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Cappa F, Baracchi D, Cervo R. Biopesticides and insect pollinators: Detrimental effects, outdated guidelines, and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155714. [PMID: 35525339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As synthetic pesticides play a major role in pollinator decline worldwide, biopesticides have been gaining increased attention to develop more sustainable methods for pest management in agriculture. These biocontrol agents are usually considered as safe for non-target species, such as pollinators. Unfortunately, when it comes to non-target insects, only the acute or chronic effects on survival following exposure to biopesticides are tested. Although international boards have highlighted the need to include also behavioral and morphophysiological traits when assessing risks of plant protection products on pollinators, no substantial concerns have been raised about the risks associated with sublethal exposure to these substances. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the studies investigating the potential adverse effects of biopesticides on different taxa of pollinators (bees, butterflies, moths, beetles, flies, and wasps). We highlight the fragmentary knowledge on this topic and the lack of a systematic investigation of these negative effects of biopesticides on insect pollinators. We show that all the major classes of biopesticides, besides their direct toxicity, can also cause a plethora of more subtle detrimental effects in both solitary and social species of pollinators. Although research in this field is growing, the current risk assesment approach does not suffice to properly assess all the potential side-effects that these agents of control may have on pollinating insects. Given the urgent need for a sustainable agriculture and wildlife protection, it appears compelling that these so far neglected detrimental effects should be thoroughly assessed before allegedly safe biopesticides can be used in the field and, in this view, we provide a perspective for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cappa
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - David Baracchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rita Cervo
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Sensitivity of Buff-Tailed Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) to Insecticides with Different Mode of Action. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020184. [PMID: 35206757 PMCID: PMC8879041 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several neonicotinoid insecticides that were once widely used for pest control are currently banned for outdoor use in the European Union (EU) because they pose a risk to bees. This restriction meant that farmers had to look for alternatives for pest management and use known insecticides or new substances with supposedly more bee-friendly characteristics. We evaluated the toxicity of six insecticides on buff-tailed bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris): two banned neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid), two pyrethroids (deltamethrin, esfenvalerate), one sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) and a microbial insecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, which are present in genetically modified (Bt) maize. The results obtained show that certain insecticides in use have higher acute toxicity to B. terrestris than some of the banned neonicotinoids. Abstract Systemic insecticides are recognized as one of the drivers of the worldwide bee decline as they are exposed to them through multiple pathways. Specifically, neonicotinoids, some of which are banned for outdoor use in the European Union (EU), have been pointed out as a major cause of bee collapse. Thus, farmers have had to look for alternatives for pest control and use known insecticides or new substances reportedly less harmful to bees. We evaluated the oral acute toxicity of six insecticides (three of them systemic: imidacloprid, thiacloprid and sulfoxaflor) with four different modes of action on buff-tailed bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris): two banned neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid), two pyrethroids (deltamethrin, esfenvalerate), one sulfoximine (sulfoxaflor) and a microbial insecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis toxins, present in genetically modified (Bt) maize. The microbial insecticide only caused mortality to bumblebee workers at extremely high concentrations, so it is expected that Bt maize does not pose a risk to them. The toxicity of the other five insecticides on bumblebees was, from highest to lowest: imidacloprid, sulfoxaflor, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate and thiacloprid. This outcome suggests that certain insecticides in use are more toxic to B. terrestris than some banned neonicotinoids. Further chronic toxicity studies, under realistic conditions, are necessary for a proper risk assessment.
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Han B, Cao B, Yang Y, Wang X, Geng L, Diao Q, Dai P. Effects of Bt Cry78Ba1 Toxin on Larvae and Adults of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:403-408. [PMID: 33179737 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cry78Ba1 is Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) (Bt) protein found with high insecticidal activity against the piercing-sucking insect Laodelphax striatellus Fallén (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and has broad application prospects for control of the rice planthopper. As honey bees may be exposed to Bt Cry78Ba1 rice pollen by feeding, we evaluated the risk of Bt Cry78Ba1 toxin to Apis mellifera L. workers. A dietary exposure experiment was conducted on worker larvae and adults under controlled laboratory conditions to examine the effects of Cry78Ba1 toxin on honey bees. Worker bee larvae were fed a diet containing Cry78Ba1 toxin (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/liter) on day 2 through day 5 after grafting, and adults were exposed to syrup containing Cry78Ba1 for up to 16 d. Negative control (no test substance added), solvent control (1 mM Tris-HCl), and positive control (dimethoate 45 mg/liter for the larva test, 1 and 45 mg/liter for the adult test) groups were established. Compared with the negative control, larvae and adults that consumed food containing Cry78Ba1 toxin exhibited no significant differences in survival, larval weight, or pollen or syrup consumption. This result indicates that chronic oral exposure to Cry78Ba1 toxin has no negative effects on honey bees at the maximum tested concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Factors Associated with Honey Bee Colony Losses: A Mini-Review. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040166. [PMID: 33143134 PMCID: PMC7712510 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Western honey bee (Apis mellifera L., Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a species of crucial economic, agricultural and environmental importance. In the last ten years, some regions of the world have suffered from a significant reduction of honey bee colonies. In fact, honey bee losses are not an unusual phenomenon, but in many countries worldwide there has been a notable decrease in honey bee colonies. The cases in the USA, in many European countries, and in the Middle East have received considerable attention, mostly due to the absence of an easily identifiable cause. It has been difficult to determine the main factors leading to colony losses because of honey bees’ diverse social behavior. Moreover, in their daily routine, they make contact with many agents of the environment and are exposed to a plethora of human activities and their consequences. Nevertheless, various factors have been considered to be contributing to honey bee losses, and recent investigations have established some of the most important ones, in particular, pests and diseases, bee management, including bee keeping practices and breeding, the change in climatic conditions, agricultural practices, and the use of pesticides. The global picture highlights the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor as a major factor in colony loss. Last but not least, microsporidian parasites, mainly Nosema ceranae, also contribute to the problem. Thus, it is obvious that there are many factors affecting honey bee colony losses globally. Increased monitoring and scientific research should throw new light on the factors involved in recent honey bee colony losses. The present review focuses on the main factors which have been found to have an impact on the increase in honey bee colony losses.
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Wang W, Cai W, Wang Z, Zhao J, Hua H. A new method for evaluating the effects of insecticidal proteins expressed by transgenic plants on ectoparasitoid of target pest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:29983-29992. [PMID: 32447725 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Bt insect-resistant plants are highly resistant to Lepidoptera stockpile pest Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a storage pest. Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which is an ectoparasitic wasp of Indian meal moth, may be exposed to the Bt protein through the food chain. In the current study, high dose of Cry1C protein was injected into the hemolymph of P. interpunctella by microinjection, and the hemolymph was used as the carrier to deliver Bt protein to the H. hebetor. Using this method, we developed a new Tier-1 risk assessment system for ectoparasitoid, successfully avoided "host/prey quality-mediated effect," and improve the accuracy of safety evaluation. Results showed that injected Cry1C was stable and bioactive in the hemolymph of P. interpunctella parasitized by H. hebetor, and high dose of Cry1C has no negative impacts on egg hatching rate, developmental duration from egg to adult, survival egg to adult, pupa weight, adults weight (male and female), adult longevity and reproduction, and activity of stress-related enzymes of H. hebetor. However, the hemolymph of P. interpunctella injected into Galanthus nivalis L. agglutinin (the positive control) had significant negative impact on these biological parameters of H. hebetor. The results indicate that H. hebetor are not sensitive to Cry1C protein at the tested concentration and there were no detrimental effects of Cry1C protein on any biological parameters tested in the present study. More importantly, we constructed a new efficient and simple system for the biosafety assessment on the larvae of ectoparasitoid of target pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wanlun Cai
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhengjie Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Roberts A, Boeckman CJ, Mühl M, Romeis J, Teem JL, Valicente FH, Brown JK, Edwards MG, Levine SL, Melnick RL, Rodrigues TB, Vélez AM, Zhou X, Hellmich RL. Sublethal Endpoints in Non-target Organism Testing for Insect-Active GE Crops. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:556. [PMID: 32582674 PMCID: PMC7295912 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, genetically engineered (GE) plants that have incorporated genes conferring insect protection have primarily used Cry proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to achieve their insecticidal phenotype. As a result, regulators have developed a level of familiarity and confidence in reviewing plants incorporating these insecticidal proteins. However, new technologies have been developed that produce GE plants that incorporate pest protection by triggering an RNA interference (RNAi) response or proteins other than Bt Cry proteins. These technologies have new modes of action. Although the overall assessment paradigm for GE plants is robust, there are ongoing discussions about the appropriate tests and measurement endpoints needed to inform non-target arthropod assessment for technologies that have a different mode of action than the Bt Cry proteins. As a result, increasing attention is being paid to the use of sublethal endpoints and their value for environmental risk assessment (ERA). This review focuses on the current status and history of sublethal endpoint use in insect-active GE crops, and evaluates the future use of sublethal endpoints for new and emerging technologies. It builds upon presentations made at the Workshop on Sublethal Endpoints for Non-target Organism Testing for Non-Bt GE Crops (Washington DC, USA, 4-5 March 2019), and the discussions of government, academic and industry scientists convened for the purpose of reviewing the progress and status of sublethal endpoint testing in non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Roberts
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Marina Mühl
- Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Dirección de Biotecnología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John L Teem
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Martin G Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel L Melnick
- Agriculture and Food Systems Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Ana M Vélez
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Richard L Hellmich
- USDA, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States.,Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Zhang S, Wang X, Gu F, Gong C, Chen L, Zhang Y, Hasnain A, Shen L, Jiang C. Sublethal Effects of Triflumezopyrim on Biological Traits and Detoxification Enzyme Activities in the Small Brown Planthopper Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Front Physiol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32317981 PMCID: PMC7154139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small brown planthopper [Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae)] is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice and has developed strong resistance to several kinds of chemical insecticides. Triflumezopyrim, a novel mesoionic insecticide developed by Corteva Agriscience (formerly DuPont Crop Protection), has efficient biological activity in controlling sucking insects, such as the planthopper. However, the effects of triflumezopyrim on the growth and reproduction of L. striatellus have not been reported. In this study, an F5 generation was obtained by conducting five rounds of insecticide screening on a sensitive L. striatellus strain (F0 generation). An age-stage life table procedure was used to evaluate the effects of a sublethal concentration (LC50) of triflumezopyrim on the biological parameters of L. striatellus. Compared with those of the F0 generation, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate (λ), and the net reproductive rate (R0) of the F5 generation were significantly decreased; nevertheless, the average duration of life (T) was not significantly affected. The results of detoxification enzyme activity assays indicated that the glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) activities in the F5 generation were significantly higher than those in the F0 generation. The contents of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) were also detected, and the results indicated that the contents of Vg and VgR in the F5 generation were significantly decreased compared to those in the F0 generation. Furthermore, we detected the relative expression of ecdysone receptor (EcR), Vg, and VgR in the F0 and F5 generations and found that the relative expression levels of Vg and VgR in the F5 generation female adults were obviously lower than those in the F0 generation (P < 0.05), whereas the relative expression of EcR was slightly increased, although the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Based on these results, a sublethal concentration (median lethal concentration, LC50) of triflumezopyrim may inhibit the generational growth and reproduction of L. striatellus. Moreover, our results may provide a reference for further studies of the suitability and resistance mechanisms of L. striatellus subjected to a sublethal dose of triflumezopyrim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuirong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuegui Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fuchuan Gu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changwei Gong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ali Hasnain
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Litao Shen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxian Jiang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Biorational Pesticide Research Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Dai P, Wang M, Geng L, Yan Z, Yang Y, Guo L, Ma S, Diao Q. The effect of Bt Cry9Ee toxin on honey bee brood and adults reared in vitro, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:381-387. [PMID: 31212186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Bt Cry9Ee toxin on honey bee, Apis mellifera L., survival, developmental rate, larval weight, pollen consumption, and midgut bacterial diversity were tested in the laboratory. Honey bee larvae and adults were reared in vitro and fed a diet that contained Cry9Ee toxin at 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L. Cry9Ee toxin 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L in diet used in this study may represent a value closer to field relevance and the highest concentration is unlikely to be encountered in the field and thus represent a worst case scenario. The dependent variables were compared for groups of honey bees feeding on treated diet and those feeding on negative control (no addition of a test substance), solvent control (0.01 mM Na2CO3), and positive control diet (dimethoate 45 mg/L). Bt Cry9Ee toxin did not affect survival or larval weight, and the result was great confidence in accepting the null hypothesis by power analysis. The effect on development rates and pollen consumption were the inconclusive results because the post-hoc power was less than 0.8. Furthermore, the midgut bacterial structure and compositions were determined using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA. All core honey bee intestinal bacterial class such as γ-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Bacilli, β-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidia were detected, and no significant changes were found in the species diversity and richness between Cry9Ee treatments and laboratory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Mengyue Wang
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxiong Yan
- Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shilong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingyun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Yi D, Fang Z, Yang L. Effects of Bt cabbage pollen on the honeybee Apis mellifera L. Sci Rep 2018; 8:482. [PMID: 29323206 PMCID: PMC5764958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Honeybees may be exposed to insecticidal proteins from transgenic plants via pollen during their foraging activity. Assessing effects of such exposures on honeybees is an essential part of the risk assessment process for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cabbage. Feeding trials were conducted in a laboratory setting to test for possible effects of Cry1Ba3 cabbage pollen on Italian-derived honeybees Apis mellifera L. Newly emerged A. mellifera were fed transgenic pollen, activated Cry1Ba3 toxin, pure sugar syrup (60% w/v sucrose solution), and non-transgenic cabbage pollen, respectively. Then the effects on survival, pollen consumption, weight, detoxification enzyme activity and midgut enzyme activity of A. mellifera were monitored. The results showed that there were no significant differences in survival, pollen consumption, weight, detoxification enzyme activity among all treatments. No significant differences in the activities of total proteolytic enzyme, active alkaline trypsin-like enzyme and weak alkaline trypsin-like enzyme were observed among all treatments. These results indicate that the side-effects of the Cry1Ba3 cabbage pollen on A. mellifera L. are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengxia Yi
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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10
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Wang J, Peng Y, Yang H, Yan Z, Li Q, Shi Y, Xie C, Liang Y, Wang Z, Song Q. Biotoxicity of Cry1Ab protein on wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1336-1343. [PMID: 29043472 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we carried out a tritrophic bioassay to assess the potential effect of Cry1Ab-expressing rice on the foraging behavior of the common wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata and its underlying molecular mechanism. Results indicated the Bt-containing spiders expressed a higher foraging range when compared to controls. The high throughput de novo transcriptome sequencing was further carried out for central nervous system (CNS) of P. pseudoannulata with and without Cry1Ab intake. We obtained 120, 985 unigenes with a mean length of 529.73 bp. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed the expression levels of genes related to energy metabolism were changed in response to Cry1Ab, which may contribute to a more active foraging behavior. In addition, some DEGs also have a function related to metal ion binding, implying a potential influence on metal ions-dependent reactions. This may be associated with Cry1Ab resistance mechanism in the spider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yuande Peng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410205, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Qinjin Li
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yixue Shi
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410205, China
| | - Yunshan Liang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, No1 Nongda Road, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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11
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Li R, Yan Z, Wang J, Song Q, Wang Z. De novo characterization of venom apparatus transcriptome of Pardosa pseudoannulata and analysis of its gene expression in response to Bt protein. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 29115956 PMCID: PMC5678584 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pardosa pseudoannulata is a prevailing spider species, and has been regarded as an important bio-control agent of insect pests in farmland of China. However, the available genomic and transcriptomic databases of P. pseudoannulata and their venom are limited, which severely hampers functional genomic analysis of P. pseudoannulata. Recently high-throughput sequencing technology has been proved to be an efficient tool for profiling the transcriptome of relevant non-target organisms exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein through food webs. Results In this study, the transcriptome of the venom apparatus was analyzed. A total of 113,358 non-redundant unigenes were yielded, among which 34,041 unigenes with complete or various length encoding regions were assigned biological function annotations and annotated with gene ontology and karyotic orthologous group terms. In addition, 3726 unigenes involved in response to stimulus and 720 unigenes associated with immune-response pathways were identified. Furthermore, we investigated transcriptomic changes in the venom apparatus using tag-based DGE technique. A total of 1724 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, while 75 and 372 DEGs were functionally annotated with KEGG pathways and GO terms, respectively. qPCR analyses were performed to verify the DEGs directly or indirectly related to immune and stress responses, including genes encoding heat shock protein, toll-like receptor, GST and NADH dehydrogenase. Conclusion This is the first study conducted to specifically investigate the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata in response to Bt protein exposure through tritrophic chain. A substantial fraction of transcript sequences was generated by high-throughput sequencing of the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata. Then a comparative transcriptome analysis showing a large number of candidate genes involved in immune response were identified by the tag-based DGE technology. This transcriptome dataset will provide a comprehensive sequence resource for furture molecular genetic research of the venom apparatus of P. pseudoannulata. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-017-0392-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.,Department of Biosciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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12
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Alquisira-Ramírez EV, Peña-Chora G, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Alvear-García A, Arenas-Sosa I, Suarez-Rodríguez R. Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis strains virulent to Varroa destructor on larvae and adults of Apis mellifera. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:69-78. [PMID: 28388479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sublethal effects of two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, which were virulent in vitro to Varroa destructor, were measured on Apis mellifera. The effects of five concentrations of total protein (1, 5, 25, 50 and 100μg/mL) from the EA3 and EA26.1 strains on larval and adult honey bees were evaluated for two and seven days under laboratory conditions. Based on the concentrations evaluated, total protein from the two strains did not affect the development of larvae, the syrup consumption, locomotor activity or proboscis extension response of adults. These same parameters were also tested for the effects of three concentrations (1, 10 and 15μg/kg) of cypermethrin as a positive control. Although no significant differences were observed after two days of treatment with cypermethrin, a dose-response relationship in syrup consumption and locomotor activity was observed. A significant reduction in the proboscis extension response of the bees treated with cypermethrin was also observed. Therefore, in contrast to cypermethrin, our results indicate that the EA3 and EA26.1 strains of B. thuringiensis can be used in beehives to control V. destructor and reduce the negative effects of this mite on colonies without adverse effects on the larvae and adults of A. mellifera. Additionally, the overuse of synthetic miticides, which produce both lethal and sublethal effects on bees, can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vianey Alquisira-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Peña-Chora
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico.
| | - Víctor Manuel Hernández-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico.
| | - Andrés Alvear-García
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico.
| | - Iván Arenas-Sosa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelos, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP: 62210, Mexico.
| | - Ramón Suarez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62209, Mexico.
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Paulo PD, Fadini MAM, Dominiquini AB, Mendes SM, Marinho CGS. Cry protein in the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus and spider mite Tetranychus urticae prey fed with transgenic maize. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:91-93. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.06516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. D. Paulo
- Federal University of São João Del-Rei, Brazil
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14
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Kwadha CA, Ong'amo GO, Ndegwa PN, Raina SK, Fombong AT. The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella. INSECTS 2017; 8:E61. [PMID: 28598383 PMCID: PMC5492075 DOI: 10.3390/insects8020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus, is a ubiquitous pest of the honeybee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, and Apis cerana Fabricius. The greater wax moth larvae burrow into the edge of unsealed cells with pollen, bee brood, and honey through to the midrib of honeybee comb. Burrowing larvae leave behind masses of webs which causes galleriasis and later absconding of colonies. The damage caused by G. mellonella larvae is severe in tropical and sub-tropical regions, and is believed to be one of the contributing factors to the decline in both feral and wild honeybee populations. Previously, the pest was considered a nuisance in honeybee colonies, therefore, most studies have focused on the pest as a model for in vivo studies of toxicology and pathogenicity. It is currently widespread, especially in Africa, and the potential of transmitting honeybee viruses has raised legitimate concern, thus, there is need for more studies to find sustainable integrated management strategies. However, our knowledge of this pest is limited. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the biology, distribution, economic damage, and management options. In addition, we provide prospects that need consideration for better understanding and management of the pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Kwadha
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - George O Ong'amo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Paul N Ndegwa
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Suresh K Raina
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ayuka T Fombong
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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15
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Benuszak J, Laurent M, Chauzat MP. The exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae) to pesticides: Room for improvement in research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:423-438. [PMID: 28256316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Losses of honey bees have been repeatedly reported from many places worldwide. The widespread use of synthetic pesticides has led to concerns regarding their environmental fate and their effects on pollinators. Based on a standardised review, we report the use of a wide variety of honey bee matrices and sampling methods in the scientific papers studying pesticide exposure. Matrices such as beeswax and beebread were very little analysed despite their capacities for long-term pesticide storage. Moreover, bioavailability and transfer between in-hive matrices were poorly understood and explored. Many pesticides were studied but interactions between molecules or with other stressors were lacking. Sampling methods, targeted matrices and units of measure should have been, to some extent, standardised between publications to ease comparison and cross checking. Data on honey bee exposure to pesticides would have also benefit from the use of commercial formulations in experiments instead of active ingredients, with a special assessment of co-formulants (quantitative exposure and effects). Finally, the air matrix within the colony must be explored in order to complete current knowledge on honey bee pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Benuszak
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Laurent
- Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chauzat
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France; Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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16
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No effect of Bt Cry1Ie toxin on bacterial diversity in the midgut of the Chinese honey bees, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:41688. [PMID: 28139751 PMCID: PMC5282592 DOI: 10.1038/srep41688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cry1Ie protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been proposed as a promising candidate for the development of a new Bt-maize variety to control maize pests in China. We studied the response of the midgut bacterial community of Apis cerana cerana to Cry1Ie toxin under laboratory conditions. Newly emerged bees were fed one of the following treatments for 15 and 30 days: three concentrations of Cry1Ie toxin (20 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL, and 20 μg/mL) in sugar syrup, pure sugar syrup as a negative control and 48 ng/mL imidacloprid as a positive control. The relative abundance of 16S rRNA genes was measured by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and no apparent differences were found among treatments for any of these counts at any time point. Furthermore, the midgut bacterial structure and compositions were determined using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rDNA. All core honey bee intestinal bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Snodgrassella, and Gilliamella were detected, and no significant changes were found in the species diversity and richness for any bacterial taxa among treatments at different time points. These results suggest that Cry1Ie toxin may not affect gut bacterial communities of Chinese honey bees.
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17
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Dai PL, Jia HR, Jack CJ, Geng LL, Liu F, Hou CS, Diao QY, Ellis JD. Bt Cry1Ie Toxin Does Not Impact the Survival and Pollen Consumption of Chinese Honey Bees, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:2259-2263. [PMID: 27670271 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cry1Ie gene may be a good candidate for the development of Bt maize because over-expression of Cry1Ie is highly toxic to Lepidopteran pests such as Heliothis armigera Hübner and Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée. The Bt cry1Ie gene also has no cross resistance with other insecticidal proteins such as Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ah, or Cry1F. Chinese honey bees (Apis cerana cerana) are potentially exposed to insect-resistant genetically modified (IRGM) crops expressing Cry1Ie toxin via the collection of IRGM crop pollen. In this study, we tested whether Chinese honey bee workers are negatively affected by sugar syrup containing 20, 200, or 20,000 ng/ml Cry1Ie toxin and 48 ng/ml imidacloprid under controlled laboratory conditions. Our results demonstrated that the Cry1Ie toxin does not adversely impact survival and pollen consumption of Chinese honey bees. However, imidacloprid decreases Chinese honey bee survival and the total pollen consumption on the 5th, 6th, and 18th d of exposure. The described bioassay is suitable to assess the effects of GM expressed toxins against honey bee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Li Dai
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (; ; )
| | - Hui-Ru Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (; )
| | - Cameron J Jack
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA (; )
| | - Li-Li Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (; )
| | - Feng Liu
- Apiculture Institute of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330052, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (; ; )
| | - Qing-Yun Diao
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China (; ; )
| | - James D Ellis
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA (; )
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18
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Xiao D, Zhao J, Guo X, Chen H, Qu M, Zhai W, Desneux N, Biondi A, Zhang F, Wang S. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on the predatory seven-spot ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1782-1793. [PMID: 27670666 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The seven-spot ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, is a major natural enemy of aphids in the field and in greenhouses in China and is part of integrated pest management (IPM). Imidacloprid, a highly efficient insecticide that not only kills aphids at lethal concentrations, but also can cause various sublethal effects in nontarget organisms. To strengthen IPM and its sustainability, it is important assessing possible side effects on natural enemies. When the effects of sublethal concentrations (LC5 and 10%LC5) of imidacloprid on C. septempunctata were evaluated, the adult longevity was shortened by 23.97 and 28.68 %, and the fecundity reduced by 52.81 and 56.09 % compared to control population. In the F1 generation (i.e., the progeny of the exposed individuals), the juvenile development was slower by 1.44 days and 0.66 days, and the oviposition period was shortened by 10 and 13 days, respectively. The fecundity of the F1 generation decreased by 17.88, 44.03 and 51.69 % when exposed to 1%LC5, 10%LC5, and LC5, respectively. The results of demographical growth estimates showed that the intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) and net reproductive rate (R 0 ) were lower in C. septempunctata populations that had been exposed to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. The results emphasize the importance of assessing side effects of low imidacloprid concentrations on such predator species, even at the transgenerational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Mengmeng Qu
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Weigang Zhai
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, 400 Route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, 06903, France
| | - Antonio Biondi
- University of Catania, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, via Santa Sofia 100, Catania, 95123, Italy
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science, Beijing, 100097, China.
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Yaqoob A, Shahid AA, Samiullah TR, Rao AQ, Khan MAU, Tahir S, Mirza SA, Husnain T. Risk assessment of Bt crops on the non-target plant-associated insects and soil organisms. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2613-2619. [PMID: 26857894 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes are being cultivated worldwide to express toxic insecticidal proteins. However, the commercial utilisation of Bt crops greatly highlights biosafety issues worldwide. Therefore, assessing the risks caused by genetically modified crops prior to their commercial cultivation is a critical issue to be addressed. In agricultural biotechnology, the goal of safety assessment is not just to identify the safety of a genetically modified (GM) plant, rather to demonstrate its impact on the ecosystem. Various experimental studies have been made worldwide during the last 20 years to investigate the risks and fears associated with non-target organisms (NTOs). The NTOs include beneficial insects, natural pest controllers, rhizobacteria, growth promoting microbes, pollinators, soil dwellers, aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, mammals and humans. To highlight all the possible risks associated with different GM events, information has been gathered from a total of 76 articles, regarding non-target plant and soil inhabiting organisms, and summarised in the form of the current review article. No significant harmful impact has been reported in any case study related to approved GM events, although critical risk assessments are still needed before commercialisation of these crops. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yaqoob
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Rehman Samiullah
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qayyum Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azmat Ullah Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Sana Tahir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Ali Mirza
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87 West Canal Bank Road, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
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Fatima S, Hussain M, Shafqat S, Faheem Malik M, Abbas Z, Noureen N, ul Ane N. Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:9312013. [PMID: 27313962 PMCID: PMC4893443 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9312013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the major pest of many vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamental plants causing losses to the farmers and its control has been an issue of significance in the pest management. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Telsta, Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, and their mixtures against hibiscus mealybug in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management at University of Gujrat, Pakistan. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24 and 48 h of the application of insecticides. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by Talstar and Talstar + Imidacloprid at the concentration of 0.14% after 48 h followed by Advantage + Talstar with 87.50% mortality at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment observed was Advantage + Telsta with no mortality after 24 h and 25% mortality after 48 h at 0.14% concentration. The study revealed that the concentration 0.14% was highly effective in lowering the mealybug population and insecticide mixtures were effective in reducing mealybug density. The study emphasizes the use of such insecticide mixtures to develop better management strategy for mealybug populations attacking ornamental plants. However effects of such insecticide mixtures on other organisms and biological control agents should be checked under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samman Fatima
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Shama Shafqat
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem Malik
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Noureen
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
| | - Noor ul Ane
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan
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21
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Renzi MT, Amichot M, Pauron D, Tchamitchian S, Brunet JL, Kretzschmar A, Maini S, Belzunces LP. Chronic toxicity and physiological changes induced in the honey bee by the exposure to fipronil and Bacillus thuringiensis spores alone or combined. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:205-13. [PMID: 26866756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the agricultural environment, honey bees may be exposed to combinations of pesticides. Until now, the effects of these combinations on honey bee health have been poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the impacts of biological and chemical insecticides, combining low dietary concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores (100 and 1000µg/L) with the chemical insecticide fipronil (1µg/L). In order to assess the possible effects of Cry toxins, the Bt kurstaki strain (Btk) was compared with a Bt strain devoid of toxin-encoding plasmids (Bt Cry(-)). The oral exposure to fipronil and Bt spores from both strains for 10 days did not elicit significant effects on the feeding behavior and survival after 25 days. Local and systemic physiological effects were investigated by measuring the activities of enzymes involved in the intermediary and detoxication metabolisms at two sampling dates (day 10 and day 20). Attention was focused on head and midgut glutathione-S-transferase (GST), midgut alkaline phosphatase (ALP), abdomen glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). We found that Bt Cry(-) and Btk spores induced physiological modifications by differentially modulating enzyme activities. Fipronil influenced the enzyme activities differently at days 10 and 20 and, when combined with Bt spores, elicited modulations of some spore-induced physiological responses. These results show that an apparent absence of toxicity may hide physiological disruptions that could be potentially damaging for the bees, especially in the case of combined exposures to other environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Renzi
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France; Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcel Amichot
- INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - David Pauron
- INRA, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sylvie Tchamitchian
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Luc Brunet
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - André Kretzschmar
- INRA, UR Biostatistiques et Processus Spatiaux, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Stefano Maini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luc P Belzunces
- INRA, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UR 406 A&E, CS 40509, 84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France.
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Dai PL, Jia HR, Geng LL, Diao QY. Bt Toxin Cry1Ie Causes No Negative Effects on Survival, Pollen Consumption, or Olfactory Learning in Worker Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1028-1033. [PMID: 27122497 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) is a key nontarget insect in environmental risk assessments of insect-resistant genetically modified crops. In controlled laboratory conditions, we evaluated the potential effects of Cry1Ie toxin on survival, pollen consumption, and olfactory learning of young adult honey bees. We exposed worker bees to syrup containing 20, 200, or 20,000 ng/ml Cry1Ie toxin, and also exposed some bees to 48 ng/ml imidacloprid as a positive control for exposure to a sublethal concentration of a toxic product. Results suggested that Cry1Ie toxin carries no risk to survival, pollen consumption, or learning capabilities of young adult honey bees. However, during oral exposure to the imidacloprid treatments, honey bee learning behavior was affected and bees consumed significantly less pollen than the control and Cry1Ie groups.
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Jia HR, Geng LL, Li YH, Wang Q, Diao QY, Zhou T, Dai PL. The effects of Bt Cry1Ie toxin on bacterial diversity in the midgut of Apis mellifera ligustica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Sci Rep 2016; 6:24664. [PMID: 27090812 PMCID: PMC4835784 DOI: 10.1038/srep24664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The honey bee has been regarded as a key species in the environmental risk assessment of biotech crops. Here, the potential adverse effects of Cry1Ie toxin on the midgut bacteria of the worker bees (Apis mellifera ligustica) were investigated under laboratory conditions. Newly emerged bees were fed with different concentrations of Cry1Ie toxin syrups (20 ng/mL, 200 ng/mL, and 20 μg/mL), pure sugar syrup, and 48 ppb of imidacloprid syrups, then sampled after 15 and 30 d. We characterized the dominant midgut bacteria and compared the composition and structure of the midgut bacterial community in all samples using the Illumina MiSeq platform targeting the V3–V4 regions of 16S rDNA. No significant differences in the diversity of the midgut bacteria were observed between the five treatments. This work was the first to show the effects of Cry1Ie toxin on honey bees, and our study provided a theoretical basis for the biosafety assessment of transgenic Cry1Ie maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Jia
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li-Li Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun-He Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qing-Yun Diao
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ping-Li Dai
- Ministry Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Pettis JS, Rice N, Joselow K, vanEngelsdorp D, Chaimanee V. Colony Failure Linked to Low Sperm Viability in Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Queens and an Exploration of Potential Causative Factors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147220. [PMID: 26863438 PMCID: PMC4749221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Queen health is closely linked to colony performance in honey bees as a single queen is normally responsible for all egg laying and brood production within the colony. In the U. S. in recent years, queens have been failing at a high rate; with 50% or greater of queens replaced in colonies within 6 months when historically a queen might live one to two years. This high rate of queen failure coincides with the high mortality rates of colonies in the US, some years with >50% of colonies dying. In the current study, surveys of sperm viability in US queens were made to determine if sperm viability plays a role in queen or colony failure. Wide variation was observed in sperm viability from four sets of queens removed from colonies that beekeepers rated as in good health (n = 12; average viability = 92%), were replacing as part of normal management (n = 28; 57%), or where rated as failing (n = 18 and 19; 54% and 55%). Two additional paired set of queens showed a statistically significant difference in viability between colonies rated by the beekeeper as failing or in good health from the same apiaries. Queens removed from colonies rated in good health averaged high viability (ca. 85%) while those rated as failing or in poor health had significantly lower viability (ca. 50%). Thus low sperm viability was indicative of, or linked to, colony performance. To explore the source of low sperm viability, six commercial queen breeders were surveyed and wide variation in viability (range 60-90%) was documented between breeders. This variability could originate from the drones the queens mate with or temperature extremes that queens are exposed to during shipment. The role of shipping temperature as a possible explanation for low sperm viability was explored. We documented that during shipment queens are exposed to temperature spikes (<8 and > 40°C) and these spikes can kill 50% or more of the sperm stored in queen spermathecae in live queens. Clearly low sperm viability is linked to colony performance and laboratory and field data provide evidence that temperature extremes are a potential causative factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S. Pettis
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan Rice
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Katie Joselow
- Bee Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dennis vanEngelsdorp
- Entomology Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Veeranan Chaimanee
- Department of Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Rong Kwang, Phrae, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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25
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Campos RC, Hernández MIM. The Importance of Maize Management on Dung Beetle Communities in Atlantic Forest Fragments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145000. [PMID: 26694874 PMCID: PMC4690589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dung beetle community structures changes due to the effects of destruction, fragmentation, isolation and decrease in tropical forest area, and therefore are considered ecological indicators. In order to assess the influence of type of maize cultivated and associated maize management on dung beetle communities in Atlantic Forest fragments surrounded by conventional and transgenic maize were evaluated 40 Atlantic Forest fragments of different sizes, 20 surrounded by GM maize and 20 surrounded by conventional maize, in February 2013 and 2014 in Southern Brazil. After applying a sampling protocol in each fragment (10 pitfall traps baited with human feces or carrion exposed for 48 h), a total of 3454 individuals from 44 species were captured: 1142 individuals from 38 species in GM maize surrounded fragments, and 2312 from 42 species in conventional maize surrounded fragments. Differences in dung beetle communities were found between GM and conventional maize communities. As expected for fragmented areas, the covariance analysis showed a greater species richness in larger fragments under both conditions; however species richness was greater in fragments surrounded by conventional maize. Dung beetle structure in the forest fragments was explained by environmental variables, fragment area, spatial distance and also type of maize (transgenic or conventional) associated with maize management techniques. In Southern Brazil’s scenario, the use of GM maize combined with associated agricultural management may be accelerating the loss of diversity in Atlantic Forest areas, and consequently, important ecosystem services provided by dung beetles may be lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Calixto Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Malva Isabel Medina Hernández
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Karahan A, Çakmak I, Hranitz JM, Karaca I, Wells H. Sublethal imidacloprid effects on honey bee flower choices when foraging. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:2017-2025. [PMID: 26415950 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1537-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids, systemic neuro-active pesticides similar to nicotine, are widely used in agriculture and are being investigated for a role in honey bee colony losses. We examined one neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, for its effects on the foraging behavior of free-flying honey bees (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) visiting artificial blue and white flowers. Imidacloprid doses, ranging from 1/5 to 1/50 of the reported LD50, were fed to bees orally. The study consisted of three experimental parts performed sequentially without interruption. In Part 1, both flower colors contained a 4 μL 1 M sucrose solution reward. Part 2 offered bees 4 μL of 1.5 M sucrose solution in blue flowers and a 4 μL 0.5 M sucrose solution reward in white flowers. In Part 3 we reversed the sugar solution rewards, while keeping the flower color consistent. Each experiment began 30 min after administration of the pesticide. We recorded the percentage of experimental bees that returned to forage after treatment. We also recorded the visitation rate, number of flowers visited, and floral reward choices of the bees that foraged after treatment. The forager return rate declined linearly with increasing imidacloprid dose. The number of foraging trips by returning bees was also affected adversely. However, flower fidelity was not affected by imidacloprid dose. Foragers visited both blue and white flowers extensively in Part 1, and showed greater fidelity for the flower color offering the higher sugar solution reward in Parts 2 and 3. Although larger samples sizes are needed, our study suggests that imidacloprid may not affect the ability to select the higher nectar reward when rewards were reversed. We observed acute, mild effects on foraging by honey bees, so mild that storage of imidacloprid tainted-honey is very plausible and likely to be found in honey bee colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Karahan
- Department of Plant Protection, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Republic of Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Çakmak
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, MKP MYO, Uludag University, Bursa, Republic of Turkey.
| | - John M Hranitz
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA, 17815-1301, USA
| | - Ismail Karaca
- Department of Plant Protection, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Republic of Turkey
| | - Harrington Wells
- Department of Biology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
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Low doses of neonicotinoid pesticides in food rewards impair short-term olfactory memory in foraging-age honeybees. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15322. [PMID: 26477973 PMCID: PMC4609922 DOI: 10.1038/srep15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are often applied as systemic seed treatments to crops and have reported negative impact on pollinators when they appear in floral nectar and pollen. Recently, we found that bees in a two-choice assay prefer to consume solutions containing field-relevant doses of the neonicotinoid pesticides, imidacloprid (IMD) and thiamethoxam (TMX), to sucrose alone. This suggests that neonicotinoids enhance the rewarding properties of sucrose and that low, acute doses could improve learning and memory in bees. To test this, we trained foraging-age honeybees to learn to associate floral scent with a reward containing nectar-relevant concentrations of IMD and TMX and tested their short (STM) and long-term (LTM) olfactory memories. Contrary to our predictions, we found that none of the solutions enhanced the rate of olfactory learning and some of them impaired it. In particular, the effect of 10 nM IMD was observed by the second conditioning trial and persisted 24 h later. In most other groups, exposure to IMD and TMX affected STM but not LTM. Our data show that negative impacts of low doses of IMD and TMX do not require long-term exposure and suggest that impacts of neonicotinoids on olfaction are greater than their effects on rewarding memories.
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A neonicotinoid impairs olfactory learning in Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) exposed as larvae or as adults. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10989. [PMID: 26086769 PMCID: PMC4471740 DOI: 10.1038/srep10989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotics such as the neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, are used globally, but their effects on native bee species are poorly understood. We studied the effects of sublethal doses of imidacloprid on olfactory learning in the native honey bee species, Apis cerana, an important pollinator of agricultural and native plants throughout Asia. We provide the first evidence that imidacloprid can impair learning in A. cerana workers exposed as adults or as larvae. Adults that ingested a single imidacloprid dose as low as 0.1 ng/bee had significantly reduced olfactory learning acquisition, which was 1.6-fold higher in control bees. Longer-term learning (1-17 h after the last learning trial) was also impaired. Bees exposed as larvae to a total dose of 0.24 ng/bee did not have reduced survival to adulthood. However, these larval-treated bees had significantly impaired olfactory learning when tested as adults: control bees exhibited up to 4.8-fold better short-term learning acquisition, though longer-term learning was not affected. Thus, sublethal cognitive deficits elicited by neonicotinoids on a broad range of native bee species deserve further study.
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Abstract
Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects, so it is unsurprising that many insecticides have the potential to harm honey bees (Apis mellifera). However, bees are exposed to a great variety of other potentially toxic chemicals, including flavonoids and alkaloids that are produced by plants; mycotoxins produced by fungi; antimicrobials and acaricides that are introduced by beekeepers; and fungicides, herbicides, and other environmental contaminants. Although often regarded as uniquely sensitive to toxic compounds, honey bees are adapted to tolerate and even thrive in the presence of toxic compounds that occur naturally in their environment. The harm caused by exposure to a particular concentration of a toxic compound may depend on the level of simultaneous exposure to other compounds, pathogen levels, nutritional status, and a host of other factors. This review takes a holistic view of bee toxicology by taking into account the spectrum of xenobiotics to which bees are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M Johnson
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio 44691;
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Agapito-Tenfen SZ, Vilperte V, Benevenuto RF, Rover CM, Traavik TI, Nodari RO. Effect of stacking insecticidal cry and herbicide tolerance epsps transgenes on transgenic maize proteome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:346. [PMID: 25490888 PMCID: PMC4273480 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safe use of stacked transgenic crops in agriculture requires their environmental and health risk assessment, through which unintended adverse effects are examined prior to their release in the environment. Molecular profiling techniques can be considered useful tools to address emerging biosafety gaps. Here we report the first results of a proteomic profiling coupled to transgene transcript expression analysis of a stacked commercial maize hybrid containing insecticidal and herbicide tolerant traits in comparison to the single event hybrids in the same genetic background. RESULTS Our results show that stacked genetically modified (GM) genotypes were clustered together and distant from other genotypes analyzed by PCA. Twenty-two proteins were shown to be differentially modulated in stacked and single GM events versus non-GM isogenic maize and a landrace variety with Brazilian genetic background. Enrichment analysis of these proteins provided insight into two major metabolic pathway alterations: energy/carbohydrate and detoxification metabolism. Furthermore, stacked transgene transcript levels had a significant reduction of about 34% when compared to single event hybrid varieties. CONCLUSIONS Stacking two transgenic inserts into the genome of one GM maize hybrid variety may impact the overall expression of endogenous genes. Observed protein changes differ significantly from those of single event lines and a conventional counterpart. Some of the protein modulation did not fall within the range of the natural variability for the landrace used in this study. Higher expression levels of proteins related to the energy/carbohydrate metabolism suggest that the energetic homeostasis in stacked versus single event hybrid varieties also differ. Upcoming global databases on outputs from "omics" analyses could provide a highly desirable benchmark for the safety assessment of stacked transgenic crop events. Accordingly, further studies should be conducted in order to address the biological relevance and implications of such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zanon Agapito-Tenfen
- />CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Brazil
- />Genøk Center for Biosafety, The Science Park, P.O. Box 6418, 9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vinicius Vilperte
- />CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fonseca Benevenuto
- />CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Carina Macagnan Rover
- />CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Onofre Nodari
- />CropScience Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Brazil
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Williamson SM, Willis SJ, Wright GA. Exposure to neonicotinoids influences the motor function of adult worker honeybees. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:1409-18. [PMID: 25011924 PMCID: PMC4165879 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic pesticides such as neonicotinoids are commonly used on flowering crops visited by pollinators, and their use has been implicated in the decline of insect pollinator populations in Europe and North America. Several studies show that neonicotinoids affect navigation and learning in bees but few studies have examined whether these substances influence their basic motor function. Here, we investigated how prolonged exposure to sublethal doses of four neonicotinoid pesticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, dinotefuran) and the plant toxin, nicotine, affect basic motor function and postural control in foraging-age worker honeybees. We used doses of 10 nM for each neonicotinoid: field-relevant doses that we determined to be sublethal and willingly consumed by bees. The neonicotinoids were placed in food solutions given to bees for 24 h. After the exposure period, bees were more likely to lose postural control during the motor function assay and fail to right themselves if exposed to imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin. Bees exposed to thiamethoxam and nicotine also spent more time grooming. Other behaviours (walking, sitting and flying) were not significantly affected. Expression of changes in motor function after exposure to imidacloprid was dose-dependent and affected all measured behaviours. Our data illustrate that 24 h exposure to sublethal doses of neonicotinoid pesticides has a subtle influence on bee behaviour that is likely to affect normal function in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Williamson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Sarah J. Willis
- School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
| | - Geraldine A. Wright
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK
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Wang X, Xue Y, Han M, Bu Y, Liu C. The ecological roles of Bacillus thuringiensis within phyllosphere environments. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:258-264. [PMID: 24534157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most used bio-control agents to control plant insects, but little is known about its effect on the microbial population and communities on plant leaves. With the culture dependent method, it has been observed that the dynamics of Bt within the phyllosphere varied dependent on both the doses of Bt sprayed on the leaves and the plant species, however, Bt's population size kept stable at about 1000 cfu g(-1) after 15 d since inoculation. By comparing the bacterial abundances and community structures within the phyllosphere of three plant species, we confirmed that Bt at the doses of 1.5×10(7) and 1.5×10(9) cfu mL(-1) respectively did not significantly influence the natural bacterial population size on the leaf surfaces based on culture dependent assay. However, based on culture independent denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) analysis, Bt has a significant influence on the bacterial communities within the phyllosphere of amaranth and cotton, but not rice. These results indicate that Bt exhibits different behaviors and ecological roles on the microbial diversity within the phyllosphere, and its environmental safety has to be concerned and evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yarong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Meizhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yuanqing Bu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Jiang Wang Miao Street 8, Nanjing 210042, PR China
| | - Changhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Rondeau G, Sánchez-Bayo F, Tennekes HA, Decourtye A, Ramírez-Romero R, Desneux N. Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5566. [PMID: 24993452 PMCID: PMC4081892 DOI: 10.1038/srep05566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides can benefit from information about the time-dependent toxicity of this chemical. Using published toxicity data for imidacloprid for several insect species, we construct time-to-lethal-effect toxicity plots and fit temporal power-law scaling curves to the data. The level of toxic exposure that results in 50% mortality after time t is found to scale as t1.7 for ants, from t1.6 to t5 for honeybees, and from t1.46 to t2.9 for termites. We present a simple toxicological model that can explain t2 scaling. Extrapolating the toxicity scaling for honeybees to the lifespan of winter bees suggests that imidacloprid in honey at 0.25 μg/kg would be lethal to a large proportion of bees nearing the end of their life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Rondeau
- Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive, Eugene, Oregon 97405, USA
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bayo
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Henk A Tennekes
- Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Decourtye
- Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France
| | - Ricardo Ramírez-Romero
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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34
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Niu L, Ma Y, Mannakkara A, Zhao Y, Ma W, Lei C, Chen L. Impact of single and stacked insect-resistant Bt-cotton on the honey bee and silkworm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72988. [PMID: 24039838 PMCID: PMC3767790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic insect-resistant cotton (Bt cotton) has been extensively planted in China, but its effects on non-targeted insect species such as the economically important honey bee (Apis mellifera) and silkworm (Bombyx mori) currently are unknown. In this study, pollen from two Bt cotton cultivars, one expressing Cry1Ac/EPSPS and the other expressing Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab, were used to evaluate the effects of Bt cotton on adult honey bees and silkworm larvae. Laboratory feeding studies showed no adverse effects on the survival, cumulative consumption, and total hemocyte count (THC) of A. mellifera fed with Bt pollen for 7 days. No effects on the survival or development of B. mori larvae were observed either. A marginally significant difference between Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cotton and the conventional cotton on the THC of the 3(rd) day of 5(th) B. mori instar larvae was observed only at the two highest pollen densities (approximately 900 and 8000 grains/cm(2)), which are much higher than the pollen deposition that occurs under normal field conditions. The results of this study show that pollen of the tested Bt cotton varieties carried no lethal or sublethal risk for A. mellifera, and the risk for B. mori was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Niu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Amani Mannakkara
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Yao Zhao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weihua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (CL)
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (LC); (CL)
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Toxic and deterrent effects of phytohemagglutinin on the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Frost EH, Shutler D, Hillier NK. Effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:2931-8. [PMID: 23619403 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.086538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Contaminants can affect organisms' behaviour and, as a consequence, survival. Tau-fluvalinate (hereafter fluvalinate) is the active ingredient in a pesticide commonly used in North America to control Varroa destructor mites in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Fluvalinate's effects on honey bees are not well known. Honey bee cognitive and neural function can be assessed using the proboscis extension reflex (PER), which applies Pavlovian conditioning techniques. This study used PER to evaluate effects of fluvalinate on honey bee acquisition learning, (long-term) memory recall, responsiveness to sucrose, and mortality. We also evaluated how exclusion criteria for honey bees that did not exhibit PER during training and memory trials affected interpretation of results. Fluvalinate was administered both orally and dermally at high and low doses to mimic routes by which honey bees are exposed. We found negative effects of fluvalinate on honey bee learning, memory, responsiveness to sucrose, and survival, especially in high oral doses. We also found significant consequences to interpretation of results using different exclusion criteria. For example, almost 50% of individuals that failed to show evidence of learning subsequently showed evidence of memory. The latter results have important implications regarding traditional assessment of PER-based learning and memory; the former results suggest that evaluation of honey bee exposure to fluvalinate and attendant consequences warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth H Frost
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, 33 Westwood Avenue, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada
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Hendriksma HP, Küting M, Härtel S, Näther A, Dohrmann AB, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tebbe CC. Effect of stacked insecticidal Cry proteins from maize pollen on nurse bees (Apis mellifera carnica) and their gut bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59589. [PMID: 23533634 PMCID: PMC3606186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee pollination is a key ecosystem service to nature and agriculture. However, biosafety research on genetically modified crops rarely considers effects on nurse bees from intact colonies, even though they receive and primarily process the largest amount of pollen. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of nurse bees and their gut bacteria to pollen from Bt maize expressing three different insecticidal Cry proteins (Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2, and Cry3Bb1). Naturally Cry proteins are produced by bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis). Colonies of Apis mellifera carnica were kept during anthesis in flight cages on field plots with the Bt maize, two different conventionally bred maize varieties, and without cages, 1-km outside of the experimental maize field to allow ad libitum foraging to mixed pollen sources. During their 10-days life span, the consumption of Bt maize pollen had no effect on their survival rate, body weight and rates of pollen digestion compared to the conventional maize varieties. As indicated by ELISA-quantification of Cry1A.105 and Cry3Bb1, more than 98% of the recombinant proteins were degraded. Bacterial population sizes in the gut were not affected by the genetic modification. Bt-maize, conventional varieties and mixed pollen sources selected for significantly different bacterial communities which were, however, composed of the same dominant members, including Proteobacteria in the midgut and Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the hindgut. Surprisingly, Cry proteins from natural sources, most likely B. thuringiensis, were detected in bees with no exposure to Bt maize. The natural occurrence of Cry proteins and the lack of detectable effects on nurse bees and their gut bacteria give no indication for harmful effects of this Bt maize on nurse honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen P. Hendriksma
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meike Küting
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Härtel
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Näther
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anja B. Dohrmann
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph C. Tebbe
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Biondi A, Mommaerts V, Smagghe G, Viñuela E, Zappalà L, Desneux N. The non-target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1523-1536. [PMID: 23109262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinosyn-based products, mostly spinosad, have been widely recommended by extension specialists and agribusiness companies; consequently, they have been used to control various pests in many different cropping systems. Following the worldwide adoption of spinosad-based products for integrated and organic farming, an increasing number of ecotoxicological studies have been published in the past 10 years. These studies are primarily related to the risk assessment of spinosad towards beneficial arthropods. This review takes into account recent data with the aim of (i) highlighting potentially adverse effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods (and hence on ecosystem services that they provide in agroecosystems), (ii) clarifying the range of methods used to address spinosyn side effects on biocontrol agents and pollinators in order to provide new insights for the development of more accurate bioassays, (iii) identifying pitfalls when analysing laboratory results to assess field risks and (iv) gaining increasing knowledge on side effects when using spinosad for integrated pest management (IPM) programmes and organic farming. For the first time, a thorough review of possible risks of spinosad and novel spinosyns (such as spinetoram) to beneficial arthropods (notably natural enemies and pollinators) is provided. The acute lethal effect and multiple sublethal effects have been identified in almost all arthropod groups studied. This review will help to optimise the future use of spinosad and new spinosyns in IPM programmes and for organic farming, notably by preventing the possible side effects of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Biondi
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), ISA, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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Han P, Niu CY, Biondi A, Desneux N. Does transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton pollen affect hypopharyngeal gland development and midgut proteolytic enzyme activity in the honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera, Apidae)? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:2214-2221. [PMID: 22868904 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic Cry1Ac (Bt toxin) + CpTI (Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor) cotton cultivar CCRI41 is increasingly used in China and potential side effects on the honey bee Apis mellifera L. have been documented recently. Two studies have assessed potential lethal and sublethal effects in young bees fed with CCRI41 cotton pollen but no effect was observed on learning capacities, although lower feeding activity in exposed honey bees was noted (antifeedant effect). The present study aimed at providing further insights into potential side effects of CCRI41 cotton on honey bees. Emerging honey bees were exposed to different pollen diets using no-choice feeding protocols (chronic exposure) in controlled laboratory conditions and we aimed at documenting potential mechanisms underneath the CCRI41 antifeedant effect previously reported. Activity of midgut proteolytic enzyme of young adult honey bees fed on CCRI41 cotton pollen were not significantly affected, i.e. previously observed antifeedant effect was not linked to disturbed activity of the proteolytic enzymes in bees' midgut. Hypopharyngeal gland development was assessed by quantifying total extractable proteins from the glands. Results suggested that CCRI41 cotton pollen carries no risk to hypopharyngeal gland development of young adult honey bees. In the two bioassays, honey bees exposed to 1 % soybean trypsin inhibitor were used as positive controls for both midgut proteolytic enzymes and hypopharyngeal gland proteins quantification, and bees exposed to 48 ppb (part per billion) (i.e. 48 ng g(-1)) imidacloprid were used as controls for exposure to a sublethal concentration of toxic product. The results show that the previously reported antifeedant effect of CCRI41 cotton pollen on honey bees is not linked to effects on their midgut proteolytic enzymes or on the development of their hypopharyngeal glands. The results of the study are discussed in the framework of risk assessment of transgenic crops on honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Tan Y, Biondi A, Desneux N, Gao XW. Assessment of physiological sublethal effects of imidacloprid on the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1989-1997. [PMID: 22740097 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is currently one of major mirid pests in the Yangtze River and the Yellow River regions in China. Imidacloprid (neonicotinoid) is widely used against pierce-sucking pest insects, including against A. lucorum. In addition to its direct lethal effect, multiple negative sublethal effects may also occur in exposed insects. We assessed potential sublethal effects of imidacloprid on some biological characteristics of A. lucorum with the aim of increasing rational use of imidacloprid against that cotton pest. The lethal toxicity of imidacloprid on adults of A. lucorum was determined in laboratory conditions by a topical application bioassay (LD(50) = 6.70 ng a.i. [active ingredient]/A. lucorum adult). We also estimated a sublethal dose, LD(5) (0.38 ng a.i./adult), a low lethal dose, LD(25) (1.96 ng a.i./adult), and moderate lethal dose, LD(40) (3.97 ng a.i./adult). The sublethal dose of imidacloprid (LD(5)) shortened the pre-oviposition period of females but increased the time required for eggs to develop (i.e. longer embryogenesis). The low lethal dose (LD(25)) also reduced the pre-oviposition period. Females exposed to the LD(40) laid eggs that developed faster but overall percentage of eggs hatching was reduced. LD(25) and LD(40) reduced longevity of males but not of females. In addition, the susceptibility to seven insecticides generally used on Chinese crops was not modified in A. lucorum previously exposed to the LD(25) of imidacloprid. Our results demonstrate sublethal effects of low doses of imidacloprid on A. lucorum (notably on pre-oviposition period and egg development) which may have an impact on population dynamics of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tan
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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41
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Liang P, Tian YA, Biondi A, Desneux N, Gao XW. Short-term and transgenerational effects of the neonicotinoid nitenpyram on susceptibility to insecticides in two whitefly species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1889-1898. [PMID: 22661314 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0922-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci which had coexisted with Trialeurodes vaporariorum in Northern China for many years, has become the dominant species in the last years. Recent reports show that it is gradually displacing the other greenhouse whitefly species. Neonicotinoid, which includes nitenpyram, is a major group of insecticides used against whiteflies in various crops. When exposed to low doses of insecticides, insects may develop resistance by adapting physiologically. The short- and long-term effects of nitenpyram on insecticide sensitivity in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum adult populations have been compared in the present study. After being exposed to LC(25) of nitenpyram for 24 h, the B. tabaci biotype B adults showed no significant change in susceptibility to nitenpyram or to five other insecticides: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, abamectin, chlorpyrifos and beta-cypermethrin. By contrast, exposure to the LC(25) of nitenpyram for 24 h led to a significant increase in the susceptibility of T. vaporariorum to nitenpyram and imidacloprid, by 1.8- and 2-fold, respectively. When exposed for seven generations to the LC(25) of nitenpyram, B. tabaci developed 6-fold resistance to nitenpyram, and 3.1- and 5-fold cross-resistance to imidacloprid and acetamiprid, respectively, whereas T. vaporariorum developed lower resistance (3.7-fold) to the nitenpyram and very low cross-resistance to imidacloprid (2.5-fold). The higher adaptable nature of B. tabaci (demonstrated here in the case of nitenpyram) when exposed to low doses of insecticides may provide a selective advantage when competing with T. vaporariorum in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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42
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He Y, Zhao J, Zheng Y, Desneux N, Wu K. Lethal effect of imidacloprid on the coccinellid predator Serangium japonicum and sublethal effects on predator voracity and on functional response to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:1291-1300. [PMID: 22447470 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-012-0883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used for controlling sucking pests, and sublethal effects can be expected in beneficial arthropods like natural enemies. Serangium japonicum is an important predator in many agricultural systems in China, and a potential biological control agent against Bemisia tabaci. We evaluated the toxicity of imidacloprid to S. japonicum and its impact on the functional response to B. tabaci eggs. S. japonicum adults exposed through contact to dried residues of imidacloprid at the recommended field rate on cotton against B. tabaci (4 g active ingredient per 100 l, i.e. 40 ppm [part per million]), and reduced rates (25, 20, 15 and 10 ppm) for 24 h showed high mortality rates. The mortality induced by a lowest rate, 5 ppm, was not significantly different than the control group and thus it was considered as a sublethal rate. The lethal rate 50 and hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated to be 11.54 ppm and 3.47 respectively, indicating a risk for S. japonicum in treated fields (HQ > 2). When exposed to dried residues of imidacloprid at the sublethal rate (5 ppm) on cotton leaves, functional response of S. japonicum to B. tabaci eggs was affected with an increase in handling time and a reduction in peak consumption of eggs. Imidacloprid residues also disturbed predator voracity, the number of B. tabaci eggs consumed on treated leaves being significantly lower than on untreated leaves. All effects disappeared within a few hours after transfer to untreated cotton leaves. Imidacloprid systemically applied at the recommended field rate (for cotton) showed no toxicity to S. japonicum, nor affected the functional response of the predator. Sublethal effects of imidacloprid on S. japonicum observed in our study likely negatively affect S. japonicum development and reproductive capacity and may ultimately reduce predator population growth. These results hint at the importance of assessing potential effects of imidacloprid on S. japonicum for developing effective integrated pest management programs of B. tabaci in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian He
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, People's Republic of China
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43
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Nzeduru CV, Ronca S, Wilkinson MJ. DNA barcoding simplifies environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in biodiverse regions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35929. [PMID: 22567120 PMCID: PMC3342289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenes encoding for insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins from the soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus Thuringiensis have been widely introduced into Genetically Modified (GM) crops to confer protection against insect pests. Concern that these transgenes may also harm beneficial or otherwise valued insects (so-called Non Target Organisms, NTOs) represents a major element of the Environmental Risk Assessments (ERAs) used by all countries prior to commercial release. Compiling a comprehensive list of potentially susceptible NTOs is therefore a necessary part of an ERA for any Cry toxin-containing GM crop. In partly-characterised and biodiverse countries, NTO identification is slowed by the need for taxonomic expertise and time to enable morphological identifications. This limitation represents a potentially serious barrier to timely adoption of GM technology in some developing countries. We consider Bt Cry1A cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria as an exemplar to demonstrate how COI barcoding can provide a simple and cost-effective means of addressing this problem. Over a period of eight weeks, we collected 163 insects from cowpea flowers across the agroecological and geographic range of the crop in Nigeria. These individuals included 32 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) spanning four Orders and that could mostly be assigned to genus or species level. They included 12 Lepidopterans and two Coleopterans (both potentially sensitive to different groups of Cry proteins). Thus, barcode-assisted diagnoses were highly harmonised across groups (typically to genus or species level) and so were insensitive to expertise or knowledge gaps. Decisively, the entire study was completed within four months at a cost of less than 10,000 US$. The broader implications of the findings for food security and the capacity for safe adoption of GM technology are briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere V. Nzeduru
- Biosafety Unit, Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Sandra Ronca
- Insitute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J. Wilkinson
- Insitute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
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Dai PL, Zhou W, Zhang J, Cui HJ, Wang Q, Jiang WY, Sun JH, Wu YY, Zhou T. Field assessment of Bt cry1Ah corn pollen on the survival, development and behavior of Apis mellifera ligustica. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 79:232-237. [PMID: 22364780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Honeybees may be exposed to insecticidal proteins from transgenic plants via pollen. An assessment of the impact of such exposures on the honeybee is an essential part of the risk assessment process for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of transgenic Bt cry1Ah corn on the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. Colonies of honeybees were moved to Bt or non-Bt corn fields during anthesis and then sampled to record their survival, development and behavior. No differences in immature stages, worker survival, bee body weight, hypopharyngeal gland weight, colony performance, foraging activity or olfactory learning abilities were detected between colonies that were placed in non-Bt corn fields and those placed in Bt corn fields. We conclude that cry1Ah corn carries no risk for the survival, development, colony performance or behavior of the honeybee A. mellifera ligustica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Li Dai
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong-Juan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ji-Hu Sun
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100093, China; Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, China.
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Hendriksma HP, Härtel S, Steffan-Dewenter I. Testing pollen of single and stacked insect-resistant Bt-maize on in vitro reared honey bee larvae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28174. [PMID: 22194811 PMCID: PMC3241620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecologically and economic important honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a key non-target arthropod species in environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops. Honey bee larvae are directly exposed to transgenic products by the consumption of GM pollen. But most ERA studies only consider responses of adult bees, although Bt-proteins primarily affect the larval phases of target organisms. We adopted an in vitro larvae rearing system, to assess lethal and sublethal effects of Bt-pollen consumption in a standardized eco-toxicological bioassay. The effects of pollen from two Bt-maize cultivars, one expressing a single and the other a total of three Bt-proteins, on the survival and prepupae weight of honey bee larvae were analyzed. The control treatments included pollen from three non-transgenic maize varieties and of Heliconia rostrata. Three days old larvae were fed the realistic exposure dose of 2 mg pollen within the semi-artificial diet. The larvae were monitored over 120 h, until the prepupal stage, where larvae terminate feeding and growing. Neither single nor stacked Bt-maize pollen showed an adverse effect on larval survival and the prepupal weight. In contrast, feeding of H. rostrata pollen caused significant toxic effects. The results of this study indicate that pollen of the tested Bt-varieties does not harm the development of in vitro reared A. mellifera larvae. To sustain the ecosystem service of pollination, Bt-impact on A. mellifera should always be a crucial part of regulatory biosafety assessments. We suggest that our approach of feeding GM pollen on in vitro reared honey bee larvae is well suited of becoming a standard bioassay in regulatory risk assessments schemes of GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen P Hendriksma
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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46
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Brittain C, Potts SG. The potential impacts of insecticides on the life-history traits of bees and the consequences for pollination. Basic Appl Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Cresswell JE. A meta-analysis of experiments testing the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) on honey bees. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:149-57. [PMID: 21080222 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees provide important pollination services to crops and wild plants. The agricultural use of systemic insecticides, such as neonicotinoids, may harm bees through their presence in pollen and nectar, which bees consume. Many studies have tested the effects on honey bees of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid, but a clear picture of the risk it poses to bees has not previously emerged, because investigations are methodologically varied and inconsistent in outcome. In a meta-analysis of fourteen published studies of the effects of imidacloprid on honey bees under laboratory and semi-field conditions that comprised measurements on 7073 adult individuals and 36 colonies, fitted dose-response relationships estimate that trace dietary imidacloprid at field-realistic levels in nectar will have no lethal effects, but will reduce expected performance in honey bees by between 6 and 20%. Statistical power analysis showed that published field trials that have reported no effects on honey bees from neonicotinoids were incapable of detecting these predicted sublethal effects with conventionally accepted levels of certainty. These findings raise renewed concern about the impact on honey bees of dietary imidacloprid, but because questions remain over the environmental relevance of predominantly laboratory-based results, I identify targets for research and provide procedural recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Cresswell
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
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48
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Desneux N, Bernal JS. Genetically modified crops deserve greater ecotoxicological scrutiny. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1642-1644. [PMID: 20882339 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desneux
- Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, INRA, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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49
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Han P, Niu CY, Lei CL, Cui JJ, Desneux N. Use of an innovative T-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to assess sublethal effects of GM products and pesticides on learning capacity of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1612-9. [PMID: 20872243 PMCID: PMC2987206 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Cry1Ac+CpTI cotton (CCRI41) is a promising cotton cultivar throughout China but side effects and especially sublethal effects of this transgenic cultivar on beneficial insects remain poorly studied. More specifically potential sublethal effects on behavioural traits of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. have not been formally assessed despite the importance of honey bees for pollination. The goal of our study was to assess potential effects of CCRI41 cotton pollen on visual and olfactory learning by honey bees. After a 7-day oral chronic exposure to honey mixed with either CCRI41 pollen, imidacloprid-treated conventional pollen (used as positive sublethal control) or conventional pollen (control), learning performance was evaluated by the classical proboscis extension reflex (PER) procedure as well as a T-tube maze test. The latter assay was designed as a new device to assess potential side effects of pesticides on visual associative learning of honey bees. These two procedures were complementary because the former focused on olfactory learning while the latter was involved in visual learning based on visual orientation ability. Oral exposure to CCRI41 pollen did not affect learning capacities of honey bees in both the T-tube maze and PER tests. However, exposure to imidacloprid resulted in reduced visual learning capacities in T-tube maze evaluation and decreased olfactory learning performances measured with PER. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of risks of transgenic CCRI41 cotton crops for honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Utilization of Insect Resources and Sustainable Control of Pests, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Mountain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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Han P, Niu CY, Lei CL, Cui JJ, Desneux N. Quantification of toxins in a Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton cultivar and its potential effects on the honey bee Apis mellifera L. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:1452-9. [PMID: 20700762 PMCID: PMC2995320 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI cotton (CCRI41) is increasingly planted throughout China. However, negative effects of this cultivar on the honey bee Apis mellifera L., the most important pollinator for cultivated ecosystem, remained poorly investigated. The objective of our study was to evaluate the potential side effects of transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI pollen from cotton on young adult honey bees A. mellifera L. Two points emphasized the significance of our study: (1) A higher expression level of insecticidal protein Cry1Ac in pollen tissues was detected (when compared with previous reports). In particular, Cry1Ac protein was detected at 300 ± 4.52 ng g(-1) [part per billion (ppb)] in pollen collected in July, (2) Effects on chronic mortality and feeding behaviour in honey bees were evaluated using a no-choice dietary feeding protocol with treated pollen, which guarantee the highest exposure level to bees potentially occurring in natural conditions (worst case scenario). Tests were also conducted using imidacloprid-treated pollen at a concentration of 48 ppb as positive control for sublethal effect on feeding behaviour. Our results suggested that Cry1Ac + CpTI pollen carried no lethal risk for honey bees. However, during a 7-day oral exposure to the various treatments (transgenic, imidacloprid-treated and control), honey bee feeding behaviour was disturbed and bees consumed significantly less CCRI41 cotton pollen than in the control group in which bees were exposed to conventional cotton pollen. It may indicate an antifeedant effect of CCRI41 pollen on honey bees and thus bees may be at risk because of large areas are planted with transgenic Bt cotton in China. This is the first report suggesting a potential sublethal effect of CCRI41 cotton pollen on honey bees. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of risk assessment for bees as well as for directions of future work involving risk assessment of CCRI41 cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Han
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Moutain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Moutain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizi Moutain Road, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jin-Jie Cui
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, China
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Unité de Recherches Intégrées en Horticulture, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
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