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Olsen EM, Whiteley LB, Giorlando KK, Beausoleil N, Tolou-Shams M, Esposito-Smythers C, Brown LK. The Role of Family Factors in the Outcomes of Court-Involved Youth. YOUTH VIOLENCE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE 2023; 21:309-324. [PMID: 38274153 PMCID: PMC10809991 DOI: 10.1177/15412040231179110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Court-involved youth (CIY) comprise a significant portion of the U.S. population and have a high prevalence of psychiatric illness and substance use. Youth delinquency has also been associated with family variables and parenting practices. However, it is not known which family factors are most relevant to behavioral outcomes in CIY mandated to outpatient mental health treatment. Self-report measures from 163 CIY (M = 15.19 years; 58.3% male) starting psychiatric care in two U.S. cities were utilized in a cross-sectional analysis to examine the association of parental monitoring and family functioning with the severity and variety of delinquent acts. Results demonstrate that parental monitoring is significantly associated with the delinquent behavior of CIY in mental health treatment, beyond that of psychiatric symptoms and substance use. Improved understanding of influential family factors can enhance tailoring of existing interventions to ensure that they are relevant to the needs of CIY, especially those in psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Olsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI
| | - Laura B. Whiteley
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kayla K. Giorlando
- Young Adult Behavioral Health Program, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Nancy Beausoleil
- Young Adult Behavioral Health Program, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Larry K. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradley Hospital, East Providence, RI
- Young Adult Behavioral Health Program, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
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O'Grady MA, Tross S, Cohall A, Wilson P, Cohall R, Campos S, Lee S, Dolezal C, Elkington KS. Readiness to change among justice-involved young adults in an alternative sentencing program who screened positive for alcohol or drug risk. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100456. [PMID: 36147454 PMCID: PMC9485898 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Justice-involved young adults are in need of tailored substance use interventions. Readiness to change is a key component of substance use behavioral change. Many justice-involved young adults were ready to change their substance use. Personal reasons to quit using drugs are a potential intervention target.
Introduction Readiness to change is a key component of substance use behavioral change; yet little is known about readiness to change among justice-involved young adults. This study 1) describes readiness to change alcohol and drug use and 2) examines predictors of readiness to change alcohol and drug use among justice-involved young adults. Method Justice-involved young adults (18–24 years; n = 137) who were positive on a validated alcohol and/or drug screening tool completed an interview assessing substance use, readiness to change, and reasons to quit. A multivariable linear regression model examined whether reasons to change and substance use severity, and interactions between these, predicted readiness. Results More than half of participants were contemplating or had decided to quit/cut down substance use. Personal reasons to quit were positively related to readiness to change; interpersonal reasons were negatively associated. Conclusions This study contributes information needed to design motivational interventions for substance use among justice-involved young adults. Personal reasons to quit using drugs are a potential intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A O'Grady
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Susan Tross
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | - Alwyn Cohall
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA
| | - Renee Cohall
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA.,New York Presbyterian Hospital, USA
| | - Stephanie Campos
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | - Sin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA
| | - Curtis Dolezal
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.,HIV Center of Clinical and Behavioral Studies, USA
| | - Katherine S Elkington
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.,HIV Center of Clinical and Behavioral Studies, USA
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Tolou-Shams M, Holloway ED, Ordorica C, Yonek J, Folk JB, Dauria EF, Lehn K, Ezimora I, Wiley HMF. Leveraging Technology to Increase Behavioral Health Services Access for Youth in the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems: a Cross-systems Collaboration Model. J Behav Health Serv Res 2022; 49:422-435. [PMID: 35835953 PMCID: PMC9282614 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-022-09808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral health services access for justice- and child welfare-involved youth is limited despite significant need. Structural interventions to address limited access are nascent. Technology can advance access, but few interventions focus on system-impacted youth and their mental health needs and challenges. This article describes the development, process, and initial outcomes of the Youth Justice and Family Well-Being Technology Collaborative (JTC) that was formed to leverage technology within and across public health and justice-related systems to promote increased behavioral health services access. Cross-system considerations are identified for public health, court, and other key stakeholders to successfully integrate technology into practice to expand access to these critical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tolou-Shams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA.
| | - Evan D. Holloway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Catalina Ordorica
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Juliet Yonek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Johanna B. Folk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Emily F. Dauria
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Kristiana Lehn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Ifunanya Ezimora
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave, Bldg. 5, 7M, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
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Tolou-Shams M, Dauria EF, Folk J, Shumway M, Marshall BDL, Rizzo CJ, Messina N, Covington S, Haack LM, Chaffee T, Brown LK. VOICES: An efficacious trauma-informed, gender-responsive cannabis use intervention for justice and school-referred girls with lifetime substance use history. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:108934. [PMID: 34530316 PMCID: PMC8717799 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Girls have unique developmental pathways to substance use and justice system involvement, warranting gender-responsive intervention. We tested the efficacy of VOICES (a 12-session, weekly trauma-informed, gender-responsive substance use intervention) in reducing substance use and HIV/STI risk behaviors among justice- and school-referred girls. METHODS Participants were 113 girls (Mage = 15.7 years, SD = 1.4; 12 % White, 19 % Black, 15 % multi-racial; 42 % Latinx) with a history of substance use referred from juvenile justice (29 %) and school systems (71 %). Study assessments were completed at baseline, 3-, 6- and 9-months follow-up. Primary outcomes included substance use and HIV/STI risk behaviors; secondary outcomes included psychiatric symptoms (including posttraumatic stress) and delinquent acts. We hypothesized that girls randomized to the VOICES (n = 51) versus GirlHealth (attention control; n = 62) condition would report reduced alcohol, cannabis and other substance use, HIV/STI risk behaviors, psychiatric symptoms, and delinquent acts. RESULTS Girls randomized to VOICES reported significantly less cannabis use over 9-month follow-up relative to the control condition (time by intervention, p < .01), but there were no between group differences over time in HIV/STI risk behavior. Girls in both conditions reported fewer psychiatric symptoms and delinquent acts over time. CONCLUSIONS Data support the use of a trauma-informed, gender-responsive intervention to reduce cannabis use among girls with a substance use history and legal involvement; reducing cannabis use in this population has implications for preventing future justice involvement and improving public health outcomes for girls and young women, who are at disproportionate health and legal risk relative to their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States.
| | - Emily F. Dauria
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States
| | - Johanna Folk
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States.
| | - Martha Shumway
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States.
| | - Brandon D. L. Marshall
- Brown University School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - Christie J. Rizzo
- Department of Applied Psychology, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Nena Messina
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, United States.
| | | | - Lauren M. Haack
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States
| | - Tonya Chaffee
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, United States.
| | - Larry K Brown
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, United States.
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Folk JB, Ramos LM, Bath EP, Rosen B, Marshall BD, Kemp K, Brown L, Conrad S, Tolou-Shams M. The prospective impact of adverse childhood experiences on justice-involved youth's psychiatric symptoms and substance use. J Consult Clin Psychol 2021; 89:483-498. [PMID: 34264697 PMCID: PMC8754104 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Justice-involved youth report high rates of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; abuse, neglect, household dysfunction) and are at high risk for elevated behavioral health needs (i.e., substance use, psychiatric symptoms). Research with broad samples of adolescents shows ACEs predict behavioral health outcomes, yet most research on the impact of ACEs among justice-involved youth focuses on recidivism. The present study addresses this gap by examining the prospective association between ACEs and psychiatric symptoms, substance use, and substance-related problems (i.e., consequences of use) among first-time justice-involved youth. METHOD First-time justice-involved youth (n = 271; 54.3% male; M age = 14.5 years; 43.5% Latinx; non-Latinx: 34.2% White, 8.6% Black, 7.1% Other, 6.7% Multiracial) and their caregivers were assessed at youth's first court contact and 4- and 12-month follow-ups. Youth and caregivers reported youth's exposure to ACEs through a series of instruments at baseline and 4-months (e.g., Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short-Form; Traumatic Life Events Inventory). Primary outcomes included youth alcohol and cannabis use (Adolescent Risk Behavior Assessment), consequences of use (Brief Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire; Brief Marijuana Consequences Scale), and psychiatric symptoms (Behavior Assessment System for Children; National Stressful Events Survey PTSD Short Scale). RESULTS Youth were exposed to three ACEs, on average, prior to first justice contact (M = 3). Exposure to more ACEs, particularly abuse, predicted substance use and psychiatric outcomes. Gender differences emerged for cannabis use and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Implications for trauma-responsive juvenile justice reform are discussed, including screening for ACEs and their sequelae at first court contact and considering the role of masculine norms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B. Folk
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Lili M.C. Ramos
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Eraka P. Bath
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Psychiatry, 150 UCLA, Medical Plaza Driveway, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Brooke Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Brandon D.L. Marshall
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Kathleen Kemp
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, School of Public Health, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Larry Brown
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Selby Conrad
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Marina Tolou-Shams
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110
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