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Wang Z, Chen K, Wu X, Zheng P, Li A, Guo Y, Gu X, Xiao G, Xie H, Zhuang C, Cao J. Distinct neural activities of the cortical layer 2/3 across isoflurane anesthesia: A large-scale simultaneous observation of neurons. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116751. [PMID: 38754266 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia inhibits neural activity in the brain, causing patients to lose consciousness and sensation during the surgery. Layers 2/3 of the cortex are important structures for the integration of information and consciousness, which are closely related to normal cognitive function. However, the dynamics of the large-scale population of neurons across multiple regions in layer 2/3 during anesthesia and recovery processes remains unclear. We conducted simultaneous observations and analysis of large-scale calcium signaling dynamics across multiple cortical regions within cortical layer 2/3 during isoflurane anesthesia and recovery in vivo by high-resolution wide-field microscopy. Under isoflurane-induced anesthesia, there is an overall decrease in neuronal activity across multiple regions in the cortical layer 2/3. Notably, some neurons display a paradoxical increase in activity during anesthesia. Additionally, the activity among multiple cortical regions under anesthesia was homogeneous. It is only during the recovery phase that variability emerges in the extent of increased neural activity across different cortical regions. Within the same duration of anesthesia, neural activity did not return to preanesthetic levels. To sum up, anesthesia as a dynamic alteration of brain functional networks, encompassing shifts in patterns of neural activity, homogeneousness among cortical neurons and regions, and changes in functional connectivity. Recovery from anesthesia does not entail a reversal of these effects within the same timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kunsha Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Pengchang Zheng
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yongxin Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingzheng Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guihua Xiao
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - ChaoWei Zhuang
- Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Jiangbei Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Qiu GL, Peng LJ, Wang P, Yang ZL, Zhang JQ, Liu H, Zhu XN, Rao J, Liu XS. In vivo imaging reveals a synchronized correlation among neurotransmitter dynamics during propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia. Zool Res 2024; 45:679-690. [PMID: 38766749 PMCID: PMC11188615 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia is widely applied in clinical practice. However, the precise mechanism of loss of consciousness induced by general anesthetics remains unknown. Here, we measured the dynamics of five neurotransmitters, including γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and dopamine, in the medial prefrontal cortex and primary visual cortex of C57BL/6 mice through in vivo fiber photometry and genetically encoded neurotransmitter sensors under anesthesia to reveal the mechanism of general anesthesia from a neurotransmitter perspective. Results revealed that the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine increased in the cortex during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. Dopamine levels did not change following the hypnotic dose of propofol but increased significantly following surgical doses of propofol anesthesia. Notably, the concentrations of the five neurotransmitters generally decreased during sevoflurane-induced loss of consciousness. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter dynamic networks were not synchronized in the non-anesthesia groups but were highly synchronized in the anesthetic groups. These findings suggest that neurotransmitter dynamic network synchronization may cause anesthetic-induced loss of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Lin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Zhi-Lai Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Ji-Qian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China. E-mail:
| | - Jin Rao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China. E-mail:
| | - Xue-Sheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China. E-mail:
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3
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Mashour GA. Anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness. Neuron 2024; 112:1553-1567. [PMID: 38579714 PMCID: PMC11098701 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In the 19th century, the discovery of general anesthesia revolutionized medical care. In the 21st century, anesthetics have become indispensable tools to study consciousness. Here, I review key aspects of the relationship between anesthesia and the neurobiology of consciousness, including interfaces of sleep and anesthetic mechanisms, anesthesia and primary sensory processing, the effects of anesthetics on large-scale functional brain networks, and mechanisms of arousal from anesthesia. I discuss the implications of the data derived from the anesthetized state for the science of consciousness and then conclude with outstanding questions, reflections, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Mashour
- Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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4
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Fu P, Liu Y, Zhu L, Wang M, Yu Y, Yang F, Zhang W, Zhang H, Shoham S, Roe AW, Xi W. Two-photon imaging of excitatory and inhibitory neural response to infrared neural stimulation. NEUROPHOTONICS 2024; 11:025003. [PMID: 38800606 PMCID: PMC11125280 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.2.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Significance Pulsed infrared neural stimulation (INS, 1875 nm) is an emerging neurostimulation technology that delivers focal pulsed heat to activate functionally specific mesoscale networks and holds promise for clinical application. However, little is known about its effect on excitatory and inhibitory cell types in cerebral cortex. Aim Estimates of summed population neuronal response time courses provide a potential basis for neural and hemodynamic signals described in other studies. Approach Using two-photon calcium imaging in mouse somatosensory cortex, we have examined the effect of INS pulse train application on hSyn neurons and mDlx neurons tagged with GCaMP6s. Results We find that, in anesthetized mice, each INS pulse train reliably induces robust response in hSyn neurons exhibiting positive going responses. Surprisingly, mDlx neurons exhibit negative going responses. Quantification using the index of correlation illustrates responses are reproducible, intensity-dependent, and focal. Also, a contralateral activation is observed when INS applied. Conclusions In sum, the population of neurons stimulated by INS includes both hSyn and mDlx neurons; within a range of stimulation intensities, this leads to overall excitation in the stimulated population, leading to the previously observed activations at distant post-synaptic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Fu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- KU Leuven Medical School, Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liang Zhu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hequn Zhang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shy Shoham
- NYU Langone Health, Department of Ophthalmology and Tech4Health and Neuroscience Institutes, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anna Wang Roe
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain Machine Integration, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Hangzhou, China
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Cylinder DM, van Zundert AA, Solt K, van Swinderen B. Time to Wake Up! The Ongoing Search for General Anesthetic Reversal Agents. Anesthesiology 2024; 140:610-627. [PMID: 38349760 PMCID: PMC10868874 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
How general anesthetics work remains a topic of ongoing study. A parallel field of research has sought to identify methods to reverse general anesthesia. Reversal agents could shorten patients' recovery time and potentially reduce the risk of postoperative complications. An incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of general anesthesia has hampered the pursuit for reversal agents. Nevertheless, the search for reversal agents has furthered understanding of the mechanisms underlying general anesthesia. The study of potential reversal agents has highlighted the importance of rigorous criteria to assess recovery from general anesthesia in animal models, and has helped identify key arousal systems (e.g., cholinergic, dopaminergic, and orexinergic systems) relevant to emergence from general anesthesia. Furthermore, the effects of reversal agents have been found to be inconsistent across different general anesthetics, revealing differences in mechanisms among these drugs. The presynapse and glia probably also contribute to general anesthesia recovery alongside postsynaptic receptors. The next stage in the search for reversal agents will have to consider alternate mechanisms encompassing the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. Cylinder
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - André A.J. van Zundert
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ken Solt
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, U.S.A
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhu J, Chen C, Liu X, He M, Fang Y, Wang L, Jia J, Guo J, Zhao Z, Gao C, He J, Xu C, Xu F, Ma D, Wang J, Zhang Z. Cerebellar Purkinje cell firing promotes conscious recovery from anesthesia state through coordinating neuronal communications with motor cortex. Theranostics 2024; 14:480-495. [PMID: 38169536 PMCID: PMC10758059 DOI: 10.7150/thno.89592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The neurobiological basis of gaining consciousness from unconscious state induced by anesthetics remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the involvement of the cerebello-thalamus-motor cortical loop mediating consciousness transitions from the loss of consciousness (LOC) induced by an inhalational anesthetic sevoflurane in mice. Methods: The neural tracing and fMRI together with opto-chemogenetic manipulation were used to investigate the potential link among cerebello-thalamus-motor cortical brain regions. The fiber photometry of calcium and neurotransmitters, including glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and norepinephrine (NE), were monitored from the motor cortex (M1) and the 5th lobule of the cerebellar vermis (5Cb) during unconsciousness induced by sevoflurane and gaining consciousness after sevoflurane exposure. Cerebellar Purkinje cells were optogenetically manipulated to investigate their influence on consciousness transitions during and after sevoflurane exposure. Results: Activation of 5Cb Purkinje cells increased the Ca2+ flux in the M1 CaMKIIα+ neurons, but this increment was significantly reduced by inactivation of posterior and parafascicular thalamic nucleus. The 5Cb and M1 exhibited concerted calcium flux, and glutamate and GABA release during transitions from wakefulness, loss of consciousness, burst suppression to conscious recovery. Ca2+ flux and Glu release in the M1, but not in the 5Cb, showed a strong synchronization with the EEG burst suppression, particularly, in the gamma-band range. In contrast, the Glu, GABA and NE release and Ca2+ oscillations were coherent with the EEG gamma band activity only in the 5Cb during the pre-recovery of consciousness period. The optogenetic activation of Purkinje cells during burst suppression significantly facilitated emergence from anesthesia while the optogenetic inhibition prolonged the time to gaining consciousness. Conclusions: Our data indicate that cerebellar neuronal communication integrated with motor cortex through thalamus promotes consciousness recovery from anesthesia which may likely serve as arousal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpiao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Mengying He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Junke Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chenyi Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jingang He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chengshi Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
- Division of Anesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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Beitchman JA, Krishna G, Bromberg CE, Thomas TC. Effects of isoflurane and urethane anesthetics on glutamate neurotransmission in rat brain using in vivo amperometry. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:52. [PMID: 37817064 PMCID: PMC10563344 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspects of glutamate neurotransmission implicated in normal and pathological conditions are predominantly evaluated using in vivo recording paradigms in rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Urethane and isoflurane anesthesia influence glutamate neurotransmission through different mechanisms; however, real-time outcome measures of potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics have not been compared within and between regions of the brain. In order to maintain rigor and reproducibility within the literature between the two most common methods of anesthetized in vivo recording of glutamate, we compared glutamate signaling as a function of anesthesia and brain region in the rat strain most used in neuroscience. METHODS In the following experiments, in vivo amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics (uptake rate and T80) in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus were performed using glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in young adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with either isoflurane or urethane. RESULTS Potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow was similar under urethane and isoflurane anesthesia in all brain regions studied. Analysis of glutamate clearance determined that the uptake rate was significantly faster (53.2%, p < 0.05) within the thalamus under urethane compared to isoflurane, but no differences were measured in the cortex or hippocampus. Under urethane, glutamate clearance parameters were region-dependent, with significantly faster glutamate clearance in the thalamus compared to the cortex but not the hippocampus (p < 0.05). No region-dependent differences were measured for glutamate overflow using isoflurane. CONCLUSIONS These data support that amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate under isoflurane and urethane anesthesia result in similar and comparable data. However, certain parameters of glutamate clearance can vary based on choice of anesthesia and brain region. In these circumstances, special considerations are needed when comparing previous literature and planning future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Beitchman
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Krishna
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlin E Bromberg
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, 425 N. 5th St. | 322 ABC-1 Building, Phoenix, AZ, 85004-2127, USA.
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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8
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Ahn SJ, Anfray A, Anrather J, Iadecola C. Calcium transients in nNOS neurons underlie distinct phases of the neurovascular response to barrel cortex activation in awake mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:1633-1647. [PMID: 37149758 PMCID: PMC10581240 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231173175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (nNOS), a Ca2+ dependent enzyme, is expressed by distinct populations of neocortical neurons. Although neuronal NO is well known to contribute to the blood flow increase evoked by neural activity, the relationships between nNOS neurons activity and vascular responses in the awake state remain unclear. We imaged the barrel cortex in awake, head-fixed mice through a chronically implanted cranial window. The Ca2+ indicator GCaMP7f was expressed selectively in nNOS neurons using adenoviral gene transfer in nNOScre mice. Air-puffs directed at the contralateral whiskers or spontaneous motion induced Ca2+ transients in 30.2 ± 2.2% or 51.6 ± 3.3% of nNOS neurons, respectively, and evoked local arteriolar dilation. The greatest dilatation (14.8 ± 1.1%) occurred when whisking and motion occurred simultaneously. Ca2+ transients in individual nNOS neurons and local arteriolar dilation showed various degrees of correlation, which was strongest when the activity of whole nNOS neuron ensemble was examined. We also found that some nNOS neurons became active immediately prior to arteriolar dilation, while others were activated gradually after arteriolar dilatation. Discrete nNOS neuron subsets may contribute either to the initiation or to the maintenance of the vascular response, suggesting a previously unappreciated temporal specificity to the role of NO in neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ji Ahn
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Beitchman JA, Krishna G, Bromberg CE, Thomas TC. Effects of isoflurane and urethane anesthetics on glutamate neurotransmission in rat brain using in vivo amperometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.16.528856. [PMID: 36824899 PMCID: PMC9949081 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Aspects of glutamate neurotransmission implicated in normal and pathological conditions are often evaluated using in vivo recording paradigms in rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Urethane and isoflurane anesthesia influence glutamate neurotransmission through different mechanisms; however real-time outcome measures of potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics have not been compared within and between regions of the brain. In the following experiments, in vivo amperometric recordings of KCl-evoked glutamate overflow and glutamate clearance kinetics (uptake rate and T80) in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus were performed using glutamate-selective microelectrode arrays (MEAs) in young adult male, Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with isoflurane or urethane. Potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow was similar under urethane and isoflurane anesthesia in all brain regions studied. Analysis of glutamate clearance determined that the uptake rate was significantly faster (53.2%, p<0.05) within the thalamus under urethane compared to isoflurane, but no differences were measured in the cortex or hippocampus. Under urethane, glutamate clearance parameters were region dependent, with significantly faster glutamate clearance in the thalamus compared to the cortex but not the hippocampus (p<0.05). No region dependent differences were measured for glutamate overflow using isoflurane. These data support that amperometric recordings of glutamate under isoflurane and urethane anesthesia result in mostly similar and comparable data. However, certain parameters of glutamate uptake vary based on choice of anesthesia and brain region. Special considerations must be given to these areas when considering comparison to previous literature and when planning future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Beitchman
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Gokul Krishna
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Caitlin E. Bromberg
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Healthcare System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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10
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Nietz AK, Streng ML, Popa LS, Carter RE, Flaherty EB, Aronson JD, Ebner TJ. To be and not to be: wide-field Ca2+ imaging reveals neocortical functional segmentation combines stability and flexibility. Cereb Cortex 2023:7024718. [PMID: 36734268 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability and flexibility of the functional parcellation of the cerebral cortex is fundamental to how familiar and novel information is both represented and stored. We leveraged new advances in Ca2+ sensors and microscopy to understand the dynamics of functional segmentation in the dorsal cerebral cortex. We performed wide-field Ca2+ imaging in head-fixed mice and used spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to identify independent spatial sources of Ca2+ fluorescence. The imaging data were evaluated over multiple timescales and discrete behaviors including resting, walking, and grooming. When evaluated over the entire dataset, a set of template independent components (ICs) were identified that were common across behaviors. Template ICs were present across a range of timescales, from days to 30 seconds, although with lower occurrence probability at shorter timescales, highlighting the stability of the functional segmentation. Importantly, unique ICs emerged at the shorter duration timescales that could act to transiently refine the cortical network. When data were evaluated by behavior, both common and behavior-specific ICs emerged. Each behavior is composed of unique combinations of common and behavior-specific ICs. These observations suggest that cerebral cortical functional segmentation exhibits considerable spatial stability over time and behaviors while retaining the flexibility for task-dependent reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Nietz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Martha L Streng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Laurentiu S Popa
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Russell E Carter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Evelyn B Flaherty
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Justin D Aronson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
| | - Timothy J Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2001 Sixth Street S.E., Minneapolis 55455, MN, United States
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11
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Day-Cooney J, Dalangin R, Zhong H, Mao T. Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for imaging neuronal dynamics in vivo. J Neurochem 2023; 164:284-308. [PMID: 35285522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain relies on many forms of dynamic activities in individual neurons, from synaptic transmission to electrical activity and intracellular signaling events. Monitoring these neuronal activities with high spatiotemporal resolution in the context of animal behavior is a necessary step to achieve a mechanistic understanding of brain function. With the rapid development and dissemination of highly optimized genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, a growing number of brain activities can now be visualized in vivo. To date, cellular calcium imaging, which has been largely used as a proxy for electrical activity, has become a mainstay in systems neuroscience. While challenges remain, voltage imaging of neural populations is now possible. In addition, it is becoming increasingly practical to image over half a dozen neurotransmitters, as well as certain intracellular signaling and metabolic activities. These new capabilities enable neuroscientists to test previously unattainable hypotheses and questions. This review summarizes recent progress in the development and delivery of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors, and highlights example applications in the context of in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Day-Cooney
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Rochelin Dalangin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Haining Zhong
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tianyi Mao
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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12
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Liu Y, Jia S, Wang J, Wang D, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhou F, Zhang Z, Li Q, Dong H, Zhong H. Endocannabinoid signaling regulates post-operative delirium through glutamatergic mediodorsal thalamus-prelimbic prefrontal cortical projection. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1036428. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1036428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPost-operative delirium (POD), a common post-operative complication that affects up to 73. 5% of surgical patients, could prolong hospital stays, triple mortality rates, cause long-term cognitive decline and dementia, and boost medical expenses. However, the underlying mechanisms, especially the circuit mechanisms of POD remain largely unclear. Previous studies demonstrated that cannabis use might cause delirium-like behavior through the endocannabinoid system (eCBs), a widely distributed retrograde presynaptic neuromodulator system. We also found that the prelimbic (PrL) and intralimbic (IL) prefrontal cortex, a crucial hub for cognition and emotion, was involved in the eCBs-associated general anesthesia recovery.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the role of eCBs in POD development, and further clarify its neuronal specificity and circuit specificity attributed to POD.MethodsAccording to a previous study, 2 h of 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia and simple laparotomy were conducted to establish the POD model in C57/BL6 mice aged 8–12 weeks. A battery of behavioral tests, including the buried food, open field, and Y maze tests, were performed at 24 h before anesthesia and surgery (AS) and 6 and 9 h after AS. The behavioral results were calculated as a composite Z score for the POD assessment. To explore the dynamics of eCBs and their effect on POD regulation, an endocannabinoid (eCB) sensor was microinjected into the PrL, and the antagonists (AM281 and hemopressin) and agonist (nabilone) of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R), were administered systemically or locally (into PrL). Chemogenetics, combined Cre-loxP and Flp-FRT system, were employed in mutant mice for neuronal specificity and circuit specificity observation.ResultsAfter AS, the composite Z score significantly increased at 6 and 9 but not at 24 h, whereas blockade of CB1R systemically and intra-PrL could specifically decrease the composite Z score at 6 and 9 h after AS. Results of fiber photometry further confirmed that the activity of eCB in the PrL was enhanced by AS, especially in the Y maze test at 6 h post-operatively. Moreover, the activation of glutamatergic neurons in the PrL could reduce the composite Z score, which could be significantly reversed by exogenous cannabinoid (nabilone) at 6 and 9 h post-operatively. However, activation of GABAergic neurons only decreased composite Z score at 9 h post-operatively, with no response to nabilone application. Further study revealed the glutamatergic projection from mediodorsal thalamus (MD) to PrL glutamatergic neurons, but not hippocampus (HIP)-PrL circuit, was in charge of the effect of eCBs on POD.ConclusionOur study firstly demonstrated the involvement of eCBs in the POD pathogenesis and further revealed that the eCBs may regulate POD through the specific MDglu-PrLglu circuit. These findings not only partly revealed the molecular and circuit mechanisms of POD, but also provided an applicable candidate for the clinical prevention and treatment of POD.
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13
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Okamura K, Yoshino H, Ogawa Y, Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Yamaguchi Y, Nishihata Y, Ikehara M, Makinodan M, Saito Y, Kishimoto T. Juvenile social isolation immediately affects the synaptic activity and firing property of fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneuron subtype in mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:3591-3606. [PMID: 35945688 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of juvenile social experience causes various behavioral impairments and brain dysfunction, especially in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Our previous studies revealed that juvenile social isolation for 2 weeks immediately after weaning affects the synaptic inputs and intrinsic excitability of fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing (FSPV) interneurons as well as a specific type of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal cells, which we termed prominent h-current (PH) cells, in the mPFC. However, since these changes were observed at the adult age of postnatal day 65 (P65), the primary cause of these changes to neurons immediately after juvenile social isolation (postnatal day 35) remains unknown. Here, we investigated the immediate effects of juvenile social isolation on the excitability and synaptic inputs of PH pyramidal cells and FSPV interneurons at P35 using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. We observed that excitatory inputs to FSPV interneurons increased immediately after juvenile social isolation. We also found that juvenile social isolation increases the firing reactivity of a subtype of FSPV interneurons, whereas only a fractional effect was detected in PH pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that juvenile social isolation primarily disturbs the developmental rebuilding of circuits involving FSPV interneurons and eventually affects the circuits involving PH pyramidal cells in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Okamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.,Mie Prefectural Mental Medical Center, Tsu, Mie 514-0818, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yosuke Nishihata
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Minobu Ikehara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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14
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang K, Zhu Z, Wang D, Yang Q, Dong H. Esketamine Increases Neurotransmitter Releases but Simplifies Neurotransmitter Networks in Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:586-595. [PMID: 35080449 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00462.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia induces a profound but reversible unconscious state, which is accompanied by changes in various neurotransmitters in the cortex. Unlike the "brain silencing" effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator anesthesia, ketamine anesthesia leads the brain to a paradoxical active state with higher cortical activity, which is manifested as dissociative anesthesia. However, how the overall neurotransmitter network evolves across conscious states after ketamine administration remains unclear. Using in vivo microdialysis, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis, and electroencephalogram (EEG) recording technique, we continuously measured the concentrations of six neurotransmitters and the EEG signals during anesthesia with esketamine, an S-enantiomer of ketamine racemate. We found that there was an increase in the release of five cortical neurotransmitters after the administration of esketamine. The correlation of cortical neurotransmitters was dynamically simplified along with behavioral changes until full recovery after anesthesia. The esketamine-increased gamma oscillation power was positively correlated only with the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the medial prefrontal cortex. This study suggests that the transformation of the neurotransmitter network rather than the concentrations of neurotransmitters could be more indicative of the consciousness shift during esketamine anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenghua Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Speigel IA, Hemmings Jr. HC. Relevance of Cortical and Hippocampal Interneuron Functional Diversity to General Anesthetic Mechanisms: A Narrative Review. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 13:812905. [PMID: 35153712 PMCID: PMC8825374 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.812905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
General anesthetics disrupt brain processes involved in consciousness by altering synaptic patterns of excitation and inhibition. In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, GABAergic inhibition is largely mediated by inhibitory interneurons, a heterogeneous group of specialized neuronal subtypes that form characteristic microcircuits with excitatory neurons. Distinct interneuron subtypes regulate specific excitatory neuron networks during normal behavior, but how these interneuron subtypes are affected by general anesthetics is unclear. This narrative review summarizes current principles of the synaptic architecture of cortical and interneuron subtypes, their contributions to different forms of inhibition, and their roles in distinct neuronal microcircuits. The molecular and cellular targets in these circuits that are sensitive to anesthetics are reviewed in the context of how anesthetics impact interneuron function in a subtype-specific manner. The implications of this functional interneuron diversity for mechanisms of anesthesia are discussed, as are their implications for anesthetic-induced changes in neural plasticity and overall brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris A. Speigel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Iris A. Speigel
| | - Hugh C. Hemmings Jr.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Serradas ML, Stein V, Gellner AK. Long-term changes of parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons of the primary motor cortex after chronic social defeat stress depend on individual stress-vulnerability. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:946719. [PMID: 35966477 PMCID: PMC9366473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.946719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for developing mental illnesses and cognitive deficiencies although stress-susceptibility varies individually. In a recent study, we established the connection between chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and impaired motor learning abilities accompanied by chronically disturbed structural neuroplasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1) of mice. In this study, we further investigated the long-term effects of CSDS exposure on M1, focusing on the interneuronal cell population. We used repeated CSDS to elicit effects across behavioral, endocrinological, and metabolic parameters in mice. Susceptible and resilient phenotypes were discriminated by symptom load and motor learning abilities were assessed on the rotarod. Structural changes in interneuronal circuits of M1 were studied by immunohistochemistry using parvalbumin (PV+) and somatostatin (SST+) markers. Stress-susceptible mice had a blunted stress hormone response and impaired motor learning skills. These mice presented reduced numbers of both interneuron populations in M1 with layer-dependent distribution, while alterations in cell size and immunoreactivity were found in both susceptible and resilient individuals. These results, together with our previous data, suggest that stress-induced cell loss and degeneration of the GABAergic interneuronal network of M1 could underlay impaired motor learning, due to their role in controlling the excitatory output and spine dynamics of principal neurons required for this task. Our study further highlights the importance of long-term outcomes of chronically stressed individuals which are translationally important due to the long timecourses of stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Serradas
- Institute of Physiology II, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Stein
- Institute of Physiology II, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Gellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Yang Q, Zhou F, Li A, Dong H. Neural Substrates for Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:72-84. [PMID: 34906058 PMCID: PMC9199549 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211214144639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
General anesthesia has been successfully used in clinics for over 170 years, but its mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep as it produces a reversible transition between wakefulness and the state of being unaware of one’s surroundings. A discussion regarding the common circuits of sleep and general anesthesia has been ongoing as an increasing number of sleep-arousal regulatory nuclei are reported to participate in the consciousness shift occurring during general anesthesia. Recently, with progress in research technology, both positive and negative evidence for overlapping neural circuits between sleep and general anesthesia has emerged. This article provides a review of the latest evidence on the neural substrates for sleep and general anesthesia regulation by comparing the roles of pivotal nuclei in sleep and anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an. China
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18
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Zhang Y. GABA inhibitory network: A requirement of maintenance of consciousness. EBioMedicine 2021; 68:103330. [PMID: 34139433 PMCID: PMC8213885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129 United States.
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