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Liang L, Wang B, Zhang Q, Zhang S, Zhang S. Antibody drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2: Time for a rethink? Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116900. [PMID: 38861858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) heavily burdens human health. Multiple neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been issued for emergency use or tested for treating infected patients in the clinic. However, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) carrying mutations reduce the effectiveness of nAbs by preventing neutralization. Uncoding the mutation profile and immune evasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 can improve the outcome of Ab-mediated therapies. In this review, we first outline the development status of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab drugs and provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their prevalence. We next focus on the failure causes of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ab drugs and rethink the design strategy for developing new Ab drugs against COVID-19. This review provides updated information for the development of therapeutic Ab drugs against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likeng Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Mei S, Zou Y, Jiang S, Xue L, Wang Y, Jing H, Yang P, Niu MM, Li J, Yuan K, Zhang Y. Highly potent dual-targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) peptides: A promising broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115908. [PMID: 37981444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of approved vaccines has been diminishing due to the increasing advent of SARS-CoV-2 variants with diverse mutations that favor sneak entry. Nonetheless, these variants recognize the conservative host receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) for entry, rendering the dual blockade of ACE2 and NRP1 an advantageous pan-inhibition strategy. Here, we identified a highly potent dual-targeting peptide AP-1 using structure-based virtual screening protocol. AP-1 had nanoscale binding affinities for ACE2 (Kd = 6.1 ± 0.2 nM) and NRP1 (Kd = 13.4 ± 1.2 nM) and approximately 102- and 8-fold stronger than positive inhibitors S471-503 and NMTP-5, respectively. Further evidence in pseudovirus cell infection and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that AP-1 exhibited remarkable entry inhibition of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 without impairing host cell viability. Together, our findings suggest that AP-1 with dual-targeting ACE2/NRP1 efficacy could be a promising broad-spectrum agent for treating SARS-CoV-2 emerging VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yunting Zou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Lu Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Han Jing
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Miao-Miao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jindong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China.
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, China.
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Wang Y, Shen M, Li Y, Shao J, Zhang F, Guo M, Zhang Z, Zheng S. COVID-19-associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1076-1092. [PMID: 37947373 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is mainly characterized by respiratory disorders and progresses to multiple organ involvement in severe cases. With expansion of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 research, correlative liver injury has been revealed. It is speculated that COVID-19 patients exhibited abnormal liver function, as previously observed in the SARS and MERS pandemics. Furthermore, patients with underlying diseases such as chronic liver disease are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and indicate a poor prognosis accompanied by respiratory symptoms, systemic inflammation, or metabolic diseases. Therefore, COVID-19 has the potential to impair liver function, while individuals with preexisting liver disease suffer from much worse infected conditions. COVID-19 related liver injury may be owing to direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, gut-liver axis interaction, and inappropriate medication use. However, discussions on these issues are infancy. Expanding research have revealed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression mediated the combination of virus and target cells, iron metabolism participated in the virus life cycle and the fate of target cells, and amino acid metabolism regulated immune response in the host cells, which are all closely related to liver health. Further exploration holds great significance in elucidating the pathogenesis, facilitating drug development, and advancing clinical treatment of COVID-19-related liver injury. This article provides a review of the clinical and laboratory hepatic characteristics in COVID-19 patients, describes the etiology and impact of liver injury, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Mehyar N. Coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicase inhibitors: A systematic review of in vitro studies. J Virus Erad 2023:100327. [PMID: 37363132 PMCID: PMC10214743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 significantly increased the need to find inhibitors that target the essential enzymes for virus replication in the host cells. This systematic review was conducted to identify potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicases that have been tested by in vitro methods. The inhibition mechanisms of these compounds were discussed in this review, in addition to their cytotoxic and viral infection protection properties. Methods The databases PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were searched using different combinations of the keywords "helicase", "nsp13", "inhibitors", "coronaviridae", "coronaviruses", "virus replication", "replication", and "antagonists and inhibitors". Results By the end of this search, a total of 6854 articles had been identified. Thirty-one articles were included in this review. These studies reported the inhibitory effects of 309 compounds on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 helicase activities measured by in vitro methods. Helicase inhibitors were categorized according to the type of coronavirus and the type of tested enzymatic activity, nature, approval, inhibition level, cytotoxicity, and viral infection protection effects. These inhibitors are classified according to the site of their interaction with the coronavirus helicases into four types: zinc-binding site inhibitors, nucleic acid binding site inhibitors, nucleotide-binding site inhibitors, and inhibitors with no clear interaction site. Conclusion Evidence from in vitro studies suggests that helicase inhibitors have a high potential as antiviral agents. Several helicase inhibitors tested in vitro showed good antiviral activities while maintaining moderate cytotoxicity. These inhibitors should be clinically investigated to determine their efficiency in treating different coronavirus infections, particularly COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimer Mehyar
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bugatti K, Sartori A, Battistini L, Coppa C, Vanhulle E, Noppen S, Provinciael B, Naesens L, Stevaert A, Contini A, Vermeire K, Zanardi F. Novel Polymyxin-Inspired Peptidomimetics Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Spike:hACE2 Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108765. [PMID: 37240111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the bulk of the COVID-19 pandemic is behind, the search for effective and safe anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs continues to be relevant. A highly pursued approach for antiviral drug development involves targeting the viral spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent its attachment to the cellular receptor ACE2. Here, we exploited the core structure of polymyxin B, a naturally occurring antibiotic, to design and synthesize unprecedented peptidomimetics (PMs), intended to target contemporarily two defined, non-overlapping regions of the S receptor-binding domain (RBD). Monomers 1, 2, and 8, and heterodimers 7 and 10 bound to the S-RBD with micromolar affinity in cell-free surface plasmon resonance assays (KD ranging from 2.31 μM to 2.78 μM for dimers and 8.56 μM to 10.12 μM for monomers). Although the PMs were not able to fully protect cell cultures from infection with authentic live SARS-CoV-2, dimer 10 exerted a minimal but detectable inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry in U87.ACE2+ and A549.ACE2.TMPRSS2+ cells. These results validated a previous modeling study and provided the first proof-of-feasibility of using medium-sized heterodimeric PMs for targeting the S-RBD. Thus, heterodimers 7 and 10 may serve as a lead for the development of optimized compounds, which are structurally related to polymyxin, with improved S-RBD affinity and anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Bugatti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartori
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Lucia Battistini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Crescenzo Coppa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emiel Vanhulle
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Becky Provinciael
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Stevaert
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Contini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Kurt Vermeire
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Franca Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Cheng Y, Zheng D, Zhang D, Guo D, Wang Y, Liu W, Liang L, Hu J, Luo T. Molecular recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with three essential partners: exploring possible immune escape mechanisms of viral mutants. J Mol Model 2023; 29:109. [PMID: 36964244 PMCID: PMC10038388 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 epidemic is raging around the world, with the emergence of viral mutant strains such as Delta and Omicron, posing severe challenges to people's health and quality of life. A full understanding life cycle of the virus in host cells helps to reveal inactivation mechanism of antibody and provide inspiration for the development of a new-generation vaccines. METHODS In this work, molecular recognitions and conformational changes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutants (i.e., Delta, Mu, and Omicron) and three essential partners (i.e., membrane receptor hACE2, protease TMPRSS2, and antibody C121) both were compared and analyzed using molecular simulations. RESULTS Water basin and binding free energy calculations both show that the three mutants possess higher affinity for hACE2 than WT, exhibiting stronger virus transmission. The descending order of cleavage ability by TMPRSS2 is Mu, Delta, Omicron, and WT, which is related to the new S1/S2 cutting site induced by transposition effect. The inefficient utilization of TMPRSS2 by Omicron is consistent with its primary entry into cells via the endosomal pathway. In addition, RBD-directed antibody C121 showed obvious resistance to Omicron, which may have originated from high fluctuation of approaching angles, high flexibility of I472-F490 loop, and reduced binding ability. CONCLUSIONS According to the overall characteristics of the three mutants, high infectivity, high immune escape, and low virulence may be the future evolutionary selection of SARS-CoV-2. In a word, this work not only proposes the possible resistance mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 mutants, but also provides theoretical guidance for the subsequent drug design against COVID-19 based on S protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer CenterChengdu, 610000, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer CenterChengdu, 610000, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Du Guo
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer CenterChengdu, 610000, China
| | - Yueteng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Breast Disease Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cancer CenterChengdu, 610000, China.
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Dean AQ, Stauft CB, Twomey JD, Tan J, Varani L, Wang TT, Zhang B. Comparative Assessment of the Binding and Neutralisation Activity of Bispecific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Antib Ther 2023; 6:49-58. [PMID: 36683765 PMCID: PMC9847335 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are a vital component in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic, having the potential of both therapeutic and prophylactic applications. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 are particularly promising, given their ability to bind simultaneously to two distinct sites of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein. Such antibodies are complex molecules associated with multi-faceted mechanisms of action that require appropriate bioassays to ensure product quality and manufacturing consistency. Methods We developed procedures for biolayer interferometry (BLI) and a cell-based virus neutralisation assay, the focus reduction neutralisation test (FRNT). Using both assays, we tested a panel of five BsAbs against different spike variants (Ancestral, Delta and Omicron) to evaluate the use of these analytical methods in assessing binding and neutralisation activities of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Results We found comparable trends between BLI-derived binding affinity and FRNT-based virus neutralisation activity. Antibodies that displayed high binding affinity against a variant were often followed by potent neutralisation at lower concentrations, whereas those with low binding affinity also demonstrated reduced neutralisation activity. Conclusion The results support the utility of BLI and FRNT assays in measuring variant-specific binding and virus neutralisation activity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Charles B Stauft
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD 20993, USA
| | - Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Joshua Tan
- Antibody Biology Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Switzerland, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tony T Wang
- Laboratory of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Chechetkin VR, Lobzin VV. Evolving ribonucleocapsid assembly/packaging signals in the genomes of the human and animal coronaviruses: targeting, transmission and evolution. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11239-11263. [PMID: 34338591 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1958061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A world-wide COVID-19 pandemic intensified strongly the studies of molecular mechanisms related to the coronaviruses. The origin of coronaviruses and the risks of human-to-human, animal-to-human and human-to-animal transmission of coronaviral infections can be understood only on a broader evolutionary level by detailed comparative studies. In this paper, we studied ribonucleocapsid assembly-packaging signals (RNAPS) in the genomes of all seven known pathogenic human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 and compared them with RNAPS in the genomes of the related animal coronaviruses including SARS-Bat-CoV, MERS-Camel-CoV, MHV, Bat-CoV MOP1, TGEV and one of camel alphacoronaviruses. RNAPS in the genomes of coronaviruses were evolved due to weakly specific interactions between genomic RNA and N proteins in helical nucleocapsids. Combining transitional genome mapping and Jaccard correlation coefficients allows us to perform the analysis directly in terms of underlying motifs distributed over the genome. In all coronaviruses, RNAPS were distributed quasi-periodically over the genome with the period about 54 nt biased to 57 nt and to 51 nt for the genomes longer and shorter than that of SARS-CoV, respectively. The comparison with the experimentally verified packaging signals for MERS-CoV, MHV and TGEV proved that the distribution of particular motifs is strongly correlated with the packaging signals. We also found that many motifs were highly conserved in both characters and positioning on the genomes throughout the lineages that make them promising therapeutic targets. The mechanisms of encapsidation can affect the recombination and co-infection as well.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir R Chechetkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily V Lobzin
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Gan P, Pan X, Huang S, Xia H, Zhou X, Tang X. Current status of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine research based on bibliometric analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2119766. [PMID: 36494998 PMCID: PMC9746459 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2119766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective way to reduce the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several new vaccines have been manufactured. This study aimed to assess the current status and prospects of COVID-19 vaccine research using a bibliometric analysis. We analyzed 3,954 scientific articles on COVID-19 vaccines in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used for bibliometric visualization. Original articles and reviews were used for the analysis. A total of 2,783 (70.38%) studies were published in 2021. The USA contributed the highest, publishing 1,390 articles with 41,788 citations, followed by China and the UK. The USA's primary collaborators were the UK (n = 133), China (n = 87), and Canada (n = 65). The most active institutions were the University of Oxford and Harvard Medical School, while Emory University was the most influential. The Vaccines journal had the most number of publications (402). The most cited journal was the New England Journal of Medicine. In 2021, the focus was on RNA vaccines, attitudes toward vaccination, and hesitancy. In contrast, studies in 2022 focused on vaccine double-blind trials, viral mutations, and antibodies. In the context of rapid virus transmission, vaccine studies on immunogenicity, spike proteins, efficacy, safety, and antibody response have been prioritized. Additional phased clinical trials are needed to determine the effectiveness, acceptance, and side effects of vaccines against mutated strains of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Shu Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Lianshui, Huaian, China
| | - Huifang Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China,Department of Gastroenterology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China,CONTACT Xiaowei Tang Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Street Taiping No.25, Region Jiangyang, Luzhou646099, China
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10
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Shen Z, Halberg A, Fong JY, Guo J, Song G, Louie B, Luedtke GR, Visuthikraisee V, Protter AA, Koh X, Baik T, Lum PY. Elucidating host cell response pathways and repurposing therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18811. [PMID: 36335206 PMCID: PMC9637228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, first reported in late 2019, is an ongoing pandemic that has been causing devastation across the globe. Although there are multiple vaccines that can prevent severe symptoms, effective COVID-19 therapeutics are still of importance. Using our proprietary in silico engine, we screened more than 22,000 unique compounds represented by over half a million gene expression profiles to uncover compounds that can be repurposed for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in a timely and cost-efficient manner. We then tested 13 compounds in vitro and found three with potency against SARS-CoV-2 with reasonable cytotoxicity. Bortezomib and homoharringtonine are some of the most promising hits with IC50 of 1.39 μM and 0.16 μM, respectively for SARS-CoV-2. Tanespimycin and homoharringtonine were effective against the common cold coronaviruses. In-depth analysis highlighted proteasome, ribosome, and heat shock pathways as key targets in modulating host responses during viral infection. Further studies of these pathways and compounds have provided novel and impactful insights into SARS-CoV-2 biology and host responses that could be further leveraged for COVID-19 therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Shen
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Anna Halberg
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Jia Yi Fong
- grid.510300.7Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Gavin Song
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Brent Louie
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoying Koh
- grid.510300.7Experimental Drug Development Centre, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01 Chromos, Singapore, 138670 Singapore
| | - Taegon Baik
- Arum Therapeutics Inc., #301, 38 Magokjungang 8-ro 1-gil, Gangseo-gu, Seoul, 07793 South Korea
| | - Pek Yee Lum
- Auransa Inc., 1726 Edgewood Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
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11
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Predicting the aggravation of coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia using chest computed tomography scans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276738. [PMID: 36327268 PMCID: PMC9632883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is spreading worldwide without an effective treatment method. For COVID-19, which is often asymptomatic, it is essential to adopt a method that does not cause aggravation, as well as a method to prevent infection. Whether aggravation can be predicted by analyzing the extent of lung damage on chest computed tomography (CT) scans was examined. The extent of lung damage on pre-intubation chest CT scans of 277 patients with COVID-19 was assessed. It was observed that aggravation occurred when the CT scan showed extensive damage associated with ground-glass opacification and/or consolidation (p < 0.0001). The extent of lung damage was similar across the upper, middle, and lower fields. Furthermore, upon comparing the extent of lung damage based on the number of days after onset, a significant difference was found between the severe pneumonia group (SPG) with intubation or those who died and non-severe pneumonia group (NSPG) ≥3 days after onset, with aggravation observed when ≥14.5% of the lungs exhibited damage at 3–5 days (sensitivity: 88.2%, specificity: 72.4%) and when ≥20.1% of the lungs exhibited damage at 6–8 days (sensitivity: 88.2%, specificity: 69.4%). Patients with aggravation suddenly developed hypoxemia after 7 days from the onset; however, chest CT scans obtained in the paucisymptomatic phase without hypoxemia indicated that subsequent aggravation could be predicted based on the degree of lung damage. Furthermore, in subjects aged ≥65 years, a significant difference between the SPG and NSPG was observed in the extent of lung damage early beginning from 3 days after onset, and it was found that the degree of lung damage could serve as a predictor of aggravation. Therefore, to predict and improve prognosis through rapid and appropriate management, evaluating patients with factors indicating poor prognosis using chest CT is essential.
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12
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Reynolds LJ, Gonzalez G, Sala-Comorera L, Martin NA, Byrne A, Fennema S, Holohan N, Kuntamukkula SR, Sarwar N, Nolan TM, Stephens JH, Whitty M, Bennett C, Luu Q, Morley U, Yandle Z, Dean J, Joyce E, O'Sullivan JJ, Cuddihy JM, McIntyre AM, Robinson EP, Dahly D, Fletcher NF, Carr M, De Gascun C, Meijer WG. SARS-CoV-2 variant trends in Ireland: Wastewater-based epidemiology and clinical surveillance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155828. [PMID: 35588817 PMCID: PMC9110007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in wastewater is an important tool for monitoring the prevalence of COVID-19 disease on a community scale which complements case-based surveillance systems. As novel variants of concern (VOCs) emerge there is also a need to identify the primary circulating variants in a community, accomplished to date by sequencing clinical samples. Quantifying variants in wastewater offers a cost-effective means to augment these sequencing efforts. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 N1 RNA concentrations and daily loadings were determined and compared to case-based data collected as part of a national surveillance programme to determine the validity of wastewater surveillance to monitor infection spread in the greater Dublin area. Further, sequencing of clinical samples was conducted to determine the primary SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Dublin. Finally, digital PCR was employed to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, Alpha and Delta, were quantifiable from wastewater. No lead or lag time was observed between SARS-CoV-2 wastewater and case-based data and SARS-CoV-2 trends in Dublin wastewater significantly correlated with the notification of confirmed cases through case-based surveillance preceding collection with a 5-day average. This demonstrates that viral RNA in Dublin's wastewater mirrors the spread of infection in the community. Clinical sequence data demonstrated that increased COVID-19 cases during Ireland's third wave coincided with the introduction of the Alpha variant, while the fourth wave coincided with increased prevalence of the Delta variant. Interestingly, the Alpha variant was detected in Dublin wastewater prior to the first genome being sequenced from clinical samples, while the Delta variant was identified at the same time in clinical and wastewater samples. This work demonstrates the validity of wastewater surveillance for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infections and also highlights its effectiveness in identifying circulating variants which may prove useful when sequencing capacity is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alannah Byrne
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sanne Fennema
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Holohan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sailusha Ratnam Kuntamukkula
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natasha Sarwar
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tristan M Nolan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jayne H Stephens
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Megan Whitty
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Charlene Bennett
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Quynh Luu
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ursula Morley
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zoe Yandle
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Dean
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eadaoin Joyce
- Irish Water, Colvill House, 24-26 Talbot Street, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - John J O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Civil Engineering, UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research and UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John M Cuddihy
- HSE - Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eve P Robinson
- HSE - Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darren Dahly
- Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Carr
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Cillian De Gascun
- National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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13
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Daniell H, Nair SK, Shi Y, Wang P, Montone KT, Shaw PA, Choi GH, Ghani D, Weaver J, Rader DJ, Margulies KB, Collman RG, Laudanski K, Bar KJ. Decrease in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme activity but not concentration in plasma/lungs in COVID-19 patients offers clues for diagnosis/treatment. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:266-278. [PMID: 35818571 PMCID: PMC9258412 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although several therapeutics are used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, there is still no definitive metabolic marker to evaluate disease severity and recovery or a quantitative test to end quarantine. Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells via the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and COVID-19 is associated with renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, we evaluated soluble ACE2 (sACE2) activity in the plasma/saliva of 80 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 27 non-COVID-19 volunteers, and levels of ACE2/Ang (1-7) in plasma or membrane (mACE2) in lung autopsy samples. sACE2 activity was markedly reduced (p < 0.0001) in COVID-19 plasma (n = 59) compared with controls (n = 27). Nadir sACE2 activity in early hospitalization was restored during disease recovery, irrespective of patient age, demographic variations, or comorbidity; in convalescent plasma-administered patients (n = 45), restoration was statistically higher than matched controls (n = 22, p = 0.0021). ACE2 activity was also substantially reduced in the saliva of COVID-19 patients compared with controls (p = 0.0065). There is a strong inverse correlation between sACE2 concentration and sACE2 activity and Ang (1-7) levels in participant plasmas. However, there were no difference in membrane ACE2 levels in lungs of autopsy tissues of COVID-19 (n = 800) versus other conditions (n = 300). These clinical observations suggest sACE2 activity as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Smruti K. Nair
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Yao Shi
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Montone
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pamela A. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Group, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grace H. Choi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danyal Ghani
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Krzysztof Laudanski
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Khatri R, Parray HA, Siddiqui G, Chiranjivi AK, Raj S, Kaul R, Maithil V, Samal S, Ahmed S. Biophysical and Biochemical Characterization of the Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Protein J 2022; 41:457-467. [PMID: 36048314 PMCID: PMC9434506 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are potential threat and posing new challenges for medical intervention due to high transmissibility and escaping neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses. Many of these variants have mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that interacts with the host cell receptor. Rapid mutation in the RBD through natural selection to improve affinity for host receptor and antibody pressure from vaccinated or infected individual will greatly impact the presently adopted strategies for developing interventions. Understanding the nature of mutations and how they impact the biophysical, biochemical and immunological properties of the RBD will help immensely to improve the intervention strategies. To understand the impact of mutation on the protease sensitivity, thermal stability, affinity for the receptor and immune response, we prepared several mutants of soluble RBD that belong to the variants of concern (VoCs) and interest (VoIs) and characterize them. Our results show that the mutations do not impact the overall structure of the RBD. However, the mutants showed increase in the thermal melting point, few mutants were more sensitive to protease degradation, most of them have enhanced affinity for ACE2 and some of them induced better immune response compared to the parental RBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Gazala Siddiqui
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sneha Raj
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Rachel Kaul
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas Maithil
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India. .,Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India.
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15
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Mitoxantrone modulates a heparan sulfate-spike complex to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6294. [PMID: 35440680 PMCID: PMC9016215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike-mediated entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human airway epithelial cells is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19. In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface. This interaction facilitates the engagement of spike with a downstream receptor to promote viral entry. Here, we show that Mitoxantrone, an FDA-approved topoisomerase inhibitor, targets a heparan sulfate-spike complex to compromise the fusogenic function of spike in viral entry. As a single agent, Mitoxantrone inhibits the infection of an authentic SARS-CoV-2 strain in a cell-based model and in human lung EpiAirway 3D tissues. Gene expression profiling supports the plasma membrane as a major target of Mitoxantrone but also underscores an undesired activity targeting nucleosome dynamics. We propose that Mitoxantrone analogs bearing similar heparan sulfate-binding activities but with reduced affinity for DNA topoisomerases may offer an alternative therapy to overcome breakthrough infections in the post-vaccine era.
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16
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Discovery of SARS-CoV-2-E channel inhibitors as antiviral candidates. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:781-787. [PMID: 34294887 PMCID: PMC8295639 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of efficiency has been a major problem shared by all currently developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies. Our previous study shows that SARS-CoV-2 structural envelope (2-E) protein forms a type of cation channel, and heterogeneously expression of 2-E channels causes host cell death. In this study we developed a cell-based high throughput screening (HTS) assay and used it to discover inhibitors against 2-E channels. Among 4376 compounds tested, 34 hits with cell protection activity were found. Followed by an anti-viral analysis, 15 compounds which could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication were identified. In electrophysiological experiments, three representatives showing inhibitory effect on 2-E channels were chosen for further characterization. Among them, proanthocyanidins directly bound to 2-E channel with binding affinity (KD) of 22.14 μM in surface plasmon resonance assay. Molecular modeling and docking analysis revealed that proanthocyanidins inserted into the pore of 2-E N-terminal vestibule acting as a channel blocker. Consistently, mutations of Glu 8 and Asn 15, two residues lining the proposed binding pocket, abolished the inhibitory effects of proanthocyanidins. The natural product proanthocyanidins are widely used as cosmetic, suggesting a potential of proanthocyanidins as disinfectant for external use. This study further demonstrates that 2-E channel is an effective antiviral drug target and provides a potential antiviral candidate against SARS-CoV-2.
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17
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Tamir H, Melamed S, Erez N, Politi B, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Achdout H, Lazar S, Gutman H, Avraham R, Weiss S, Paran N, Israely T. Induction of Innate Immune Response by TLR3 Agonist Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020189. [PMID: 35215785 PMCID: PMC8878863 DOI: 10.3390/v14020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a member of the coronavirus family, is the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is still an urgent need in developing an efficient therapeutic intervention. In this study, we aimed at evaluating the therapeutic effect of a single intranasal treatment of the TLR3/MDA5 synthetic agonist Poly(I:C) against a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2 in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. We demonstrate here that early Poly(I:C) treatment acts synergistically with SARS-CoV-2 to induce an intense, immediate and transient upregulation of innate immunity-related genes in lungs. This effect is accompanied by viral load reduction, lung and brain cytokine storms prevention and increased levels of macrophages and NK cells, resulting in 83% mice survival, concomitantly with long-term immunization. Thus, priming the lung innate immunity by Poly(I:C) or alike may provide an immediate, efficient and safe protective measure against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (S.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Hila Gutman
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (S.L.); (H.G.)
| | - Roy Avraham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, P.O. Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel; (H.T.); (S.M.); (N.E.); (B.P.); (Y.Y.-R.); (H.A.); (R.A.); (S.W.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Li S, Zhu H, Zhao M, Liu W, Wang L, Zhu B, Xie W, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Ren C, Liu H, Jiang X. When stem cells meet COVID-19: recent advances, challenges and future perspectives. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:9. [PMID: 35012650 PMCID: PMC8744050 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 is currently spreading throughout the world with a high rate of infection and mortality and poses a huge threat to global public health. COVID-19 primarily manifests as hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can lead to multiple organ failure. Despite advances in the supportive care approaches, there is still a lack of clinically effective therapies, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies to fight this disease. Currently, stem cell therapy and stem cell-derived organoid models have received extensive attention as a new treatment and research method for COVID-19. Here, we discuss how stem cells play a role in the battle against COVID-19 and present a systematic review and prospective of the study on stem cell treatment and organoid models of COVID-19, which provides a reference for the effective control of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Hecheng Zhu
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Changsha Kexin Cancer Hospital, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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19
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Non-clinical safety assessment and in vivo biodistribution of CoviFab, an RBD-specific F(ab')2 fragment derived from equine polyclonal antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115796. [PMID: 34785274 PMCID: PMC8590615 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has required the urgent development of new therapies, among which passive immunotherapy is contemplated. CoviFab (INM005) is a RBD-specific F(ab′)2 fragment derived from equine polyclonal antibodies. We investigate their preclinical security and biodistribution by in vivo and ex vivo NIR imaging after intravenous administration of a dose of 4 mg/kg at time 0 and 48 h. Images were taken at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 49, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132 and 144 h after the first intravenous injection. At 96 and 144 h, mice were sacrificed for haematology, serum chemistry, clinical pathology, histopathology and ex vivo imaging. The biodistribution profile was similar in all organs studied, with the highest fluorescence at 1 h after each injection, gradually decreasing after that each one and until the end of the study (144 h). The toxicology study revealed no significant changes in the haematology and serum chemistry parameters. Further, there were no changes in the gross and histological examination of organs. Nonclinical data of the current study confirm that CoviFab is safe, without observable adverse effects in mice. Furthermore, we confirm that bioimaging studies are a useful approach in preclinical trials to determine biodistribution.
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20
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Preclinical efficacy and safety of novel SNAT against SARS-CoV-2 using a hamster model. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:3007-3016. [PMID: 35441321 PMCID: PMC9017740 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the unprecedented global public health crisis due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we designed and developed a novel antiviral nano-drug, called SNAT (Smart Nano-Enabled Antiviral Therapeutic), comprised of taxoid (Tx)-decorated amino (NH2)-functionalized near-atomic size positively charged silver nanoparticles (Tx-[NH2-AgNPs]) that are stable for over 3 years. Using a hamster model, we tested the preclinical efficacy of inhaled SNAT on the body weight, virus titer, and histopathology of lungs in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters, including biocompatibility in human lung epithelium and dermal fibroblasts using lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Our results showed SNAT could effectively reverse the body weight loss, reduce the virus load in oral swabs, and improve lung health in hamsters. Furthermore, LDH assay showed SNAT is noncytotoxic, and MDA assay demonstrated SNAT to be an antioxidant, potentially quenching lipid peroxidation, in both the human cells. Overall, these promising pilot preclinical findings suggest SNAT as a novel, safer antiviral drug lead against SARS-CoV-2 infection and may find applications as a platform technology against other respiratory viruses of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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21
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Zanganeh S, Goodarzi N, Doroudian M, Movahed E. Potential COVID-19 therapeutic approaches targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; An updated review. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2321. [PMID: 34958163 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has spread swiftly throughout the world posing a global health emergency. The significant numbers of deaths attributed to this pandemic have researchers battling to understand this new, dangerous virus. Researchers are looking to find possible treatment regimens and develop effective therapies. This study aims to provide an overview of published scientific information on potential treatments, emphasizing angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) inhibitors as one of the most important drug targets. SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD); as a viral attachment or entry inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2, human recombinant soluble ACE2; as a genetically modified soluble form of ACE2 to compete with membrane-bound ACE2, and microRNAs (miRNAs); as a negative regulator of the expression of ACE2/TMPRSS2 to inhibit SARS-CoV2 entry into cells, are the potential therapeutic approaches discussed thoroughly in this article. This review provides the groundwork for the ongoing development of therapeutic agents and effective treatments against SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zanganeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Goodarzi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New Year, USA
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22
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Helms L, Marchiano S, Stanaway IB, Hsiang TY, Juliar BA, Saini S, Zhao YT, Khanna A, Menon R, Alakwaa F, Mikacenic C, Morrell ED, Wurfel MM, Kretzler M, Harder JL, Murry CE, Himmelfarb J, Ruohola-Baker H, Bhatraju PK, Gale M, Freedman BS. Cross-validation of SARS-CoV-2 responses in kidney organoids and clinical populations. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e154882. [PMID: 34767537 PMCID: PMC8783682 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidneys are critical target organs of COVID-19, but susceptibility and responses to infection remain poorly understood. Here, we combine SARS-CoV-2 variants with genome-edited kidney organoids and clinical data to investigate tropism, mechanism, and therapeutics. SARS-CoV-2 specifically infects organoid proximal tubules among diverse cell types. Infections produce replicating virus, apoptosis, and disrupted cell morphology, features of which are revealed in the context of polycystic kidney disease. Cross-validation of gene expression patterns in organoids reflects proteomic signatures of COVID-19 in the urine of critically ill patients indicating interferon pathway upregulation. SARS-CoV-2 viral variants alpha, beta, gamma, kappa, and delta exhibit comparable levels of infection in organoids. Infection is ameliorated in ACE2-/- organoids and blocked via treatment with de novo-designed spike binder peptides. Collectively, these studies clarify the impact of kidney infection in COVID-19 as reflected in organoids and clinical populations, enabling assessment of viral fitness and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Helms
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Silvia Marchiano
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Ian B. Stanaway
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin A. Juliar
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Shally Saini
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
| | - Yan Ting Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akshita Khanna
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
| | - Rajasree Menon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fadhl Alakwaa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Department of Medicine
- Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Harder
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Charles E. Murry
- Department of Medicine
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Division of Cardiology
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology
- Sana Biotechnology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Hannele Ruohola-Baker
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry; and
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavan K. Bhatraju
- Department of Medicine
- Kidney Research Institute
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology
| | - Benjamin S. Freedman
- Department of Medicine
- Division of Nephrology
- Kidney Research Institute
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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Mehyar N, Mashhour A, Islam I, Alhadrami HA, Tolah AM, Alghanem B, Alkhaldi S, Somaie BA, Al Ghobain M, Alobaida Y, Alaskar AS, Boudjelal M. Discovery of Zafirlukast as a novel SARS-CoV-2 helicase inhibitor using in silico modelling and a FRET-based assay. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 32:963-983. [PMID: 34818959 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2021.1993995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus helicase is an essential enzyme required for viral replication/transcription pathways. Structural studies revealed a sulphate moiety that interacts with key residues within the nucleotide-binding site of the helicase. Compounds with a sulphoxide or a sulphone moiety could interfere with these interactions and consequently inhibit the enzyme. The molecular operating environment (MOE) was used to dock 189 sulphoxide and sulphone-containing FDA-approved compounds to the nucleotide-binding site. Zafirlukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to treat chronic asthma, achieved the lowest docking score at -8.75 kcals/mol. The inhibitory effect of the compounds on the SARS-CoV-2 helicase dsDNA unwinding activity was tested by a FRET-based assay. Zafirlukast was the only compound to inhibit the enzyme (IC50 = 16.3 µM). The treatment of Vero E6 cells with 25 µM zafirlukast prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased the cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 significantly. These results suggest that zafirlukast alleviates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity by inhibiting the viral helicase and impairing the viral replication/transcription pathway. Zafirlukast could be clinically developed as a new antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronavirus diseases. This discovery is based on molecular modelling, in vitro inhibition of the SARS-CoV helicase activity and cell-based SARS-CoV-2 viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mehyar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Mashhour
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Islam
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H A Alhadrami
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Tolah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - B Alghanem
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - S Alkhaldi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - B A Somaie
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Al Ghobain
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Y Alobaida
- Sudair Pharmaceutical Co, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A S Alaskar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Boudjelal
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Drożdżal S, Rosik J, Lechowicz K, Machaj F, Szostak B, Przybyciński J, Lorzadeh S, Kotfis K, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. An update on drugs with therapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) treatment. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 59:100794. [PMID: 34991982 PMCID: PMC8654464 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest threats to human health in the 21st century with more than 257 million cases and over 5.17 million deaths reported worldwide (as of November 23, 2021. Various agents were initially proclaimed to be effective against SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ribavirin are all examples of therapeutic agents, whose efficacy against COVID-19 was later disproved. Meanwhile, concentrated efforts of researchers and clinicians worldwide have led to the identification of novel therapeutic options to control the disease including PAXLOVID™ (PF-07321332). Although COVID-19 cases are currently treated using a comprehensive approach of anticoagulants, oxygen, and antibiotics, the novel Pfizer agent PAXLOVID™ (PF-07321332), an investigational COVID-19 oral antiviral candidate, significantly reduced hospitalization time and death rates, based on an interim analysis of the phase 2/3 EPIC-HR (Evaluation of Protease Inhibition for COVID-19 in High-Risk Patients) randomized, double-blind study of non-hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19, who are at high risk of progressing to severe illness. The scheduled interim analysis demonstrated an 89 % reduction in risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization or death from any cause compared to placebo in patients treated within three days of symptom onset (primary endpoint). However, there still exists a great need for the development of additional treatments, as the recommended therapeutic options are insufficient in many cases. Thus far, mRNA and vector vaccines appear to be the most effective modalities to control the pandemic. In the current review, we provide an update on the progress that has been made since April 2020 in clinical trials concerning the effectiveness of therapies available to combat COVID-19. We focus on currently recommended therapeutic agents, including steroids, various monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, baricitinib, anticoagulants and PAXLOVID™ summarizing the latest original studies and meta-analyses. Moreover, we aim to discuss other currently and previously studied agents targeting COVID-19 that either show no or only limited therapeutic activity. The results of recent studies report that hydroxychloroquine and convalescent plasma demonstrate no efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lastly, we summarize the studies on various drugs with incoherent or insufficient data concerning their effectiveness, such as amantadine, ivermectin, or niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Drożdżal
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Kacper Lechowicz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Przybyciński
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Science and Research Branch, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Research Institutes of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada; Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134845794, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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25
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Shen T, Wang T. Metabolic Reprogramming in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111475. [PMID: 34768906 PMCID: PMC8584248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plenty of research has revealed virus induced alternations in metabolic pathways, which is known as metabolic reprogramming. Studies focusing on COVID-19 have uncovered significant changes in metabolism, resulting in the perspective that COVID-19 is a metabolic disease. Reprogramming of amino acid, glucose, cholesterol and fatty acid is distinctive characteristic of COVID-19 infection. These metabolic changes in COVID-19 have a critical role not only in producing energy and virus constituent elements, but also in regulating immune response, offering new insights into COVID-19 pathophysiology. Remarkably, metabolic reprogramming provides great opportunities for developing novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for COVID-19 infection. Such novel agents are expected to be effective adjuvant therapies. In this review, we integrate present studies about major metabolic reprogramming in COVID-19, as well as the possibility of targeting reprogrammed metabolism to combat virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence:
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26
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An Update on Innate Immune Responses during SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102060. [PMID: 34696490 PMCID: PMC8541410 DOI: 10.3390/v13102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a member of the Coronaviridae family, which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic followed by unprecedented global societal and economic disruptive impact. The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against invading pathogens and is induced by a variety of cellular receptors that sense viral components. However, various strategies are exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to disrupt the antiviral innate immune responses. Innate immune dysfunction is characterized by the weak generation of type I interferons (IFNs) and the hypersecretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to mortality and organ injury in patients with COVID-19. This review summarizes the existing understanding of the mutual effects between SARS-CoV-2 and the type I IFN (IFN-α/β) responses, emphasizing the relationship between host innate immune signaling and viral proteases with an insight on tackling potential therapeutic targets.
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27
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Kumar S, Çalışkan DM, Janowski J, Faist A, Conrad BCG, Lange J, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Beyond Vaccines: Clinical Status of Prospective COVID-19 Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752227. [PMID: 34659259 PMCID: PMC8519339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since November 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused nearly 200 million infection and more than 4 million deaths globally (Updated information from the World Health Organization, as on 2nd Aug 2021). Within only one year into the pandemic, several vaccines were designed and reached approval for the immunization of the world population. The remarkable protective effects of the manufactured vaccines are demonstrated in countries with high vaccination rates, such as Israel and UK. However, limited production capacities, poor distribution infrastructures and political hesitations still hamper the availability of vaccines in many countries. In addition, due to the emergency of SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune escape properties towards the vaccines the global numbers of new infections as well as patients developing severe COVID-19, remains high. New studies reported that about 8% of infected individuals develop long term symptoms with strong personal restrictions on private as well as professional level, which contributes to the long socioeconomic problems caused by this pandemic. Until today, emergency use-approved treatment options for COVID-19 are limited to the antiviral Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue targeting the viral polymerase, the glucocorticosteroide Dexamethasone as well as neutralizing antibodies. The therapeutic benefits of these treatments are under ongoing debate and clinical studies assessing the efficiency of these treatments are still underway. To identify new therapeutic treatments for COVID-19, now and by the post-pandemic era, diverse experimental approaches are under scientific evaluation in companies and scientific research teams all over the world. To accelerate clinical translation of promising candidates, repurposing approaches of known approved drugs are specifically fostered but also novel technologies are being developed and are under investigation. This review summarizes the recent developments from the lab bench as well as the clinical status of emerging therapeutic candidates and discusses possible therapeutic entry points for the treatment strategies with regard to the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Duygu Merve Çalışkan
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- SP BioSciences Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aileen Faist
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Julius Lange
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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28
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Cagna DR, Donovan TE, McKee JR, Eichmiller F, Metz JE, Albouy JP, Marzola R, Murphy KG, Troeltzsch M. Annual review of selected scientific literature: A report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 126:276-359. [PMID: 34489050 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Scientific Investigation Committee of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry offers this review of the 2020 professional literature in restorative dentistry to inform busy dentists regarding noteworthy scientific and clinical progress over the past year. Each member of the committee brings discipline-specific expertise to this work to cover this broad topic. Specific subject areas addressed include prosthodontics; periodontics, alveolar bone, and peri-implant tissues; implant dentistry; dental materials and therapeutics; occlusion and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs); sleep-related breathing disorders; oral medicine and oral and maxillofacial surgery; and dental caries and cariology. The authors focused their efforts on reporting information likely to influence day-to-day dental treatment decisions with a keen eye on future trends in the profession. With the tremendous volume of dentistry and related literature being published today, this review cannot possibly be comprehensive. The purpose is to update interested readers and provide important resource material for those interested in pursuing greater detail. It remains our intent to assist colleagues in navigating the extensive volume of important information being published annually. It is our hope that readers find this work useful in successfully managing the dental patients they encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Cagna
- Professor, Associate Dean, Chair and Residency Director, Department of Prosthodontics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tenn.
| | - Terence E Donovan
- Professor, Department of Comprehensive Oral Health, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Frederick Eichmiller
- Vice President and Science Officer, Delta Dental of Wisconsin, Stevens Point, Wis
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Albouy
- Assistant Professor of Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Kevin G Murphy
- Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Periodontics, University of Maryland College of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md; Private practice, Baltimore, Md
| | - Matthias Troeltzsch
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Private practice, Ansbach, Germany
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ÖZKAN OKTAY E, TUNCAY S, KAMAN T, KARASAKAL ÖF, ÖZCAN ÖÖ, SOYLAMIŞ T, KARAHAN M, KONUK M. An update comprehensive review on the status of COVID-19: vaccines, drugs, variants and neurological symptoms. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:342-357. [PMID: 34803439 PMCID: PMC8573837 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2106-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various recently reported mutant variants, candidate and urgently approved current vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), many current situations with severe neurological damage and symptoms as well as respiratory tract disorders have begun to be reported. In particular, drug, vaccine, and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Here, we review lessons learned from the use of novel mutant variants of the COVID-19 virus, immunization, new drug solutions, and antibody therapies for infections. Next, we focus on the B 1.1.7, B 1.351, P.1, and B.1.617 lineages or variants of concern that have been reported worldwide, the new manifestations of neurological manifestations, the current therapeutic drug targets for its treatment, vaccine candidates and their efficacy, implantation of convalescent plasma, and neutralization of mAbs. We review specific clinical questions, including many emerging neurological effects and respiratory tract injuries, as well as new potential biomarkers, new studies in addition to known therapeutics, and chronic diseases of vaccines that have received immediate approval. To answer these questions, further understanding of the burden kinetics of COVID-19 and its correlation with neurological clinical outcomes, endogenous antibody responses to vaccines, pharmacokinetics of neutralizing mAbs, and action against emerging viral mutant variants is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru ÖZKAN OKTAY
- Laboratory Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Salih TUNCAY
- Food Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Tuğba KAMAN
- Medical and Aromatic Plants Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Ömer Faruk KARASAKAL
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Öznur Özge ÖZCAN
- Physiotherapy Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Tuğçe SOYLAMIŞ
- Laboratory Technology Program, Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Mesut KARAHAN
- Vocational School of Health Services, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Muhsin KONUK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, İstanbulTurkey
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30
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Safarchi A, Fatima S, Ayati Z, Vafaee F. An update on novel approaches for diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:164. [PMID: 34420513 PMCID: PMC8380468 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a serious public health and economic crisis worldwide which united global efforts to develop rapid, precise, and cost-efficient diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. Numerous multi-disciplinary studies and techniques have been designed to investigate and develop various approaches to help frontline health workers, policymakers, and populations to overcome the disease. While these techniques have been reviewed within individual disciplines, it is now timely to provide a cross-disciplinary overview of novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches summarizing complementary efforts across multiple fields of research and technology. Accordingly, we reviewed and summarized various advanced novel approaches used for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 to help researchers across diverse disciplines on their prioritization of resources for research and development and to give them better a picture of the latest techniques. These include artificial intelligence, nano-based, CRISPR-based, and mass spectrometry technologies as well as neutralizing factors and traditional medicines. We also reviewed new approaches for vaccine development and developed a dashboard to provide frequent updates on the current and future approved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Safarchi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Shadma Fatima
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Zahra Ayati
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Vafaee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
- UNSW Data Science Hub University of New South Wales, NSW Sydney, Australia
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31
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Hiscox JA, Khoo SH, Stewart JP, Owen A. Shutting the gate before the horse has bolted: is it time for a conversation about SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral drug resistance? J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2230-2233. [PMID: 34142123 PMCID: PMC8361339 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a brief overview of drug resistance to antiviral therapy as well as known and emergent variability in key SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences. The purpose is to stimulate deliberation about the need to consider drug resistance prior to widespread roll-out of antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Many existing candidate agents have mechanisms of action involving drug targets likely to be critical for future drug development. Resistance emerged quickly with monotherapies deployed for other pulmonary viruses such as influenza virus, and in HIV mutations in key drug targets compromised efficacy of multiple drugs within a class. The potential for drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been rigorously debated or assessed, and we call for more academic and industry research on this potentially important future threat prior to widespread roll-out of monotherapies for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Saye H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
- Centre of Excellence in Long acting Therapeutics (CELT), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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32
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Chitsike L, Duerksen-Hughes P. Keep out! SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors: their role and utility as COVID-19 therapeutics. Virol J 2021; 18:154. [PMID: 34301275 PMCID: PMC8301738 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has put healthcare infrastructures and our social and economic lives under unprecedented strain. Effective solutions are needed to end the pandemic while significantly lessening its further impact on mortality and social and economic life. Effective and widely-available vaccines have appropriately long been seen as the best way to end the pandemic. Indeed, the current availability of several effective vaccines are already making a significant progress towards achieving that goal. Nevertheless, concerns have risen due to new SARS-CoV-2 variants that harbor mutations against which current vaccines are less effective. Furthermore, some individuals are unwilling or unable to take the vaccine. As health officials across the globe scramble to vaccinate their populations to reach herd immunity, the challenges noted above indicate that COVID-19 therapeutics are still needed to work alongside the vaccines. Here we describe the impact that neutralizing antibodies have had on those with early or mild COVID-19, and what their approval for early management of COVID-19 means for other viral entry inhibitors that have a similar mechanism of action. Importantly, we also highlight studies that show that therapeutic strategies involving various viral entry inhibitors such as multivalent antibodies, recombinant ACE2 and miniproteins can be effective not only for pre-exposure prophylaxis, but also in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 antigenic drift and future zoonotic sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennox Chitsike
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, 101 Alumni Hall, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11021 Campus Street, 101 Alumni Hall, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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33
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Khateeb J, Li Y, Zhang H. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and potential intervention approaches. Crit Care 2021; 25:244. [PMID: 34253247 PMCID: PMC8274962 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major variant of concerns (VOCs) have shared mutations in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike proteins, mostly on the S1 unit and resulted in higher transmissibility rate and affect viral virulence and clinical outcome. The spike protein mutations and other non-structural protein mutations in the VOCs may lead to escape approved vaccinations in certain extend. We will discuss these VOC mutations and discuss the need for combination therapeutic strategies targeting viral cycle and immune host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Khateeb
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Room 619, LKSKI, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B1W8, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuchong Li
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Room 619, LKSKI, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B1W8, Canada
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Room 619, LKSKI, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B1W8, Canada.
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Physiology, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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34
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Anand U, Jakhmola S, Indari O, Jha HC, Chen ZS, Tripathi V, Pérez de la Lastra JM. Potential Therapeutic Targets and Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic Management: A Review on the Recent Update. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658519. [PMID: 34276652 PMCID: PMC8278575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly pathogenic novel virus that has caused a massive pandemic called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. Wuhan, a city in China became the epicenter of the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019. The disease was declared a pandemic globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is a beta CoV of the Coronaviridae family which usually causes respiratory symptoms that resemble common cold. Multiple countries have experienced multiple waves of the disease and scientific experts are consistently working to find answers to several unresolved questions, with the aim to find the most suitable ways to contain the virus. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies and vaccine development for COVID-19 management are also considered. Currently, substantial efforts have been made to develop successful and safe treatments and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Some vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based, and vector-based vaccines, have entered phase 3 clinical trials. Additionally, diverse small molecule drugs, peptides and antibodies are being developed to treat COVID-19. We present here an overview of the virus interaction with the host and environment and anti-CoV therapeutic strategies; including vaccines and other methodologies, designed for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the hope that this integrative analysis could help develop novel therapeutic approaches against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India
| | - José M. Pérez de la Lastra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas (CSIS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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35
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Jonsson CB, Golden JE, Meibohm B. Time to 'Mind the Gap' in novel small molecule drug discovery for direct-acting antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:1-7. [PMID: 34256351 PMCID: PMC8238655 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A pipeline of effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) remains a critical gap in addressing the current pandemic given vaccination hesitancy, the emergence of viral variants of concern, susceptible populations for which vaccination is ineffective or unavailable, and the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is here to stay. Since the start of the pandemic, global efforts in small molecule drug discovery have focused largely on testing of FDA-approved drugs to accelerate evaluation in clinical trials in hospitalized patients. With 80% of the population who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 having asymptomatic to mild COVID-19, early stage, DAAs would be of enormous benefit to reduce spread, duration of symptoms and quarantine length. We highlight a few of the most promising DAAs in clinical trials and discuss considerations in how to navigate the challenges and pitfalls of novel small molecule discovery and thereby accelerate the advancement of new, safe, and oral DAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163 USA; Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 901 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163 USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163 USA.
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163 USA
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36
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Tugaeva KV, Hawkins DEDP, Smith JLR, Bayfield OW, Ker DS, Sysoev AA, Klychnikov OI, Antson AA, Sluchanko NN. The Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Recognition by the Human 14-3-3 Proteins. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166875. [PMID: 33556408 PMCID: PMC7863765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) controls viral genome packaging and contains numerous phosphorylation sites located within unstructured regions. Binding of phosphorylated SARS-CoV N to the host 14-3-3 protein in the cytoplasm was reported to regulate nucleocytoplasmic N shuttling. All seven isoforms of the human 14-3-3 are abundantly present in tissues vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, where N can constitute up to ~1% of expressed proteins during infection. Although the association between 14-3-3 and SARS-CoV-2 N proteins can represent one of the key host-pathogen interactions, its molecular mechanism and the specific critical phosphosites are unknown. Here, we show that phosphorylated SARS-CoV-2 N protein (pN) dimers, reconstituted via bacterial co-expression with protein kinase A, directly associate, in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, with the dimeric 14-3-3 protein, but not with its monomeric mutant. We demonstrate that pN is recognized by all seven human 14-3-3 isoforms with various efficiencies and deduce the apparent KD to selected isoforms, showing that these are in a low micromolar range. Serial truncations pinpointed a critical phosphorylation site to Ser197, which is conserved among related zoonotic coronaviruses and located within the functionally important, SR-rich region of N. The relatively tight 14-3-3/pN association could regulate nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and other functions of N via occlusion of the SR-rich region, and could also hijack cellular pathways by 14-3-3 sequestration. As such, the assembly may represent a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Tugaeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dorothy E D P Hawkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jake L R Smith
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver W Bayfield
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - De-Sheng Ker
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey A Sysoev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Klychnikov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Nikolai N Sluchanko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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37
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Dean AQ, Bozza WP, Twomey JD, Luo S, Nalli A, Zhang B. The fight against COVID-19: Striking a balance in the renin-angiotensin system. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2214-2220. [PMID: 33865979 PMCID: PMC8049177 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters host cells by interacting with membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a vital element in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which regulates blood pressure, fluid balance, and cardiovascular functions. We herein evaluate existing evidence for the molecular alterations within the RAS pathway (e.g., ACE2 and angiotensin II) during SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This includes reports regarding potential effect of RAS blockade (e.g., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers) on ACE2 expression and clinical outcomes in patients with co-morbidities commonly treated with these agents. The collective evidence suggests a dual role for ACE2 in COVID-19, depending on the stage of infection and the coexisting diseases in individual patients. This information is further discussed with respect to potential therapeutic strategies targeting RAS for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - William P Bozza
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Julianne D Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Ancy Nalli
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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38
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Chen Y, Cheng L, Lian R, Song Z, Tian J. COVID-19 vaccine research focusses on safety, efficacy, immunoinformatics, and vaccine production and delivery: a bibliometric analysis based on VOSviewer. Biosci Trends 2021; 15:64-73. [PMID: 33746182 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2021.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected tens of millions of people globally since it was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. There is an urgent need for safe and effective preventive vaccines to curb this pandemic. A growing amount of related research has been published. This study aimed to provide the current status of COVID-19 vaccine using bibliometric analysis. We searched Embase.com and MEDLINE comprehensively and included articles, articles in press, reviews, short surveys, conference abstracts and conference papers about COVID-19 vaccine. VOSviewer1.6.11 (Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands) was applied to perform the bibliometric analysis of these papers. A total of 1,312 papers were finally included. The BMJ has been the most popular journal in this field. The United States maintained a top position worldwide and has provided a pivotal influence, followed by China, India and United Kingdom. Among all the institutions, Harvard University was regarded as a leader for research collaboration. We analyzed the keywords and identified seven COVID-19 vaccine research hotspot clusters. COVID-19 vaccine research hotspots focus on clinical trials on vaccine safety and efficacy, research on vaccine immunology and immunoinformatics, and vaccine hesitancy. Our analysis results demonstrated that cooperation between countries, institutions, and authors were insufficient. The results suggested that clinical trials on vaccine safety, efficacy, immunology, immunoinformatics, production and delivery are research hotspots. Furthermore, we can predict that there will be a lot of research focusing on vaccine adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Evidence-based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Luying Cheng
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongna Lian
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Song
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Evidence-based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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39
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Borbone N, Piccialli G, Roviello GN, Oliviero G. Nucleoside Analogs and Nucleoside Precursors as Drugs in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:986. [PMID: 33668428 PMCID: PMC7918729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA enveloped viruses, members of the family Coronaviridae, that cause infections in a broad range of mammals including humans. Several CoV species lead to mild upper respiratory infections typically associated with common colds. However, three human CoV (HCoV) species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, are responsible for severe respiratory diseases at the origin of two recent epidemics (SARS and MERS), and of the current COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), respectively. The easily transmissible SARS-CoV-2, emerging at the end of 2019 in China, spread rapidly worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic. While the world waits for mass vaccination, there is an urgent need for effective drugs as short-term weapons to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the drug repurposing approach is a strategy able to guarantee positive results rapidly. In this regard, it is well known that several nucleoside-mimicking analogs and nucleoside precursors may inhibit the growth of viruses providing effective therapies for several viral diseases, including HCoV infections. Therefore, this review will focus on synthetic nucleosides and nucleoside precursors active against different HCoV species, paying great attention to SARS-CoV-2. This work covers progress made in anti-CoV therapy with nucleoside derivatives and provides insight into their main mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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40
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Warnings regarding the potential coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission risk: Vaccination is not enough. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:679-680. [PMID: 33563345 PMCID: PMC7948099 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Du A, Zheng R, Disoma C, Li S, Chen Z, Li S, Liu P, Zhou Y, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Dong Z, Yang Q, Alsaadawe M, Razzaq A, Peng Y, Chen X, Hu L, Peng J, Zhang Q, Jiang T, Mo L, Li S, Xia Z. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, an active ingredient of Traditional Chinese Medicines, inhibits the 3CLpro activity of SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:1-12. [PMID: 33548314 PMCID: PMC7859723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible for the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The main protease of SARS-CoV-2, 3CLpro, is an attractive target for antiviral inhibitors due to its indispensable role in viral replication and gene expression of viral proteins. The search of compounds that can effectively inhibit the crucial activity of 3CLpro, which results to interference of the virus life cycle, is now widely pursued. Here, we report that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), is a potent inhibitor of 3CLpro with half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.874 ± 0.005 μM. In the study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 123 cases of COVID-19 patients, and found three effective Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) prescriptions. Multiple strategies were performed to screen potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro from the active ingredients of TCMs, including network pharmacology, molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assay and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based inhibition assay. The SPR assay showed good interaction between EGCG and 3CLpro with KD ~6.17 μM, suggesting a relatively high affinity of EGCG with SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro. Our results provide critical insights into the mechanism of action of EGCG as a potential therapeutic agent against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashuai Du
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550000, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Cyrollah Disoma
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Shiqin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zongpeng Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Pinjia Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yilun Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Sixu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yongxing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zijun Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou 550000, China
| | - Moyed Alsaadawe
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuyang Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Liqiang Hu
- The First Hospital of Changsha, University of South China, Changsha 410201, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjun Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Long Mo
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shanni Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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In Silico Screening of Natural Products Isolated from Mexican Herbal Medicines against COVID-19. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020216. [PMID: 33557097 PMCID: PMC7913859 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has already taken the lives of more than 2 million people worldwide, causing several political and socio-economic disturbances in our daily life. At the time of publication, there are non-effective pharmacological treatments, and vaccine distribution represents an important challenge for all countries. In this sense, research for novel molecules becomes essential to develop treatments against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this context, Mexican natural products have proven to be quite useful for drug development; therefore, in the present study, we perform an in silico screening of 100 compounds isolated from the most commonly used Mexican plants, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. As results, we identify ten compounds that meet leadlikeness criteria (emodin anthrone, kaempferol, quercetin, aesculin, cichoriin, luteolin, matricin, riolozatrione, monocaffeoyl tartaric acid, aucubin). According to the docking analysis, only three compounds target the key proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (quercetin, riolozatrione and cichoriin), but only one appears to be safe (cichoriin). ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) properties and the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model show that cichoriin reaches higher lung levels (100 mg/Kg, IV); therefore, it may be considered in developing therapeutic tools.
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Cheng K, Xiong W, Zhou X, Li H, Zheng J, Xu J. Diagnosis and treatment of 471 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:163. [PMID: 33569465 PMCID: PMC7867930 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background While the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has been largely kept under control in China, it remains a global pandemic, and the source, transmission route, and treatments of SARS-COV-2 are still being investigated. Here, we summarized the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19 patients based on our clinical practice. Methods The clinical and imaging findings, treatments, and follow-up data of 471 patients with COVID-19 who were discharged from the Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital prior to February 6, 2020, were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among these patients, there were 2 mild cases, 282 moderate cases, 181 severe cases, and 6 critical cases. There were 250 males and 221 females aged 17 to 90 years. The median age was 54 years in the severe/critical group, which was significantly older than in the mild/moderate group (P<0.05). 44.59% of them had one or more underlying diseases. The most common symptoms were fever, cough, expectoration, and dyspnea. The median body temperature in the severe/critical group was 39°C, which was significantly higher than in the mild/moderate group (P<0.05). The incidences of lymphopenia and CD4+ T lymphocytopenia were 53.5% and 41.86%, respectively. Ground-glass opacity and small patchy shadows were the most common findings on chest computed tomography (CT). Compared with the mild/moderate group, the severe/critical group showed higher proportions of severe lymphocytopenia and CD4+ T lymphocytopenia, along with more ground-glass shadows and large-scale consolidation. After anti-infection, oxygen therapy, and symptomatic support, lymphocytes and CD4+ T lymphocytes were markedly increased, all patients were discharged. The median time of nucleic acid conversion and hospital stay were 9 and 12 days, respectively, which were significantly longer in the severe/critical group than in the mild/moderate group. Of the 390 cases followed, only 19 were hospitalized again due to other diseases. All patients recovered well from COVID-19, with negative nucleic acid test results. Conclusions Lymphocytopenia and CD4+ T lymphocytopenia were found to be associated with COVID-19 and thus may be important indicators in evaluating the severity and prognosis. Multidisciplinary management including antiviral treatment, immune regulation, and symptomatic support is effective, and yields a low recurrence rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Cheng
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weining Xiong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Zheng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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COVID-19: Understanding the Pandemic Emergence, Impact and Infection Prevalence Worldwide. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has showed high transmission across the continents due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with total infected cases of around ~ 44 million people. This communicable virus that initiated from the Wuhan city of China in the month of December 2020 has now spread to 189 different countries with 1.1 million fatalities worldwide (till 28 Oct, 2020). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared this outbreak as Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January, 2020. The infection spreads mainly due to contact with infected droplets or fomites, highlighting flu like symptoms initially, which may further progress into severe pneumonia and respiratory failure, often observed in elderly patients with prehistory of other diseases. The diagnosis is based on detection of viral antigen, human antibody and viral gene (RT-PCR). Further, various other diagnostic tools including X-ray, CT-scan are used for imaging purpose, recently artificial intelligence based imaging (contactless scanning) gained popularity. Generally testing of existing drugs (repurposing) and development of new molecules are the main strategies adopted by researchers. However, as per initial findings, various drugs, monoclonal antibody and plasma therapy were found to show effectiveness against COVID-19. Further, many vaccine candidates have entered or will soon enter phase III clinical testing. This disease has further challenged the global economy. Thus, this review uniquely compares the strategies adopted by developed and developing countries worldwide including protective measures like lockdown, continuous testing, utilizing latest tools (artificial intelligence) in curbing this infection spread.
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