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Inoue T, Yamamoto Y, Sato K, Okemoto-Nakamura Y, Shimizu Y, Ogawa M, Onodera T, Takahashi Y, Wakita T, Kaneko MK, Fukasawa M, Kato Y, Noguchi K. Overcoming antibody-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants with bispecific antibodies constructed using non-neutralizing antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:109363. [PMID: 38500835 PMCID: PMC10946335 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
A current challenge is the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5, that can evade immune defenses, thereby limiting antibody drug effectiveness. Emergency-use antibody drugs, including the widely effective bebtelovimab, are losing their benefits. One potential approach to address this issue are bispecific antibodies which combine the targeting abilities of two antibodies with distinct epitopes. We engineered neutralizing bispecific antibodies in the IgG-scFv format from two initially non-neutralizing antibodies, CvMab-6 (which binds to the receptor-binding domain [RBD]) and CvMab-62 (targeting a spike protein S2 subunit epitope adjacent to the known anti-S2 antibody epitope). Furthermore, we created a bispecific antibody by incorporating the scFv of bebtelovimab with our anti-S2 antibody, demonstrating significant restoration of effectiveness against bebtelovimab-resistant BQ.1.1 variants. This study highlights the potential of neutralizing bispecific antibodies, which combine existing less effective anti-RBD antibodies with anti-S2 antibodies, to revive the effectiveness of antibody therapeutics compromised by immune-evading variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Okemoto-Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku 164-8530, Japan
| | - Motohiko Ogawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2641, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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2
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Anzai I, Fujita J, Ono C, Kosaka Y, Miyamoto Y, Shichinohe S, Takada K, Torii S, Taguwa S, Suzuki K, Makino F, Kajita T, Inoue T, Namba K, Watanabe T, Matsuura Y. Characterization of a neutralizing antibody that recognizes a loop region adjacent to the receptor-binding interface of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0365523. [PMID: 38415660 PMCID: PMC10986471 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03655-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the global crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is over, the global epidemic of the disease continues. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, initiates infection via the binding of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of its spike protein to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor, and this interaction has been the primary target for the development of COVID-19 therapeutics. Here, we identified neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by screening mouse monoclonal antibodies and characterized an antibody, CSW1-1805, that targets a narrow region at the RBD ridge of the spike protein. CSW1-1805 neutralized several variants in vitro and completely protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cryo-EM and biochemical analyses revealed that this antibody recognizes the loop region adjacent to the ACE2-binding interface with the RBD in both a receptor-inaccessible "down" state and a receptor-accessible "up" state and could stabilize the RBD conformation in the up-state. CSW1-1805 also showed different binding orientations and complementarity determining region properties compared to other RBD ridge-targeting antibodies with similar binding epitopes. It is important to continuously characterize neutralizing antibodies to address new variants that continue to emerge. Our characterization of this antibody that recognizes the RBD ridge of the spike protein will aid in the development of future neutralizing antibodies.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 cell entry is initiated by the interaction of the viral spike protein with the host cell receptor. Therefore, mechanistic findings regarding receptor recognition by the spike protein help uncover the molecular mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and guide neutralizing antibody development. Here, we characterized a SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody that recognizes an epitope, a loop region adjacent to the receptor-binding interface, that may be involved in the conformational transition of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein from a receptor-inaccessible "down" state into a receptor-accessible "up" state, and also stabilizes the RBD in the up-state. Our mechanistic findings provide new insights into SARS-CoV-2 receptor recognition and guidance for neutralizing antibody development.
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Grants
- JP16H06429, JP16K21723, JP16H06432 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP16H06429, JP16K21723, JP16H06434 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP22H02521 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP21K15042 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP21H02736 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP25K000013 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP20K22630 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP223fa627002, JP22am0401030, JP23fk0108659, JP20jk0210021, JP22gm1610010, JP19fk0108113 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP223fa627002 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP19fk0108113, JP20fk0108281, JP20pc0101047 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP20fk0108401, JP21fk0108493 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP21am0101117, JP17pc0101020 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JPMJOP1861 MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- JPMJMS2025 MEXT | Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Anzai
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junso Fujita
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chikako Ono
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shiho Torii
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuhei Taguwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Makino
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- JEOL YOKOGUSHI Research Alliance Laboratories, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research and Spring-8 Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Advanced Modalities and DDS, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Arantes I, Gomes M, Ito K, Sarafim S, Gräf T, Miyajima F, Khouri R, de Carvalho FC, de Almeida WAF, Siqueira MM, Resende PC, Naveca FG, Bello G. Spatiotemporal dynamics and epidemiological impact of SARS-CoV-2 XBB lineage dissemination in Brazil in 2023. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0383123. [PMID: 38315011 PMCID: PMC10913747 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03831-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 XBB is a group of highly immune-evasive lineages of the Omicron variant of concern that emerged by recombining BA.2-descendent lineages and spread worldwide during 2023. In this study, we combine SARS-CoV-2 genomic data (n = 11,065 sequences) with epidemiological data of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) cases collected in Brazil between October 2022 and July 2023 to reconstruct the space-time dynamics and epidemiologic impact of XBB dissemination in the country. Our analyses revealed that the introduction and local emergence of lineages carrying convergent mutations within the Spike protein, especially F486P, F456L, and L455F, propelled the spread of XBB* lineages in Brazil. The average relative instantaneous reproduction numbers of XBB* + F486P, XBB* + F486P + F456L, and XBB* + F486P + F456L + L455F lineages in Brazil were estimated to be 1.24, 1.33, and 1.48 higher than that of other co-circulating lineages (mainly BQ.1*/BE*), respectively. Despite such a growth advantage, the dissemination of these XBB* lineages had a reduced impact on Brazil's epidemiological scenario concerning previous Omicron subvariants. The peak number of SARI cases from SARS-CoV-2 during the XBB wave was approximately 90%, 80%, and 70% lower than that observed during the previous BA.1*, BA.5*, and BQ.1* waves, respectively. These findings revealed the emergence of multiple XBB lineages with progressively increasing growth advantage, yet with relatively limited epidemiological impact in Brazil throughout 2023. The XBB* + F486P + F456L + L455F lineages stand out for their heightened transmissibility, warranting close monitoring in the months ahead. IMPORTANCE Brazil was one the most affected countries by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, with more than 700,000 deaths by mid-2023. This study reconstructs the dissemination of the virus in the country in the first half of 2023, a period characterized by the dissemination of descendants of XBB.1, a recombinant of Omicron BA.2 lineages evolved in late 2022. The analysis supports that XBB dissemination was marked by the continuous emergence of indigenous lineages bearing similar mutations in key sites of their Spike protein, a process followed by continuous increments in transmissibility, and without repercussions in the incidence of severe cases. Thus, the results suggest that the epidemiological impact of the spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant is influenced by an intricate interplay of factors that extend beyond the virus's transmissibility alone. The study also underlines the need for SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance that allows the monitoring of its ever-shifting composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes
- Grupo de Métodos Analíticos em Vigilância Epidemiológica, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kimihito Ito
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Sharbilla Sarafim
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Felipe Cotrim de Carvalho
- Departamento do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das doenças imunopreveníveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em saúde e ambiente, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida
- Departamento do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das doenças imunopreveníveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em saúde e ambiente, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Vigilância de Vírus Emergentes, Reemergentes ou Negligenciados, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - COVID-19 Fiocruz Genomic Surveillance Network
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Grupo de Métodos Analíticos em Vigilância Epidemiológica, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
- Fiocruz, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das doenças imunopreveníveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em saúde e ambiente, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Exantemáticos, Enterovírus e Emergências Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Vigilância de Vírus Emergentes, Reemergentes ou Negligenciados, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, Brazil
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4
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Pal R, Ferrari MG, Honda-Okubo Y, Wattay L, Caple J, Navarrete J, Andersen H, Petrovsky N. Study of immunogenicity and efficacy against Omicron BA.5 of recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine delivered by intramuscular and mucosal routes in nonhuman primates. Vaccine 2024; 42:1122-1135. [PMID: 38262808 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With SARS-CoV-2 continuing to evolve, there is a need to adapt COVID-19 vaccines to enhance mucosal immunity and better address immune-evasive variants. This pilot study was performed in mice and rhesus macaques to compare Advax-adjuvanted monovalent and bivalent recombinant spike protein vaccines, including when delivered via a combination of intramuscular (IM) and intrapulmonary (IPM) or oral routes. METHODS Mice were first used to compare the immunogenicity of monovalent and bivalent vaccines containing a variety of spike protein variants. Then, rhesus macaques (n = 23) were divided into 5 groups to receive COVID-19 vaccines via different routes. Clinical signs, local vaccination site reactions, body weight, food consumption, serum, alveolar lavage, nasal and oral antibody levels, and nasal and alveolar lavage virus loads were assessed in response to a heterologous Omicron BA.5 virus challenge. RESULTS The Wuhan + Mu bivalent vaccine gave the most broadly cross-neutralizing antibody responses. Robust serum neutralizing antibodies against Wuhan, Delta and Lambda variants were obtained, but BA.5 neutralizing antibodies were not detectable pre-challenge. Overall, the IM x3 and the IM x2 plus oral x2 vaccines delivered the best protection, with reduced lung virus load versus unimmunized controls across Days 2, 4 and 7. CONCLUSIONS Advax-adjuvanted monovalent or bivalent recombinant spike protein vaccines given via parenteral and/or mucosal routes protected against a heterologous BA.5 challenge, despite absent serum BA.5 neutralizing antibody, pre-challenge. The possibility of using an oral Advax-adjuvanted protein booster to provide broad protection against newer SARS-CoV-2 variants warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Pal
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | | | | | - Lauren Wattay
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Jesica Caple
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Jennifer Navarrete
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Hanne Andersen
- BIOQUAL, Inc., 9600 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850-3336, USA.
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11-13 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia.
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5
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Bedding MJ, Franck C, Johansen-Leete J, Aggarwal A, Maxwell JWC, Patel K, Hawkins PME, Low JKK, Siddiquee R, Sani HM, Ford DJ, Turville S, Mackay JP, Passioura T, Christie M, Payne RJ. Discovery of High Affinity Cyclic Peptide Ligands for Human ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitory Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:141-152. [PMID: 38085789 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of effective antiviral compounds is essential for mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Entry of SARS-CoV-2 virions into host cells is mediated by the interaction between the viral spike (S) protein and membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of epithelial cells. Inhibition of this viral protein-host protein interaction is an attractive avenue for the development of antiviral molecules with numerous spike-binding molecules generated to date. Herein, we describe an alternative approach to inhibit the spike-ACE2 interaction by targeting the spike-binding interface of human ACE2 via mRNA display. Two consecutive display selections were performed to direct cyclic peptide ligand binding toward the spike binding interface of ACE2. Through this process, potent cyclic peptide binders of human ACE2 (with affinities in the picomolar to nanomolar range) were identified, two of which neutralized SARS-CoV-2 entry. This work demonstrates the potential of targeting ACE2 for the generation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics as well as broad spectrum antivirals for the treatment of SARS-like betacoronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Bedding
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charlotte Franck
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason Johansen-Leete
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joshua W C Maxwell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paige M E Hawkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jason K K Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hakimeh Moghaddas Sani
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ford
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | | | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Toby Passioura
- Sydney Analytical Core Research Facility, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Christie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Fenwick C, Turelli P, Duhoo Y, Lau K, Herate C, Marlin R, Lamrayah M, Campos J, Esteves-Leuenberger L, Farina A, Raclot C, Genet V, Fiscalini F, Cesborn J, Perez L, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Contreras V, Lheureux K, Relouzat F, Abdelnabi R, Leyssen P, Lévy Y, Pojer F, Le Grand R, Trono D, Pantaleo G. Broadly potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody shares 93% of epitope with ACE2 and provides full protection in monkeys. J Infect 2023; 87:524-537. [PMID: 37852477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to variants with reduced sensitivity to vaccine-induced humoral immunity and the near complete loss of protective efficacy of licensed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, we isolated a potent, broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody that could potentially provide prophylactic protection to immunocompromised patient populations. METHODS Spike-specific B-cell clones isolated from a vaccinated post-infected donor were profiled for those producing potent neutralizing antibodies against a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The P4J15 antibody was further characterized to define the structural binding epitope, viral resistance, and in vivo efficacy. RESULTS The P4J15 mAb shows <20 ng/ml neutralizing activity against all variants including the latest XBB.2.3 and EG.5.1 sub-lineages. Structural studies of P4J15 in complex with Omicron XBB.1 Spike show that the P4J15 epitope shares ∼93% of its buried surface area with the ACE2 contact region, consistent with an ACE2 mimetic antibody. In vitro selection of SARS-CoV-2 mutants escaping P4J15 neutralization showed reduced infectivity, poor ACE2 binding, and mutations are rare in public sequence databases. Using a SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 monkey challenge model, P4J15-LS confers complete prophylactic protection with an exceptionally long in vivo half-life of 43 days. CONCLUSIONS The P4J15 mAb has potential as a broad-spectrum anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug for prophylactic protection of at-risk patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Priscilla Turelli
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yoan Duhoo
- School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kelvin Lau
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Herate
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Myriam Lamrayah
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Campos
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Line Esteves-Leuenberger
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alex Farina
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charlène Raclot
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Genet
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Flurin Fiscalini
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Cesborn
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perez
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Kyllian Lheureux
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yves Lévy
- VRI, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Faculté de Médicine, INSERM U955, 94010 Créteil, France; Inserm U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'Immunologie Clinique et Maladies Infectieuses, Créteil, France
| | - Florence Pojer
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Didier Trono
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Fischhuber K, Bánki Z, Kimpel J, Kragl N, Rössler A, Bolze A, Muellauer B, Angerer J, Nagy G, Nagy E, Szijarto V. Antiviral Potential of Azelastine against Major Respiratory Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:2300. [PMID: 38140540 PMCID: PMC10747764 DOI: 10.3390/v15122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the subsequent increase in respiratory viral infections highlight the need for broad-spectrum antivirals to enable a quick and efficient reaction to current and emerging viral outbreaks. We previously demonstrated that the antihistamine azelastine hydrochloride (azelastine-HCl) exhibited in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, in a phase 2 clinical study, a commercial azelastine-containing nasal spray significantly reduced the viral load in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of azelastine-HCl against additional human coronaviruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant and a seasonal human coronavirus, 229E, through in vitro infection assays, with azelastine showing a comparable potency against both. Furthermore, we determined that azelastine-HCl also inhibits the replication of Respiratory syncytial virus A (RSV A) in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. In a human 3D nasal tissue model (MucilAirTM-Pool, Epithelix), azelastine-HCl protected tissue integrity and function from the effects of infection with influenza A H1N1 and resulted in a reduced viral load soon after infection. Our results suggest that azelastine-HCl has a broad antiviral effect and can be considered a safe option against the most common respiratory viruses to prevent or treat such infections locally in the form of a nasal spray that is commonly available globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | | | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Annika Bolze
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Brigitte Muellauer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (Z.B.); (A.B.)
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8
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Honda-Okubo Y, Bowen R, Barker M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Petrovsky N. Advax-CpG55.2-adjuvanted monovalent or trivalent SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine protects hamsters against heterologous infection with Beta or Delta variants. Vaccine 2023; 41:7116-7128. [PMID: 37863669 PMCID: PMC10873063 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants emphasizes the need for vaccines providing broad cross-protective immunity. This study was undertaken to assess the ability of Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted monovalent recombinant spike protein (Wuhan, Beta, Gamma) vaccines or a trivalent formulation to protect hamsters againstBeta or Delta virus infection. The ability of vaccines to block virus transmission to naïve co-housed animals was also assessed. In naïve hosts, the Beta variant induced higher virus loads than the Delta variant, and conversely the Delta variant caused more severe disease and was more likely to be associated with virus transmission. The trivalent vaccine formulation provided the best protection against both Beta and Delta infection and also completely prevented virus transmission. The next best performing vaccine was the original monovalent Wuhan-based vaccine. Notably, hamsters that received the monovalent Gamma spike vaccine had the highest viral loads and clinical disease of all the vaccine groups, a potential signal of antibody dependent-enhancement (ADE). These hamsters were also the most likely to transmit Delta virus to naïve recipients. In murine studies, the Gamma spike vaccine induced the highest total spike protein to RBD IgG ratio and the lowest levels of neutralizing antibody, a context that could predispose to ADE. Overall, the study results confirmed that the current SpikoGen® vaccine based on Wuhan spike protein was still able to protect against clinical disease caused by either the Beta or Delta virus variants but suggested additional protection may be obtained by combining it with extra variant spike proteins to make a multivalent formulation. This study highlights the complexity of optimizing vaccine protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants and stresses the need to continue to pursue new and improved COVID-19 vaccines able to provide robust, long-lasting, and broadly cross-protective immunity against constantly evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mckinzee Barker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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9
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Pillay A, Yeola A, Tea F, Denkova M, Houston S, Burrell R, Merheb V, Lee FXZ, Lopez JA, Moran L, Jadhav A, Sterling K, Lai CL, Vitagliano TL, Aggarwal A, Catchpoole D, Wood N, Phan TG, Nanan R, Hsu P, Turville SG, Britton PN, Brilot F. Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1706-1723. [PMID: 37405544 PMCID: PMC10661752 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a more efficient adaptive humoral immune response has been proposed to underlie the usually favorable outcome of pediatric COVID-19, the breadth of viral and vaccine cross-reactivity toward the ever-mutating Spike protein among variants of concern (VOCs) has not yet been compared between children and adults. We assessed antibodies to conformational Spike in COVID-19-naïve children and adults vaccinated by BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, and naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 Early Clade, Delta, and Omicron. Sera were analyzed against Spike including naturally occurring VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1, and variants of interest Epsilon, Kappa, Eta, D.2, and artificial mutant Spikes. There was no notable difference between breadth and longevity of antibody against VOCs in children and adults. Vaccinated individuals displayed similar immunoreactivity profiles across variants compared with naturally infected individuals. Delta-infected patients had an enhanced cross-reactivity toward Delta and earlier VOCs compared to patients infected by Early Clade SARS-CoV-2. Although Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1 antibody titers were generated after Omicron infection, cross-reactive binding against Omicron subvariants was reduced across all infection, immunization, and age groups. Some mutations, such as 498R and 501Y, epistatically combined to enhance cross-reactive binding, but could not fully compensate for antibody-evasive mutations within the Omicron subvariants tested. Our results reveal important molecular features central to the generation of high antibody titers and broad immunoreactivity that should be considered in future vaccine design and global serosurveillance in the context of limited vaccine boosters available to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleha Pillay
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina Denkova
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel Houston
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera Merheb
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lilly Moran
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina Sterling
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine L Lai
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tennille L Vitagliano
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dan Catchpoole
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Center and Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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10
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Roemer C, Sheward DJ, Hisner R, Gueli F, Sakaguchi H, Frohberg N, Schoenmakers J, Sato K, O'Toole Á, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Ruis C, Murrell B, Peacock TP. SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the Omicron era. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1952-1959. [PMID: 37845314 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Since SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 (Omicron) emerged and spread in 2022, Omicron lineages have markedly diversified. Here we review the evolutionary trajectories and processes that underpin the emergence of these lineages, and identify the most prevalent sublineages. We discuss the potential origins of second-generation BA.2 lineages. Simple and complex recombination, antigenic drift and convergent evolution have enabled SARS-CoV-2 to accumulate mutations that alter its antigenicity. We also discuss the potential evolutionary trajectories of SARS-CoV-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Roemer
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hisner
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Kenta Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Áine O'Toole
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oliver G Pybus
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Science, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Christopher Ruis
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
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11
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Tyson GB, Jones S, Montreuil-Spencer C, Logan N, Scott S, Sasvari H, McDonald M, Marshall L, Murcia PR, Willett BJ, Weir W, Hosie MJ. Increase in SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in UK Domestic Felids Despite Weak Immunogenicity of Post-Omicron Variants. Viruses 2023; 15:1661. [PMID: 37632004 PMCID: PMC10458763 DOI: 10.3390/v15081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infections in domestic cats have caused concern for both animal health and the potential for inter-species transmission. Cats are known to be susceptible to the Omicron variant and its descendants, however, the feline immune response to these variants is not well defined. We aimed to estimate the current seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in UK pet cats, as well as characterise the neutralising antibody response to the Omicron (BA.1) variant. A neutralising seroprevalence of 4.4% and an overall seroprevalence of 13.9% was observed. Both purebred and male cats were found to have the highest levels of seroprevalence, as well as cats aged between two and five years. The Omicron variant was found to have a lower immunogenicity in cats than the B.1, Alpha and Delta variants, which reflects previous reports of immune and vaccine evasion in humans. These results further underline the importance of surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infections in UK cats as the virus continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace B. Tyson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sarah Jones
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Chloe Montreuil-Spencer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Hagar Sasvari
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michael McDonald
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Leigh Marshall
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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12
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Tada T, Minnee J, Landau NR. Vectored immunoprophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303509120. [PMID: 37252952 PMCID: PMC10266030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303509120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectored immunoprophylaxis was first developed as a means of establishing engineered immunity to HIV using an adenoassociated viral vector expressing a broadly neutralizing antibody. We applied this concept to establish long-term prophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a mouse model using adenoassociated virus and lentiviral vectors expressing a high-affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoy. Administration of decoy-expressing (adenoassociated virus) AAV2.retro and AAV6.2 vectors by intranasal instillation or intramuscular injection protected mice against high-titered SARS-CoV-2 infection. AAV and lentiviral vectored immunoprophylaxis was durable and was active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. The AAV vectors were also effective therapeutically when administered postinfection. Vectored immunoprophylaxis could be of value for immunocompromised individuals for whom vaccination is not practical and as a means to rapidly establish protection from infection. Unlike monoclonal antibody therapy, the approach is expected to remain active despite continued evolution viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Julia Minnee
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Nathaniel R. Landau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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13
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Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, are more sensitive for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 than rapid antigen tests (RATS), and are the gold standard for diagnosis of acute COVID-19. However NAATs can remain positive for weeks following infection due to low-level shedding of non-viable viral fragments. RATs (in particular self-testing) are the mainstay of COVID-19 diagnosis due to their convenience, speed and high specificity. The sensitivity of RATs is highest within seven days of symptom onset. A negative RAT result may warrant a NAAT or repeat RAT for confirmation. The presence of spike antibodies is consistent with either vaccination or infection. Nucleocapsid antibodies suggest a previous infection. Serological tests measuring neutralising antibodies that infer immunity are not readily available.
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14
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O'Donnell KL, Marzi A. Multidimensional sample analysis to determine pandemic viral evolution. EBioMedicine 2023; 92:104606. [PMID: 37156172 PMCID: PMC10163840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L O'Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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