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Gim H, Seo H, Chun BC. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection by Type and Frequency of Vaccine: A Community-Based Case-Control Study. J Korean Med Sci 2024; 39:e174. [PMID: 38832478 PMCID: PMC11147786 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although guidelines recommend vaccination for individuals who have recovered from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to prevent reinfection, comprehensive evaluation studies are limited. We aimed to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection according to the primary vaccination status, booster vaccination status, and vaccination methods used. METHODS This population-based case-control study enrolled all SARS-CoV-2-infected patients in Seoul between January 2020 and February 2022. Individuals were categorized into case (reinfection) and control (no reinfection) groups. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression after adjusting for underlying comorbidities using multiple regression. RESULTS The case group included 7,678 participants (average age: 32.26 years). In all vaccinated individuals, patients who received the first and second booster doses showed reduced reinfection rates compared with individuals who received basic vaccination (odds ratio [OR] = 0.605, P < 0.001 and OR = 0.002, P < 0.001). Patients who received BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273, NVX-CoV2373 and heterologous vaccination showed reduced reinfection rates compared with unvaccinated individuals (OR = 0.546, P < 0.001; OR = 0.356, P < 0.001; and OR = 0.472, P < 0.001). However, the ChAdOx1-S or Ad26.COV2.S vaccination group showed a higher reinfection rate than the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination group (OR = 4.419, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, completion of the basic vaccination series showed significant protection against reinfection compared with no vaccination. If the first or second booster vaccination was received, the protective effect against reinfection was higher than that of basic vaccination; when vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 only or heterologous vaccination, the protective effect was higher than that of ChAdOx1-S or Ad26.COV2.S vaccination only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Gim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens' Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haesook Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Citizens' Health Bureau, Seoul Metropolitan Government, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chun
- Department of Epidemiology & Health Informatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Mai F, Bergmann W, Reisinger EC, Müller-Hilke B. The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection. J Virol 2024; 98:e0191223. [PMID: 38501661 PMCID: PMC11019912 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01912-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spurred a worldwide race for the development of an efficient vaccine. Various strategies were pursued; however, the first vaccines to be licensed presented the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either in the context of a non-replicating adenoviral vector or as an mRNA construct. While short-term efficacies have extensively been characterized, the duration of protection, the need for repeated boosting, and reasonable vaccination intervals have yet to be defined. We here describe the adaptive immune response resulting from homologous and heterologous vaccination regimen at 18 months after primary vaccination. To that extent, we monitored 176 healthcare workers, the majority of whom had recovered from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we find that differences depending on primary immunization continue to exist 18 months after the first vaccination and these findings hold true irrespective of previous infection with the virus. Homologous primary immunization with BNT162b2 was repeatedly shown to produce higher antibody levels and slower antibody decline, leading to more effective in vitro neutralization capacities. Likewise, cellular responses resulting from in vitro re-stimulation were more pronounced after primary immunization involving BNT162b2. In contrast, IL-2 producing memory T helper and cytotoxic T cells appeared independent from the primary vaccination regimen. Despite these differences, comparable infection rates among all vaccination groups suggest comparable real-life protection.IMPORTANCEVaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was shown to avert severe courses of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to mitigate spreading of the virus. However, the duration of protection and need for repeated boosting have yet to be defined. Monitoring and comparing the immune responses resulting from various vaccine strategies are therefore important to fill knowledge gaps and prepare for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mai
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Chen WC, Hu SY, Cheng CM, Shen CF, Chuang HY, Ker CR, Sun DJ, Shen CJ. TRAIL and IP-10 dynamics in pregnant women post COVID-19 vaccination: associations with neutralizing antibody potency. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1358967. [PMID: 38572318 PMCID: PMC10987851 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1358967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study is to investigate changes in TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and gamma interferon-induced protein 10 (IP-10) after COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women and to explore their association with neutralizing antibody (Nab) inhibition. Methods The study evaluated 93 pregnant women who had previously received two (n=21), three (n=55) or four (n=17) doses of COVID-19 vaccine. Also we evaluated maternal blood samples that were collected during childbirth. The levels of TRAIL, IP-10 and Nab inhibition were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results and discussion Our study revealed four-dose group resulted in lower TRAIL levels when compared to the two-dose and three-dose groups (4.78 vs. 16.07 vs. 21.61 pg/ml, p = 0.014). The two-dose group had reduced IP-10 levels than the three-dose cohort (111.49 vs. 147.89 pg/ml, p=0.013), with no significant variation compared to the four-dose group. In addition, the four-dose group showed stronger Nab inhibition against specific strains (BA.2 and BA.5) than the three-dose group. A positive correlation was observed between TRAIL and IP-10 in the two-dose group, while this relationship was not found in other dose groups or between TRAIL/IP-10 and Nab inhibition. As the doses of the COVID-19 vaccine increase, the levels of TRAIL and IP-10 generally increase, only by the fourth dose, the group previously vaccinated with AZD1222 showed lower TRAIL but higher IP-10. Despite these changes, more doses of the vaccine consistently reinforced Nab inhibition, apparently without any relation to TRAIL and IP-10 levels. The variation may indicate the induction of immunological memory in vaccinated mothers, which justifies further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ru Ker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Ji Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pojen Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Mai F, Kordt M, Bergmann-Ewert W, Reisinger EC, Müller-Hilke B. NVX-CoV2373 induces humoral and cellular immune responses that are functionally comparable to vector and mRNA-based vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359475. [PMID: 38562927 PMCID: PMC10982398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background After licensing of the protein-based vaccine NVX-CoV2373, three technically different vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 became available for application to the human population - and for comparison of efficacies. Methods We here recruited 42 study participants who had obtained one initial dose of NVX-CoV2373 and analyzed their immune responses in contrast to 37 study participants who had obtained either the vector vaccine AZD1222 or the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 a year earlier. 32 participants also donated blood before first vaccination to serve as a vaccine-naive control. In detail, we investigated and quantified at day 21 and approximately six months after primary immunization the amounts of vaccine-specific antibodies produced, their neutralization capacity, their quality in terms of binding different epitopes and their efficiency in inducing various isotypes. Cellular immunity and intracellular cytokine production following in vitro re-stimulation with BNT162b2 vaccine was analyzed via ELISpot or via flow cytometry. Results Our results show that even though vaccination including the mRNA vaccine yielded best results in almost any aspect of antibody levels and binding efficiency, the neutralization capacities against the wild-type Wuhan strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant early and at six months were comparable among all three vaccination groups. As for the T cells, we observed a prevailing CD8 response at three weeks which turned into a predominant CD4 memory at six months which has not yet been observed for AZD1222 and BNT162b2. While additional infection with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a boost for the humoral response, T cell memory appeared rather unaffected. Conclusion Whether any of these differences translate into real world protection from infection, mitigation of severe disease courses and prevention of long/post COVID will need to be investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Mai
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcel Kordt
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann-Ewert
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Institute of Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Core Facility for Cell Sorting and Cell Analysis, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Phuensan P, Sirimongkolkasem J, Tantawichien T, Phannajit J, Kerr SJ, Hansasuta P, Chantharit P, Wongsa A, Fuengfoo P, Chittinandana A, Vareesangthip K, Chayakulkeeree M, Jangsirikul S, Schmidt A, Wanvimonsuk K, Winichakoon P, Kajeekul R, Prayoonwiwat W, Rerknimitr R. Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with inactivated and adenoviral vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccines - A prospective multi-center study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23246. [PMID: 38163241 PMCID: PMC10756999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During the peak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Thailand when the emergence of delta variant reduced the efficacy of inactivated vaccine, Thailand had abundance of inactivated vaccine but mRNA vaccine was not available and the supply of adenoviral-vectored vaccine was limited. The heterologous vaccination using CoronaVac and ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccines was applied. We aim to compare the immunogenicity of immune response of primary vaccination with homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and heterologous vaccination with CoronaVac and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Methods A total of 430 adults, scheduled to receive ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 as their second dose of primary COVID-19 vaccination, were enrolled. Participants were classified into two groups based on the first dose vaccine as CoronaVac (heterologous group) or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (homologous group). The primary outcome was antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) titres at 28 days after the second dose of vaccination. Secondary outcomes were anti-RBD titres at 90 days, surrogate viral neutralizing test (sVNT) at 28 and 90 days, and adverse events. Findings In 358 participants with correct vaccine interval, the anti-RBD geometric mean titre ratio for the heterologous versus homologous group was 0.55 (95%CI; 0.44-0.067); p < 0.001 at day 28, and 0.80 (95%CI; 0.65-1.00); P = 0.05 at day 90. Median sVNT neutralizing activity was not significantly different in the heterologous versus homologous group at 28 days (93.5 vs 92.7 %); p = 0.13, but significantly higher in the heterologous group at day 90 (82.9 vs 76.4 %); p = 0.01. Interpretation The homologous vaccination resulted in higher anti-RBD titres at 28 days after vaccination, but titres in the homologous group showed more rapid decline at 90 days. In the sVNT assay, median neutralization was similar at 28 days, but was longer-lasting and higher in the heterologous group at 90 days. Funding This research received funding from the Royal College of Physicians of Thailand special grant 2021 for research initiative during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawat Phuensan
- Division of Hospital and Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Jarongkorn Sirimongkolkasem
- Division of Hospital and Ambulatory Medicine, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Terapong Tantawichien
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Jeerath Phannajit
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand
| | - Stephen J. Kerr
- Department of Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Pokrath Hansasuta
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Prawat Chantharit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Adisorn Wongsa
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Pusit Fuengfoo
- Department of Surgery, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Anutra Chittinandana
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Thailand
| | - Kriengsak Vareesangthip
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Methee Chayakulkeeree
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Sureeporn Jangsirikul
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- Gastroenterology and Liver Center, MedPark Hospital, Thailand
| | - Araya Schmidt
- Gastroenterology and Liver Center, MedPark Hospital, Thailand
| | - Kanyika Wanvimonsuk
- Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, Royal Thai Airforce Hospital (Sikan), Thailand
| | - Poramed Winichakoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Rattagan Kajeekul
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Thailand
| | - Wichai Prayoonwiwat
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society and Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
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Fang Y, Li JX, Duangdany D, Li Y, Guo XL, Phamisith C, Yu B, Shen MY, Luo B, Wang YZ, Liu SJ, Zhao FF, Xu CC, Qiu XH, Yan R, Gui YZ, Pei RJ, Wang J, Shen H, Guan WX, Li HW, Mayxay M. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a modified COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, SW-BIC-213, in healthy people aged 18 years and above: a phase 3 double-blinded, randomized, parallel controlled clinical trial in Lao PDR (Laos). EClinicalMedicine 2024; 67:102372. [PMID: 38169790 PMCID: PMC10758727 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The mRNA vaccine has demonstrated significant effectiveness in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic, including against severe forms of the disease caused by emerging variants. In this study, we examined safety, immunogenicity, and relative efficacy of a heterologous booster of the lipopolyplex (LPP)-based mRNA vaccine (SW-BIC-213) versus a homologous booster of an inactivated vaccine (BBIBP) in Laos. Methods In this phase 3 clinical trial, which was randomized, parallel controlled and double-blinded, healthy adults aged 18 years and above were recruited from the Southern Savannakhet Provincial Hospital and Champhone District Hospital. The primary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity, with efficacy as an exploratory endpoint. Participants who were fully immunized with a two-dose inactivated vaccine for more than 6 months were assigned equally to either the SW-BIC-213 group (25 μg) or BBIBP group. The primary safety endpoint was to describe the safety profile of all participants in each group up to 6 months post-booster immunization. The primary immunogenic outcome was to demonstrate the superiority of the neutralizing antibody response, in terms of geometric mean titers (GMTs) of SW-BIC-213, compared with BBIBP 28 days after the booster dose. The exploratory efficacy endpoint aimed to assess the relative efficacy of SW-BIC-213 compared to BBIBP against virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 over a 6-month period. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05580159). Findings Between October 10, 2022, and January 13, 2023, 1200 participants were assigned to SW-BIC-213 group and 1203 participants in the BBIBP group. All adverse reactions observed during the study were tolerable, transient, and resolved spontaneously. Solicited local reactions were the main adverse reactions in both the SW-BIC-213 group (43.8%) and BBIBP group (14.8%) (p < 0.001). Heterologous boosting with SW-BIC-213 induced higher live virus neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 wildtype and BA.5 strains with GMTs reaching 750.1 and 192.9 than homologous boosting with BBIBP with GMTs of 131.5 (p < 0.001) and 47.5 (p < 0.001) on day 29. The statistical findings revealed that, following a period of 14-day to 6-month after booster vaccination, the SW-BIC-213 group exhibited a relative vaccine efficacy (VE) of 70.1% (95% CI: 34.2-86.4) against symptomatic COVID-19 when compared to the BBIBP group. Interpretation A heterologous booster with the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine SW-BIC-213 manifests a favorable safety profile and proves highly immunogenic and efficacious in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 in individuals who have previously received two doses of inactivated vaccine. Funding Shanghai Strategic Emerging Industries Development Special Fund, Biomedical Technology Support Special Project of Shanghai "Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan", Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yang Li
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Lin Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Bo Yu
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Yan
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Gui
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jie Wang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Mayfong Mayxay
- University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Laos
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da Silva Antunes R, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Rubiro P, Peters B, Arlehamn CSL, Grifoni A, Sette A. The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e934. [PMID: 37966108 PMCID: PMC10662678 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes recognized by T cells are a collection of short peptide fragments derived from specific antigens or proteins. Immunological research to study T cell responses is hindered by the extreme degree of heterogeneity of epitope targets, which are usually derived from multiple antigens; within a given antigen, hundreds of different T cell epitopes can be recognized, differing from one individual to the next because T cell epitope recognition is restricted by the epitopes' ability to bind to MHC molecules, which are extremely polymorphic in different individuals. Testing large pools encompassing hundreds of peptides is technically challenging because of logistical considerations regarding solvent-induced toxicity. To address this issue, we developed the MegaPool (MP) approach based on sequential lyophilization of large numbers of peptides that can be used in a variety of assays to measure T cell responses, including ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and activation-induced marker assays, and that has been validated in the study of infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmunity. Here, we describe the procedures for generating and testing MPs, starting with peptide synthesis and lyophilization, as well as a step-by-step guide and recommendations for their handling and experimental usage. Overall, the MP approach is a powerful strategy for studying T cell responses and understanding the immune system's role in health and disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of peptide pools ("MegaPools") Basic Protocol 2: MegaPool testing and quantitation of antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Sarkar A, Santra D, Sundar Panja A, Maiti S. Immunoinformatics and MD-simulation data suggest that Omicron spike epitopes are more interacting to IgG via better MHC recognition than Delta variant. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 123:110636. [PMID: 37499394 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in Nov 2021, in South Africa, the SARS CoV-2 variant Omicron was found to be highly infectious and transmissible but with the least fatality. It occupies the nasopharynx-oropharynx and easily spreads. The epidemiological data/reports suggest that several vaccines failed to neutralize Omicron. It has a large number of spike mutations and the RNA/protein vaccines were developed from its predecessors that may justify its escape in most neutralization reactions. Its lower immuno-suppression/cytokine-storming/inflammatory-response effects need exploration. OBJECTIVES In the current study, we attempted to delineate the comparative interaction of different variants' spikes with multiple recognition sites on IgG and HLA-typing of MHC class and I and II. METHODS All SARS-CoV-2 spike-proteins/human-IgG/MHC-I & II were obtained from the NCBI/ PDB/GISAID database. Initial 3D-structures of the unavailable proteins were constructed by Homology-Modeling (Swissmodel-Expasy) and optimized (PROCHECK). Molecular-docking of spike-IgG/spike- I & MHC-II was performed (HADDOCK2.4/HawkDock) with active-residue screening (CPORT). Antigenicity of epitopes was determined (Vaxigen v2.0-server) and the epitope-model prepared (PEP-FOLD3-server). The binding-affinity/biological-interfaces/visualize were performed (PRODIGY-PyMOL2). We also examined the genesis of feasible transition pathways of functional docked complexes (iMODs) of MHC with different epitopes and antibodies of IgG with different variants. Further, Molecular-Dynamic-Simulation was performed by GROMACS 2023.1 software package. The MD-simulation was run with 100 ns (300 k-heating/1-atm pressure). RESULTS Surface-area with interactomes, H-bonding and polar/non-polar bonding were the highest in Omicron spike-IgG interaction. Unlike other variants, both the L and H chains of at least three different recognition sites of IgG interact with the N-terminal and C-terminal RBD of the S1-portion and partially bind to S2. In other cases, binding was observed in either NTD or CTD with a lesser number of bonding-interactomes, especially in Delta spike-Ab interaction. In the case of MHC class-I & II, the highest binding affinity/surface was noticed by Omicron and least by the Delta variant. The MD simulation data of lower RMSD values of the Delta and Omicron variants indicate improved structural stability and less departure from the initial conformation. Better binding to the IgG and MHC molecules explains Omicron's little ability in immune invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Sarkar
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipannita Santra
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Sundar Panja
- Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Informatics Laboratory, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal 721102, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Post-Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India; Agricure Biotech Research Society, Midnapore, 721101, India.
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10
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Yoo J, Kim Y, Cha YM, Lee J, Jeong YJ, Kim SH, Maragakis LL, Lee S. Heterologous vaccination (ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2) induces a better immune response against the omicron variant than homologous vaccination. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1537-1543. [PMID: 37562081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has seen the emergence of numerous novel variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. In this study, we compared the efficacy of three different forms of immunization against the wild-type, delta, and omicron variants of the virus: two doses of the BNT or AZ vaccine (BNT/BNT or AZ/AZ) as homologous vaccination, three doses of AZ/AZ/BNT as heterologous vaccination, and naturally occurring immunization in severe COVID-19 cases. METHODS We collected serum samples from vaccine recipients (67 receiving BNT/BNT, 111 receiving AZ/AZ, and 18 receiving AZ/AZ/BNT) and 46 patients who were admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19. Blood samples were taken one month after the last injection and the efficacy of the vaccination was determined using the surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT), with a positive result defined as an inhibition rate of over 30%. Serum samples from COVID-19 patients were taken at various points during their hospitalization and tested for inhibition rates. RESULTS Our results indicated that there was no notable difference in the levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAb) in vaccine recipients and patients against the wild-type and delta variants. However, when it came to the omicron variant, the vaccine recipients had significantly lower nAb titers. Among the vaccine recipients, those who received a booster dose of BNT after their first two doses of AZ (AZ/AZ/BNT) demonstrated the highest level of protection against the omicron variant at 44.4%, followed closely by the COVID-19 patients. In analyzing the serial samples taken from hospitalized COVID-19 patients, we observed that their inhibition rates against the wild-type and delta variants improved over time, while the inhibition rate against the omicron variant decreased. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our findings suggest that heterologous booster vaccination after primary vaccination produces higher nAb titers and provides a higher level of protection against the omicron variant compared to primary vaccination alone. This protective effect was similar to that observed in patients with severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Yoo
- Laboratory medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younjeong Kim
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yu Mi Cha
- Laboratory medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Laboratory medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Jeong
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si-Hyun Kim
- Division of Infectious diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lisa L Maragakis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seungok Lee
- Laboratory medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Hentschel V, Horsch C, Mayer B, Thies A, Qian W, Kroschel J, Seufferlein T, Perkhofer L, Müller M. A Systematic Evaluation of the SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Anti-S-RBD-Ig Response in a Population of Health Care Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1467. [PMID: 37766143 PMCID: PMC10537165 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the novel class of mRNA vaccines has been granted first-time approval for active immunization against SARS-CoV-2 alongside the already established viral vector-based vaccines. In this prospective single-center study, we set out to determine the vaccine-induced humoral immune response in a population of 1512 health care employees after the second and third vaccination, respectively. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid antigen antibody concentrations were assessed using commercially available immunoassays. We could show that, in particular, young study subjects aged below 30 years, as well as those with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, developed significantly higher antibody concentrations. Our data further suggest that being in physically close contact with formerly SARS-CoV-2-positive people positively affects the post-vaccination response. Surprisingly, study subjects with a BMI > 30 produced the highest anti-S-RBD Ig antibody levels if they had recently received their third vaccination. Also, heterologous dual vaccine regimens consisting of a BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 n-CoV-19, a homologous triple combination of BNT162b2, and an application of mRNA-1273 as the third vaccine, were most efficient at eliciting a humoral immune response. Our study substantiates existing evidence, but beyond that, scrutinizes the impact of vaccine agents and their respective combinations, as well as different time intervals on humoral immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hentschel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Cornelia Horsch
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (C.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany; (C.H.); (B.M.)
| | - Annsophie Thies
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Will Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Joris Kroschel
- Central Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Lukas Perkhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Stem Cell Biology, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (V.H.); (A.T.); (W.Q.); (T.S.); (L.P.)
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12
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Hu Y, Wang Y, Shao T, Tang W, Hu K, Zhou Y, Miao L, Liu J, Wang B, Yu W. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1-nCoV19 and BNT162b2 vaccination: A meta-analysis of the heterologous COVID-19 vaccination outcomes. Vaccine 2023; 41:3003-3010. [PMID: 37037708 PMCID: PMC10060199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Here, we systematically assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the immunogenicity by the geometric mean titers ratio (GMTR) of the neutralizing antibody and anti-spike IgG. The safety of heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination was evaluated using the pooled risk ratios (RRs) calculated by the random-effects model about the adverse events. Our study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021265165. RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the analyses. Compared to the homologous ChAd/ChAd vaccination, the heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination showed significantly higher immunogenicity in terms of the neutralizing antibody and GMTR of anti-spike IgG, but at the same time displayed higher incidence of total adverse reactions, especially for the local adverse reactions. Moreover, heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination showed similar immunogenicity to the homologous BNT/BNT vaccination (GMTR of neutralizing antibody and anti-spike IgG) and similar safety. DISCUSSION Heterologous ChAd/BNT vaccination showed robust immunogenicity and tolerable safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yanning Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Taihang Shao
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Wenxi Tang
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics, School of International Pharmaceutical Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Kerong Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huangshi Love&Health Hospital, Huangshi 435000, PR China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Liyun Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital (Yuhua Branch of Nanjing First Hospital), Nanjing 210039, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| | - Wenying Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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13
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Ryan FJ, Norton TS, McCafferty C, Blake SJ, Stevens NE, James J, Eden GL, Tee YC, Benson SC, Masavuli MG, Yeow AEL, Abayasingam A, Agapiou D, Stevens H, Zecha J, Messina NL, Curtis N, Ignjatovic V, Monagle P, Tran H, McFadyen JD, Bull RA, Grubor-Bauk B, Lynn MA, Botten R, Barry SE, Lynn DJ. A systems immunology study comparing innate and adaptive immune responses in adults to COVID-19 mRNA and adenovirus vectored vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100971. [PMID: 36871558 PMCID: PMC9935276 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the molecular mechanisms that promote optimal immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is critical for future rational vaccine design. Here, we longitudinally profile innate and adaptive immune responses in 102 adults after the first, second, and third doses of mRNA or adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. Using a multi-omics approach, we identify key differences in the immune responses induced by ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2 that correlate with antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses or vaccine reactogenicity. Unexpectedly, we observe that vaccination with ChAdOx1-S, but not BNT162b2, induces an adenoviral vector-specific memory response after the first dose, which correlates with the expression of proteins with roles in thrombosis with potential implications for thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), a rare but serious adverse event linked to adenovirus-vectored vaccines. The COVID-19 Vaccine Immune Responses Study thus represents a major resource that can be used to understand the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of these COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Todd S Norton
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Conor McCafferty
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Natalie E Stevens
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Jane James
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Georgina L Eden
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Yee C Tee
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Saoirse C Benson
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Makutiro G Masavuli
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Arthur E L Yeow
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Arunasingam Abayasingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Hannah Stevens
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jana Zecha
- Dynamic Omics, Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nicole L Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Infectious Diseases Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Haematology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Huyen Tran
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James D McFadyen
- Clinical Haematology Department, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; The Kirby Institute, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Viral Immunology Group, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Miriam A Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Rochelle Botten
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Simone E Barry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
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14
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Kohmer N, Stein S, Schenk B, Grikscheit K, Metzler M, Rabenau HF, Widera M, Herrmann E, Wicker S, Ciesek S. Heterologous prime-boost immunization with ChAdOx1-S and BNT162b2: reactogenicity and immunogenicity in a prospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:166-175. [PMID: 36587839 PMCID: PMC9800011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regarding reactogenicity and immunogenicity, heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens are considered as an alternative to conventional immunization schemes. METHODS Individuals receiving either heterologous (ChAdOx1-S [AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK]/BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech, Mainz, Germany]; n = 306) or homologous (messenger RNA [mRNA]-1273 [Moderna, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA]; n = 139) vaccination were asked to participate when receiving their second dose. Reactogenicity was assessed after 1 month, immunogenicity after 1, 3, and/or 6 months, including a third dose, through SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G, surrogate virus neutralization test, and a plaque reduction neutralization test against the Delta (B.1.167.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529; BA.1) variants of concern. RESULTS The overall reactogenicity was lower after heterologous vaccination. In both cohorts, SARS-CoV-2 antispike immunoglobulin G concentrations waned over time with the heterologous vaccination demonstrating higher neutralizing activity than homologous mRNA vaccination after 3 months to low neutralizing levels in the Delta plaque reduction neutralization test after 6 months. At this point, 3.2% of the heterologous and 11.4% of the homologous cohort yielded low neutralizing activity against Omicron. After a third dose of an mRNA vaccine, ≥99% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity against Delta. Depending on the vaccination scheme and against Omicron, 60% to 87.5% of vaccinees demonstrated positive neutralizing activity. CONCLUSION ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination demonstrated an acceptable reactogenicity and immunogenicity profile. A third dose of an mRNA vaccine is necessary to maintain neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, variants of concern-adapted versions of the vaccines would be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Kohmer
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Shivana Stein
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Barbara Schenk
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Grikscheit
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Melinda Metzler
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger F Rabenau
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Herrmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Mathematical Modelling, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Wicker
- Occupational Health Service, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, External Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Hebel C, Thomsen AR. A survey of mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID-19 vaccines. APMIS 2023; 131:37-60. [PMID: 36394112 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 caught the world off guard resulting in a global health crisis. Even though COVID-19 have caused the death of millions of people and many countries are still battling waves of infections, the odds of the pandemic ending soon have turned significantly in our favor. The key has been the development and distribution of a broad range of vaccines in record time. In this survey, we summarize the immunology required to understand the mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an up to date (according to data from WHO May 27, 2022) overview of the vaccine landscape consisting of 11 approved vaccines in phase 4, and a pipeline consisting of 161 vaccine candidates in clinical development and 198 in preclinical development (World Health Organization, Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines [Internet], WHO, 2022). Our focus is to provide an understanding of the underlying biological mode of action of different vaccine platform designs, their advantages and disadvantages, rather than a deep dive into safety and efficacy data. We further present arguments concerning why a broad range of vaccines are needed and discuss future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hebel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Loacker L, Kimpel J, Bánki Z, Schmidt CQ, Griesmacher A, Anliker M. Increased PD-L1 surface expression on peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes after vaccination with SARS-CoV2 mRNA or vector vaccine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:e17-e19. [PMID: 36245120 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Loacker
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Touizer E, Alrubayyi A, Ford R, Hussain N, Gerber PP, Shum HL, Rees-Spear C, Muir L, Gea-Mallorquí E, Kopycinski J, Jankovic D, Jeffery-Smith A, Pinder CL, Fox TA, Williams I, Mullender C, Maan I, Waters L, Johnson M, Madge S, Youle M, Barber TJ, Burns F, Kinloch S, Rowland-Jones S, Gilson R, Matheson NJ, Morris E, Peppa D, McCoy LE. Attenuated humoral responses in HIV after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination linked to B cell defects and altered immune profiles. iScience 2023; 26:105862. [PMID: 36590902 PMCID: PMC9788849 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed a cohort of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) (n = 110) and HIV negative controls (n = 64) after 1, 2 or 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses. At all timepoints, PLWH had significantly lower neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers than HIV-negative controls. We also observed a delayed development of neutralization in PLWH that was underpinned by a reduced frequency of spike-specific memory B cells (MBCs). Improved neutralization breadth was seen against the Omicron variant (BA.1) after the third vaccine dose in PLWH but lower nAb responses persisted and were associated with global MBC dysfunction. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced robust T cell responses that cross-recognized variants in PLWH. Strikingly, individuals with low or absent neutralization had detectable functional T cell responses. These PLWH had reduced numbers of circulating T follicular helper cells and an enriched population of CXCR3+CD127+CD8+T cells after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Touizer
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosemarie Ford
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Noshin Hussain
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hiu-Long Shum
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dylan Jankovic
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher L. Pinder
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A. Fox
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Claire Mullender
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Irfaan Maan
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sara Madge
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Youle
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tristan J. Barber
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Gilson
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Morris
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Henze L, Braun J, Meyer-Arndt L, Jürchott K, Schlotz M, Michel J, Grossegesse M, Mangold M, Dingeldey M, Kruse B, Holenya P, Mages N, Reimer U, Eckey M, Schnatbaum K, Wenschuh H, Timmermann B, Klein F, Nitsche A, Giesecke-Thiel C, Loyal L, Thiel A. Primary ChAdOx1 vaccination does not reactivate pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1056525. [PMID: 36798117 PMCID: PMC9927399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1056525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available COVID-19 vaccines include inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, mRNA-based, viral vectored and adjuvanted protein-subunit-based vaccines. All of them contain the spike glycoprotein as the main immunogen and result in reduced disease severity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. While we and others have shown that mRNA-based vaccination reactivates pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity, the effect of vector vaccines in this regard is unknown. Here, we studied cellular and humoral responses in heterologous adenovirus-vector-based ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (AZ; Vaxzeria, AstraZeneca) and mRNA-based BNT162b2 (BNT; Comirnaty, BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccination and compared it to a homologous BNT vaccination regimen. AZ primary vaccination did not lead to measurable reactivation of cross-reactive cellular and humoral immunity compared to BNT primary vaccination. Moreover, humoral immunity induced by primary vaccination with AZ displayed differences in linear spike peptide epitope coverage and a lack of anti-S2 IgG antibodies. Contrary to primary AZ vaccination, secondary vaccination with BNT reactivated pre-existing, cross-reactive immunity, comparable to homologous primary and secondary mRNA vaccination. While induced anti-S1 IgG antibody titers were higher after heterologous vaccination, induced CD4+ T cell responses were highest in homologous vaccinated. However, the overall TCR repertoire breadth was comparable between heterologous AZ-BNT-vaccinated and homologous BNT-BNT-vaccinated individuals, matching TCR repertoire breadths after SARS-CoV-2 infection, too. The reasons why AZ and BNT primary vaccination elicits different immune response patterns to essentially the same antigen, and the associated benefits and risks, need further investigation to inform vaccine and vaccination schedule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Henze
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Braun
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lil Meyer-Arndt
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Schlotz
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marica Grossegesse
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maike Mangold
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Dingeldey
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beate Kruse
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Mages
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Eckey
- JPT Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lucie Loyal
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a science framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Immunomics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Geers D, Sablerolles RS, van Baarle D, Kootstra NA, Rietdijk WJ, Schmitz KS, Gommers L, Bogers S, Nieuwkoop NJ, van Dijk LL, van Haren E, Lafeber M, Dalm VA, Goorhuis A, Postma DF, Visser LG, Huckriede AL, Sette A, Grifoni A, de Swart RL, Koopmans MP, van der Kuy PHM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD. Ad26.COV2.S priming provided a solid immunological base for mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination. iScience 2022; 26:105753. [PMID: 36507223 PMCID: PMC9726653 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants led to the recommendation of booster vaccinations after Ad26.COV2.S priming. It was previously shown that heterologous booster vaccination induces high antibody levels, but how heterologous boosters affect other functional aspects of the immune response remained unknown. Here, we performed immunological profiling of Ad26.COV2.S-primed individuals before and after homologous or heterologous (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2) booster. Booster vaccinations increased functional antibodies targeting ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Especially heterologous booster vaccinations induced high levels of functional antibodies. In contrast, T-cell responses were similar in magnitude following homologous or heterologous booster vaccination and retained cross-reactivity towards variants. Booster vaccination led to a minimal expansion of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell clones and no increase in the breadth of the T-cell repertoire. In conclusion, we show that Ad26.COV2.S priming vaccination provided a solid immunological base for heterologous boosting, increasing humoral and cellular responses targeting emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands,Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J.R. Rietdijk
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nella J. Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura L.A. van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva van Haren
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin Lafeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A.S.H. Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology and Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F. Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G. Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anke L.W. Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Corresponding author
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20
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Touizer E, Alrubbayi A, Ford R, Hussain N, Gerber PP, Shum HL, Rees-Spear C, Muir L, Gea-Mallorquí E, Kopycinski J, Jankovic D, Pinder C, Fox TA, Williams I, Mullender C, Maan I, Waters L, Johnson M, Madge S, Youle M, Barber T, Burns F, Kinloch S, Rowland-Jones S, Gilson R, Matheson NJ, Morris E, Peppa D, McCoy LE. Attenuated humoral responses in HIV infection after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are linked to global B cell defects and cellular immune profiles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.11.516111. [PMID: 36380764 PMCID: PMC9665338 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.11.516111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) can have residual immune dysfunction and often display poorer responses to vaccination. We assessed in a cohort of PLWH (n=110) and HIV negative controls (n=64) the humoral and spike-specific B-cell responses following 1, 2 or 3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses. PLWH had significantly lower neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers than HIV-negative controls at all studied timepoints. Moreover, their neutralization breadth was reduced with fewer individuals developing a neutralizing response against the Omicron variant (BA.1) relative to controls. We also observed a delayed development of neutralization in PLWH that was underpinned by a reduced frequency of spike-specific memory B cells (MBCs) and pronounced B cell dysfunction. Improved neutralization breadth was seen after the third vaccine dose in PLWH but lower nAb responses persisted and were associated with global, but not spike-specific, MBC dysfunction. In contrast to the inferior antibody responses, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induced robust T cell responses that cross-recognized variants in PLWH. Strikingly, a subset of PLWH with low or absent neutralization had detectable functional T cell responses. These individuals had reduced numbers of circulating T follicular helper cells and an enriched population of CXCR3 + CD127 + CD8 + T cells after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, which may compensate for sub-optimal serological responses in the event of infection. Therefore, normalisation of B cell homeostasis could improve serological responses to vaccines in PLWH and evaluating T cell immunity could provide a more comprehensive immune status profile in these individuals and others with B cell imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Touizer
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubbayi
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Rosemarie Ford
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Noshin Hussain
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Hiu-Long Shum
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | | | | | - Dylan Jankovic
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Christopher Pinder
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Thomas A Fox
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Ian Williams
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Irfaan Maan
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK
| | - Laura Waters
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, UK
| | - Margaret Johnson
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | - Sara Madge
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | - Michael Youle
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | - Tristan Barber
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
- The Ian Charleson Day Centre, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust UK
| | | | - Richard Gilson
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Morris
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Trust, UK
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, UK
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21
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Preceding anti-spike IgG levels predicted risk and severity of COVID-19 during the Omicron-dominant wave in Santa Fe city, Argentina. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e187. [PMID: 36325837 PMCID: PMC9947048 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has increased infectivity and immune escape compared with previous variants, and caused the surge of massive COVID-19 waves globally. Despite a vast majority (~90%) of the population of Santa Fe city, Argentina had been vaccinated and/or had been infected by SARS-CoV-2 when Omicron emerged, the epidemic wave that followed its arrival was by far the largest one experienced in the city. A serosurvey conducted prior to the arrival of Omicron allowed to assess the acquired humoral defences preceding the wave and to conduct a longitudinal study to provide individual-level real-world data linking antibody levels and protection against COVID-19 during the wave. A very large proportion of 1455 sampled individuals had immunological memory against COVID-19 at the arrival of Omicron (almost 90%), and about half (48.9%) had high anti-spike immunoglobulin G levels (>200 UI/ml). However, the antibody titres varied greatly among the participants, and such variability depended mainly on the vaccine platform received, on having had COVID-19 previously and on the number of days elapsed since last antigen exposure (vaccine shot or natural infection). A follow-up of 514 participants provided real-world evidence of antibody-mediated protection against COVID-19 during a period of high risk of exposure to an immune-escaping highly transmissible variant. Pre-wave antibody titres were strongly negatively associated with COVID-19 incidence and severity of symptoms during the wave. Also, receiving a vaccine shot during the follow-up period reduced the COVID-19 risk drastically (15-fold). These results highlight the importance of maintaining high defences through vaccination at times of high risk of exposure to immune-escaping variants.
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22
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A Comprehensive Review on the Current Vaccines and Their Efficacies to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101655. [PMID: 36298520 PMCID: PMC9611209 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first case of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has affected many individuals worldwide. Eventually, some highly infectious mutants-caused by frequent genetic recombination-have been reported for SARS-CoV-2 that can potentially escape from the immune responses and induce long-term immunity, linked with a high mortality rate. In addition, several reports stated that vaccines designed for the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type variant have mixed responses against the variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) in the human population. These results advocate the designing and development of a panvaccine with the potential to neutralize all the possible emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this context, recent discoveries suggest the design of SARS-CoV-2 panvaccines using nanotechnology, siRNA, antibodies or CRISPR-Cas platforms. Thereof, the present comprehensive review summarizes the current vaccine design approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the role of genetic mutations in the emergence of new viral variants, the efficacy of existing vaccines in limiting the infection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, and efforts or challenges in designing SARS panvaccines.
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23
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Fiorino F, Ciabattini A, Sicuranza A, Pastore G, Santoni A, Simoncelli M, Polvere J, Galimberti S, Baratè C, Sammartano V, Montagnani F, Bocchia M, Medaglini D. The third dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines enhances the spike-specific antibody and memory B cell response in myelofibrosis patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017863. [PMID: 36248803 PMCID: PMC9556722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 using mRNA-based vaccines has been highly recommended for fragile subjects, including myelofibrosis patients (MF). Available data on the immune responsiveness of MF patients to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the impact of the therapy with the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib, are still fragmented. Here, we profile the spike-specific IgG and memory B-cell response in MF patients, treated or not with ruxolitinib, after the second and the third dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 (BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples were collected before vaccination, post the second and the third doses and tested for spike-specific antibodies, ACE2/RBD antibody inhibition binding activity and spike-specific B cells. The third vaccine dose significantly increased the spike-specific IgG titers in both ruxolitinib-treated and untreated patients, and strongly enhanced the percentage of subjects with antibodies capable of in vitro blocking ACE2/RBD interaction, from 50% up to 80%. While a very low frequency of spike-specific B cells was measured in blood 7 days after the second vaccination dose, a strong and significant increase was elicited by the third dose administration, generating a B cell response similar to the one detected in healthy controls. Despite the overall positive impact of the third dose in MF patients, two patients that were under active concomitant immunosuppressive treatment at the time of vaccination, and a patient that received lymphodepleting therapies in the past, remained low responders. The third mRNA vaccine dose strongly increases the SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral and B cell responses in MF patients, promoting a reactivation of the immune response similar to the one observed in healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ciabattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Sicuranza
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabiria Pastore
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Santoni
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Simoncelli
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jacopo Polvere
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sammartano
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Montagnani
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Donata Medaglini, ; Monica Bocchia,
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Donata Medaglini, ; Monica Bocchia,
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24
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Lee HK, Hoechstetter MA, Buchner M, Pham TT, Huh JW, Müller K, Zange S, von Buttlar H, Girl P, Wölfel R, Brandmeier L, Pfeuffer L, Furth PA, Wendtner CM, Hennighausen L. Comprehensive analysis of immune responses in CLL patients after heterologous COVID-19 vaccination. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.21.22280205. [PMID: 36172132 PMCID: PMC9516861 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.21.22280205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treated with B-cell pathway inhibitors and anti-CD20 antibodies exhibit low humoral response rate (RR) following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. To investigate the relationship between the initial transcriptional response to vaccination with ensuing B and T cell immune responses, we performed a comprehensive immune transcriptome analysis flanked by antibody and T cell assays in peripheral blood prospectively collected from 15 CLL/SLL patients vaccinated with heterologous BNT162b2/ChAdOx1 with follow up at a single institution. The two-dose antibody RR was 40% increasing to 53% after booster. Patients on BTKi, venetoclax ± anti-CD20 antibody within 12 months of vaccination responded less well than those under BTKi alone. The two-dose T cell RR was 80% increasing to 93% after booster. Transcriptome studies revealed that seven patients showed interferon-mediated signaling activation within 2 days and one at 7 days after vaccination. Increasing counts of COVID-19 specific IGHV genes correlated with B-cell reconstitution and improved humoral RR. T cell responses in CLL patients appeared after vaccination regardless of treatment status. A higher humoral RR was associated with BTKi treatment and B-cell reconstitution. Boosting was particularly effective when intrinsic immune status was improved by CLL-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lee
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Manuela A. Hoechstetter
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM - Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Trang Thu Pham
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Katharina Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Zange
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Girl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Brandmeier
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Pfeuffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Priscilla A. Furth
- Departments of Oncology & Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Clemens-Martin Wendtner
- Munich Clinic Schwabing, Academic Teaching Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Hennighausen
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Rössler A, Kimpel J, Fleischer V, Huber S, von Laer D, Borena W, Würzner R. Regimen of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Influences Extent and Kinetics of Antibody Avidity. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1909-1912. [PMID: 36111560 PMCID: PMC9494481 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated antibody titers and avidity after heterologous versus homologous coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination over 6 months after the second dose. We found a significantly higher avidity in regimens including at least 1 dose of the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1-S compared with 2 doses of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Verena Fleischer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Silke Huber
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wegene Borena
- Correspondence: Wegene Borena, MD, PhD, Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria ()
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