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Yang Y, Zhong J, Shen S, Huang J, Hong Y, Qu X, Chen Q, Niu B. Application and Progress of Machine Learning in Pesticide Hazard and Risk Assessment. Med Chem 2024; 20:2-16. [PMID: 37038674 DOI: 10.2174/1573406419666230406091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to pesticides is associated with the incidence of cancer. With the exponential increase in the number of new pesticides being synthesized, it becomes more and more important to evaluate the toxicity of pesticides by means of simulated calculations. Based on existing data, machine learning methods can train and model the predictions of the effects of novel pesticides, which have limited available data. Combined with other technologies, this can aid the synthesis of new pesticides with specific active structures, detect pesticide residues, and identify their tolerable exposure levels. This article mainly discusses support vector machines, linear discriminant analysis, decision trees, partial least squares, and algorithms based on feedforward neural networks in machine learning. It is envisaged that this article will provide scientists and users with a better understanding of machine learning and its application prospects in pesticide toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Yang
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Junjie Zhong
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Songyu Shen
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Jiajun Huang
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yihan Hong
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xiaosheng Qu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Southwest Endangered Medicinal Resources Development, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Goang Xi, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of life Science, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Zhao H, Wang S, Zhang Y, Lu C, Tang Y. Degradation of mevinphos and monocrotophos by OH radicals in the environment: A computational investigation on mechanism, kinetic, and ecotoxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130478. [PMID: 36493641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Known organophosphorus pesticides are used widely in agriculture to improve the production of crops. Based on the literature, the degradation of some organophosphorus pesticides was studied theoretically. However, the mechanisms and variation of toxicity during the degradation of mevinphos and monocrotophos are still unclear in the environment, especially in wastewater. In this study, the reaction mechanisms for the degradation of the two representative organophosphorus pesticides (i.e., mevinphos and monocrotophos) in presence of OH radicals in the atmosphere and water are proposed using quantum chemical methods wB97-XD/6-311 + +G(3df,2pd)//wB97-XD/6-311 + +G(d,p). Result shows that the dominant channel is OH-addition to the C atom in CC bond with energy barriers being 15.6 and 14.7 kJ/mol, in the atmosphere and water, respectively, for mevinphos. As for monocrotophos, H-abstraction from NH group via barriers of 8.2 and 10.6 kJ/mol is more feasible in both the atmosphere and water. Moreover, the subsequent reactions of the major products in the atmosphere with NO and O2 were also studied to evaluate the atmospheric chemistry of mevinphos and monocrotophos. Kinetically, the total rate constant is 2.68 × 10-9 and 3.86 × 10-8 cm3 molecule-1·s-1 for mevinphos and monocrotophos in the atmosphere and 4.91 × 1010 and 7.77 × 1011 M-1 s-1 in the water at 298 K, thus the lifetime is estimated to be 36.46-364.60 s (2.53-25.31 s) in the atmosphere, and 1.41 × 10-2 - 1.41 × 10-1 s (8.92 ×10-4 - 8.92 ×10-3 s) in the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) system. Furthermore, ecotoxic predictions for rats and three aqueous organisms imply their toxicity are reduced during degradation by using ECOSAR and T.E.S.T program based quantitative structure and activity relationship (QSAR) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Environmental and municipal engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China
| | - Shuangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and municipal engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China
| | - Yunju Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, PR China
| | - Chenggang Lu
- School of Environmental and municipal engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- School of Environmental and municipal engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Fushun Road 11, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, PR China.
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Lavarías SML, Arrighetti F, Landro SM, Colpo KD. Sensitivity of embryos and larvae of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium borellii to the latest generation pesticide spirotetramat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114257. [PMID: 36399991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the last generation insecticide spirotetramat (STM) on embryos and larvae of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium borellii. Both embryos and larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of STM to determine the LC50 values. After 96-h of exposure, live larvae were fixed for histological analysis. In addition, ovigerous females were exposed to a sublethal concentration of STM (1.7 mg/L) for 96 h to evaluate the activity of the enzymes catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase as well as the lipoperoxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation levels in embryos. The larvae showed a high sensitivity to STM evidenced by the LC50-96 h value (0.011 mg/L). On the contrary, the embryos were highly resistant to STM exposure, and no lethal effect was observed in the treatments with high concentrations of this insecticide (LC50-96 h > 150 mg/L). Among all the biochemical parameters evaluated in the embryos exposed to STM, only LPO showed a significant increase compared to controls. This was probably due to a restricted entry of the insecticide through the embryonic coat. Thus, a preliminary study of the structure and permeability of the embryonic coat was carried out in control embryos. The analysis by electron microscopy revealed that its structure is formed by four embryonic envelopes composed of multiple layers while the assay with a fluorescent probe revealed that the embryonic coat increases its permeability during development. STM caused significant histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas and gills of larvae. This study showed that although the embryos of M. borellii could be protected by the embryonic coat, the larvae are very vulnerable to the STM toxicity. So, it is necessary to continue evaluating the effects of these new pesticides on non-target organisms, such as aquacultured species, to help predict their ecotoxicological risks derived from the increasing agricultural activity developed worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M L Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata"Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - F Arrighetti
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - S M Landro
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - K D Colpo
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata"Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CONICET CCT La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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Mercado SAS, Caleño JDQ. Cytotoxic evaluation of glyphosate, using Allium cepa L. as bioindicator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134452. [PMID: 31629268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a chemical compound used mainly as a broad spectrum herbicide, it is recognized for its proven effectiveness and easy handling. It represents more than 60% of the world market of non-selective herbicides and is used in both agricultural fields and family gardens. The present study was designed to test the cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate using the Allium cepa test as toxicity bioindicator. Consequently, bulbs of A. cepa were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (5, 10, 15, 25 and 30 mgL-1) and a control (deionized water), for 72 h; root development was also studied in this period of time. The cytogenotoxic potential of glyphosate was determined by calculating the mitotic index (MI), cellular anomalies (CA) and registering the roots longitudinal growth at 24, 48 and 72 h. Regarding root development, a greater growth was observed in the control treatment in the three measurement times. The mitotic phases analysis, determined that the higher the concentration, the lower the mitotic index, in addition the inhibition of the telophase Mitotic Index (TMI) was observed in any of the concentrations. The results indicate that the exposure to glyphosate of A. cepa meristematic cells induces diverse types of chromosomal anomalies, such as micronuclei (MN), chromosome breaking (CB), nuclear notch (Nn), among others. Therefore, in demonstrates that glyphosate has a highly cytogenotoxic effect for any of the concentrations used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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He L, Xiao K, Zhou C, Li G, Yang H, Li Z, Cheng J. Insights into pesticide toxicity against aquatic organism: QSTR models on Daphnia Magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 173:285-292. [PMID: 30776561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The toxicities of agrochemicals to non-target aquatic organisms are key items in chemical ecological risk assessment. However, it is still an urgent need to develop new tools to assess the agrochemical aquatic toxicity efficiently and accurately. In this work, QSTR studies were performed on a data set containing 639 diverse pesticides with measured EC50 toxicity against Daphnia magna, by using five machine learning methods combined with seven fingerprints and a set of molecular descriptors. The imbalance problem of the data set was successfully solved by clustering analysis. The top-10 QSTR models displayed greater predicative abilities than ECOSAR. The optimal model, Ext-SVM, showed the best performance in 10-fold cross validation (Qhigh=0.807, Qmoderate=0.806, Qlow=0.755, Qtotal=0.794), and also in the test set verification (Qhigh=0.865, Qmoderate=0.783, Qlow=0.931, Qtotal=0.848). The relevance of the key physical-chemical properties with the toxicity was also investigated, in which the MW, a_np, logP(o/w), GCUT_SLOGP_1, chilv and SMR_VSA7 values displayed positive correlation with Daphnia magna toxicity, whereas the logS and a_don showed negative correlation. The robust QSTR models provided efficient tools for assessing agrochemical aquatic toxicity, and the revealed different physical-chemical properties between the high and low toxic compounds might be useful in the discovery and design of low aquatic toxic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujue He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Keya Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guanglong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongbin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Santos VSV, Silveira E, Pereira BB. Ecotoxicological assessment of synthetic and biogenic surfactants using freshwater cladoceran species. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:519-525. [PMID: 30660908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants have been continuously detected within aquatic environments as a consequence of their use on a global scale. Lipopeptides are biosurfactants naturally produced by Bacillus subtilis that have been explored as green alternatives. The assessment of ecotoxicological parameters of synthetic and biogenic surfactants are required for evaluating toxicity values and to verify the eco-friendly behaviour of the biological compounds. This study aimed to conduct toxicity testing for different surfactants - sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 - and biosurfactants - surfactin, iturin and fengycin - at different concentrations using Daphnia magna as model organism and Dendrocephalus brasiliensis as alternative test species for monitoring of pollutants in tropical freshwaters. According results, both species showed high sensitivity for the anionic compound SDS concerning the recommended dosage use, exhibiting EC50-48h values of 24.1 and 15.4 mg/L for D. magna and D. brasiliensis, respectively. Although the biological source, surfactin showed the lower safety behaviour among the biogenic surfactants, while iturin and fengycin revealed very low toxicity effects on both organisms. Besides, data exhibited a higher responsiveness of D. brasiliensis for all tested compounds in comparison to D. magna, highlighting the importance of this species for monitoring of pollutants in tropical and subtropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Silveira
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Mônica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Santos VSV, Campos CF, de Campos Júnior EO, Pereira BB. Acute ecotoxicity bioassay using Dendrocephalus brasiliensis: alternative test species for monitoring of contaminants in tropical and subtropical freshwaters. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:635-640. [PMID: 29796722 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In International guidelines for standard ecotoxicological bioassays, Daphnia magna is the most applied microcrustacea for assessing toxicity of different pollutants. However, in research realized in tropical and subtropical areas, autochthonous species must be prioritized because they are adapted to the specificities of ecosystems. In this sense, the present study aimed to assess and compare (with D. magna) the sensitivity of the tropical species Dendrocephalus brasiliensis as alternative test species for monitoring of contaminants in tropical and subtropical freshwaters, by carrying out acute toxicity tests with different pollutants. According results, D. brasiliensis presented EC50-48 h values lower than D. magna for all substances tested, indicating higher sensitivity of the tropical organism in relation to the temperate organism. Furthermore, comparing the results obtained with data from other studies, D. brasiliensis is more sensitive to the chemicals tested than D. magna and has similar sensitivity to Pseudosida ramosa and Ceriodaphnia dubia, common species in tropical areas. In view of this, we suggest that D. brasiliensis can be used as alternative test species for monitoring of contaminants in tropical and subtropical freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Fernando Campos
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus, Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus, Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Daam MA, Rico A. Freshwater shrimps as sensitive test species for the risk assessment of pesticides in the tropics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13235-13243. [PMID: 27530199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic risk assessment of pesticides in tropical areas has often been disputed to rely on toxicity data generated from tests performed with temperate species. Given the differences in ecosystem structure between temperate and tropical ecosystems, test species other than those used in temperate regions have been proposed as surrogates for tropical aquatic effect assessments. Freshwater shrimps, for example are important components of tropical freshwater ecosystems, both in terms of their role in ecosystem functioning and their economic value. In the present study, available toxicity data of (tropical and sub-tropical) freshwater shrimps for insecticides and fungicides were compiled and compared with those available for Daphnia magna and other aquatic invertebrates. Freshwater shrimps appeared to be especially sensitive to GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist and sodium channel modulator insecticides. However, shrimp taxa showed a moderate and low sensitivity to acetylcholinesterase inhibiting insecticides and fungicides respectively. Implications for the use of freshwater shrimps in tropical pesticide effect assessments and research needs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel A Daam
- DCEA/Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- NEEA/CRHEA São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, P.O. Box 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Báez ME, Espinoza J, Silva R, Fuentes E. Influence of selected cyclodextrins in sorption-desorption of chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, diazinon, and their main degradation products on different soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20908-20921. [PMID: 28721622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the apparent solubility and bioavailability of a variety of organic compounds through the formation of inclusion complexes; accordingly, they are suitable for application in innovative remediation technologies of contaminated soils. However, the different interactions in the tertiary system CD/contaminant/soil matrix can affect the bioavailability of the inclusion complex through the possible sorption of CD and CD complex in the soil matrix, as well as with the potential of the sorbed CD to form the complex, concurrent with the desorption processes. This work focuses in changes produced by three different CDs in soil sorption-desorption processes of chlorpyrifos (CPF), diazinon (DZN), and chlorothalonil (CTL), and their major degradation products, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol, and hydroxy-chlorothalonil (OH-CTL). Cyclodextrins used were β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Mβ-CD), and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD). The studied soils belong to the orders Andisol, Ultisol, and Mollisol with different organic matter contents, mineral composition, and pH. The apparent sorption constants were significantly lower for the three pesticides in the presence of all CDs. The highest displacement of sorption equilibria was produced by the influence of Mβ-CD, with the most pronounced effect for CPF, a pesticide strongly sorbed on soils. The same was obtained for TCP and OH-CTL, highlighting the need to assess the risk of generating higher levels of groundwater contamination with polar metabolites if degradation rates are not controlled. The highest desorption efficiency was obtained for the systems CPF-β-CD, DZN-Mβ-CD, and CTL-Mβ-CD. Since the degree of adsorption of the complex is relevant to obtain an increase in the bioavailability of the contaminant, a distribution coefficient for the complexed pesticide in all CD-soil-pesticide system was estimated by using the apparent sorption coefficients, the stability constant for each CD-pesticide complex, and the distribution coefficients of free pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Báez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 1007, 8380000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jeannette Espinoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 1007, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 1007, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edwar Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 1007, 8380000, Santiago, Chile
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Tenorio BM, da Silva Filho EA, Neiva GSM, da Silva VA, Tenorio FDCAM, da Silva TDJ, Silva ECSE, Nogueira RDA. Can fractal methods applied to video tracking detect the effects of deltamethrin pesticide or mercury on the locomotion behavior of shrimps? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:243-249. [PMID: 28419951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shrimps can accumulate environmental toxicants and suffer behavioral changes. However, methods to quantitatively detect changes in the behavior of these shrimps are still needed. The present study aims to verify whether mathematical and fractal methods applied to video tracking can adequately describe changes in the locomotion behavior of shrimps exposed to low concentrations of toxic chemicals, such as 0.15µgL-1 deltamethrin pesticide or 10µgL-1 mercuric chloride. Results showed no change after 1min, 4, 24, and 48h of treatment. However, after 72 and 96h of treatment, both the linear methods describing the track length, mean speed, mean distance from the current to the previous track point, as well as the non-linear methods of fractal dimension (box counting or information entropy) and multifractal analysis were able to detect changes in the locomotion behavior of shrimps exposed to deltamethrin. Analysis of angular parameters of the track points vectors and lacunarity were not sensitive to those changes. None of the methods showed adverse effects to mercury exposure. These mathematical and fractal methods applicable to software represent low cost useful tools in the toxicological analyses of shrimps for quality of food, water and biomonitoring of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mendes Tenorio
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Valdemiro Amaro da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Zhang Q, Yu Z, Wang X, Na R. Effects of chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole on fermentation quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage inoculated with or without Lactobacillus plantarum LP. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:456-462. [PMID: 27346034 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of pesticides and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on fermentation quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage were investigated. Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole were sprayed on the surface of alfalfa plants at 658.6 and 45.0 g active ingredient/ha, respectively. Alfalfa plants were harvested on day 5 post-application and ensiled with or without LP. Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole decreased the yeast count of alfalfa material (P < 0.05). Both pesticides increased the butyric acid content of alfalfa silage (P < 0.001). Chlorpyrifos increased pH and decreased lactic acid, acetic acid and short-chain fatty acid contents (P < 0.05). LP decreased pH and butyric acid content, and increased lactic acid and short-chain fatty acid contents of alfalfa silage treated with pesticides (P < 0.05). LP increased the concentration of chlorpyrifos residue in alfalfa silage (P < 0.05). Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole affected the microbial communities of the material before ensiling, especially coliform bacteria and yeast; the two pesticide residues were reduced after the fermentation of alfalfa silage and affected the fermentation process, whereas LP improved the fermentation quality of pesticides-contaminated alfalfa silage and slowed down the dissipation of chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianguo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Risu Na
- College of Ecology and Environment Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Sabdono A, Isworo S, Purwanto I. Impact of Pesticide Use on Organophosphorus and Organochlorine Concentration in Water and Sediment of Rawa Pening Lake, Indonesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2015.233.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Moreira RA, da Silva Mansano A, Rocha O. The toxicity of carbofuran to the freshwater rotifer, Philodina roseola. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:604-615. [PMID: 25588673 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of exposing the rotifer Philodina roseola to the pesticide carbofuran were investigated. Its range of sensitivity to potassium dichromate, the acute toxicity of active ingredient carbofuran and of carbofuran dosed as its commercial form, Furadan(®) 350 SC were determined. Chronic toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC on P. roseola survival and fecundity were also studied. The sensitivity of P. roseola to K2Cr2O7 ranged from 29.52 to 64.67 mg L(-1), averaging 47.10 mg L(-1). The 48-h EC50 were 13.36 ± 2.63 mg L(-1) for carbofuran and 89.32 ± 6.52 mg L(-1) for commercial form. Chronic toxicity tests showed that the survival of this rotifer was not affected by the carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC at the concentrations tested and that at 1.56 and 3.12 mg L(-1) their fecundity was higher than in the absence of this commercial product, characterizing the hormesis phenomenon. The sensitivity profile of several species to carbofuran indicated that P. roseola is more susceptible to this pesticide than the fish Clarias batrachus, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the protozoan Paramecium caudatum and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, although the acute toxicity of carbofuran dosed as Furadan(®) 350 SC to P. roseola is much lower than that of active ingredient carbofuran. The results also imply that the exacerbated use of pesticides and the constant, accelerated expansion of agricultural activity will make aquatic non-target species even more vulnerable. Furthermore, the relevant role of benthic organisms in aquatic environments justifies the inclusion of P. roseola and other benthic species in toxicity screening for risk assessment, regarding this environmental compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- Post-Graduate Program of Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil,
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Negro CL, Senkman LE, Marino F, Lorenzatti E, Collins P. Effects of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan on different life stages of the freshwater burrowing crab Zilchiopsis collastinensis P.: protective role of chorion. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 92:625-630. [PMID: 24590445 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The lethality (LC50) of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos is higher in adults (1990 and 156.78 μg/L respectively) than in embryos (95380 and 1242.54 μg/L respectively) of the crab Zilchiopsis collastinensis. The thickened embryonic coat of the freshwater species might isolate the embryo inside the egg, reducing the toxicity. Sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and endosulfan caused an increase in hatching time and a decrease in effective hatching (p < 0.05), and only the control crabs survived until the first molt cycle. The effects of long-term exposure should be evaluated in the offspring in addition to the acute toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Negro
- Instituto Nacional de Limnología (CONICET-UNL), Paraje El Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina,
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Paracampo A, Solis M, Bonetto C, Mugni H. Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the non-target organism Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2014; 25:96-103. [PMID: 24724549 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2014.903903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is the most used insecticide in Argentina. Cnesterodon decemmaculatus is a widely distributed, endemic fish from Neotropical America. It attains high densities in the shallow water assemblages of Argentina and Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to C. decemmaculatus. The mean 96-h LC50 of three independent determinations was 105.3 (± 3.1) μg/L. Sublethal effects were observed. Swimming behavioral changes at each chlorpyrifos exposure concentration were reported. C. decemmaculatus represents a good model for ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Clasen B, Leitemperger J, Murussi C, Pretto A, Menezes C, Dalabona F, Marchezan E, Adaime MB, Zanella R, Loro VL. Carbofuran promotes biochemical changes in carp exposed to rice field and laboratory conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 101:77-82. [PMID: 24507130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of carbofuran commercial formulation on oxidative stress parameters were studied in carps (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 50µg/L for 7 and 30 days under rice field and laboratory conditions. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were increased in the brain of fish after 7 and 30 days under rice field and laboratory conditions. In the liver and muscle, TBARS levels increased after 7 and 30 days under laboratory conditions, whereas in rice field the levels increased only after 30 days. Protein carbonyl content in the liver increased after 7 and 30 days under both experimental conditions. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was decreased in the brain and muscle after 7 and 30 days under both experimental conditions evaluated. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in the liver after 7 and 30 days under rice field condition, whereas under laboratory condition this enzyme increased only after 30 days. The catalase (CAT) activity in the liver decreased after 30 days under rice field condition, whereas no changes were observed under laboratory conditions. In rice field, glutathione S-transferase (GST) decreased after 7 days but increased after 30 days, whereas no change was observed in fish exposed to carbofuran under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that environmental relevant carbofuran concentrations may cause oxidative stress, affecting biochemical and enzymatic parameters on carps. Some parameters could be used as biomarkers to carbofuran exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Clasen
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Jossiele Leitemperger
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Murussi
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Pretto
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Charlene Menezes
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Dalabona
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil
| | - Enio Marchezan
- Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Zanella
- LARP - Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vania Lucia Loro
- Adaptive Biochemistry Laboratory, Pós-Graduate Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, 97105.900 RS, Brazil.
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Barbieri E, Moreira P, Luchini LA, Ruiz Hidalgo K, Muñoz A. Assessment of acute toxicity of carbofuran in Macrobrachium olfersii (Wiegmann, 1836) at different temperature levels. Toxicol Ind Health 2013; 32:7-14. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233713484655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate; C12H15NO3) is one of the most toxic carbamate pesticides. For acute toxicity of carbofuran, juveniles of Macrobrachium olfersii were exposed to different concentrations of carbofuran using the static renewal method at different temperature levels (15, 20 and 25°C) at pH 7.0. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of carbofuran to M. olfersii and investigate its effects on oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion; these tests have not been carried out in this species before. First, the acute toxicity – median lethal concentration – of carbofuran to M. olfersii for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h was examined, which resulted in the following values: 1.64, 1.22, 0.86 and 0.42 mg L−1, respectively. Furthermore, we also found that carbofuran caused an inhibition in oxygen consumption of 60.6, 65.3 and 66.2% with respect to the control. In addition, after separate exposures to carbofuran, elevations in ammonium excretion were more than 500% with respect to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Barbieri
- Instituto de Pesca – APTA-SAA/SP-Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Moreira
- Instituto Biológico – APTA-SAA/SP-Governo do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Luchini
- Instituto Biológico – APTA-SAA/SP-Governo do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Ruiz Hidalgo
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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Mugni H, Paracampo A, Marrochi N, Bonetto C. Acute toxicity of cypermethrin to the non target organism Hyalella curvispina. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:88-92. [PMID: 23270860 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The acute toxicity of cypermethrin to the amphipod Hyalella curvispina was evaluated by means of a toxicity test under laboratory conditions. Cypermethrin is one of the most widely used insecticides in Argentina. H. curvispina is a widely distributed and commonly abundant component of the invertebrate assemblages in shallow waters of southern South America. The experiments were repeated three times. The mean 48-h LC(50) value for H. curvispina was estimated at 0.066μg/l. H. curvispina represents a good model for exotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Mugni
- ILPLA (CONICET-CCT La Plata) - UNLP Instituto de Limnología Dr. Raúl. A. Ringuelet, Av. Calchaquí Km. 23.5, 1888 Florencio Varela, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Natal-da-Luz T, Moreira-Santos M, Ruepert C, Castillo LE, Ribeiro R, Sousa JP. Ecotoxicological characterization of a tropical soil after diazinon spraying. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2163-2176. [PMID: 22760667 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of diazinon spraying in an agricultural tropical soil through the evaluation of both the habitat and retention functions of the soil system was never reported. To fill this gap, five times the recommended dose of a commercial diazinon formulation was sprayed in an agricultural area of Costa Rica, and dilution gradients of the sprayed soil were prepared in the laboratory. Avoidance and reproduction tests with soil organisms (Eisenia andrei, Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida) to evaluate losses in terrestrial habitat function, and growth and reproduction tests with aquatic organisms (Chlorella vulgaris and Daphnia magna, respectively) to evaluate the retention function of soil were performed. Results demonstrated that regarding habitat function, F. candida reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint (EC(50) = 0.288 mg a.i./kg), followed by avoidance behaviour of E. andrei (EC(20) = 1.75 mg a.i./kg). F. candida avoidance and the reproduction of E. andrei and E. crypticus were not affected by diazinon. The toxicity tests with aquatic organisms showed that the soil retention function was insufficient to prevent effects of diazinon either on microalgae growth (EC(50) ≤ 0.742 mg/L and EC(20) ≤ 0.223 mg/L) and on the reproduction of the cladoceran (EC(50) ≤ 0.00771 mg/L and EC(20) ≤ 0.00646 mg/L). Results suggested that diazinon exerted toxic effects even at the dilution corresponding to the recommended dose, fact which makes its misuse an issue of environmental concern. Furthermore, the present study highlighted the importance and complementary nature of the assessment of both habitat and retention functions to an ecological risk assessment in tropical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- IMAR-CMA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Apartado 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Bundschuh M, Appeltauer A, Dabrunz A, Schulz R. Combined effect of invertebrate predation and sublethal pesticide exposure on the behavior and survival of Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea; Isopoda). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:77-85. [PMID: 22223070 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-011-9743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate communities of lentic habitats comprise, amongst others, the crustacean Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda) and the turbellarian Dendrocoelum lacteum (Tricladida). Because D. lacteum preferentially preys on A. aquaticus, contaminants introduced into the aquatic environment may affect this predator-prey interaction, finally influencing the performance of the predator. However, no studies investigating implications of organic pollutants on this food web subsystem currently exist. Hence, the present study assessed short-term implications of pesticides with different modes of action, namely, the triazole fungicide tebuconazole and the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin, during a 72 h trial. The experiments for tebuconazole showed a statistically significant decrease in predatory success of D. lacteum. Lambda-cyhalothrin, in contrast, increased predation success by 40%, which is, however, not statistically significant. Both the decrease and the increase in predation seemed to be primarily driven by an altered activity of the prey A. aquaticus. This may be hypothesized because any shift in the prey's activity influenced its probability to stick to mucus, a viscous substance released by D. lacteum, or to encounter the predator directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Bundschuh
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829, Landau, Germany,
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Leboulanger C, Schwartz C, Somville P, Diallo AO, Pagano M. Sensitivity of two Mesocyclops (Crustacea, Copepoda, Cyclopidae), from tropical and temperate origins, to the herbicides, diuron and paraquat, and the insecticides, temephos and fenitrothion. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2011; 87:487-493. [PMID: 21910005 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological assessment in the tropics is based mainly on knowledge gained from temperate organisms, although many studies have shown the need for models that are more appropriate to tropical regions. The toxicity of two herbicides and two insecticides to nauplii of two freshwater zooplankton species, Mesocyclops aspericornis (von Daday in Inseln Zool Jb Syst 24:175-206, 1906) from a tropical reservoir and a Mesocyclops sp. from a temperate pond, were compared. Both strains were sensitive to paraquat, temephos and fenitrothion, tropical M. aspericornis being generally more tolerant (EC50s of 207, 1,450 and 1,840 μg L(-1) for paraquat, temephos and fenitrothion, respectively) than the temperate Mesocyclops sp. (EC50s of 152, 45 and 1,017 μg L(-1) for paraquat, temephos and fenitrothion, respectively) whereas diuron was only slightly toxic (LOEC = 446 μg L(-1) for both strains). The nauplii mortality increased with the exposure time for both species during each experiment. Further isolation of model organisms from tropical ecosystems is needed, to meet the requirements for a tropical risk assessment scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leboulanger
- IRD, UMR5119 ECOSYM Université Montpellier II-CNRS-IRD-Ifremer-UM1, SMEL, 2 rue des Chantiers, 34200 Sète, France.
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Hernández-Moreno D, Pérez-López M, Soler F, Gravato C, Guilhermino L. Effects of carbofuran on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): study of biomarkers and behaviour alterations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1905-1912. [PMID: 21864905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the pesticide carbofuran on the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using parameters at different levels of biological organisation (swimming behaviour and several biomarkers) and possible relationships between alterations found in different effect criteria. In a bioassay, sea bass juveniles were individually exposed to different doses of carbofuran (31, 63, 125 and 250 μg/L) for 96 h. At the end of the bioassay, the swimming performance and 11 biomarkers were determined. Biomarkers were: hepatosomatic index (HSI), lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione and the activities of the enzymes ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferases, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and muscle cholinesterases (ChE). After 96 h of exposure, carbofuran induced a decrease of the swimming velocity and inhibition of EROD activity at all concentrations tested, and inhibition of muscle ChE and brain AChE activities at 250 μg/L. No relevant alterations in any of the other tested parameters were found. These results show that carbofuran induced adverse effects on fish by interfering with neurofunction, capability of detoxication and swimming velocity. In addition, positive and significant correlations between the swimming velocity and (i) brain AChE activity, (ii) muscle ChE activity and (iii) EROD activity suggest that the inhibition of these enzymes may somehow be related to the behavioural changes observed. Since these functions are determinant for the survival and performance of the fish in the wild, the findings of the present study suggest that adverse effects may occur in populations exposed to carbofuran if a sufficient number of animals is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Moreno
- Toxicology Area, Veterinary College, University of Extremadura. Av. Universidad s/n, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
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Turgut C, Ornek H, Cutright TJ. Pesticide residues in dried table grapes from the Aegean region of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 167:143-149. [PMID: 19533395 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-1037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dried grapes make the ideal low-calorie snack. The formation of gray mold during the drying of the grapes can severely decrease production. Pesticides and fungicides are applied to prevent losses due to pests and mold. Dried grapes from 99 farms in the Aegean region were sampled for pesticide residues. Of the 26 pesticides analyzed for, chlorpyrifos methyl, chlorpyrifos ethyl, deltamethrin, lambda-cyolathrin, dichlofluanid, iprodione, and procymidone were detected in the dried grapes. Only seven samples contained residues above the maximum residue limit. It is important to note that pesticide residues were only present in samples originating from vineyards using conventional farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Turgut
- Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Turkey.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2009; 15:170-7. [PMID: 19225311 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0b013e3283276f69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This bibliography is compiled by clinicians from the journals listed at the end of this publication. It is based on literature entered into our database between 1 November 2007 and 31 October 2008 (articles are generally added to the database about two and a half months after publication). In addition, the bibliography contains every paper annotated by reviewers; these references were obtained from a variety of bibliographic databases and published between the beginning of the review period and the time of going to press. The bibliography has been grouped into topics that relate to the reviews in this issue.
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