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Riós Pérez MF, Quintero Lira A, Piloni Martini J, Ayala Martínez M, Soto Simental S, Alfaro Rodríguez RH, Ocampo López J, Cariño Cortés R, Reyes Munguía A. Physicochemical Characterization of Yogurt Fortified with Microencapsulated Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Its Effects on Metabolic Syndrome Induced in Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Med Food 2024; 27:758-774. [PMID: 38910556 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2023.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic noncommunicable diseases are a global health problem causing increased rates of mortality and sick leaves, which can be reduced by controlling dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antiobesogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties of cinnamon; therefore, its use in yogurt can help reverse the effects of these diseases. Our study aims to evaluate the effect of a microencapsulated aqueous extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) (MCE Cz) incorporated in a yogurt drink on metabolic syndrome (MS) in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Physicochemical, microbiological, and proximal chemical characterization; total phenol, flavonoid, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil activity quantification; intestinal bioaccessibility; sensory analysis; MS induction through diet; and treatment with 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of flavonoids contained in the MCE Cz were performed to help evaluate morphological, biochemical, and lipid peroxidation measurements in the liver and heart. The results show that the addition of MCE Cz in the yogurt modified the yogurt texture, increased its adhesiveness and firmness, and imparted a characteristic cinnamon color and biological value by providing intestinally bioaccessible antioxidants with antioxidant potential by reducing lipoperoxidation in the liver and heart after treatment. MCE Cz reduced the weight of the animals by up to 38.5% and the abdominal circumference by 29%. Biochemically, it decreased glucose levels by 24.38%, total cholesterol levels by 69.2%, triglyceride levels by 72.69%, and low-density lipoprotein levels by 89.25%; it increased high-density lipoprotein levels by 67.08%. Therefore, adding MCE Cz in doses of 5 and 10 mg of flavonoids in drinkable yogurt can be an alternative to preparing functional foods with physicochemical attributes and biological properties that can be consumed at all stages of life without undesirable effects. Moreover, it can act as a potential adjuvant in the treatment of comorbidities related to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Riós Pérez
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | - Aurora Quintero Lira
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | - Javier Piloni Martini
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | - Maricela Ayala Martínez
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | - Sergio Soto Simental
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Ocampo López
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo, Tulancingo de Bravo, Mexico
| | | | - Abigail Reyes Munguía
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Biology of Reproduction Research Center, University of the State of Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico
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Liu J, Yang F, Shang L, Cai S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Fei C, Wang M, Gu F. Recapitulating familial hypercholesterolemia in a mouse model by knock-in patient-specific LDLR mutation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23573. [PMID: 38526846 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301216rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most prevalent monogenetic disorders leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide. Mutations in Ldlr, encoding a membrane-spanning protein, account for the majority of FH cases. No effective and safe clinical treatments are available for FH. Adenine base editor (ABE)-mediated molecular therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat genetic diseases caused by point mutations, with evidence of successful treatment in mouse disease models. However, due to the differences in the genomes between mice and humans, ABE with specific sgRNA, a key gene correction component, cannot be directly used to treat FH patients. Thus, we generated a knock-in mouse model harboring the partial patient-specific fragment and including the Ldlr W490X mutation. LdlrW490X/W490X mice recapitulated cholesterol metabolic disorder and clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis associated with FH patients, including high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lipid deposition in aortic vessels. Additionally, we showed that the mutant Ldlr gene could be repaired using ABE with the cellular model. Taken together, these results pave the way for ABE-mediated molecular therapy for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Fayu Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Shang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
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Preta G. Development of New Genome Editing Tools for the Treatment of Hyperlipidemia. Cells 2023; 12:2466. [PMID: 37887310 PMCID: PMC10605581 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a medical condition characterized by high levels of lipids in the blood. It is often associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes. Traditional treatment approaches for hyperlipidemia involve lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and the use of medications like statins. Recent advancements in genome editing technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9, have opened up new possibilities for the treatment of this condition. This review provides a general overview of the main target genes involved in lipid metabolism and highlights the progress made during recent years towards the development of new treatments for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Preta
- VU LSC-EMBL Partnership Institute for Genome Editing Technologies, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Science Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Mak MCE, Gurung R, Foo RSY. Applications of Genome Editing Technologies in CAD Research and Therapy with a Focus on Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14057. [PMID: 37762360 PMCID: PMC10531628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), remain the leading cause of death worldwide in recent years, with myocardial infarction (MI) being the most common form of CAD. Atherosclerosis has been highlighted as one of the drivers of CAD, and much research has been carried out to understand and treat this disease. However, there remains much to be better understood and developed in treating this disease. Genome editing technologies have been widely used to establish models of disease as well as to treat various genetic disorders at their root. In this review, we aim to highlight the various ways genome editing technologies can be applied to establish models of atherosclerosis, as well as their therapeutic roles in both atherosclerosis and the clinical implications of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rijan Gurung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, MD6, #08-01, Singapore 117599, Singapore; (M.C.E.M.); (R.S.Y.F.)
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Sun B, Li F, Zhang X, Wang W, Shao J, Zheng Y. Delphinidin-3- O-glucoside, an active compound of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation in rabbits with atherosclerosis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:247-254. [PMID: 35130117 PMCID: PMC8823684 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.2017469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (DP) is a bioactive compound of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae) (Roselle) calyces and exerts endothelial protection and lipid-lowering activities, which provided a basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic effects of DP against atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rabbit model of atherosclerosis (AS) was established by 12 weeks of a high-fat diet (HFD). The rabbits were divided into five groups: control, AS, simvastatin (4 mg/kg), and two DP groups (10 and 20 mg/kg). After treatment with DP or simvastatin by oral gavage for 12 weeks, the lipid profiles were measured. Histopathological assessment of the aorta was performed by H&E staining. Oxidative stress and inflammation-related markers were analyzed by ELISA kit and real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS DP (20 mg/kg) decreased serum TG (2.36 ± 0.66 vs. 4.33 ± 0.27 mmol/L for the AS group), TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C (all p < 0.05). DP (20 mg/kg) also reduced lipid levels in the liver and aorta. DP (20 mg/kg) down-regulated the mRNA levels of IL-6, VCAM-1, and NF-κB and up-regulated the mRNA levels of GSH-PX and SOD1. CONCLUSIONS This study proved that DP alleviated the HFD-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in atherosclerosis rabbits. These results provided the scientific basis for developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Fangda Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kamato D, Ilyas I, Xu S, Little PJ. Non-Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis: Approaches to Exploring the Translational Potential of New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12964. [PMID: 36361754 PMCID: PMC9656683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the largest single cause of disease-related mortality worldwide and the major underlying pathology is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis develops as a complex process of vascular lipid deposition and retention by modified proteoglycans, endothelial dysfunction and unresolved chronic inflammation. There are a multitude of current therapeutic agents, most based on lowering plasma lipid levels, but, overall, they have a lower than optimum level of efficacy and many deaths continue to arise from cardiovascular disease world-wide. To identify and evaluate potential novel cardiovascular drugs, suitable animal models that reproduce human atherosclerosis with a high degree of fidelity are required as essential pre-clinical research tools. Commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis include mice (ApoE-/-, LDLR-/- mice and others), rabbits (WHHL rabbits and others), rats, pigs, hamster, zebrafish and non-human primates. Models based on various wild-type and genetically modified mice have been extensively reviewed but mice may not always be appropriate. Thus, here, we provide an overview of the advantages and shortcomings of various non-mouse animal models of atherosclerotic plaque formation, and plaque rupture, as well as commonly used interventional strategies. Taken together, the combinatorial selection of suitable animal models readily facilitates reproducible and rigorous translational research in discovering and validating novel anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Peter J. Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
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Dreyfuss AD, Velalopoulou A, Avgousti H, Bell BI, Verginadis II. Preclinical models of radiation-induced cardiac toxicity: Potential mechanisms and biomarkers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920867. [PMID: 36313656 PMCID: PMC9596809 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is an important modality in cancer treatment with >50% of cancer patients undergoing RT for curative or palliative intent. In patients with breast, lung, and esophageal cancer, as well as mediastinal malignancies, incidental RT dose to heart or vascular structures has been linked to the development of Radiation-Induced Heart Disease (RIHD) which manifests as ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. Despite the remarkable progress in the delivery of radiotherapy treatment, off-target cardiac toxicities are unavoidable. One of the best-studied pathological consequences of incidental exposure of the heart to RT is collagen deposition and fibrosis, leading to the development of radiation-induced myocardial fibrosis (RIMF). However, the pathogenesis of RIMF is still largely unknown. Moreover, there are no available clinical approaches to reverse RIMF once it occurs and it continues to impair the quality of life of long-term cancer survivors. Hence, there is an increasing need for more clinically relevant preclinical models to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of RIMF. This review offers an insight into the existing preclinical models to study RIHD and the suggested mechanisms of RIMF, as well as available multi-modality treatments and outcomes. Moreover, we summarize the valuable detection methods of RIHD/RIMF, and the clinical use of sensitive radiographic and circulating biomarkers.
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Chen R, Lin S, Chen X. The promising novel therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24552. [PMID: 35712827 PMCID: PMC9279988 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is high. In recent years, novel therapeutic modalities have shown significant lipid‐lowering ability. In this paper, we summarize the recent developments in novel therapies for FH via the treatment of different targets and discuss the characteristics of each targeted therapy. Based on the process of protein synthesis, we attempt to summarize the direct‐effect targets including protein, RNA, and DNA. Methods For this systematic review, relevant studies are assessed by searching in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The publications of original researches are considered for screening. Results Most drugs are protein‐targeted such as molecule‐based and monoclonal antibodies, including statins, ezetimibe, alirocumab, evolocumab, and evinacumab. Both antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches, such as mipomersen, vupanorsen, inclisiran, and ARO‐ANG3, are designed to reduce the number of mRNA transcripts and then degrade proteins. DNA‐targeted therapies such as adeno‐associated virus or CRISPR–Cas9 modification could be used to deliver or edit genes to address a genetic deficiency and improve the related phenotype. Conclusion While the therapies based on different targets including protein, RNA, and DNA are on different stages of development, the mechanisms of these novel therapies may provide new ideas for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chen
- School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaoyi Lin
- The Affiliated Ningbo First Hospital, School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo First Hospital, School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Hou Y, Zhang X, Sun X, Qin Q, Chen D, Jia M, Chen Y. Genetically modified rabbit models for cardiovascular medicine. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174890. [PMID: 35300995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) rabbits are outstanding animal models for studying human genetic and acquired diseases. As such, GM rabbits that express human genes have been extensively used as models of cardiovascular disease. Rabbits are genetically modified via prokaryotic microinjection. Through this process, genes are randomly integrated into the rabbit genome. Moreover, gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells is a powerful tool for understanding gene function. However, rabbits lack stable ES cell lines. Therefore, ES-dependent gene targeting is not possible in rabbits. Nevertheless, the RNA interference technique is rapidly becoming a useful experimental tool that enables researchers to knock down specific gene expression, which leads to the genetic modification of rabbits. Recently, with the emergence of new genetic technology, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), major breakthroughs have been made in rabbit gene targeting. Using these novel genetic techniques, researchers have successfully modified knockout (KO) rabbit models. In this paper, we aimed to review the recent advances in GM technology in rabbits and highlight their application as models for cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Xia Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Qiaohong Qin
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Di Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China; School of Basic and Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.
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Tang X, Niimi M, Zhou H, Chen L, Chen Y, Yan H, Shiomi M, Fan J. Pathological Investigations of Intracranial Atherosclerosis Using Multiple Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:834207. [PMID: 35712258 PMCID: PMC9196249 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.834207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) is one of the most common causes of ischemic stroke, but there are few animal models that can recapitulate its pathological features. In this study, we examined ICAS pathological features and anatomic distributions using three types of hyperlipidemic rabbit models. We also investigated the effect of different lipoprotein profiles and hypertension on ICAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, apoE knockout (KO) rabbits and wild-type rabbits (WT) fed a cholesterol diet, in addition to WT rabbits fed a standard diet as a control. The whole brain was dissected and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections were stained with either hematoxylin/eosin or elastica van Gieson, or immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies against macrophages and smooth muscle cells. We investigated (1) the presence of cerebral atherosclerosis; (2) the lesion locations in the cerebral arteries; (3) the degree of lumen stenosis; (4) pathological features and cellular components of the lesions in these rabbits; and (5) whether hypertension affects ICAS. RESULTS ICAS was detected in apoE and WHHL rabbits, but not in WT rabbits. Compared with apoE KO rabbits, WHHL rabbits had greater ICAS. The lesions of cerebral atherosclerosis were mainly distributed at the bifurcations of the posterior cerebral artery, basilar artery and vertebral artery, and they were basically characterized by smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix with few macrophages. The extent of the ICAS in WHHL rabbits was significantly increased by hypertension. CONCLUSIONS ICAS was detected in WHHL and apoE KO rabbits, and occurred in specific locations in the cerebral arteries. Hypertension promotes the development of ICAS in the setting of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Manabu Niimi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Huanjin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Haizhao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell, Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Masashi Shiomi
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- *Correspondence: Jianglin Fan,
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of APOC3 stabilizes plasma lipids and inhibits atherosclerosis in rabbits. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:180. [PMID: 34922545 PMCID: PMC8684289 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01605-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High levels of apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) can lead to hypertriglyceridemia, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. We aim to create APOC3-knockout (KO) rabbits and explore the effects of APOC3 deletion on the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Methods An sgRNA anchored to exon 2 of APOC3 was designed to edit embryo genomes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The founder rabbits were sequenced, and their lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines, and atherosclerotic plaques were analyzed. Results When given a normal chow (NC) diet, all APOC3-KO rabbits had 50% lower triglyceride (TG) levels than those of the matched age control group. Additionally, their plasma lipoprotein lipase increased. When fed a high-fat diet, APOC3 deficiency was observed to be more conducive to the maintenance of plasma TG, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and the inhibition of the inflammatory response and the protection against atherosclerosis in rabbits. Conclusion APOC3 deficiency can delay the formation of atherosclerosis-induced HFD in rabbits, indicating this is a novel therapeutic target to treat atherosclerosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01605-7.
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13
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Lin X, Ma P, Yang C, Wang J, He K, Chen G, Huang W, Fan J, Xian X, Wang Y, Liu G. Dietary-Induced Elevations of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Promote Atherosclerosis in the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Syrian Golden Hamster. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738060. [PMID: 34796210 PMCID: PMC8593475 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated triglycerides are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, it is very important to understand the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their atherogenic role in animal models. Using low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) Syrian golden hamsters, this study showed that unlike LDLR-/- mice, when LDLR-/- hamsters were fed a high cholesterol high-fat diet (HFD), they had very high plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol. We found that LDLR-/- hamsters exhibited increased serum TRLs and the ApoB100 and 48 in these particles after being fed with HFD. Treatment with ezetimibe for 2 weeks decreased these large particles but not the LDL. In addition, ezetimibe simultaneously reduced ApoB48 and ApoE in plasma and TRLs. The expression of LRP1 did not change in the liver. These findings suggested that the significantly reduced large particles were mainly chylomicron remnants, and further, the remnants were mainly cleared by the LDL receptor in hamsters. After 40 days on an HFD, LDLR-/- hamsters had accelerated aortic atherosclerosis, accompanied by severe fatty liver, and ezetimibe treatment reduced the consequences of hyperlipidemia. Compared with the serum from LDLR-/- hamsters, that from ezetimibe-treated LDLR-/- hamsters decreased the expression of vascular adhesion factors in vascular endothelial cells and lipid uptake by macrophages. Our results suggested that in the LDLR-/- hamster model, intestinally-derived lipoprotein remnants are highly atherogenic and the inflammatory response of the endothelium and foam cells from macrophages triggered atherosclerosis. The LDL receptor might be very important for chylomicrons remnant clearance in the Syrian golden hamster, and this may not be compensated by another pathway. We suggest that the LDLR-/- hamster is a good model for the study of TRLs-related diseases as it mimics more complex hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gonglie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Xunde Xian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - George Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Liu G, Lai P, Guo J, Wang Y, Xian X. Genetically-engineered hamster models: applications and perspective in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2021; 1:92-110. [PMID: 37724074 PMCID: PMC10388752 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries, in which atherosclerosis triggered by dyslipidemia is the major pathological basis. Over the past 40 years, small rodent animals, such as mice, have been widely used for understanding of human atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) with the advantages of low cost and ease of maintenance and manipulation. However, based on the concept of precision medicine and high demand of translational research, the applications of mouse models for human ASCVD study would be limited due to the natural differences in metabolic features between mice and humans even though they are still the most powerful tools in this research field, indicating that other species with biological similarity to humans need to be considered for studying ASCVD in future. With the development and breakthrough of novel gene editing technology, Syrian golden hamster, a small rodent animal replicating the metabolic characteristics of humans, has been genetically modified, suggesting that gene-targeted hamster models will provide new insights into the precision medicine and translational research of ASCVD. The purpose of this review was to summarize the genetically-modified hamster models with dyslipidemia to date, and their potential applications and perspective for ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Pingping Lai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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15
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Li W, Sun Z, Wu M, Deng Z, Zheng M, Kuang Z, Liu Y, He G. Deficiency of coiled-coil domain containing 80 increases plasma cholesterol by decreasing fecal sterols excretion in hypercholesterolemic mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108868. [PMID: 34563664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Disorders in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism have been acknowledged as critical in pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia. Coiled-coil domain containing 80 (CCDC80) has been closely linked to lipid homeostasis in mice, with its role in cholesterol metabolism yet to be fully elucidated. This study aims to uncover the regulatory mechanisms of CCDC80 in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. We generated a CCDC80 knockout (CCDC80-/-) model in C57BL/6 mouse. The initial transcriptional and metabolic consequences of removing CCDC80 were accessed at baseline by gene expression microarrays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry / ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. The hepatic cholesterol was investigated in both CCDC80+/+ and CCDC80-/- male mice at baseline and after feeding a high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The regulatory effects of CCDC80 on gene expressions and protein masses were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot, respectively. At baseline, the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis combining metabolomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics, revealed a down-regulation of hepatic bile acid biosynthesis by CCDC80-knockout, especially for primary bile acids. In the hypercholesterolemic models, our results showed that deficiency of CCDC80 increased plasma and liver cholesterol levels, but decreased fecal neutral and acidic sterols excretion in mice. Mechanistically, we found that such effects were partly mediated by attenuating the alternative pathway of bile acid synthesis catalyzed by oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7B1). In conclusion, our results suggest CCDC80 as a novel modulator of cholesterol homeostasis in male mice. Deficiency of CCDC80 could further impair fecal sterols excretion in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zequn Deng
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengman Zheng
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Kuang
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health / Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Siew WS, Tang YQ, Kong CK, Goh BH, Zacchigna S, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Phisalprapa P, Yap WH. Harnessing the Potential of CRISPR/Cas in Atherosclerosis: Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8422. [PMID: 34445123 PMCID: PMC8395110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents one of the major causes of death globally. The high mortality rates and limitations of current therapeutic modalities have urged researchers to explore potential alternative therapies. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is commonly deployed for investigating the genetic aspects of Atherosclerosis. Besides, advances in CRISPR/Cas system has led to extensive options for researchers to study the pathogenesis of this disease. The recent discovery of Cas9 variants, such as dCas9, Cas9n, and xCas9 have been established for various applications, including single base editing, regulation of gene expression, live-cell imaging, epigenetic modification, and genome landscaping. Meanwhile, other Cas proteins, such as Cas12 and Cas13, are gaining popularity for their applications in nucleic acid detection and single-base DNA/RNA modifications. To date, many studies have utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate disease models of atherosclerosis and identify potential molecular targets that are associated with atherosclerosis. These studies provided proof-of-concept evidence which have established the feasibility of implementing the CRISPR/Cas system in correcting disease-causing alleles. The CRISPR/Cas system holds great potential to be developed as a targeted treatment for patients who are suffering from atherosclerosis. This review highlights the advances in CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in establishing pathogenetic and therapeutic role of specific genes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng Siew
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
| | - Yin Quan Tang
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (FHMS), Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chee Kei Kong
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Centre for Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Division of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (FHMS), Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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17
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Martínez-Beamonte R, Sánchez-Marco J, Felices MJ, Barranquero C, Gascón S, Arnal C, Burillo JC, Lasheras R, Busto R, Lasunción MA, Rodríguez-Yoldi MJ, Osada J. Dietary squalene modifies plasma lipoproteins and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in rabbits. Food Funct 2021; 12:8141-8153. [PMID: 34291245 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of squalene, the main unsaponifiable component of virgin olive oil, on lipid metabolism, two groups of male New Zealand rabbits were fed a 1% sunflower oil-enriched regular diet or the same diet containing 0.5% squalene for 4 weeks. Plasma triglycerides, total- and HDL-cholesterol and their lipoproteins were assayed. Analyses of hepatic lipid droplets, triglycerides, total- and non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, protein and gene expression, and cholesterol precursors were carried out. In the jejunum, the squalene content and mRNA and protein APOB expressions were measured. Finally, we studied the effect of cholesterol precursors in AML12 cells. Squalene administration significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, mainly carried as non-esterified cholesterol in IDL and large LDL, and corresponded to an increased number of APOB100-containing particles without accumulation of triglycerides and decreased reactive oxygen species. Despite no significant changes in the APOB content in the jejunum, the latter displayed increased APOB mRNA and squalene levels. Increases in the amounts of non-esterified cholesterol, squalene, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, lathosterol, cholestanol, zymostenol, desmosterol and caspase 1 were also observed in the liver. Incubation of AML12 cells in the presence of lanosterol increased caspase 1. In conclusion, squalene administration in rabbits increases the number of modified APOB-containing lipoproteins, and hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis is linked to caspase 1 probably through lanosterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Martínez-Beamonte
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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18
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Fan J, Wang Y, Chen YE. Genetically Modified Rabbits for Cardiovascular Research. Front Genet 2021; 12:614379. [PMID: 33603774 PMCID: PMC7885269 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.614379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits are one of the most used experimental animals for investigating the mechanisms of human cardiovascular disease and lipid metabolism because they are phylogenetically closer to human than rodents (mice and rats). Cholesterol-fed wild-type rabbits were first used to study human atherosclerosis more than 100 years ago and are still playing an important role in cardiovascular research. Furthermore, transgenic rabbits generated by pronuclear microinjection provided another means to investigate many gene functions associated with human disease. Because of the lack of both rabbit embryonic stem cells and the genome information, for a long time, it has been a dream for scientists to obtain knockout rabbits generated by homologous recombination-based genomic manipulation as in mice. This obstacle has greatly hampered using genetically modified rabbits to disclose the molecular mechanisms of many human diseases. The advent of genome editing technologies has dramatically extended the applications of experimental animals including rabbits. In this review, we will update genetically modified rabbits, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in rabbits during the past decades regarding their use in cardiovascular research and point out the perspectives in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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19
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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20
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Song J, Zhang J, Xu J, Garcia-Barrio M, Chen YE, Yang D. Genome engineering technologies in rabbits. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:135-147. [PMID: 32934190 PMCID: PMC8038526 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20190133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit has been recognized as a valuable model in various biomedical and biological research fields because of its intermediate size and phylogenetic proximity to primates. However, the technology for precise genome manipulations in rabbit has been stalled for decades, severely limiting its applications in biomedical research. Novel genome editing technologies, especially CRISPR/Cas9, have remarkably enhanced precise genome manipulation in rabbits, and shown their superiority and promise for generating rabbit models of human genetic diseases. In this review, we summarize the brief history of transgenic rabbit technology and the development of novel genome editing technologies in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Barreto J, Karathanasis SK, Remaley A, Sposito AC. Role of LOX-1 (Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor 1) as a Cardiovascular Risk Predictor: Mechanistic Insight and Potential Clinical Use. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:153-166. [PMID: 33176449 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality. Reducing ApoB-containing lipoproteins-chiefly, LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-has been the main strategy for reducing CVD risk. Although supported by large randomized clinical trials, the persistence of residual cardiovascular risk after effective LDL reduction has sparked an intense search for other novel CVD biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Recently, Lox-1 (lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1), an innate immune scavenger receptor, has emerged as a promising target for early diagnosis and cardiovascular risk prediction and is also being considered as a treatment target. Lox-1 was first described as a 50 kDa transmembrane protein in endothelial cells responsible for oxLDL (oxidized LDL) recognition, triggering downstream pathways that intensify atherosclerosis via endothelial dysfunction, oxLDL uptake, and apoptosis. Lox-1 is also expressed in platelets, where it enhances platelet activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and ADP-mediated aggregation, thereby favoring thrombus formation. Lox-1 was also identified in cardiomyocytes, where it was implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis and myocyte apoptosis, the main determinants of cardiac recovery following an ischemic insult. Together, these findings have revealed that Lox-1 is implicated in all the main steps of atherosclerosis and has encouraged the development of immunoassays for measurement of sLox-1 (serum levels of soluble Lox-1) to be used as a potential CVD biomarker. Finally, the recent development of synthetic Lox-1 inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies with promising results in animal models has made Lox-1 a target for drug development. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the role of Lox-1 in the development, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies for CVD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Barreto
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
| | - Sotirios K Karathanasis
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
- NeoProgen, Baltimore, MD (S.K.K.)
| | - Alan Remaley
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.K.K., A.R.)
| | - Andrei C Sposito
- Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Lab (Atherolab), Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil (J.B., A.C.S.)
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22
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Zhang T, Lu R, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Song S, Yan K, Zha Y, Zhuang W, Cheng Y, Liang J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and dyslipidemia in point mutation G307S of cystathionine β-synthase-deficient rabbit generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:224. [PMID: 33054837 PMCID: PMC7560309 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital hyper-homocysteinemia (HHcy) is caused by a defective cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene, and is frequently associated with dyslipdemia. The aim of this study was to further elucidate the effect of mutated CBS gene on circulating lipids using a rabbit model harboring a homozygous G307S point mutation in CBS. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to edit the CBS gene in rabbit embryos. The founder rabbits were sequenced, and their plasma homocysteine (Hcy) and lipid profile were analyzed. Results Six CBS-knockout (CBS-KO) founder lines with biallelic modifications were obtained. Mutation in CBS caused significant growth retardation and high mortality rates within 6 weeks after birth. In addition, the 6-week old CBS-KO rabbits showed higher plasma levels of Hcy, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared to the age-matched wild-type (WT) controls. Histological analysis of the mutants showed accumulation of micro-vesicular cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the hepatocytes. However, gastric infusion of vitamin B and betaine complex significantly decreased the plasma levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in the CBS-KO rabbits, and alleviated hepatic steatosis compared to the untreated animals. Conclusion A CBSG307S rabbit model was generated that exhibited severe dyslipidemia when fed on a normal diet, indicating that G307S mutation in the CBS gene is a causative factor for dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian, 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuguo Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaozheng Song
- School of Nursing, Taihu University of Wuxi, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kunning Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Zha
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Vedder VL, Aherrahrou Z, Erdmann J. Dare to Compare. Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Human, Mouse, and Zebrafish. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:109. [PMID: 32714944 PMCID: PMC7344238 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, are the leading cause of death worldwide. Although mice are currently the most commonly used model for atherosclerosis, zebrafish are emerging as an alternative, especially for inflammatory and lipid metabolism studies. Here, we review the history of in vivo atherosclerosis models and highlight the potential for future studies on inflammatory responses in lipid deposits in zebrafish, based on known immune reactions in humans and mice, in anticipation of new zebrafish models with more advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana L Vedder
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Centre Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Centre Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,University Heart Centre Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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24
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Tromp TR, Stroes ESG, Hovingh GK. Gene-based therapy in lipid management: the winding road from promise to practice. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:483-493. [PMID: 32349563 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1757070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. High plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are a key CVD-risk factor. Triglyceride-rich remnant particles and lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) are also causally related to CVD. Consequently, therapeutic strategies for lowering LDL-C and triglyceride levels are widely used in routine clinical practice; however, specific Lp(a) lowering agents are not available. Many patients do not achieve guideline-recommended lipid levels with currently available therapies; hence, novel targets and treatment modalities are eagerly sought. AREAS COVERED We discuss the milestones on the trajectory toward the full application of gene-based therapies in daily clinical practice. We describe the different methods, ranging from antisense oligonucleotides to liver-directed gene therapy and Crispr-cas9 modification to target the pivotal players in lipid metabolism: PCSK9, APOB, ANGPTL3, Lp(a), LDLR, and apoC-III. EXPERT OPINION While acknowledging their different stages of development, gene-based therapies are likely to invoke a paradigm shift in lipid management because they allow us to target previously undruggable targets. Moreover, their low dosing frequency, high target selectivity, and relatively predictable adverse event profile are considered major advantages over current lipid-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tycho R Tromp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S , Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Andreadou I, Schulz R, Badimon L, Adameová A, Kleinbongard P, Lecour S, Nikolaou PE, Falcão-Pires I, Vilahur G, Woudberg N, Heusch G, Ferdinandy P. Hyperlipidaemia and cardioprotection: Animal models for translational studies. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5287-5311. [PMID: 31769007 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and therefore, many animal model have been developed to mimic the human abnormal elevation of blood lipid levels. In parallel, extensive research for the alleviation of ischaemia/reperfusion injury has revealed that hyperlipidaemia is a major co-morbidity that attenuates the cardioprotective effect of conditioning strategies (preconditioning, postconditioning and remote conditioning) and that of pharmacological interventions by interfering with cardioprotective signalling pathways. In the present review article, we summarize the existing data on animal models of hypercholesterolaemia (total, low density and HDL abnormalities) and hypertriglyceridaemia used in ischaemia/reperfusion injury and protection from it. We also provide recommendations on preclinical animal models to be used for translations of the cardioprotective strategies into clinical practice. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.23/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute for Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Research Chair Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute for Heart Research, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Kleinbongard
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Program ICCC, Research Institute-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas Woudberg
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to review recent progress in applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system to lipid metabolism and therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to generate knockout animals for lipid genes in multiple species. Somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 can efficiently disrupt genes in adult animals, including a new strategy for generating atherosclerosis. Refinements to the CRISPR/Cas9 system including epigenetic modulators and base editors offer new avenues to manipulate gene expression. The recent report of germline genome editing in humans highlights the promise as well as perils of this technology. SUMMARY CRISPR/Cas9 is a transformative technology that will help advance on our understanding of lipid metabolism and physiology. Somatic genome editing is a particularly promising approach for editing genes in tissues of live organisms, and represents a new means of addressing unmet therapeutic challenges in humans. Educational outreach, public debate, and consideration of ethics and safety must guide the use of genome editing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Furgurson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Oppi S, Lüscher TF, Stein S. Mouse Models for Atherosclerosis Research-Which Is My Line? Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 31032262 PMCID: PMC6473202 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This chronic immunometabolic disease evolves during decades in humans and encompasses different organs and immune cell types, as well as local and systemic processes that promote the progression of the disease. The most frequently used animal model to study these atherogenic processes and inter-organ crosstalk in a short time frame are genetically modified mouse models. Some models have been used throughout the last decades, and some others been developed recently. These models have important differences in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport pathway, obesity and diabetes as well as inflammatory processes. Therefore, the disease develops and progresses differently in the various mouse models. Since atherosclerosis is a multifaceted disease and many processes contribute to its progression, the choice of the right mouse model is important to study specific aspects of the disease. We will describe the different mouse models and provide a roadmap to facilitate current and future atherosclerosis researchers to choose the right model depending on their scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oppi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Yuan T, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Zhang T, Lu R, Zhou M, Lu Y, Yan K, Chen Y, Hu Z, Liang J, Fan J, Cheng Y. Generation of hyperlipidemic rabbit models using multiple sgRNAs targeted CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:69. [PMID: 30885208 PMCID: PMC6421715 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate novel rabbit models with a large-fragment deletion of either LDL receptor (LDLR) and/or apolipoprotein (apoE) genes for the study of hyperlipidemic and atherosclerosis. METHODS CRISPR/Cas9 system directed by a multiple sgRNAs system was used in rabbit embryos to edit their LDLR and apoE genes. The LDLR and apoE genes of founder rabbits were sequenced, and their plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles on a normal chow diet were analyzed, western blotting was also performed to evaluate the expression of apolipoprotein. Sudan IV and HE staining of aortic were performed to confirm the formation of atherosclerosis. RESULTS Six knockout (KO) rabbits by injection of both LDLR and apoE sgRNAs were obtained, including four LDLR KO rabbits and two LDLR/apoE double- KO rabbits. Sequence analysis of these KO rabbits revealed that they contained multiple mutations including indels, deletions, and substitutions, as well as two rabbit lines containing biallelic large fragment deletion in the LDLR region. Analysis of their plasma lipids and lipoprotein profiles of these rabbits fed on a normal chow diet revealed that all of these KO rabbits exhibited remarkable hyperlipidemia with total cholesterol levels increased by up to 10-fold over those of wild-type rabbits. Pathological examinations of two founder rabbits showed that KO rabbits developed prominent aortic and coronary atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION Large fragment deletions can be achieved in rabbits using Cas9 mRNA and multiple sgRNAs. LDLR KO along with LDLR/apoE double KO rabbits should provide a novel means for translational investigations of human hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Rui Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Minya Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yaoyao Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Kunning Yan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Zhehui Hu
- Beijing hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for prevention and treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
| | - Yong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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29
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Grigorova N, Ivanova Z, Bjorndal B, Vachkova E, Penchev G, Berge R, Ribarski S, Georgieva TM, Yonkova P, Georgiev IP. Effect of fish oil supplementation and restricted feeding on body fat distribution and blood lipid profile in a rabbit model of castration-induced obesity. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:99-105. [PMID: 30861430 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of fish oil supplementation and restricted feeding on body fat distribution and blood lipid profile in experimentally induced obesity in rabbits. The trial was carried out with 30 male rabbits, divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each (NC - non-castrated, non-treated, full-diet fed; C100 - castrated, non-treated, full-diet fed; FO100 - castrated, treated with fish oil, full-diet fed; C50 - castrated, non-treated, 50% restricted fed; FO50 - castrated, treated with fish oil, 50% restricted fed). At the end of the experiment, plasma lipids measurement and quantification of fat distribution was performed. The results of this study indicate that fish oil supplementation reduces obesity-associated abnormalities in lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and non-esterified fatty acids) and in body fat distribution in full-diet fed rabbits. Restricted feeding (C50) alone and the combination of restricted feeding and fish oil supplementation (FO50) in particular, has a detrimental effect on the lipid profile despite the marked reduction in intra-abdominal fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grigorova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Zh Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - B Bjorndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - E Vachkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - G Penchev
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - R Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - S Ribarski
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Nutrition, Agriculture Faculty, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - T Mircheva Georgieva
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - P Yonkova
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - I Penchev Georgiev
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
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30
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Hue-Beauvais C, Aujean E, Miranda G, Ralliard-Rousseau D, Valentino S, Brun N, Ladebese S, Péchoux C, Chavatte-Palmer P, Charlier M. Impact of exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy on mammary gland development and milk composition in the rabbit. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212132. [PMID: 30763367 PMCID: PMC6375667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine-particulate air pollution is a major global health concern because it is associated with reduced birth weight and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here we have investigated the potential for exposure to diesel exhaust during pregnancy to influence mammary gland development and milk composition. Female rabbits were therefore exposed by nose-only inhalation to either diluted diesel exhaust fumes (1 mg/m3) or clean air for 2h/day, 5 days/week, from the 3rd to the 27th days of pregnancy. On Day 28 of pregnancy, mammary glands were collected from twelve females (six controls and six diesel-exposed) and assessed for morphological and functional alterations. Milk samples were collected from eighteen dams (nine controls and nine diesel-exposed) during early (days 2 to 4) and established (days 13 to 16) lactation to verify the composition of fatty acids and major proteins and leptin levels. The mammary alveolar lumina contained numerous fat globules, and stearoyl CoA reductase expression was higher in mammary epithelia from diesel exhaust-exposed rabbits, which together suggested increased mammary lipid biosynthesis. Gas chromatography analysis of the composition of milk fatty acids revealed a sharp rise in the total fatty acid content, mainly due to monounsaturated fatty acids. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of milk samples enabled identification and quantification of the main rabbit milk proteins and their main phosphorylated isoforms, and revealed important changes to individual casein and whey protein contents and to their most phosphorylated isoforms during early lactation. Taken together, these findings suggest that repeated daily exposure to diesel exhaust fumes during pregnancy at urban pollution levels can influence lipid metabolism in the mammary gland and the lipid and protein composition of milk. As milk may contribute to metabolic programming, such alterations affecting milk composition should be taken into account from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Etienne Aujean
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Guy Miranda
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sarah Valentino
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Brun
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stessy Ladebese
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Péchoux
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Madia Charlier
- UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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