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Pertl SM, Srirangarajan T, Urminsky O. A multinational analysis of how emotions relate to economic decisions regarding time or risk. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01927-3. [PMID: 39210027 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Emotions have been theorized to be important drivers of economic choices, such as intertemporal or risky decisions. Our systematic review and meta-analysis of the previous literature (378 results and 50,972 participants) indicates that the empirical basis for these claims is mixed and the cross-cultural generalizability of these claims has yet to be systematically tested. We analysed a dataset with representative samples from 74 countries (n = 77,242), providing a multinational test of theoretical claims that individuals' ongoing emotional states predict their economic preferences regarding time or risk. Overall, more positive self-reported emotions generally predicted a willingness to wait for delayed rewards or to take favourable risks, in line with some existing theories. Contrary to the assumption of a universal relationship between emotions and decision-making, we show that these relationships vary substantially and systematically across countries. Emotions were stronger predictors of economic decisions in more economically developed and individualistic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Pertl
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Oleg Urminsky
- University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Rudolph KE, Williams NT, Diaz I, Forrest S, Hoffman KL, Samples H, Olfson M, Doan L, Cerda M, Ross RK. Pain Management Treatments and Opioid Use Disorder Risk in Medicaid Patients. Am J Prev Med 2024:S0749-3797(24)00248-4. [PMID: 39025248 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People with chronic pain are at increased risk of opioid misuse. Less is known about the unique risk conferred by each pain management treatment, as treatments are typically implemented together, confounding their independent effects. This study estimated the extent to which pain management treatments were associated with risk of opioid use disorder (OUD) for those with chronic pain, controlling for baseline demographic and clinical confounding variables and holding other pain management treatments at their observed levels. METHODS Data were analyzed in 2024 from 2 chronic pain subgroups within a cohort of non-pregnant Medicaid patients aged 35-64 years, 2016-2019, from 25 states: those with (1) chronic pain and physical disability (CPPD) (N=6,133) or (2) chronic pain without disability (CP) (N=67,438). Nine pain management treatments were considered: prescription opioid (1) dose and (2) duration; (3) number of opioid prescribers; opioid co-prescription with (4) benzo- diazepines, (5) muscle relaxants, and (6) gabapentinoids; (7) nonopioid pain prescription, (8) physical therapy, and (9) other pain treatment modality. The outcome was OUD risk. RESULTS Having opioids co-prescribed with gabapentin or benzodiazepine was statistically significantly associated with a 37-45% increased OUD risk for the CP subgroup. Opioid dose and duration also were significantly associated with increased OUD risk in this subgroup. Physical therapy was significantly associated with an 18% decreased risk of OUD in the CP subgroup. DISCUSSION Coprescription of opioids with either gabapentin or benzodiazepines may substantially increase OUD risk. More positively, physical therapy may be a relatively accessible and safe pain management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Rudolph
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
| | - Nicholas T Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Ivan Diaz
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sarah Forrest
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Katherine L Hoffman
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Hillary Samples
- Rutgers Institute for Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Doan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Magdalena Cerda
- Division of Epidemiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rachael K Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Wardle MC, Webber HE, Yoon JH, Heads AM, Stotts AL, Lane SD, Schmitz JM. Behavioral therapies targeting reward mechanisms in substance use disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 240:173787. [PMID: 38705285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Behavioral therapies are considered best practices in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUD) and used as first-line approaches for SUDs without FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. Decades of research on the neuroscience of drug reward and addiction have informed the development of current leading behavioral therapies that, while differing in focus and technique, have in common the overarching goal of shifting reward responding away from drug and toward natural non-drug rewards. This review begins by describing key neurobiological processes of reward in addiction, followed by a description of how various behavioral therapies address specific reward processes. Based on this review, a conceptual 'map' is crafted to pinpoint gaps and areas of overlap, serving as a guide for selecting and integrating behavioral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret C Wardle
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Heather E Webber
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jin H Yoon
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela M Heads
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Angela L Stotts
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States of America
| | - Scott D Lane
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Joy M Schmitz
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America.
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Waisman A, Katz J. The autobiographical memory system and chronic pain: A neurocognitive framework for the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105736. [PMID: 38796124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the world's population, exerting a substantial burden on the affected individual, their families, and healthcare systems globally. Deficits in autobiographical memory have been identified among individuals living with chronic pain, and even found to pose a risk for the transition to chronicity. Recent neuroimaging studies have simultaneously implicated common brain regions central to autobiographical memory processing in the maintenance of and susceptibility to chronic pain. The present review proposes a novel neurocognitive framework for chronic pain explained by mechanisms underlying the autobiographical memory system. Here, we 1) summarize the current literature on autobiographical memory in pain, 2) discuss the role of the hippocampus and cortical brain regions including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior temporal lobe, and amygdala in relation to autobiographical memory, memory schemas, emotional processing, and pain, 3) synthesize these findings in a neurocognitive framework that explains these relationships and their implications for patients' pain outcomes, and 4) propose translational directions for the prevention, management, and treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Waisman
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Joel Katz
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Dwyer CL, Tegge AN, Craft WH, Tomlinson DC, Athamneh LN, Bickel WK. The Phenotype of Recovery X: Associations between delay discounting, regulatory flexibility, and remission from substance use disorder. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 155:209122. [PMID: 37451516 PMCID: PMC10787043 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting (DD) and self-regulation are important predictors of substance use disorder (SUD) outcomes. Further, regulatory flexibility (RF; i.e., selecting, monitoring, and adapting coping techniques based on contextual demands) is related to psychological resilience. However, studies have yet to examine associations among DD, RF, and remission from SUDs among individuals in recovery. METHODS Individuals (N = 148) in SUD recovery completed the Context Sensitivity Index (CSI), the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale, and the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) Scale to assess RF and, an $1000 hypothetical reward Adjusting Amount Delay Discounting Task. The study considered individuals to be in remission from SUD if they did not endorse any SUD DSM-5 symptom other than craving (except tobacco use disorder) in the past three months. The study team used t-tests to examine differences in RF and DD by remission status. Univariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between RF and DD. Finally, mediation models examined the dynamic relationship among DD, RF, and remission status. RESULTS Remitted individuals (n = 82) had significantly lower DD (i.e., greater preference for larger, later rewards) rates (p < .001) and higher context sensitivity (p < .001) and coping flexibility (p < .001). The study found significant negative associations between DD and context sensitivity (p = .008), coping flexibility (p = .002), and emotion regulation flexibility (p < .001). Finally, context sensitivity (p = .023) and coping flexibility (p = .009) mediated the relationship between DD and SUD remission. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individuals in recovery with broader temporal windows can better identify contextual demands and flexibly cope, contributing to improved SUD recovery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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Craft WH, Dwyer CL, Tomlinson DC, Yeh YH, Tegge AN, Bickel WK. Rate-dependent effects of narrative interventions in a longitudinal study of individuals who use alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:566-576. [PMID: 36810763 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting (DD), the decrease in reward valuation as a function of delay to receipt, is a key process undergirding alcohol use. Narrative interventions, including episodic future thinking (EFT), have decreased delay discounting and demand for alcohol. Rate dependence, the relationship between a baseline rate and change in that rate after an intervention, has been evidenced as a marker of efficacious substance use treatment, but whether narrative interventions have rate-dependent effects needs to be better understood. We investigated the effects of narrative interventions on delay discounting and hypothetical demand for alcohol in this longitudinal, online study. METHODS Individuals (n = 696) reporting high- or low-risk alcohol use were recruited for a longitudinal 3-week survey via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Delay discounting and alcohol demand breakpoint were assessed at baseline. Individuals returned at weeks 2 and 3 and were randomized into the EFT or scarcity narrative interventions and again completed the delay discounting tasks and alcohol breakpoint task. Oldham's correlation was used to explore the rate-dependent effects of narrative interventions. Study attrition as a function of delay discounting was assessed. RESULTS Episodic future thinking significantly decreased, while scarcity significantly increased delay discounting relative to baseline. No effects of EFT or scarcity on the alcohol demand breakpoint were observed. Significant rate-dependent effects were observed for both narrative intervention types. Higher delay discounting rates were associated with a greater likelihood of attrition from the study. CONCLUSION The evidence of a rate-dependent effect of EFT on delay discounting rates offers a more nuanced, mechanistic understanding of this novel therapeutic intervention and can allow more precise treatment targeting by demonstrating who is likely to receive the most benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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7
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Ye JY, Ding QY, Cui JF, Liu Z, Jia LX, Qin XJ, Xu H, Wang Y. A meta-analysis of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1876-1891. [PMID: 34841982 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211066282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) refers to the phenomenon in which the subjective value of future rewards is reduced over time. There are individual differences in the DD rate, and increased discounting has been observed in those with various psychiatric disorders. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is the act of vividly imagining events that may happen in the future. Studies have shown that EFT could reduce DD, although inconsistent results have been reported. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the efficacy with which EFT reduces DD and to identify potential moderators. Forty-seven studies (including 63 contrasts) were included in the final analysis. EFT was found to significantly reduce DD (Hedges' g = 0.52). Moderator analysis showed that positive EFT (g = 0.64) was more effective in reducing DD than EFT with the valence not specifically mentioned (g = 0.28) and EFT with neutral or negative valence (g = -0.03). In addition, several factors related to the control task and DD task were related to the efficacy of EFT to reduce DD. These findings have implications for using EFT to reduce DD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yan Ye
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yu Ding
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Research Center for Information and Statistics, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Xia Jia
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Qin
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Teachers' College, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Freitas-Lemos R, Keith DR, Tegge AN, Stein JS, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. Estimating the Impact of Tobacco Parity and Harm Reduction Tax Proposals Using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7835. [PMID: 34360124 PMCID: PMC8345477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taxes are a demonstrably effective method to suppress tobacco use. This study examined the effects of the tobacco parity (i.e., imposing taxes equally on all tobacco products) and the harm reduction (i.e., applying taxes in proportion to the products' levels of harm) tax proposals on demand and substitution across products. A crowdsourced sample of cigarette smokers (n = 35) completed purchasing trials with increasing tax magnitudes across different tax tiers in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace in a repeated-measures design. Products were placed in three tax tiers (high, medium, and no tax) according to each proposal's goal. The results indicated that total nicotine (mg) purchased was not significantly different between the proposals, with higher taxes yielding lower demand. However, as taxes increased, the tobacco parity proposal decreased the purchasing of all tobacco products and increased the purchasing of medicinal nicotine (i.e., the no tax tier). Conversely, the harm reduction proposal resulted in greater purchases of electronic nicotine delivery systems and smokeless tobacco (i.e., the medium tax tier). These findings support tobacco taxation as a robust tool for suppressing purchasing and suggest that differential taxation in proportion to product risk would be an effective way to incentivize smokers to switch from smoked to unsmoked products. Further studies should investigate the unintended consequences of their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Freitas-Lemos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Diana R. Keith
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
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Nazarian A, Negus SS, Martin TJ. Factors mediating pain-related risk for opioid use disorder. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108476. [PMID: 33524407 PMCID: PMC7954943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex experience with far-reaching organismal influences ranging from biological factors to those that are psychological and social. Such influences can serve as pain-related risk factors that represent susceptibilities to opioid use disorder. This review evaluates various pain-related risk factors to form a consensus on those that facilitate opioid abuse. Epidemiological findings represent a high degree of co-occurrence between chronic pain and opioid use disorder that is, in part, driven by an increase in the availability of opioid analgesics and the diversion of their use in a non-medical context. Brain imaging studies in individuals with chronic pain that use/abuse opioids suggest abuse-related mechanisms that are rooted within mesocorticolimbic processing. Preclinical studies suggest that pain states have a limited impact on increasing the rewarding effects of opioids. Indeed, many findings indicate a reduction in the rewarding and reinforcing effects of opioids during pain states. An increase in opioid use may be facilitated by an increase in the availability of opioids and a decrease in access to non-opioid reinforcers that require mobility or social interaction. Moreover, chronic pain and substance abuse conditions are known to impair cognitive function, resulting in deficits in attention and decision making that may promote opioid abuse. A better understanding of pain-related risk factors can improve our knowledge in the development of OUD in persons with pain conditions and can help identify appropriate treatment strategies. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse.'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Nazarian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | - S Stevens Negus
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Thomas J Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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