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Dai W, Slotsbo S, Holmstrup M, van Gestel CAM. Evaluation of life-history traits in Folsomia candida exposed to combined repeated mild heat shocks with phenanthrene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55132-55142. [PMID: 36884179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In nature, organisms are often exposed to climatic stressors and contaminants simultaneously, and the effects of contaminants may be modified by climate change and vice versa. Here, the effects of repeated mild heat shocks (0-5 times, 30 °C for 6 h), alone or combined with phenanthrene (PHE) (80 mg kg-1 dry soil), on life-history traits of the springtail Folsomia candida were investigated. The survival, growth, maturation, and reproduction of single juvenile springtails were assessed over a period of 37 days. Increasing number of heat bouts or PHE exposure did not have significant negative effects on overall survival at the termination of the experiment, but the interaction between the two stressors led to complex interactions for the dynamics of survival during the test. Neither body growth nor time to first oviposition was influenced by heat or PHE, but a reduction of egg production with increasing number of heat bouts was observed, and there was an interaction between the two stressors. Further, a trade-off between the number of eggs produced and egg size was observed, indicating that females invested the same amount of energy in reproduction despite exposure to stressful temperature and PHE. These results indicate that egg production (in terms of the number of eggs) was a more sensitive indicator of the combined effects of mild heat shocks and PHE than growth, and there was a trade-off between survival and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hao X, Zhang W, Zhao L, Shen L, Zhu L, Zeng B, Jiang D, Bai L. Bacillus subtilis reduces antibiotic resistance genes of animal sludge in vermicomposting by improving heat stress tolerance of Eisenia foetida and bacterial community adjustment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115088. [PMID: 36529325 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock industry have been recognized as a kind of pollutant. The effect of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) as an additive for the reduction of ARGs in animal sludge from livestock and poultry wastewater treatment plant during vermicomposting was investigated. We also evaluated the oxidative stress level and growth of earthworms, Eisenia foetida, bacterial community succession, and the quality of the end products. Two treatments were conducted using B. subtilis, one at 18 °C and another at 28 °C. Controls were setup without the bacteria. The results showed that inoculation of B. subtilis promoted the degradation of organics at 28 °C and increased the germination index to 236%. The increased activities of the superoxide dismutase (1.69 U/mg pr) and catalase (8.05 U/mg pr) and the decreased activity of malondialdehyde (0.02 nmol/mg pr) by B. subtilis at 28 °C showed that the earthworms were relieved of heat stress. The addition of B. subtilis reduced the abundance of 32 target ARGs, including integron (intI-1), transposase (IS613) and resistant genes, such as sulfonamide (sul2), quinolone (oprJ), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin group B (ermF, ermB), tetracycline (tetL-02, tetX), β-lactama (blaOXA10-01) and aminoglycoside [strB, aac(6')-Ib(aka aacA4)-01, aac(6')-Ib(aka aacA4)-02]. Organic matter degrading Membranicola, Paludisphaera, Sphingorhabdus and uncultured bacterium belonging to the order Chitinophagales, nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing Singulisphaera and Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, soil remediating Achromobacter, and plant growth promoting Kaistia, Galbibacter and Ilumatobacter were increased significantly (P < 0.05). However, the growth of harmful bacteria such as Burkholderiaceae was inhibited in the vermicompost. In earthworm guts, the probiotic Mesorhizobium was promoted, while the pathogenic uncultured bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae was reduced. Besides, B. subtilis enhanced the host relationships between bacteria and ARGs. These findings might be helpful in the removal of ARGs in animal wastes and in understanding the synergy between earthworms and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Hao
- Lab of Animal Ecology and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- Lab of Animal Ecology and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Liangbin Zhao
- Lab of Animal Ecology and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Li Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- Lab of Animal Ecology and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China
| | - Lin Bai
- Lab of Animal Ecology and Environmental Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China; Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, PR China.
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Bandeira FO, Lopes Alves PR, Hennig TB, Toniolo T, Natal-da-Luz T, Baretta D. Effect of temperature on the toxicity of imidacloprid to Eisenia andrei and Folsomia candida in tropical soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115565. [PMID: 33254719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of temperature on the chronic toxicity and risk of imidacloprid to soil non-target species was assessed in tropical soils. Earthworms Eisenia andrei and collembolans Folsomia candida were exposed to a tropical artificial soil (TAS) and two natural tropical soils from Brazil (Entisol and Oxisol) with increasing concentrations of imidacloprid under atmospheric temperatures of 20, 25 and 28 °C. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of both species was assessed through the number of juveniles and earthworm's growth, and the risk associated was estimated through the Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER). Toxicity of imidacloprid increased with temperature in all tested soils, being generally lower in TAS soil (EC50s of 1.48, 0.66 and 0.40 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.3, 0.2 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) compared to Entisol (EC50s of 0.19, 0.03 and 0.14 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) and Oxisol (EC50s of 0.21, 0.07, 0.06 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.16, 0.09, 0.06 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) within each temperature for both species. These values indicate that properties of TAS may not be representative of natural/local soils to adequately estimate the toxicity of pesticides to non-target soil species. At higher temperatures, the variability of imidacloprid toxicity between soils was lower, which suggests that the influence of soil properties on imidacloprid toxicity was overshadowed by temperature. TER values revealed that risk is also greater at higher temperatures. Data reported enforce the need for the inclusion of more realistic conditions in single-species tests in prospective risk assessment of pesticides to avoid underestimation of risk to non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ogliari Bandeira
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Thuanne Braúlio Hennig
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Toniolo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil; Centro de Educação Superior Do Oeste, Santa Catarina State University, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Mikkelsen N, Mikkelsen GH, Holmstrup M, Jensen J. Recovery period of Folsomia candida influence the impact of nonylphenol and phenanthrene on the tolerance of drought and heat shock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113105. [PMID: 31476675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil organisms are exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors, such as xenobiotics. However, to simplify and make laboratory experiments easily reproducible, natural stressors are often excluded from ecotoxicological studies and risk assessment. This might underestimate the effect of chemicals, since synergistic interactions between chemicals and natural stressors might occur, creating a more severe impact than expected. Several studies have addressed simultaneous exposure to natural and chemical stressors, but very little is known of about the persistence of these interactions during recovery. Here, we examined if recovery after chemical stress exposure was important for the ability of springtails (Folsomia candida) to tolerate subsequent drought- and heat stress. Nonylphenol (NP) and phenanthrene (PHE) was tested and their isolated toxicity resulted in LC50 values of 206 mg NP kg-1 dry soil and 109 mg PHE kg-1 dry soil in a 7-day test. Elimination of NP and PHE was rapid and only trace amounts remained in springtail tissues after 3-7 days of recovery. Isolated studies of drought and heat shock on Folsomia candida resulted in a lethal effect for 50% of the animals (LRH50) at a relative humidity (RH) of 97.9%, and 190 min at 34 °C was shown to be lethal for 50% of the test species (LT50). The results showed, as expected, significant synergistic interactions between the effects of the chemicals and the effects of drought and heat stress. The negative effects of NP and PHE on the drought tolerance disappeared within 7 days post exposure. Springtails exposed to PHE also recovered their heat tolerance within 7 days post exposure, while NP exposed animals had not fully recovered their heat tolerance 14 days after exposure. Overall, a recovery period post chemical exposure was found to be very important for springtails in order to cope with natural stressors like heat and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Mikkelsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Holmstrup
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - John Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Xu Y, Park SJ, Gye MC. Effects of nonylphenols on embryonic development and metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis: FETAX and amphibian metamorphosis toxicity test (OECD TG231). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 174:14-23. [PMID: 31022611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenols (NPs) are a group of endocrine-disrupting surfactants that mimic estrogen. To determine the developmental toxicity and thyroid-disrupting effect of NPs, the effects of exposure to nonylphenol (NP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-12) were examined according to the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development test guidelines 231 (TG231). In FETAX, the LC50 values of NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 were 59.14 mg/L, 10.13 mg/L, and 14.60 mg/L, respectively. At 10.0 mg/L, NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 significantly decreased the total length of tadpoles, and NP and 4-NP increased gut malformation and bent tails. In surviving tadpoles, the EC50 values for malformation of NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 were 4.66, 6.51, and 13.08 mg/L, respectively. The teratogenic indices of NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 were 12.69, 1.56, and 1.08, respectively, suggesting the teratogenic potential of NP and 4-NP. In a range-finder assay for TG231, the 96-h LC50 values of NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 were 2.0, 2.0, and 10.57 mg/L, respectively. When NF stage 51 larvae were exposed for 21 days, larval growth was inhibited by NP, 4-NP, and NP-12 at 0.67, 0.07, and 0.37 mg/L, respectively. 4-NP at 0.07 mg/L accelerated the developmental stage and significantly increased hind limb length, while 0.67 mg/L 4-NP delayed the developmental stage and decreased hind limb length, suggesting a bimodal effect of 4-NP on metamorphosis. NP and NP-12 at test concentrations did not alter the larval stage, but NP-12 at 0.37 mg/L significantly decreased total length and tail length, suggesting growth inhibition in larvae. The total colloid area of thyroid follicles was significantly increased by 0.07 mg/L 4-NP but not by NP and NP-12, suggesting that 4-NP may interfere with thyroid function. Together, the developmental toxicity of NPs was in the following order: 4-NP, NP-12, and NP. 4-NP may alter metamorphosis driven by thyroid hormones in X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sun Jung Park
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Kwak JI, Moon J, Kim D, Cui R, An YJ. Species Sensitivity Distributions for Nonylphenol to Estimate Soil Hazardous Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13957-13966. [PMID: 29115821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol is an endocrine-disrupting chemical that mimics estrogenic activity. Few studies have investigated the soil ecotoxicity of nonylphenol in the environment, based on probabilistic approaches. The present study generated soil toxicity data for nonylphenol through bioassays that determined the acute and chronic species sensitivity distributions and estimated the hazardous concentrations of nonylphenol in soil in order to protect soil ecosystems. We used eight soil-based organisms from six taxonomic groups for acute assays and five soil-based organisms from four taxonomic groups for chronic assays. The hazardous concentration values of nonylphenol in soil, based on acute and chronic species sensitivity distributions, were estimated using compiled data from the present study, as well as previous studies. This is the first study that generated sufficient data to develop species sensitivity distributions for nonylphenol in soil, and to determine hazardous concentrations of nonylphenol for soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Moon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dokyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Rongxue Cui
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University , Seoul, Korea
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Velki M, Ečimović S. Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 239:157-184. [PMID: 27161559 DOI: 10.1007/398_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance and beneficial effects of earthworms on soil structure and quality is well-established. In addition, earthworms have proved to be important model organisms for investigation of pollutant effects on soil ecosystems. In ecotoxicological investigations effects of various pollutants on earthworms were assessed. But some important issues regarding the effects of pollutants on earthworms still need to be comprehensively addressed. In this review several issues relevant to soil ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are emphasized and guidelines that should be adopted in ecotoxicological investigations using earthworms are given. The inclusion of these guidelines in ecotoxicological studies will contribute to the better quantification of impacts of pollutants and will allow more accurate prediction of the real field effects of pollutants to earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, Osijek, 31000, Croatia.
| | - Sandra Ečimović
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, Osijek, 31000, Croatia
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Suszek-Łopatka B, Maliszewska-Kordybach B, Klimkowicz-Pawlas A, Smreczak B. Influence of temperature on phenanthrene toxicity towards nitrifying bacteria in three soils with different properties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:911-918. [PMID: 27394082 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the combined effect of environmental conditions (temperature) and contamination (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) on the activity of soil microorganisms (nitrifying bacteria). Phenanthrene (Phe) at five contamination levels (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg kg(-1) dry mass of soil) was employed as a model PAH compound in laboratory experiments that were conducted at three temperatures (i.e., 20 °C (recommended by ISO 15685 method), 15 and 30 °C). Three soils with different properties were used in these studies, and the activity of the nitrifying bacteria was assessed based on nitrification potential (NP) determinations. For the statistical evaluation of the results, the ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) method for three independent variables (i.e., temperature, phenanthrene concentration, soil matrix (as a qualitative variable)) and their interactions was employed. The results indicated on the significant interaction of all studied factors. Temperature influenced the toxicity of Phe towards NP, and this effect was related to the Phe concentration as well as was varied for the different soils. A low content of soil organic matter (controlling bioavailability of phenanthrene to soil microorganisms) enhanced the combined effect of temperature and Phe toxicity, and a high biological activity of the soil (high NP values) increased the effect of high temperature on the Phe stimulatory influence. The results indicate that the temperature should not be neglected in tests evaluating PAH ecotoxicity, especially for reliable ecological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Suszek-Łopatka
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB), Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Barbara Maliszewska-Kordybach
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB), Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Klimkowicz-Pawlas
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB), Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Bożena Smreczak
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute (IUNG-PIB), Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
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Lima MPR, Cardoso DN, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Carbaryl toxicity prediction to soil organisms under high and low temperature regimes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:263-272. [PMID: 24836932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies on risk assessment of pesticides on non-target organisms have been performed based on standardized protocols that reflect conditions in temperate climates. However, the responses of organisms to chemical compounds may differ according to latitude and thus predicting the toxicity of chemicals at different temperatures is an important factor to consider in risk assessment. The toxic effects of the pesticide carbaryl were evaluated at different temperature regimes, which are indicative of temperate and tropical climates and are relevant to climate change predictions or seasonal temperature fluctuations. Four standard organisms were used (Folsomia candida, Eisenia andrei; Triticum aestivum and Brassica rapa) and the effects were assessed using synergistic ratios, calculated from EC/LC50 values. When possible, the MIXTOX tool was used based on the reference model of independent action (IA) and possible deviations. A decrease on carbaryl toxicity at higher temperatures was found in F. candida reproduction, but when the mixtox tool was used no interactions between these stressors (Independent Action) was observed, so an additive response was suggested. Synergistic ratios showed a tendency to synergism at high temperatures for E. andrei and B. rapa and antagonism at low temperatures for both species. T. aestivum showed to be less affected than expected (antagonism), when exposed to both low and high temperatures. The results showed that temperature may increase the deleterious effects of carbaryl to non-target organisms, which is important considering both seasonal and latitude related differences, as well as the global climate change context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P R Lima
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Rua Badejós, Zona Rural, Cx. Postal 66, CEP: 77402-970 Gurupi-TO, Brazil
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Fischer BB, Pomati F, Eggen RIL. The toxicity of chemical pollutants in dynamic natural systems: the challenge of integrating environmental factors and biological complexity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 449:253-9. [PMID: 23428756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, like temperature and predation, can strongly influence the effects of anthropogenic chemical pollutants in natural systems. Responses to toxicants and their interactions with environmental factors can occur at varying temporal scales and at different levels of biological complexity (from cells to organisms, populations, communities and ecosystems). Environmental factors may affect tolerance to toxic pollutants under non-stressful conditions, and cause adverse multiple stressor effects under stressful conditions. Adaptive processes, however, have the potential to either mitigate (by co-tolerance) or increase (due to associated costs) the sensitivity of individuals, populations, and communities to pollutants through selection and evolution of traits (at the individual and population levels) and changes in species composition (at the community level). Responses to such multiple stressor effects on different biological levels and temporal scales are not considered in current risk assessment practices. We suggest that these effects should and can be addressed by: (i) designing ecotoxicological experiments with temporal exposure patterns that accommodate adaptive processes, (ii) using trait-based approaches to assess biological responses and natural selection in an integrated manner, and (iii) using energy allocation models to link responses at different levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat B Fischer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
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Fischer BB, Rüfenacht K, Dannenhauer K, Wiesendanger M, Eggen RIL. Multiple stressor effects of high light irradiance and photosynthetic herbicides on growth and survival of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2010; 29:2211-2219. [PMID: 20872684 DOI: 10.1002/etc.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard to a combination of environmental stress by high light irradiance and chemical stress by each of the three herbicides paraquat, atrazine, and norflurazon resulted in diverse multiple stressor effects on growth and survival of the cells. Under low light conditions, growth analyzed by cell numbers was generally more sensitive to herbicide treatment than optical density-based growth rates or colony-forming unit endpoints, which both also analyzed the viability of the cells. However, growth analyzed by optical density and colony-forming units in herbicide-treated cultures was affected much more strongly by high light irradiance, as shown by reduced 50% effective concentrations, indicating extensive multiple stressor effects of the combined treatment on the viability of the cells. None of the currently used concepts for mixture toxicity (concentration addition, independent action, or effect summation) could accurately describe the effects measured by the two stressors in combination. Both synergistic and antagonistic interactions seem to occur depending on the light conditions and the parameter analyzed. The strong stimulation of toxicity by the combined stresses can be explained by the similar mode of toxic action of the treatments, all increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Antagonistic effects, conversely, are probably attributable to the various protection mechanisms of photosynthetic organisms to increased light irradiance, which help the cells acclimate to specific light conditions and defend against the deleterious effects of excess light. These protection mechanisms can affect growth and viability under increased light conditions and also might influence the toxicity of the photosynthetic herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat B Fischer
- Eawag, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
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Laskowski R, Bednarska AJ, Kramarz PE, Loureiro S, Scheil V, Kudłek J, Holmstrup M. Interactions between toxic chemicals and natural environmental factors--a meta-analysis and case studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3763-3774. [PMID: 20156639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The paper addresses problems arising from effects of natural environmental factors on toxicity of pollutants to organisms. Most studies on interactions between toxicants and natural factors, including those completed in the EU project NoMiracle (Novel Methods for Integrated Risk Assessment of Cumulative Stressors in Europe) described herein, showed that effects of toxic chemicals on organisms can differ vastly depending purely on external conditions. We compiled data from 61 studies on effects of temperature, moisture and dissolved oxygen on toxicity of a range of chemicals representing pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plant protection products of bacterial origin and trace metals. In 62.3% cases significant interactions (p< or =0.05 or less) between natural factors and chemicals were found, reaching 100% for the effect of dissolved oxygen on toxicity of waterborne chemicals. The meta-analysis of the 61 studies showed that the null hypothesis assuming no interactions between toxic chemicals and natural environmental factors should be rejected at p=2.7 x 10(-82) (truncated product method probability). In a few cases of more complex experimental designs, also second-order interactions were found, indicating that natural factors can modify interactions among chemicals. Such data emphasize the necessity of including information on natural factors and their variation in time and across geographic regions in ecological risk assessment. This can be done only if appropriate ecotoxicological test designs are used, in which test organisms are exposed to toxicants at a range of environmental conditions. We advocate designing such tests for the second-tier ecological risk assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Holmstrup M, Bindesbøl AM, Oostingh GJ, Duschl A, Scheil V, Köhler HR, Loureiro S, Soares AMVM, Ferreira ALG, Kienle C, Gerhardt A, Laskowski R, Kramarz PE, Bayley M, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ. Interactions between effects of environmental chemicals and natural stressors: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3746-62. [PMID: 19922980 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological effect studies often expose test organisms under optimal environmental conditions. However, organisms in their natural settings rarely experience optimal conditions. On the contrary, during most of their lifetime they are forced to cope with sub-optimal conditions and occasionally with severe environmental stress. Interactions between the effects of a natural stressor and a toxicant can sometimes result in greater effects than expected from either of the stress types alone. The aim of the present review is to provide a synthesis of existing knowledge on the interactions between effects of "natural" and chemical (anthropogenic) stressors. More than 150 studies were evaluated covering stressors including heat, cold, desiccation, oxygen depletion, pathogens and immunomodulatory factors combined with a variety of environmental pollutants. This evaluation revealed that synergistic interactions between the effects of various natural stressors and toxicants are not uncommon phenomena. Thus, synergistic interactions were reported in more than 50% of the available studies on these interactions. Antagonistic interactions were also detected, but in fewer cases. Interestingly, about 70% of the tested chemicals were found to compromise the immune system of humans as judged from studies on human cell lines. The challenge for future studies will therefore be to include aspects of combined stressors in effect and risk assessment of chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holmstrup
- National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Slotsbo S, Heckmann LH, Damgaard C, Roelofs D, de Boer T, Holmstrup M. Exposure to mercury reduces heat tolerance and heat hardening ability of the springtail Folsomia candida. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:118-23. [PMID: 19351567 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the combined effects of mercury (HgCl(2)) and acute heat on survival of the springtail Folsomia candida. The springtails were exposed to a range of aqueous concentrations (0-48 mg Hg(2+)/L) of HgCl(2) for 24 h. Subsequently, the same individuals were exposed to a range of high temperatures, from 20 to 35.5 degrees C. We found a highly significant synergistic interaction between effects of mercury and heat, with a reduced tolerance to heat after exposure to sublethal concentrations of mercury. Further, the heat hardening ability of F. candida was studied at sublethal concentrations of mercury. F. candida was able to heat harden (exposure to a mild heat treatment increasing survival of subsequent severe heat); however, when the springtails experienced a previous exposure to as little as 1 mg Hg(2+)/L, heat hardening failed to improve survival of heat shock at 34.5 degrees C, even though this was much lower than concentrations affecting survival without heat stress. Mild heat stress is known to induce the heat shock protein, HSP70, and real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that pre-acclimation to 32 degrees C did indeed cause >5-fold up-regulation of HSP70 expression. This up-regulation was not affected by previous exposure to 1 mg Hg(2+)/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark
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