abuse liability of novel and potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs), and assessments of the impact of conventional and novel products in vulnerable populations.
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Donny EC, Walker N, Hatsukami D, Bullen C. Reducing the nicotine content of combusted tobacco products sold in New Zealand. Tob Control 2016; 26:e37-e42. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF. Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2335-43. [PMID: 26955970 PMCID: PMC4946064 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate cigarette smoke constituents, and a reduction in nicotine content might benefit public health by reducing the prevalence of smoking. Research suggests that cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) may increase the reinforcing value of low doses of nicotine. The aim of the present experiments was to further characterize the impact of MAO inhibition on the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine in rats. In a series of experiments, rats responded for intravenous nicotine infusions or a moderately-reinforcing visual stimulus in daily 1-h sessions. Rats received pre-session injections of known MAO inhibitors. The results show that (1) tranylcypromine (TCP), a known MAO inhibitor, increases sensitivity to the primary reinforcing effects of nicotine, shifting the dose-response curve for nicotine to the left, (2) inhibition of MAO-A, but not MAO-B, increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, (3) partial MAO-A inhibition, to the degree observed in chronic cigarette smokers, also increases low-dose nicotine self-administration, and (4) TCP decreases the threshold nicotine dose required for reinforcement enhancement. The results of the present experiments suggest cigarette smoke constituents that inhibit MAO-A, in the range seen in chronic smokers, are likely to increase the primary reinforcing and reinforcement enhancing effects of low doses of nicotine. If the FDA reduces the nicotine content of cigarettes, then variability in constituents that inhibit MAO-A could impact smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA, Tel: +1 412 624 8525, Fax: +1 412 624 4428, E-mail:
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Matthew J Onimus
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-Administered Nicotine Suppresses Body Weight Gain Independent of Food Intake in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1869-1876. [PMID: 27194544 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The action of nicotine to suppress body weight is often cited as a factor impacting smoking initiation and the failure to quit. Despite the weight-suppressant effects of nicotine, smokers and nonsmokers report equal daily caloric intake. The weight-suppressive effects of nicotine in animal models of smoking are poorly understood. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration has authority to implement a policy markedly reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes; such a reduction could reduce smoking behavior, but have detrimental effects on body weight. The aim of this investigation was to examine the effects of self-administered nicotine on body weight and food intake in rats. METHODS In Experiment 1, rats with ad libitum access to chow responded for intravenous infusions of nicotine (60 µg/kg/infusion) or saline in daily 1-hour sessions; body weight and 24-hour food intake were measured. Experiment 2 tested the effects of subcutaneous injections of nicotine on food intake. In Experiment 3, rats were food restricted and self-administered nicotine across a range of doses (3.75-60 µg/kg/infusion) while body weight was measured. In Experiment 4, rats self-administered 60 µg/kg/infusion nicotine before reduction to one of several doses (1.875-15 µg/kg/infusion) for 50 days. RESULTS Self-administered nicotine suppressed weight gain independent of food intake. In food restricted rats, self-administered nicotine dose-dependently suppressed body weight gain. In rats self-administering 60 µg/kg/infusion nicotine, dose reduction increased body weight. CONCLUSIONS Self-administered nicotine, even at low doses, suppressed body independent of food intake; this may have important implications for nicotine reduction policy. IMPLICATIONS The results of the present studies demonstrate that self-administered nicotine suppresses body weight independent of food intake in rats. Further, the present studies establish that self-administered nicotine suppresses body weight even at very low doses and that reduction of nicotine dose results in weight gain. These results have important implications for nicotine reduction policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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van de Nobelen S, Kienhuis AS, Talhout R. An Inventory of Methods for the Assessment of Additive Increased Addictiveness of Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1546-55. [PMID: 26817491 PMCID: PMC4902882 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes and other forms of tobacco contain the addictive drug nicotine. Other components, either naturally occurring in tobacco or additives that are intentionally added during the manufacturing process, may add to the addictiveness of tobacco products. As such, these components can make cigarette smokers more easily and heavily dependent.Efforts to regulate tobacco product dependence are emerging globally. Additives that increase tobacco dependence will be prohibited under the new European Tobacco Product Directive. OBJECTIVE This article provides guidelines and recommendations for developing a regulatory strategy for assessment of increase in tobacco dependence due to additives. Relevant scientific literature is summarized and criteria and experimental studies that can define increased dependence of tobacco products are described. CONCLUSIONS Natural tobacco smoke is a very complex matrix of components, therefore analysis of the contribution of an additive or a combination of additives to the level of dependence on this product is challenging. We propose to combine different type of studies analyzing overall tobacco product dependence potential and the functioning of additives in relation to nicotine. By using a combination of techniques, changes associated with nicotine dependence such as behavioral, physiological, and neurochemical alterations can be examined to provide sufficient information.Research needs and knowledge gaps will be discussed and recommendations will be made to translate current knowledge into legislation. As such, this article aids in implementation of the Tobacco Product Directive, as well as help enable regulators and researchers worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS This article provides an overall view on how to assess tobacco product constituents for their potential contribution to use and dependence. It provides guidelines that help enable regulators worldwide to develop standards to reduce dependence on tobacco products and guide researches to set research priorities on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute of Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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