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Beaton B, Hughes DA. Soluble mannose receptor: A potential biomarker in Gaucher disease. Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:794-801. [PMID: 38200687 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Soluble mannose receptor (sMR) relates to mannose receptor expression on macrophages, and is elevated in inflammatory disorders. Gaucher disease (GD) has altered macrophage function and utilises mannose receptors for enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) endocytosis. sMR has not previously been studied in GD. METHODS sMR was measured by ELISA and correlated with GD clinical features including spleen and liver volume, haemoglobin and platelet count, bone marrow burden (BMB) scores and immunoglobulin levels. sMR was compared with biomarkers of GD: chitotriosidase, lyso-GL1, PARC, CCL3, CCL4, osteoactivin, serum ACE and ferritin. RESULTS Median sMR in untreated GD patients was 303.0 ng/mL compared to post-treatment 190.9 ng/mL (p = .02) and healthy controls 202 ng/mL. Median sMR correlated with median spleen volume 455 mL (r = .70, p = .04), liver volume 2025 mL (r = .64, p = .04), BMB 7 (r = .8, p = .03), IgA 1.9 g/L (r = .54, p = .036), IgG 9.2 g/L (r = .57, p = .027), IgM 1.45 g/L (r = .86, p < .0001), with inverse correlation to median platelet count of 125 × 109/L (r = -.47, p = .08) and haemoglobin of 137 g/L (r = -.77, p = .0008). sMR correlated with established biomarkers: osteoactivin 107.8 ng/mL (r = .58, p = .0006), chitotriosidase 3042 nmol/mL/h (r = .52, p = .0006), PARC 800 ng/mL (r = .67, p = .0068), ferritin 547 μg/L (r = .72, p = .002) and CCL3 50 pg/mL (r = .67, p = .007). CONCLUSIONS sMR correlates with clinical features and biomarkers of GD and reduces following therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Beaton
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
- Department of Haematology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Derralynn A Hughes
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free NHS Trust, London, UK
- University College London, London, UK
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Swift IJ, Rademakers R, Finch N, Baker M, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Binetti G, Rossi G, Synofzik M, Wilke C, Mengel D, Graff C, Takada LT, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Arcaro M, Schreiber S, Vielhaber S, Arndt P, Santana I, Almeida MR, Moreno F, Barandiaran M, Gabilondo A, Stubert J, Gómez-Tortosa E, Agüero P, Sainz MJ, Gohda T, Murakoshi M, Kamei N, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A, Weigl J, Jian J, Liu C, Serrero G, Greither T, Theil G, Lohmann E, Gazzina S, Bagnoli S, Coppola G, Bruni A, Quante M, Kiess W, Hiemisch A, Jurkutat A, Block MS, Carlson AM, Bråthen G, Sando SB, Grøntvedt GR, Lauridsen C, Heslegrave A, Heller C, Abel E, Gómez-Núñez A, Puey R, Arighi A, Rotondo E, Jiskoot LC, Meeter LHH, Durães J, Lima M, Tábuas-Pereira M, Lemos J, Boeve B, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, LeBer I, Sellami L, Lamari F, Clot F, Borroni B, Cantoni V, Rivolta J, Lleó A, Fortea J, Alcolea D, Illán-Gala I, Andres-Cerezo L, Van Damme P, Clarimon J, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M, van der Ende EL, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Zetterberg H, Sogorb-Esteve A, Rohrer JD. A systematic review of progranulin concentrations in biofluids in over 7,000 people-assessing the pathogenicity of GRN mutations and other influencing factors. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:66. [PMID: 38539243 PMCID: PMC10976725 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a key cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), leading to significantly reduced biofluid concentrations of the progranulin protein (PGRN). This has led to a number of ongoing therapeutic trials aiming to treat this form of FTD by increasing PGRN levels in mutation carriers. However, we currently lack a complete understanding of factors that affect PGRN levels and potential variation in measurement methods. Here, we aimed to address this gap in knowledge by systematically reviewing published literature on biofluid PGRN concentrations. METHODS Published data including biofluid PGRN concentration, age, sex, diagnosis and GRN mutation were collected for 7071 individuals from 75 publications. The majority of analyses (72%) had focused on plasma PGRN concentrations, with many of these (56%) measured with a single assay type (Adipogen) and so the influence of mutation type, age at onset, sex, and diagnosis were investigated in this subset of the data. RESULTS We established a plasma PGRN concentration cut-off between pathogenic mutation carriers and non-carriers of 74.8 ng/mL using the Adipogen assay based on 3301 individuals, with a CSF concentration cut-off of 3.43 ng/mL. Plasma PGRN concentration varied by GRN mutation type as well as by clinical diagnosis in those without a GRN mutation. Plasma PGRN concentration was significantly higher in women than men in GRN mutation carriers (p = 0.007) with a trend in non-carriers (p = 0.062), and there was a significant but weak positive correlation with age in both GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers. No significant association was seen with weight or with TMEM106B rs1990622 genotype. However, higher plasma PGRN levels were seen in those with the GRN rs5848 CC genotype in both GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS These results further support the usefulness of PGRN concentration for the identification of the large majority of pathogenic mutations in the GRN gene. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of considering additional factors, such as mutation type, sex and age when interpreting PGRN concentrations. This will be particularly important as we enter the era of trials for progranulin-associated FTD.
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Grants
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- MR/M008525/1 MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship
- MR/M008525/1 MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship
- 2013/017584 FAPESP grant number
- 01ED2008A EU Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Diseases networks Genfi-Prox
- 01ED2001 bPride
- FTLDc 01GI1007A, Moodmarker 01EW200 German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- MIRIADE 860197, FAIR-PARK II 633190 the EU
- SFB1279 German Research Foundation/DFG
- D.3830 The foundation of the state Baden-Württemberg
- D.5009 Boehringer Ingelheim Ulm University BioCenter and the Thierry Latran Foundation
- #ALFGBG-71320 Swedish State Support for Clinical Research
- #201809-2016862 Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA
- #ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer's Association
- #2019-02397, #2022-01018 Swedish Research Council
- #FO2022-0270 the Bluefield Project, the Olav Thon Foundation, the Erling-Persson Family Foundation, Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden
- JPND2021-00694) the European Union Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research
- UKDRI-1003 UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL
- ARUK-RADF2021A-003 Alzheimer's Research UK
- BRC149/NS/MH NIHR Rare Disease Translational Research Collaboration
- MR/M023664/1 MRC UK GENFI grant
- P30 AG062677 NIA NIH HHS
- Alzheimer’s Association
- Clinician Scientist programme "PRECISE.net" funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
- the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860197 (MIRIADE)
- the European Union Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
- Alzheimer’s Research UK
- Bluefield Project
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen J Swift
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - NiCole Finch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Matt Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC-Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Wilke
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Mengel
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, BioclinicumKarolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Dept. of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Dept. of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Arcaro
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arndt
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Fermín Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Myriam Barandiaran
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alazne Gabilondo
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Johannes Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Pablo Agüero
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Sainz
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kamei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomicbomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Weigl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital in Tauberbischofsheim, Tauberbischofsheim, Germany
| | - Jinlong Jian
- University of Pennsylvania, Gene Therapy Program, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ginette Serrero
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, Columbia, MD, USA
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerit Theil
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, Neurophysiology Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amalia Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Mirja Quante
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Jurkutat
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Aaron M Carlson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Lauridsen
- Department of Research, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emily Abel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Alba Gómez-Núñez
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Puey
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Enmanuela Rotondo
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke H H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - João Durães
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marisa Lima
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Lemos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bradley Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle LeBer
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et La Moelle Épinière (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Leila Sellami
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et La Moelle Épinière (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Des Démences Rares Ou Précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- UF de Biochimie Des Maladies Neurométaboliques Et Neurodégénératives, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Clot
- UF de Neurogénétique Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Cantoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jasmine Rivolta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucie Andres-Cerezo
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Takahashi H, Bhagwagar S, Nies SH, Ye H, Han X, Chiasseu MT, Wang G, Mackenzie IR, Strittmatter SM. Reduced progranulin increases tau and α-synuclein inclusions and alters mouse tauopathy phenotypes via glucocerebrosidase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1434. [PMID: 38365772 PMCID: PMC10873339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Comorbid proteinopathies are observed in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), increase with age, and influence clinical outcomes, yet the mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we show that reduction of progranulin (PGRN), a lysosomal protein associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy, also increases tau inclusions, causes concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein and worsens mortality and disinhibited behaviors in tauopathy mice. The increased inclusions paradoxically protect against spatial memory deficit and hippocampal neurodegeneration. PGRN reduction in male tauopathy attenuates activity of β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a protein previously associated with synucleinopathy, while increasing glucosylceramide (GlcCer)-positive tau inclusions. In neuronal culture, GCase inhibition enhances tau aggregation induced by AD-tau. Furthermore, purified GlcCer directly promotes tau aggregation in vitro. Neurofibrillary tangles in human tauopathies are also GlcCer-immunoreactive. Thus, in addition to TDP-43, PGRN regulates tau- and synucleinopathies via GCase and GlcCer. A lysosomal PGRN-GCase pathway may be a common therapeutic target for age-related comorbid proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Sanaea Bhagwagar
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah H Nies
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hongping Ye
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Marius T Chiasseu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA.
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5
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Saleem S, Imran Z, Samdani A, Khoso B, Zehra S, Azhar A. Mutations in PGRN gene associated with the risk of psoriasis in Pakistan: a case control study. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:335. [PMID: 38129828 PMCID: PMC10740244 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic, autoimmune, papulosquamous skin disorder, characterized by the formation of drop-like papules and silvery-white plaques surrounded by reddened or inflamed skin, existing predominantly on the scalp, knees and elbows. The characteristic inflammation and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis is regulated by progranulin (PGRN), which suppresses the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. METHODOLOGY In this study mutation analysis of the PGRN gene was performed by extracting the genomic DNA from blood samples of 171 diagnosed psoriasis patients and controls through standard salting-out method, followed by amplification and sequencing of the targeted region of exon 5-7 of PGRN gene. RESULTS Three single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs25646, rs850713 and a novel point mutation 805A/G were identified in the PGRN gene with significant association with the disease. The variant alleles of the polymorphisms were significantly distributed among cases and controls, and statistical analysis suggested that the mutant genotypes conferred a higher risk of psoriasis development and progression. Multi-SNP haplotype analysis indicated that the CAA (OR = 8.085, 95% CI = 5.16-12.66) and the CAG (OR = 3.204, 95% CI = 1.97-5.21) haplotypes were significantly associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that polymorphisms in PGRN might act as potential molecular targets for early diagnosis of psoriasis in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Saleem
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Zunaira Imran
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azam Samdani
- Department of Dermatology, National Medical Centre (NMC), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bahram Khoso
- Department of Dermatology, Jinnah Sindh Medical University (JSMU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Azhar
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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6
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Todd TW, Shao W, Zhang YJ, Petrucelli L. The endolysosomal pathway and ALS/FTD. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:1025-1041. [PMID: 37827960 PMCID: PMC10841821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are considered to be part of a disease spectrum that is associated with causative mutations and risk variants in a wide range of genes. Mounting evidence indicates that several of these genes are linked to the endolysosomal system, highlighting the importance of this pathway in ALS/FTD. Although many studies have focused on how disruption of this pathway impacts on autophagy, recent findings reveal that this may not be the whole picture: specifically, disrupting autophagy may not be sufficient to induce disease, whereas disrupting the endolysosomal system could represent a crucial pathogenic driver. In this review we discuss the connections between ALS/FTD and the endolysosomal system, including a breakdown of how disease-associated genes are implicated in this pathway. We also explore the potential downstream consequences of disrupting endolysosomal activity in the brain, outside of an effect on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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7
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Feng T, Minevich G, Liu P, Qin HX, Wozniak G, Pham J, Pham K, Korgaonkar A, Kurnellas M, Defranoux NA, Long H, Mitra A, Hu F. AAV- GRN partially corrects motor deficits and ALS/FTLD-related pathology in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. iScience 2023; 26:107247. [PMID: 37519899 PMCID: PMC10371829 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of function of progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the granulin (GRN) gene, is implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. Several therapeutics to boost PGRN levels are currently in clinical trials. However, it is difficult to test the efficacy of PGRN-enhancing drugs in mouse models due to the mild phenotypes of Grn-/- mice. Recently, mice deficient in both PGRN and TMEM106B were shown to develop severe motor deficits and pathology. Here, we show that intracerebral ventricle injection of PGRN-expressing AAV1/9 viruses partially rescues motor deficits, neuronal loss, glial activation, and lysosomal abnormalities in Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mice. Widespread expression of PGRN is detected in both the brain and spinal cord for both AAV subtypes. However, AAV9 but not AAV1-mediated expression of PGRN results in high levels of PGRN in the serum. Together, these data support using the Tmem106b-/-Grn-/- mouse strain as a robust mouse model to determine the efficacy of PGRN-elevating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Pengan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Henry Xin Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jenny Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Khanh Pham
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hua Long
- Alector Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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8
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Chatterjee D, Krainc D. Mechanisms of Glucocerebrosidase Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168023. [PMID: 36828270 PMCID: PMC10247409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Beta-glucocerebrosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase, encoded by GBA1 that represents the most common risk gene associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy Body Dementia. Glucocerebrosidase dysfunction has been also observed in the absence of GBA1 mutations across different genetic and sporadic forms of PD and related disorders, suggesting a broader role of glucocerebrosidase in neurodegeneration. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mechanistic characterization of glucocerebrosidase function as the foundation for development of novel therapeutics targeting glucocerebrosidase in PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptaman Chatterjee
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. https://twitter.com/NeilChatterBox
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Simpson Querrey Center for Neurogenetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Liu Y, Zhao X, Jian J, Hasan S, Liu C. Interaction with ERp57 is required for progranulin protection against Type 2 Gaucher disease. Biosci Trends 2023; 17:126-135. [PMID: 36889696 PMCID: PMC10514708 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2023.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD), one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases, is caused by GBA1 mutations resulting in defective glucocerebrosidase (GCase) and consequent accumulation of its substrates β-glucosylceramide (β-GlcCer). We reported progranulin (PGRN), a secretary growth factor-like molecule and an intracellular lysosomal protein was a crucial co-factor of GCase. PGRN binds to GCase and recruits Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) to GCase through its C-terminal Granulin (Grn) E domain, termed as ND7. In addition, both PGRN and ND7 are therapeutic against GD. Herein we found that both PGRN and its derived ND7 still displayed significant protective effects against GD in Hsp70 deficient cells. To delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying PGRN's Hsp70-independent regulation of GD, we performed a biochemical co-purification and mass spectrometry with His-tagged PGRN and His-tagged ND7 in Hsp70 deficient cells, which led to the identification of ERp57, also referred to as protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), as a protein that binds to both PGRN and ND7. Within type 2 neuropathic GD patient fibroblasts L444P, bearing GBA1 L444P mutation, deletion of ERp57 largely abolished the therapeutic effects of PGRN and ND7, as manifested by loss of effects on lysosomal storage, GCase activity, and β-GlcCer accumulation. Additionally, recombinant ERp57 effectively restored the therapeutic effects of PGRN and ND7 in ERp57 knockout L444P fibroblasts. Collectively, this study reports ERp57 as a previously unrecognized binding partner of PGRN that contributes to PGRN regulation of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Menozzi E, Toffoli M, Schapira AHV. Targeting the GBA1 pathway to slow Parkinson disease: Insights into clinical aspects, pathogenic mechanisms and new therapeutic avenues. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108419. [PMID: 37080432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The GBA1 gene encodes the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is involved in sphingolipid metabolism. Biallelic variants in GBA1 cause Gaucher disease (GD), a lysosomal storage disorder characterised by loss of GCase activity and aberrant intracellular accumulation of GCase substrates. Carriers of GBA1 variants have an increased risk of developing Parkinson disease (PD), with odds ratio ranging from 2.2 to 30 according to variant severity. GBA1 variants which do not cause GD in homozygosis can also increase PD risk. Patients with PD carrying GBA1 variants show a more rapidly progressive phenotype compared to non-carriers, emphasising the need for disease modifying treatments targeting the GBA1 pathway. Several mechanisms secondary to GCase dysfunction are potentially responsible for the pathological changes leading to PD. Misfolded GCase proteins induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent unfolded protein response and impair the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. This results in α-synuclein accumulation and spread, and promotes neurodegenerative changes. Preclinical evidence also shows that products of GCase activity can promote accumulation of α-synuclein, however there is no convincing evidence of substrate accumulation in GBA1-PD brains. Altered lipid homeostasis secondary to loss of GCase activity could also contribute to PD pathology. Treatments that target the GBA1 pathway could reverse these pathological processes and halt/slow the progression of PD. These range from augmentation of GCase activity via GBA1 gene therapy, restoration of normal intracellular GCase trafficking via molecular chaperones, and substrate reduction therapy. This review discusses the pathways associated with GBA1-PD and related novel GBA1-targeted interventions for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Menozzi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Marco Toffoli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States of America.
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11
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Simon MJ, Logan T, DeVos SL, Di Paolo G. Lysosomal functions of progranulin and implications for treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:324-339. [PMID: 36244875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function heterozygous mutations in GRN, the gene encoding progranulin (PGRN), were identified in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) almost two decades ago and are generally linked to reduced PGRN protein expression levels. Although initial characterization of PGRN function primarily focused on its role in extracellular signaling as a secreted protein, more recent studies revealed critical roles of PGRN in regulating lysosome function, including proteolysis and lipid degradation, consistent with its lysosomal localization. Emerging from these studies is the notion that PGRN regulates glucocerebrosidase activity via direct chaperone activities and via interaction with prosaposin (i.e., a key regulator of lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes), as well as with the anionic phospholipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate. This emerging lysosomal biology of PGRN identified novel and promising opportunities in therapeutic discovery as well as biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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Elia L, Herting B, Alijagic A, Buselli C, Wong L, Morrison G, Prado MA, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Finley D, Finkbeiner S. Frontotemporal Dementia Patient Neurons With Progranulin Deficiency Display Protein Dyshomeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524611. [PMID: 36712069 PMCID: PMC9882405 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) causes frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment. PGRN is required for efficient proteostasis, as loss of neuronal PGRN results in dysfunctional lysosomes and impaired clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43, a protein involved in neurodegeneration in FTD. These and other events lead to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. However, the detailed mechanisms leading to protein dyshomeostasis in PGRN-deficient cells remain unclear. We report here the development of human cell models of FTD with PGRN-deficiency to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying proteostasis breakdown and TDP-43 aggregation in FTD. Neurons differentiated from FTD patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have reduced PGRN levels, and the neurons recapitulate key disease features, including impaired lysosomal function, defective TDP-43 turnover and accumulation, neurodegeneration, and death. Proteomic analysis revealed altered levels of proteins linked to the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in FTD patient neurons, providing new mechanistic insights into the link between PGRN-deficiency and disease pathobiology.
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13
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PGRN deficiency exacerbates, whereas a brain penetrant PGRN derivative protects, GBA1 mutation-associated pathologies and diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210442120. [PMID: 36574647 PMCID: PMC9910439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210442120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase), cause Gaucher disease (GD) and are also genetic risks in developing Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, the approved therapies are only effective for directly treating visceral symptoms, but not for primary neuronopathic involvement in GD (nGD). Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by GRN, is a novel modifier of GCase, but the impact of PGRN in GBA1 mutation-associated pathologies in vivo remains unknown. Herein, Grn-/- mice crossed into Gba9v/9v mice, a Gba1 mutant line homozygous for the Gba1 D409V mutation, generating Grn-/-Gba9v/9v (PG9V) mice. PG9V mice exhibited neurobehavioral deficits, early onset, and more severe GD phenotypes compared to Grn-/- and Gba9v/9v mice. Moreover, PG9V mice also displayed PD-like phenotype. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PGRN deficiency caused severe neuroinflammation with microgliosis and astrogliosis, along with impaired autophagy associated with the Gba1 mutation. A PGRN-derived peptide, termed ND7, ameliorated the disease phenotype in GD patient fibroblasts ex vivo. Unexpectedly, ND7 penetrated the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and effectively ameliorated the nGD manifestations and PD pathology in Gba9v/null and PG9V mice. Collectively, this study not only provides the first line of in vivo but also ex vivo evidence demonstrating the crucial role of PGRN in GBA1/Gba1 mutation-related pathologies, as well as a clinically relevant mouse model for mechanistic and potential therapeutics studies for nGD and PD. Importantly, a BBB penetrant PGRN-derived biologic was developed that may provide treatment for rare lysosomal storage diseases and common neurodegenerative disorders, particularly nGD and PD.
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14
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Braun JE. Extracellular chaperone networks and the export of J-domain proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102840. [PMID: 36581212 PMCID: PMC9867986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular network of molecular chaperones protects a diverse array of proteins that reside in or pass through extracellular spaces. Proteins in the extracellular milieu face numerous challenges that can lead to protein misfolding and aggregation. As a checkpoint for proteins that move between cells, extracellular chaperone networks are of growing clinical relevance. J-domain proteins (JDPs) are ubiquitous molecular chaperones that are known for their essential roles in a wide array of fundamental cellular processes through their regulation of heat shock protein 70s. As the largest molecular chaperone family, JDPs have long been recognized for their diverse functions within cells. Some JDPs are elegantly selective for their "client proteins," some do not discriminate among substrates and others act cooperatively on the same target. The realization that JDPs are exported through both classical and unconventional secretory pathways has fueled investigation into the roles that JDPs play in protein quality control and intercellular communication. The proposed functions of exported JDPs are diverse. Studies suggest that export of DnaJB11 enhances extracellular proteostasis, that intercellular movement of DnaJB1 or DnaJB6 enhances the proteostasis capacity in recipient cells, whereas the import of DnaJB8 increases resistance to chemotherapy in recipient cancer cells. In addition, the export of DnaJC5 and concurrent DnaJC5-dependent ejection of dysfunctional and aggregation-prone proteins are implicated in the prevention of neurodegeneration. This review provides a brief overview of the current understanding of the extracellular chaperone networks and outlines the first wave of studies describing the cellular export of JDPs.
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15
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Reifschneider A, Robinson S, van Lengerich B, Gnörich J, Logan T, Heindl S, Vogt MA, Weidinger E, Riedl L, Wind K, Zatcepin A, Pesämaa I, Haberl S, Nuscher B, Kleinberger G, Klimmt J, Götzl JK, Liesz A, Bürger K, Brendel M, Levin J, Diehl‐Schmid J, Suh J, Di Paolo G, Lewcock JW, Monroe KM, Paquet D, Capell A, Haass C. Loss of TREM2 rescues hyperactivation of microglia, but not lysosomal deficits and neurotoxicity in models of progranulin deficiency. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109108. [PMID: 35019161 PMCID: PMC8844989 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the progranulin (PGRN)-encoding gene (GRN) causes frontotemporal lobar degeneration (GRN-FTLD) and results in microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 activation, lysosomal dysfunction, and TDP-43 deposition. To understand the contribution of microglial hyperactivation to pathology, we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to suppress TREM2-dependent transition of microglia from a homeostatic to a disease-associated state. Trem2 deficiency in Grn KO mice reduced microglia hyperactivation. To explore antibody-mediated pharmacological modulation of TREM2-dependent microglial states, we identified antagonistic TREM2 antibodies. Treatment of macrophages from GRN-FTLD patients with these antibodies led to reduced TREM2 signaling due to its enhanced shedding. Furthermore, TREM2 antibody-treated PGRN-deficient microglia derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells showed reduced microglial hyperactivation, TREM2 signaling, and phagocytic activity, but lysosomal dysfunction was not rescued. Similarly, lysosomal dysfunction, lipid dysregulation, and glucose hypometabolism of Grn KO mice were not rescued by TREM2 ablation. Synaptic loss and neurofilament light-chain (NfL) levels, a biomarker for neurodegeneration, were further elevated in the Grn/Trem2 KO cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These findings suggest that TREM2-dependent microglia hyperactivation in models of GRN deficiency does not promote neurotoxicity, but rather neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Reifschneider
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Johannes Gnörich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Todd Logan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Steffanie Heindl
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Endy Weidinger
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Lina Riedl
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Karin Wind
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Artem Zatcepin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Ida Pesämaa
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | | | - Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Julia K Götzl
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Katharina Bürger
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Nuclear MedicineUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Janine Diehl‐Schmid
- Department of NeurologyUniversity HospitalLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapySchool of MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Jung Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia ResearchUniversity Hospital MunichLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
| | - Anja Capell
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Christian Haass
- Division of Metabolic BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineBiomedical Center (BMC)Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MunichMunichGermany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy)MunichGermany
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16
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Chitramuthu BP, Campos-García VR, Bateman A. Multiple Molecular Pathways Are Influenced by Progranulin in a Neuronal Cell Model-A Parallel Omics Approach. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:775391. [PMID: 35095393 PMCID: PMC8791029 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.775391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is critical in supporting a healthy CNS. Its haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal dementia, while in experimental models of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, the targeted expression of PGRN greatly slows the onset of disease phenotypes. Nevertheless, much remains unclear about how PGRN affects its target cells. In previous studies we found that PGRN showed a remarkable ability to support the survival of NSC-34 motor neuron cells under conditions that would otherwise lead to their apoptosis. Here we used the same model to investigate other phenotypes of PGRN expression in NSC-34 cells. PGRN significantly influenced morphological differentiation, resulting in cells with enlarged cell bodies and extended projections. At a molecular level this correlated with pathways associated with the cytoskeleton and synaptic differentiation. Depletion of PGRN led to increased expression of several neurotrophic receptors, which may represent a homeostatic mechanism to compensate for loss of neurotrophic support from PGRN. The exception was RET, a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase, which, when PGRN levels are high, shows increased expression and enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation. Other receptor tyrosine kinases also showed higher tyrosine phosphorylation when PGRN was elevated, suggesting a generalized enhancement of receptor activity. PGRN was found to bind to multiple plasma membrane proteins, including RET, as well as proteins in the ER/Golgi apparatus/lysosome pathway. Understanding how these various pathways contribute to PGRN action may provide routes toward improving neuroprotective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babykumari P Chitramuthu
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Víctor R Campos-García
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, and Centre for Translational Biology, Metabolic Disorders and Complications, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montréal, QC, Canada
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17
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Roh J, Subramanian S, Weinreb NJ, Kartha RV. Gaucher disease – more than just a rare lipid storage disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:499-518. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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18
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Rhinn H, Tatton N, McCaughey S, Kurnellas M, Rosenthal A. Progranulin as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:641-652. [PMID: 35039149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN, encoded by the GRN gene) plays a key role in the development, survival, function, and maintenance of neurons and microglia in the mammalian brain. It regulates lysosomal biogenesis, inflammation, repair, stress response, and aging. GRN loss-of-function mutations cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or frontotemporal dementia-GRN (FTD-GRN) in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Mutations that reduce PGRN levels increase the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and limbic-predominant age-related transactivation response DNA-binding protein 43 encephalopathy, as well as exacerbate the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and FTD caused by the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene. Elevating and/or restoring PGRN levels is an attractive therapeutic strategy and is being investigated for neurodegenerative diseases through multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herve Rhinn
- Alector, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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19
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Zhao X, Hasan S, Liou B, Lin Y, Sun Y, Liu C. Analysis of the Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Aged Progranulin Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:629. [PMID: 35054815 PMCID: PMC8775568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating impairments that affect millions of people worldwide and are characterized by progressive degeneration of structure and function of the central or peripheral nervous system. Effective biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases can be used to improve the diagnostic workup in the clinic as well as facilitate the development of effective disease-modifying therapies. Progranulin (PGRN) has been reported to be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, in the current study we systematically compared the inflammation and accumulation of typical neurodegenerative disease markers in the brain tissue between PGRN knockout (PGRN KO) and wildtype (WT) mice. We found that PGRN deficiency led to significant neuron loss as well as activation of microglia and astrocytes in aged mice. Several characteristic neurodegenerative markers, including α-synuclein, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), Tau, and β-amyloid, were all accumulated in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice as compared to WT mice. Moreover, higher aggregation of lipofuscin was observed in the brain tissue of PGRN-deficient mice compared with WT mice. In addition, the autophagy was also defective in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice, indicated by the abnormal expression level of autophagy marker LC3-II. Collectively, comprehensive assays support the idea that PGRN plays an important role during the development of neurodegenerative disease, indicating that PGRN might be a useful biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Benjamin Liou
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yi Lin
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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20
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Dong T, Tejwani L, Jung Y, Kokubu H, Luttik K, Driessen TM, Lim J. Microglia regulate brain progranulin levels through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e136147. [PMID: 34618685 PMCID: PMC8663778 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in Granulin (GRN), which encodes the secreted glycoprotein progranulin (PGRN), are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and Alzheimer's disease. These genetic alterations manifest in pathological changes due to a reduction of PGRN expression; therefore, identifying factors that can modulate PGRN levels in vivo would enhance our understanding of PGRN in neurodegeneration and could reveal novel potential therapeutic targets. Here, we report that modulation of the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway via reduction of Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) in microglia, but not in neurons, can alter total brain Pgrn levels in mice. We demonstrate that Nlk reduction promotes Pgrn degradation by enhancing its trafficking through the endocytosis/lysosomal pathway, specifically in microglia. Furthermore, genetic interaction studies in mice showed that Nlk heterozygosity in Grn haploinsufficient mice further reduces Pgrn levels and induces neuropathological phenotypes associated with PGRN deficiency. Our results reveal a mechanism for Pgrn level regulation in the brain through the active catabolism by microglia and provide insights into the pathophysiology of PGRN-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Youngseob Jung
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kokubu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Luttik
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
| | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neuroscience
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, and
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Schumann L, Wilken-Schmitz A, Trautmann S, Vogel A, Schreiber Y, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Increased Fat Taste Preference in Progranulin-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4125. [PMID: 34836380 PMCID: PMC8623710 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin deficiency in mice is associated with deregulations of the scavenger receptor signaling of CD36/SCARB3 in immune disease models, and CD36 is a dominant receptor in taste bud cells in the tongue and contributes to the sensation of dietary fats. Progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) are moderately overweight during middle age. We therefore asked if there was a connection between progranulin/CD36 in the tongue and fat taste preferences. By using unbiased behavioral analyses in IntelliCages and Phenomaster cages we showed that progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) developed a strong preference of fat taste in the form of 2% milk over 0.3% milk, and for diluted MCTs versus tap water. The fat preference in the 7d-IntelliCage observation period caused an increase of 10% in the body weight of Grn-/- mice, which did not occur in the wildtype controls. CD36 expression in taste buds was reduced in Grn-/- mice at RNA and histology levels. There were no differences in the plasma or tongue lipids of various classes including sphingolipids, ceramides and endocannabinoids. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency leads to a lower expression of CD36 in the tongue resulting in a stronger urge for fatty taste and fatty nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Schumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
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22
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Zhao X, Liberti R, Jian J, Fu W, Hettinghouse A, Sun Y, Liu CJ. Progranulin associates with Rab2 and is involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion in Gaucher disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1639-1654. [PMID: 34453183 PMCID: PMC8541919 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a key regulator of lysosomes, and its deficiency has been linked to various lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), including Gaucher disease (GD), one of the most common LSD. Here, we report that PGRN plays a previously unrecognized role in autophagy within the context of GD. PGRN deficiency is associated with the accumulation of LC3-II and p62 in autophagosomes of GD animal model and patient fibroblasts, resulting from the impaired fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. PGRN physically interacted with Rab2, a critical molecule in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Additionally, a fragment of PGRN containing the Grn E domain was required and sufficient for binding to Rab2. Furthermore, this fragment significantly ameliorated PGRN deficiency-associated impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagic flux. These findings not only demonstrate that PGRN is a crucial mediator of autophagosome-lysosome fusion but also provide new evidence indicating PGRN's candidacy as a molecular target for modulating autophagy in GD and other LSDs in general. KEY MESSAGES : PGRN acts as a crucial factor involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion in GD. PGRN physically interacts with Rab2, a molecule in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. A 15-kDa C-terminal fragment of PGRN is required and sufficient for binding to Rab2. This PGRN derivative ameliorates PGRN deficiency-associated impairment of autophagy. This study provides new insights into autophagy and may develop novel therapy for GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rossella Liberti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, The Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Rm 1608, LOH, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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23
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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24
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Rodrigues PS, Kale PP. Mini review - The role of Glucocerebrosidase and Progranulin as possible targets in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2021; 177:1082-1089. [PMID: 34175090 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As per recent reports, there is an association between glucocerebrosidase (Gcase) enzyme and Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, certain mutations in the Gcase gene (GBA) and the progranulin (PGRN) gene are found to be linked with the imbalance in the levels of Gcase enzyme. This imbalance or decrease or impairment in Gcase activity can lead to Gaucher disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), dementia, etc. Recent evidences suggest that the drugs used to treat these diseases can be used for PD. The present review has focused on the therapeutic approaches used for diseases linked with Gcase enzyme, which can be used for PD. The review also considered possible target specific novel strategies, which may help to meet the unmet needs in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle west, 400056 Mumbai, India
| | - P P Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle west, 400056 Mumbai, India.
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25
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Chemical and genetic rescue of in vivo progranulin-deficient lysosomal and autophagic defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022115118. [PMID: 34140407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, GRN mutations were first linked to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the leading cause of non-Alzheimer dementias. While much research has been dedicated to understanding the genetic causes of the disease, our understanding of the mechanistic impacts of GRN deficiency has only recently begun to take shape. With no known cure or treatment available for GRN-related FTD, there is a growing need to rapidly advance genetic and/or small-molecule therapeutics for this disease. This issue is complicated by the fact that, while lysosomal dysfunction seems to be a key driver of pathology, the mechanisms linking a loss of GRN to a pathogenic state remain unclear. In our attempt to address these key issues, we have turned to the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, to model, study, and find potential therapies for GRN-deficient FTD. First, we show that the loss of the nematode GRN ortholog, pgrn-1, results in several behavioral and molecular defects, including lysosomal dysfunction and defects in autophagic flux. Our investigations implicate the sphingolipid metabolic pathway in the regulation of many of the in vivo defects associated with pgrn-1 loss. Finally, we utilized these nematodes as an in vivo tool for high-throughput drug screening and identified two small molecules with potential therapeutic applications against GRN/pgrn-1 deficiency. These compounds reverse the biochemical, cellular, and functional phenotypes of GRN deficiency. Together, our results open avenues for mechanistic and therapeutic research into the outcomes of GRN-related neurodegeneration, both genetic and molecular.
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26
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Wang XM, Zeng P, Fang YY, Zhang T, Tian Q. Progranulin in neurodegenerative dementia. J Neurochem 2021; 158:119-137. [PMID: 33930186 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-term or severe lack of protective factors is important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia. Progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor expressed mainly in neurons and microglia, has various neuroprotective effects such as anti-inflammatory effects, promoting neuron survival and neurite growth, and participating in normal lysosomal function. Mutations in the PGRN gene (GRN) have been found in several neurodegenerative dementias, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, PGRN deficiency and PGRN hydrolytic products (GRNs) in the pathological changes related to dementia, including aggregation of tau and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction, neuroinflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, neuronal death, and synaptic deficit have been summarized. Furthermore, as some therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN have been developed in various models, we highlighted PGRN as a potential anti-neurodegeneration target in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Yan Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxian Central Hospital, The Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical College, Heze, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease of National Education Ministry, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Grabowski GA, Antommaria AHM, Kolodny EH, Mistry PK. Gaucher disease: Basic and translational science needs for more complete therapy and management. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:59-75. [PMID: 33419694 PMCID: PMC8809485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.12.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Grabowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Armand H M Antommaria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States of America; Lee Ault Carter Chair of Pediatric Ethics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America.
| | - Edwin H Kolodny
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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28
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Thomas R, Moloney EB, Macbain ZK, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Fibroblasts from idiopathic Parkinson's disease exhibit deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase activity associated with reduced levels of the trafficking receptor LIMP2. Mol Brain 2021; 14:16. [PMID: 33468204 PMCID: PMC7816505 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction is a central pathway associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Haploinsufficiency of the lysosomal hydrolase GBA (encoding glucocerebrosidase (GCase)) is one of the largest genetic risk factors for developing PD. Deficiencies in the activity of the GCase enzyme have been observed in human tissues from both genetic (harboring mutations in the GBA gene) and idiopathic forms of the disease. To understand the mechanisms behind the deficits of lysosomal GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD, this study utilized a large cohort of fibroblast cells from control subjects and PD patients with and without mutations in the GBA gene (N370S mutation) (control, n = 15; idiopathic PD, n = 31; PD with GBA N370S mutation, n = 6). The current data demonstrates that idiopathic PD fibroblasts devoid of any mutations in the GBA gene also exhibit reduction in lysosomal GCase activity, similar to those with the GBA N370S mutation. This reduced GCase enzyme activity in idiopathic PD cells was accompanied by decreased expression of the GBA trafficking receptor, LIMP2, and increased ER retention of the GBA protein in these cells. Importantly, in idiopathic PD fibroblasts LIMP2 protein levels correlated significantly with GCase activity, which was not the case in control subjects or in genetic PD GBA N370S cells. In conclusion, idiopathic PD fibroblasts have decreased GCase activity primarily driven by altered LIMP2-mediated transport of GBA to lysosome and the reduced GCase activity exhibited by the genetic GBA N370S derived PD fibroblasts occurs through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Zachary K Macbain
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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29
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Zhou X, Kukar T, Rademakers R. Lysosomal Dysfunction and Other Pathomechanisms in FTLD: Evidence from Progranulin Genetics and Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1281:219-242. [PMID: 33433878 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51140-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a decade since heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) were first identified as an important genetic cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Due to the highly diverse biological functions of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, encoded by GRN, multiple possible disease mechanisms have been proposed. Early work focused on the neurotrophic properties of PGRN and its role in the inflammatory response. However, since the discovery of homozygous GRN mutations in patients with a lysosomal storage disorder, investigation into the possible roles of PGRN and its proteolytic cleavage products granulins, in lysosomal function and dysfunction, has taken center stage. In this chapter, we summarize the GRN mutational spectrum and its associated phenotypes followed by an in-depth discussion on the possible disease mechanisms implicated in FTLD-GRN. We conclude with key outstanding questions which urgently require answers to ensure safe and successful therapy development for GRN mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp-CDE, Antwerp, Belgium.
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30
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Tantawy AA, Adly AA, Ismail EA, Salah NY, Abdel Alem S, Elsantiel HI. Serum progranulin levels in paediatric patients with Gaucher disease; relation to disease severity and liver stiffness by transient elastography. Liver Int 2020; 40:3051-3060. [PMID: 32652633 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive screening for liver fibrosis using transient elastography (TE) could be of value in the management of Gaucher disease (GD). Progranulin (PGRN) is a novel disease modifier in GD and an independent marker of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVES We determined PGRN levels in paediatric patients with GD and assessed its role as a potential marker for disease severity and relation to liver stiffness by TE. METHODS Fifty-one GD patients (20 had type 1 and 31 had type 3) with a median age of 9.5 years were compared to 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and were studied focusing on visceral manifestations, neurological disease, haematological profile and PGRN levels as well as abdominal ultrasound and TE. Patients were on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for various durations and those with viral hepatitis infection were excluded. RESULTS By TE, 14 GD patients (27.5%) had elevated liver stiffness ≥7.0 kPa. Liver stiffness was significantly higher in type 1 GD patients than type 3 (P = .002), in splenectomized patients (P = .012) and those with dysphagia (P < .001). Liver stiffness was positively correlated with age of onset of ERT (P < .001). PGRN levels were significantly lower in GD patients compared with controls (P < .001). PGRN was significantly lower in GD patients with squint (P = .025), dysphagia (P = .036) and elevated liver stiffness (P = .015). PGRN was positively correlated with white blood cell count (r = .455, P = .002) and haemoglobin (r = .546, P < .001), while negatively correlated with severity score index (r = -.529, P < .001), liver volume (r = -.298, P = .034) and liver stiffness (r = -.652, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Serum PGRN levels were associated with clinical disease severity and elevated liver stiffness in paediatric GD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Tantawy
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira A Adly
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Ismail
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nouran Y Salah
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Abdel Alem
- Department of Endemic medicine and Hepatology, Faculty of medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham I Elsantiel
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Perez-Canamas A, Takahashi H, Lindborg JA, Strittmatter SM. Fronto-temporal dementia risk gene TMEM106B has opposing effects in different lysosomal storage disorders. Brain Commun 2020; 3:fcaa200. [PMID: 33796852 PMCID: PMC7990118 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TMEM106B is a transmembrane protein localized to the endo-lysosomal compartment. Genome-wide association studies have identified TMEM106B as a risk modifier of Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, especially with progranulin haploinsufficiency. We recently demonstrated that TMEM106B loss rescues progranulin null mouse phenotypes including lysosomal enzyme dysregulation, neurodegeneration and behavioural alterations. However, the reason whether TMEM106B is involved in other neurodegenerative lysosomal diseases is unknown. Here, we evaluate the potential role of TMEM106B in modifying the progression of lysosomal storage disorders using progranulin-independent models of Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. To study Gaucher disease, we employ a pharmacological approach using the inhibitor conduritol B epoxide in wild-type and hypomorphic Tmem106b-/- mice. TMEM106B depletion ameliorates neuronal degeneration and some behavioural abnormalities in the pharmacological model of Gaucher disease, similar to its effect on certain progranulin null phenotypes. In order to examine the role of TMEM106B in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, we crossbred Tmem106b-/- mice with Ppt1-/-, a genetic model of the disease. In contrast to its conduritol B epoxide-rescuing effect, TMEM106B loss exacerbates Purkinje cell degeneration and motor deficits in Ppt1-/- mice. Mechanistically, TMEM106B is known to interact with subunits of the vacuolar ATPase and influence lysosomal acidification. In the pharmacological Gaucher disease model, the acidified lysosomal compartment is enhanced and TMEM106B loss rescues in vivo phenotypes. In contrast, gene-edited neuronal loss of Ppt1 causes a reduction in vacuolar ATPase levels and impairment of the acidified lysosomal compartment, and TMEM106B deletion exacerbates the mouse Ppt1-/- phenotype. Our findings indicate that TMEM106B differentially modulates the progression of the lysosomal storage disorders Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The effect of TMEM106B in neurodegeneration varies depending on vacuolar ATPase state and modulation of lysosomal pH. These data suggest TMEM106B as a target for correcting lysosomal pH alterations, and in particular for therapeutic intervention in Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena Perez-Canamas
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jane A Lindborg
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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32
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Arrant AE, Davis SE, Vollmer RM, Murchison CF, Mobley JA, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Karydas AM, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Roberson ED. Elevated levels of extracellular vesicles in progranulin-deficient mice and FTD-GRN Patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2433-2449. [PMID: 33197149 PMCID: PMC7732244 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of progranulin insufficiency on extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous population of vesicles that may contribute to progression of neurodegenerative disease. Loss‐of‐function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and brains from GRN carriers with FTD (FTD‐GRN) exhibit signs of lysosomal dysfunction. Lysosomal dysfunction may induce compensatory increases in secretion of exosomes, EVs secreted from the endolysosomal system, so we hypothesized that progranulin insufficiency would increase EV levels in the brain. Methods We analyzed levels and protein contents of brain EVs from Grn–/– mice, which model the lysosomal abnormalities of FTD‐GRN patients. We then measured brain EVs in FTD‐GRN patients. To assess the relationship of EVs with symptomatic disease, we measured plasma EVs in presymptomatic and symptomatic GRN mutation carriers. Results Grn–/– mice had elevated brain EV levels and altered EV protein contents relative to wild‐type mice. These changes were age‐dependent, occurring only after the emergence of pathology in Grn–/– mice. FTD‐GRN patients (n = 13) had elevated brain EV levels relative to controls (n = 5). Symptomatic (n = 12), but not presymptomatic (n = 7), GRN carriers had elevated plasma EV levels relative to controls (n = 8). Interpretation These data show that symptomatic FTD‐GRN patients have elevated levels of brain and plasma EVs, and that this effect is modeled in the brain of Grn–/– mice after the onset of pathology. This increase in EVs could influence FTD disease progression, and provides further support for EVs as potential FTD biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Skylar E Davis
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rachael M Vollmer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James A Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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33
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Dinur T, Istaiti M, Frydman D, Becker-Cohen M, Szer J, Zimran A, Revel-Vilk S. Patient reported outcome measures in a large cohort of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:284. [PMID: 33050940 PMCID: PMC7556970 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is now acknowledged that the input of patients
in health outcome assessment is vital to understanding the impact of diseases and interventions for those diseases. This study is the first report of patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) in a large cohort of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1) enabling us to study predictors of the reported outcomes. Method The PROM was sent via a mobile phone survey
to 405 adult patients with GD1. Demographics, clinical data, and treatment status were extracted from clinic charts. Age, sex, severity score index (SSI) at presentation and treatment status were used as variables to assess outcomes. Results A total of 192 patients with GD1 (111 females) responded (47.4% response rate), of whom 124 (64.5%) had received GD1-specific therapy. Around 40% of patients reported that GD had restricted their education/job and fun activities and were concerned about being emotional and financial burdens on others. Concerns regarding the risk of bone disease and Parkinson disease were also high (60%). The severity of GD1 (reflected by the need for GD1-specific therapy and a high SSI) was associated with GD1-related restrictions and concerns, fatigue, physical weakness, bone pain, and worry regarding the future. Conclusions The use of GD1 specific PROM highlights personal problems that are not captured by traditional outcome parameters and that need to be addressed to improve health-related quality of life. Validated PROM should be included among the outcome measures in clinical practice and future prospective studies for patients with chronic and rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Dinur
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Majdolen Istaiti
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dafna Frydman
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Becker-Cohen
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jeff Szer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shoshana Revel-Vilk
- Gaucher Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, P.O. Box 3235, 91031, Jerusalem, Israel. .,Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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34
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Tayebi N, Lopez G, Do J, Sidransky E. Pro-cathepsin D, Prosaposin, and Progranulin: Lysosomal Networks in Parkinsonism. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:913-923. [PMID: 32948448 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding the lysosomal hydrolase glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a risk factor for parkinsonism. Pursuing the potential mechanisms underlying this risk in aging neurons, we propose a new network uniting three major lysosomal proteins: (i) cathepsin D (CTSD), which plays a major role in α-synuclein (SNCA) degradation and prosaposin (PSAP) cleavage; (ii) PSAP, essential for GCase activation and progranulin (PGRN) transport; and (iii) PGRN, impacting lysosomal biogenesis, PSAP trafficking, and CTSD maturation. We hypothesize that alterations to this network and associated receptors modify lysosomal function and subsequently impact both SNCA degradation and GCase activity. By exploring the interactions between this protein trio and each of their respective transporters and receptors, we may identify secondary risk factors that provide insight into the relationship between these lysosomal proteins, GCase, and SNCA, and reveal novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Tayebi
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Grisel Lopez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Do
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genetics Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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35
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Zhou X, Brooks M, Jiang P, Koga S, Zuberi AR, Baker MC, Parsons TM, Castanedes-Casey M, Phillips V, Librero AL, Kurti A, Fryer JD, Bu G, Lutz C, Dickson DW, Rademakers R. Loss of Tmem106b exacerbates FTLD pathologies and causes motor deficits in progranulin-deficient mice. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50197. [PMID: 32761777 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) and transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) are important lysosomal proteins implicated in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a common cause of FTLD, while TMEM106B variants have been shown to act as disease modifiers in FTLD. Overexpression of TMEM106B leads to lysosomal dysfunction, while loss of Tmem106b ameliorates lysosomal and FTLD-related pathologies in young Grn-/- mice, suggesting that lowering TMEM106B might be an attractive strategy for therapeutic treatment of FTLD-GRN. Here, we generate and characterize older Tmem106b-/- Grn-/- double knockout mice, which unexpectedly show severe motor deficits and spinal cord motor neuron and myelin loss, leading to paralysis and premature death at 11-12 months. Compared to Grn-/- , Tmem106b-/- Grn-/- mice have exacerbated FTLD-related pathologies, including microgliosis, astrogliosis, ubiquitin, and phospho-Tdp43 inclusions, as well as worsening of lysosomal and autophagic deficits. Our findings confirm a functional interaction between Tmem106b and Pgrn and underscore the need to rethink whether modulating TMEM106B levels is a viable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mieu Brooks
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peizhou Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Aamir R Zuberi
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Matthew C Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Cathleen Lutz
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Applied and Translational Neurogenomics, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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36
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Glucocerebrosidase: Functions in and Beyond the Lysosome. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030736. [PMID: 32182893 PMCID: PMC7141376 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) is a retaining β-glucosidase with acid pH optimum metabolizing the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer) to ceramide and glucose. Inherited deficiency of GCase causes the lysosomal storage disorder named Gaucher disease (GD). In GCase-deficient GD patients the accumulation of GlcCer in lysosomes of tissue macrophages is prominent. Based on the above, the key function of GCase as lysosomal hydrolase is well recognized, however it has become apparent that GCase fulfills in the human body at least one other key function beyond lysosomes. Crucially, GCase generates ceramides from GlcCer molecules in the outer part of the skin, a process essential for optimal skin barrier property and survival. This review covers the functions of GCase in and beyond lysosomes and also pays attention to the increasing insight in hitherto unexpected catalytic versatility of the enzyme.
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37
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Arrant AE, Roth JR, Boyle NR, Kashyap SN, Hoffmann MQ, Murchison CF, Ramos EM, Nana AL, Spina S, Grinberg LT, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Roberson ED. Impaired β-glucocerebrosidase activity and processing in frontotemporal dementia due to progranulin mutations. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:218. [PMID: 31870439 PMCID: PMC6929503 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations result in progranulin haploinsufficiency, which is thought to cause frontotemporal dementia in GRN mutation carriers. Progranulin haploinsufficiency may drive frontotemporal dementia pathogenesis by disrupting lysosomal function, as patients with GRN mutations on both alleles develop the lysosomal storage disorder neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and frontotemporal dementia patients with GRN mutations (FTD-GRN) also accumulate lipofuscin. The specific lysosomal deficits caused by progranulin insufficiency remain unclear, but emerging data indicate that progranulin insufficiency may impair lysosomal sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes. We investigated the effects of progranulin insufficiency on sphingolipid-metabolizing enzymes in the inferior frontal gyrus of FTD-GRN patients using fluorogenic activity assays, biochemical profiling of enzyme levels and posttranslational modifications, and quantitative neuropathology. Of the enzymes studied, only β-glucocerebrosidase exhibited impairment in FTD-GRN patients. Brains from FTD-GRN patients had lower activity than controls, which was associated with lower levels of mature β-glucocerebrosidase protein and accumulation of insoluble, incompletely glycosylated β-glucocerebrosidase. Immunostaining revealed loss of neuronal β-glucocerebrosidase in FTD-GRN patients. To investigate the effects of progranulin insufficiency on β-glucocerebrosidase outside of the context of neurodegeneration, we investigated β-glucocerebrosidase activity in progranulin-insufficient mice. Brains from Grn-/- mice had lower β-glucocerebrosidase activity than wild-type littermates, which was corrected by AAV-progranulin gene therapy. These data show that progranulin insufficiency impairs β-glucocerebrosidase activity in the brain. This effect is strongest in neurons and may be caused by impaired β-glucocerebrosidase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1106, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Roth
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shreya N Kashyap
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Madelyn Q Hoffmann
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Salvatore Spina
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lea T Grinberg
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Memory & Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- , 1825 University Blvd., SHEL 1110, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Tian G, Jin X, Wang Q, Ye T, Li G, Liu J. Recent advances in the study of progranulin and its role in sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106090. [PMID: 31869774 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The mortality rate of in-hospital patients whose conditions are complicated by sepsis remains high in spite of intensive-care treatment, therefore placing a significant financial burden on the health care system. In recent years, progranulin (PGRN), a cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP), has been found to play a crucial role in sepsis. PGRN participates in the pathogenesis of sepsis via diverse pathways, including bacterial clearance, cell growth and survival, tissue repair, and the regulation of inflammation. PGRN knockout mice suffer from serious infectious processes, whereas therapeutic administration of recombinant PGRN to such mice enhances bacterial clearance and reduces organ injury and mortality rate. Even though PGRN plays an important role in regulating sepsis, its potential mechanisms have not been completely clarified. In this review, we summarize the most recent research advances in the study of PGRN and its role in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xinrui Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Gynaecology and Breast Diseases (Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University), Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Guangrong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Wang X, Yuan J, Wang H, Gan N, Zhang Q, Liu B, Wang J, Shu Z, Rao L, Gou X, Zhang H, Yin Y, Zhang X. Progranulin Decreases Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae in Influenza and Protects against Lethal Coinfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2171-2182. [PMID: 31519865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is a major cause of mortality in influenza pandemics. Growing evidence shows that uncontrolled immune response results in severe tissue damage and thereby promotes death in coinfection. Progranulin (PGRN) is widely expressed in immune and epithelial cells and exerts anti-inflammatory role in many diseases. We found that PGRN levels were significantly elevated in clinical influenza/S. pneumoniae-coinfected patients. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and PGRN-deficient (PGRN-/-) mice were infected with influenza virus PR8 and then superchallenged with S. pneumoniae serotype 19F. Coinfected PGRN-/- mice showed increased mortality and weight loss compared with WT mice. PGRN deficiency led to increased bacterial loads in lungs without altering influenza virus replication, suggesting a role of PGRN in decreasing postinfluenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae coinfection. Administration of recombinant PGRN improved survival of WT and PGRN-/- mice in lethal coinfection. Additionally, loss of PGRN resulted in aggravated lung damage along with massive proinflammatory cytokine production and immune cell infiltration during coinfection. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) during influenza, and coinfection was strongly induced in PGRN-/- mice that subsequently activated apoptosis signaling pathways. Treatment of recombinant PGRN or inhibition of ERS by 4-phenylbutyrate decreased apoptosis and bacterial loads in lungs of coinfected mice. These results suggest that PGRN decreases postinfluenza susceptibility to S. pneumoniae coinfection via suppressing ERS-mediated apoptosis. Impaired bacterial clearance and increased lung inflammation are associated with the lethal outcome of coinfected PGRN-/- mice. Our study provides therapeutic implication of PGRN to reduce morbidity and mortality in influenza/S. pneumoniae coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ning Gan
- Stomatological Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; and
| | - Qun Zhang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bichen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhaoche Shu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lubei Rao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Gou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
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Afinogenova Y, Ruan J, Yang R, Kleytman N, Pastores G, Lischuk A, Mistry PK. Aberrant progranulin, YKL-40, cathepsin D and cathepsin S in Gaucher disease. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:62-67. [PMID: 31358474 PMCID: PMC6864269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Gaucher disease, several macrophage-specific biomarkers have been validated for use in the clinic. However, Gaucher disease is more complex involving system-wide pathophysiology beyond the macrophage, and based on gene array analysis in our Gaucher disease mouse model and other emerging pathophysiologic insights, we evaluated serum levels of cathepsins D and S, YKL-40 and progranulin in Gaucher disease patients. We assessed their biomarker potential in Gaucher disease and compared them to established Gaucher disease biomarkers, chitotriosidase, chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18), and other indicators of disease severity and response to therapy. Mean YKL-40 and cathepsin D and S levels were significantly higher in Gaucher disease patients compared to healthy controls; in contrast, mean progranulin levels were lower in Gaucher disease patients compared to healthy controls. Enzyme replacement therapy resulted in a significant reversal of elevated cathepsin D and S but there was no change in progranulin and YKL-40 levels. Patients with persistent splenomegaly after long-term enzyme replacement therapy had significantly higher serum YKL-40 than patients with smaller spleens (63.0 ± 6.4 ng/ml vs. 46.4 ± 4.3 ng/ml, p = .03). Serum YKL-40 levels were higher in subjects with severe bone involvement (Hermann Score 3 to 5) compared to those with milder bone involvement (Hermann Score 1 to 2) (70.1 ± 4.3 ng/ml vs. 48.1 ± 3.7 ng/ml, p = .0002). YKL-40 was only weakly associated with chitotriosidase (r = 0.2, p = .008) and CCL18 (r = 0.3, p = .0004), and cathepsin S was moderately associated with chitotriosidase (r = 0.4, p = .01) and CCL18 (r = 0.6, p < .0001). Receiver operating curves for progranulin and YKL-40 demonstrated areas under the curves of 0.80 and 0.70, respectively. In conclusion, while these biomarkers do not meet robust properties of established macrophage-specific biomarkers, they may inform severity of skeletal disease, contribution of fibrosis to residual splenomegaly, and other disease manifestations. These findings, including markedly low progranulin levels that do not change upon enzyme replacement therapy, are intriguing to prompt further investigations to decipher their role in pathophysiology and relevance to diverse phenotypes of Gaucher disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Afinogenova
- Yale Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Ruhua Yang
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel Kleytman
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Gregory Pastores
- University College Dublin Department of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Lischuk
- Yale Department of Musculoskeletal Radiology, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Pramod K Mistry
- Yale Department of Digestive Diseases, New Haven, CT, United States of America.
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Schmitz K, Wilken-Schmitz A, Vasic V, Brunkhorst R, Schmidt M, Tegeder I. Progranulin deficiency confers resistance to autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1077-1091. [PMID: 31467413 PMCID: PMC7609649 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted neurotrophin that assists in the autophagolysosomal pathways that contribute to MHC-mediated antigen processing, pathogen removal, and autoimmunity. We showed that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have high levels of circulating progranulin and that its depletion in a mouse model by a monoclonal antibody aggravates MS-like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, unexpectedly, progranulin-deficient mice (Grn−/−) were resistant to EAE, and this resistance was fully restored by wild-type bone marrow transplantation. FACS analyses revealed a loss of MHC-II-positive antigen-presenting cells in Grn−/− mice and a reduction in the number of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells along with a strong increase in the number of scavenger receptor class B (CD36+) phagocytes, suggesting defects in antigen presentation along with a compensatory increase in phagocytosis. Indeed, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Grn−/− mice showed stronger uptake of antigens but failed to elicit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. An increase in the number of CD36+ phagocytes was associated with increased local inflammation at the site of immunization, stronger stimulation-evoked morphological transformation of bone marrow-derived macrophages to phagocytes, an increase in the phagocytosis of E. coli particles and latex beads and defects in the clearance of the material. Hence, the outcomes in the EAE model reflect the dichotomy of progranulin-mediated immune silencing and autoimmune mechanisms of antigen recognition and presentation, and our results reveal a novel progranulin-dependent pathway in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirko Schmidt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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Zhou X, Paushter DH, Pagan MD, Kim D, Nunez Santos M, Lieberman RL, Overkleeft HS, Sun Y, Smolka MB, Hu F. Progranulin deficiency leads to reduced glucocerebrosidase activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212382. [PMID: 31291241 PMCID: PMC6619604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation in the GRN gene, encoding the progranulin (PGRN) protein, shows a dose-dependent disease correlation, wherein haploinsufficiency results in frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and complete loss results in neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL). Although the exact function of PGRN is unknown, it has been increasingly implicated in lysosomal physiology. Here we report that PGRN interacts with the lysosomal enzyme, glucocerebrosidase (GCase), and is essential for proper GCase activity. GCase activity is significantly reduced in tissue lysates from PGRN-deficient mice. This is further evidence that reduced lysosomal hydrolase activity may be a pathological mechanism in cases of GRN-related FTLD and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolai Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Paushter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Mitchell D. Pagan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Dongsung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Mariela Nunez Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, NW, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratories, RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Marcus B. Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Paciotti S, Gatticchi L, Beccari T, Parnetti L. Lysosomal enzyme activities as possible CSF biomarkers of synucleinopathies. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 495:13-24. [PMID: 30922855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mutations on the GBA gene, encoding for the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), have been identified as the most common genetic risk factor involved in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), indicating a direct contribution of this enzyme to the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Decreased GCase activity has been observed repeatedly in brain tissues and biological fluids of both GBA mutation carrier and non-carrier PD and DLB patients, suggesting that lower GCase activity constitutes a typical feature of these disorders. Additional genetic, pathological and biochemical data on other lysosomal enzymes (e.g., Acid sphingomyelinase, Cathepsin D, α-galactosidase A and β-hexosaminidase) have further strengthened the evidence of a link between lysosomal dysfunction and synucleinopathies. A few studies have been performed for assessing the potential value of lysosomal enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as biomarkers for synucleinopathies. The reduction of GCase activity in the CSF of PD and DLB patients was validated in several of them, whereas the behaviour of other lysosomal enzyme activities was not consistently reliable among the studies. More in-depth investigations on larger cohorts, following stringent standard operating procedures should be committed to really understand the diagnostic utility of lysosomal enzymes as biomarkers for synucleinopathies. In this review, we reported the evidences of the association between the defective function of lysosomal proteins and the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, and examined the role of lysosomal enzyme activities in CSF as reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis of PD and related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paciotti
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Leonardo Gatticchi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy.
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Microglial Progranulin: Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030230. [PMID: 30862089 PMCID: PMC6468562 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease have proven resistant to new treatments. The complexity of neurodegenerative disease mechanisms can be highlighted by accumulating evidence for a role for a growth factor, progranulin (PGRN). PGRN is a glycoprotein encoded by the GRN/Grn gene with multiple cellular functions, including neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory and lysosome regulatory properties. Mutations in the GRN gene can lead to frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a cause of dementia, and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disease. Both diseases are associated with loss of PGRN function resulting, amongst other features, in enhanced microglial neuroinflammation and lysosomal dysfunction. PGRN has also been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Unlike FTLD, increased expression of PGRN occurs in brains of human AD cases and AD model mice, particularly in activated microglia. How microglial PGRN might be involved in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. A unifying feature of PGRN in diseases might be its modulation of lysosomal function in neurons and microglia. Many experimental models have focused on consequences of PGRN gene deletion: however, possible outcomes of increasing PGRN on microglial inflammation and neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will also suggest directions for future studies on PGRN and microglia in relation to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Pitcairn C, Wani WY, Mazzulli JR. Dysregulation of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway in Gaucher and Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 122:72-82. [PMID: 29550539 PMCID: PMC6138580 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that mutations in the Gaucher's Disease (GD) gene GBA1 are a strong risk factor for Parkinson's Disease (PD) has allowed for unique insights into pathophysiology centered on disruption of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway. Protein aggregations in the form of Lewy bodies and the effects of canonical PD mutations that converge on the lysosomal degradation system suggest that neurodegeneration in PD is mediated by dysregulation of protein homeostasis. The well-characterized clinical and pathological relationship between PD and the lysosomal storage disorder GD emphasizes the importance of dysregulated protein metabolism in neurodegeneration, and one intriguing piece of this relationship is a shared phenotype of autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction in both diseases. Translational application of these findings may be accelerated by the use of midbrain dopamine neuronal models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that recapitulate several pathological features of GD and PD. In this review, we discuss evidence linking autophagic dysfunction to the pathophysiology of GD and GBA1-linked parkinsonism and focus more specifically on studies performed recently in iPSC-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Pitcairn
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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47
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Validation of anti-glucocerebrosidase antibodies for western blot analysis on protein lysates of murine and human cells. Biochem J 2019; 476:261-274. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, encoding the lysosome-resident glucocerebrosidase enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide. The discovery of an association between mutations in GBA1 and the development of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson disease, has directed attention to glucocerebrosidase as a potential therapeutic target for different synucleinopathies. These findings initiated an exponential growth in research and publications regarding the glucocerebrosidase enzyme. The use of various commercial and custom-made glucocerebrosidase antibodies has been reported, but standardized in-depth validation is still not available for many of these antibodies. This work details the evaluation of several previously reported glucocerebrosidase antibodies for western blot analysis, tested on protein lysates of murine gba+/+ and gba−/− immortalized neurons and primary human wild-type and type 2 GD fibroblasts.
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Liu L, Qu Y, Liu Y, Zhao H, Ma HC, Noor AF, Ji CJ, Nie L, Si M, Cheng L. Atsttrin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1994-2002. [PMID: 31290458 PMCID: PMC6676886 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is closely related to neuronal survival in a neuroinflammatory mouse model and attenuates inflammatory reactions. Atsttrin is an engineered protein composed of three progranulin fragments and has been shown to have an effect similar to that of progranulin. Atsttrin has anti-inflammatory actions in multiple arthritis mouse models, and it protects against further arthritis development. However, whether Atsttrin has a role in neuroinflammation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we produced a neuroinflammatory mouse model by intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/μL). Atsttrin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered via intraperitoneal injection every 3 days over a period of 7 days before intracerebroventricular injection of 1 μL lipopolysaccharide (10 μg/μL). In addition, astrocyte cultures were treated with 0, 100 or 300 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide, with 200 ng/mL Atsttrin simultaneously. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators and to assess activation of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Progranulin expression in the brain of wild-type mice and in astrocyte cultures was increased after lipopolysaccharide administration. The protein and mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase were increased in the brain of progranulin knockout mice after lipopolysaccharide administration. Atsttrin treatment reduced the lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in the protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, matrix metalloproteinase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the brain of progranulin knockout mice. Atsttrin also reduced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase 3 mRNA in lipopolysaccharide-treated astrocytes in vitro, and decreased the concentration of tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1β in the supernatant. Furthermore, Atsttrin significantly reduced the levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor a in the brain of lipopolysaccharide-treated progranulin knockout mice and astrocytes, and it decreased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B2 in astrocytes. Collectively, our findings show that the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of Atsttrin involves inhibiton of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway, and they suggest that Atsttrin may have clinical potential in neuroinflammatory therapy. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China (approval No. KYLL-2015(KS)-088) on February 10, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - He-Cheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ahmed Fayyaz Noor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Chang-Jiao Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Si
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Brain-penetrant heat shock protein amplifier arimoclomol enhances GCase activity in in vitro Gaucher disease models. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:7-8. [PMID: 30522930 PMCID: PMC6306393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Davidson BA, Hassan S, Garcia EJ, Tayebi N, Sidransky E. Exploring genetic modifiers of Gaucher disease: The next horizon. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1739-1751. [PMID: 30098107 PMCID: PMC6240360 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder resulting from mutations in the gene GBA1 that lead to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Accumulation of the enzyme's substrates, glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine, results in symptoms ranging from skeletal and visceral involvement to neurological manifestations. Nonetheless, there is significant variability in clinical presentations amongst patients, with limited correlation between genotype and phenotype. Contributing to this clinical variation are genetic modifiers that influence the phenotypic outcome of the disorder. In this review, we explore the role of genetic modifiers in Mendelian disorders and describe methods to facilitate their discovery. In addition, we provide examples of candidate modifiers of Gaucher disease, explore their relevance in the development of potential therapeutics, and discuss the impact of GBA1 and modifying mutations on other more common diseases like Parkinson disease. Identifying these important modulators of Gaucher phenotype may ultimately unravel the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype and lead to improved counseling and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A. Davidson
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shahzeb Hassan
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Joshua Garcia
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nahid Tayebi
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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