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Stragierowicz J, Nasiadek M, Stasikowska-Kanicka O, Kolasa A, Kilanowicz A. An assessment of the (anti)androgenic properties of hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) in male rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142373. [PMID: 38763395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) defined by the Stockholm Convention include polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs); of these, the most toxic, persistent, abundant, dioxin-like congeners found in human tissues are the hexachloronaphthalenes (HxCNs). Recent research also indicates that PCNs may disrupt hormonal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the (anti)androgenic action of HxCN. Immature, castrated male Wistar rats were exposed per os to HxCN in corn oil at daily doses ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 mg kg-1 for 10 days. According to the OECD 441 protocol (Hershberger Bioassay), the anti-androgenic assay groups were co-exposed with testosterone propionate (TP), while the androgenic groups were not. TP was used as the reference androgen (subcutaneous daily doses of 0.4 mg kg-1), and flutamide (FLU) as the reference antiandrogen (per os daily doses of 3.0 mg kg-1). Five assessory sex tissues (ASTs) were weighed: ventral prostate, seminal vesicles, levator ani-bulbocavernosus muscle (LABC), Cowper's glands and glans penis. HxCN + TP significantly decreased the weight of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle indicating an anti-androgenic action via 5α-reductase inhibition. These weight changes were also accompanied by abnormalities in cell morphology and hormonal disturbances: lowered levels of the testosterone and thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Disturbances were also noted in the lipid profile, viz. total cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein and non-HDL fraction content. However, the direction of these changes differed depending on the size of the HxCN dose. No dose-effect relationship was noted for most of the obtained results; as such, exposure to even small HxCN doses run the risk of anti-androgenic effects in the general population, especially when encountered in combination with other POPs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marzenna Nasiadek
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Olga Stasikowska-Kanicka
- Department of Diagnostic Techniques in Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University (PUM), Powstańców Wielkopolskich. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Falandysz J, Hart A, Rose M, Anastassiadou M, Eskes C, Gergelova P, Innocenti M, Rovesti E, Whitty B, Nielsen E. Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8640. [PMID: 38476320 PMCID: PMC10928787 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.
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Nikolopoulou D, Ntzani E, Kyriakopoulou K, Anagnostopoulos C, Machera K. Priorities and Challenges in Methodology for Human Health Risk Assessment from Combined Exposure to Multiple Chemicals. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050401. [PMID: 37235216 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews key elements in the assessment of human health effects from combined exposure to multiple chemicals taking into consideration current knowledge and challenges to identify areas where scientific advancement is mostly needed and proposes a decision-making scheme on the basis of existing methods and tools. The assumption of dose addition and estimation of the hazard index (HI) is considered as a starting point in component-based risk assessments. When, based on the generic HI approach, an unacceptable risk is identified, more specific risk assessment options may be implemented sequentially or in parallel depending on problem formulation, characteristics of the chemical group under assessment, exposure levels, data availability and resources. For prospective risk assessments, the reference point index/margin of exposure (RPI/MOET) (Option 1) or modified RPI/normalized MOET (mRPI/nMOET) (Option 2) approaches may be implemented focusing on the specific mixture effect. Relative potency factors (RPFs) may also be used in the RPI approach since a common uncertainty factor for each mixture component is introduced in the assessment. Increased specificity in the risk assessment may also be achieved when exposure of selected population groups is considered (Option 3/exposure). For retrospective risk assessments, human biomonitoring data available for vulnerable population groups (Option 3/susceptibility) may present more focused scenarios for consideration in human health risk management decisions. In data-poor situations, the option of using the mixture assessment factor (MAF) is proposed (Option 4), where an additional uncertainty factor is applied on each mixture component prior to estimating the HI. The magnitude of the MAF may be determined by the number of mixture components, their individual potencies and their proportions in the mixture, as previously reported. It is acknowledged that implementation of currently available methods and tools for human health risk assessment from combined exposure to multiple chemicals by risk assessors will be enhanced by ongoing scientific developments on new approach methodologies (NAMs), integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA), uncertainty analysis tools, data sharing platforms, risk assessment software as well as guideline development to meet legislative requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, PC 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina Kyriakopoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Anagnostopoulos
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Machera
- Laboratory of Toxicological Control of Pesticides, Scientific Directorate of Pesticides' Control and Phytopharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 St. Delta Street, Kifissia, 14561 Athens, Greece
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Fernandes AR, Kilanowicz A, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Falandysz J. The toxicological profile of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155764. [PMID: 35545163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The legacy of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) manufactured during the last century continues to persist in the environment, food and humans. Metrological advances have improved characterisation of these occurrences, enabling studies on the effects of exposure to focus on congener groups and individual PCNs. Liver and adipose tissue show the highest retention but significant levels of PCNs are also retained by the brain and nervous system. Molecular configuration appears to influence tissue disposition as well as retention, favouring the higher chlorinated (≥ four chlorines) PCNs while most lower chlorinated molecules readily undergo hydroxylation and excretion through the renal system. Exposure to PCNs reportedly provokes a wide spectrum of adverse effects that range from hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immune response suppression along with endocrine disruption leading to reproductive disorders and embryotoxicity. A number of PCNs, particularly hexachloronaphthalene congeners, elicit AhR mediated responses that are similar to, and occur within similar potency ranges as most dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), suggesting a relationship based on molecular size and configuration between these contaminants. Most toxicological responses generally appear to be associated with higher chlorinated PCNs. The most profound effects such as serious and sometimes fatal liver disease, chloracne, and wasting syndrome resulted either from earlier episodes of occupational exposure in humans or from acute experimental dosing of animals at levels that reflected these exposures. However, since the restriction of manufacture and controls on inadvertent production (during combustion processes), the principal route of human and animal exposure is likely to be dietary intake. Therefore, further investigations should include the effects of chronic lower level intake of higher chlorinated PCN congeners that persist in the human diet and subsequently in human and animal tissues. PCNs in the diet should be evaluated cumulatively with other similarly occurring dioxin-like contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-15 Łódź, Poland
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Du M, Li X, Cai D, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wang J, Gu W, Li Y. In-silico study of reducing human health risk of POP residues' direct (from tea) or indirect exposure (from tea garden soil): Improved rhizosphere microbial degradation, toxicity control, and mechanism analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113910. [PMID: 35917712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of potentially harmful substances in tea garden soils and tea leaves, especially persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is a special concern for tea consumers worldwide. However, their potential health and ecological risks in tea gardens have rarely been investigated. This study proposed measures to improve the degradation ability of POPs by the tea rhizosphere and to reduce the human health risks caused by POPs after tea consumption. In this study, the binding energy values of six types of POPs and the degraded protein were used to reflect the degradation ability and calculated using molecular dynamic simulations. The main root secretions (i.e., catechin, glucose, arginine, and oxalic acid) were selected and applied with a combination of tea fertilizer and trace element combination (i.e., urea, straw, and copper element), leading to an improved degradation ability (49.59 %) of POPs. To investigate the mechanisms of the factors that affect the degradation ability, molecular docking, tensor singular value decomposition methods, multivariate correlation analysis and 2D-QSAR model were used. The results showed that the solvation energy and solvent accessible surface area are the main forces, and the molecular weight, boiling point, and topological radius of the POPs were the key molecular features affecting their degradation ability. Based on the three key characteristics, a diet avoidance scheme (i.e., avoiding lysine, maslinic acid, ethanol, perfluorocaproic acid, and cholesterol with tea), which can reduce the binding ability of POP residues to aromatic hydrocarbon receptors by 506.13 %. This work will provide theoretical strategies to improve the quality and safety of tea production and reduce the potential risks of harmful substance residues in tea garden soils and tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Northern Region Persistent Organic Pollution Control (NRPOP) Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X5, Canada
| | - Dongshu Cai
- Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenwen Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Lisek M, Boczek T, Stragierowicz J, Wawrzyniak J, Guo F, Klimczak M, Kilanowicz A, Zylinska L. Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) impairs the dopamine pathway in an in vitro model of PC12 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132284. [PMID: 34563782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), listed by the Stockholm convention as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), hexachloronaphthalenes are considered the most toxic and raise the highest concern. Of these, 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalanene (PCN67) is considered the main congener affecting human health due to its hepatotoxicity and its ability to disturb the reproductive, endocrine, and hematological systems. It is also prevalent in human serum/plasma, milk, and adipose tissue. However, little is known about its neurotoxicity, despite the fact that anorectic effects have been observed in workers occupationally exposed to PCNs and in animal research on PCN67. Since dopamine is involved in many aspects of food intake, the aim of this study was to confirm whether PCN67 affects dopamine synthesis in differentiated PC12 cells, a widely used model of neurosecretion. Our results show that exposure to PCN67 resulted in diminished dopamine content and release. Moreover, PCN67 also affected the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and lowered the expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1). In addition, significantly lower expression of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, was observed in comparison to the vehicle. In conclusion, PCN67 appears to disturb dopaminergic transmission by altering tyrosine hydroxylation, reducing VMAT1 expression and impairing antioxidant protection. Our study provides a potential mechanism for how PCN67 may cause dopamine deficiency and contribute to neuronal death by affecting cellular antioxidant potency; however, this conclusion requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Julia Wawrzyniak
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning province, China.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ludmila Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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7
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Stragierowicz J, Stypuła-Trębas S, Radko L, Posyniak A, Nasiadek M, Klimczak M, Kilanowicz A. An assessment of the estrogenic and androgenic properties of tetra- and hexachloronaphthalene by YES/YAS in vitro assays. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128006. [PMID: 33297039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exhibit endocrine disrupting activity but studies on some POPs, e.g., polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), are very scarce. The present study investigates the (anti)estrogenic and (anti)androgenic activities of 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalane (PCN67) and 1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene (PCN43) using the yeast estrogen and androgen reporter bioassays. Among the tested substances, antiestrogenic response was only shown by PCN67. The strongest inhibition of estrogenic activity (up to 17.4%) was observed in the low concentration ranges (5 pM - 0.5 nM) in the presence of 1.5 nM 17β-estradiol. Both tested compounds showed partial estrogenic activity with a hormetic-type response. However, both studied chemicals showed strong antiandrogenic effects: their potency in the presence of 100 nM 17β-testosterone for PCN43 (IC50 = 2.59 μM) and PCN67 (IC50 = 3.14 μM) was approximately twice that of the reference antiandrogen flutamide (IC50 = 6.14 μM). It cannot be excluded that exposure to PCNs, together with other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), may contribute to the deregulation of sex steroid hormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marzenna Nasiadek
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Hexachloronaphthalene Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Neurotoxicity via a Mechanism of Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2479234. [PMID: 32685088 PMCID: PMC7335409 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2479234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) is one of the most toxic among polychlorinated naphthalenes. Despite the known high bioaccumulation and persistence of PCN67 in the environment, it is still unclear to what extent exposure to these substances may interfere with normal neuronal physiology and lead to neurotoxicity. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of PCN67 in neuronal in vitro models. Neuronal death was assessed upon PCN67 treatment using differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. At 72 h postexposure, cell viability assays showed an IC50 value of 0.35 μg/ml and dose-dependent damage of neurites and concomitant downregulation of neurofilaments L and M. Moreover, we found that younger primary neurons (DIV4) were much more sensitive to PCN67 toxicity than mature cultures (DIV14). Our comprehensive analysis indicated that the application of PCN67 at the IC50 concentration caused necrosis, which was reflected by an increase in LDH release, HMGB1 protein export to the cytosol, nuclear swelling, and loss of homeostatic control of energy balance. The blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter partially rescued the cell viability, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity involved mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Increased lipid peroxidation as a consequence of oxidative stress was additionally seen for 0.1 μg/ml of PCN67, while this concentration did not affect ΔΨm and plasma membrane permeability. Our results show for the first time that neuronal mitochondria act as a target for PCN67 and indicate that exposure to this drug may result in neuron loss via mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.
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9
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Gu W, Li Q, Li Y. Environment-friendly PCN derivatives design and environmental behavior simulation based on a multi-activity 3D-QSAR model and molecular dynamics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122339. [PMID: 32135364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A multi-activity three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was established based on the comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The CEI values were calculated using the vector analysis method in combination with the following parameters: biological toxicity (predicted by logEC50), bioconcentration (predicted by logKow), long-distance migration (predicted by logPL), and biodegradation (predicted by total-score). Additionally, sixty-four CN-70 derivatives with lower CEI values were designed, among which three derivatives with reduced CEI values were selected for verification based on an evaluation of their persistent organic pollutant properties and practicability. Finally, an environmental behavior simulation was conducted via molecular dynamics simulation aided by the Taguchi experimental design by considering the degradation characteristics of the three aforementioned CN-70 derivatives as an example. Only two of the selected CN-70 derivatives were observed to be more easily degraded when compared with the CN-70 molecule (ascending range: 11.57 %-13.57 %) in a real-world setting, which was consistent with the biodegradability prediction results (ascending range: 14.94 %-22.49 %) obtained through the molecular docking studies. The multi-activity 3D-QSAR model established in this study overcame the limitations of generating molecular designs based on single-effect models from the source because it focused on the multiple effects of the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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10
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Fernandes AR, Mortimer D, Rose M, Smith F, Steel Z, Panton S. Recently listed Stockholm convention POPs: Analytical methodology, occurrence in food and dietary exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:793-800. [PMID: 31085495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the Stockholm Convention has listed an additional set of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for elimination or restricted use/release. Data on the occurrence of these contaminants in food is scarce. Validated analytical methodology was developed to investigate the occurrence of hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachlorobenzene (PCBz), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in 120 retail foods and 19 total diet study samples. The foods covered the range of commonly consumed dietary items including dairy products, eggs (hen and other species), poultry, meat, fish, vegetables, etc. HCBD showed a low frequency of detection, whereas PCBz, HCB and PCNs occurred in most samples (ranges: <0.01 to 0.19 μg/kg; <0.01 to 3.16 μg/kg and 0.1 to 166 ng ΣPCNs/kg respectively). PCP (<0.01 to 1.9 μg/kg) was detected more frequently in meat products, offal and eggs. Fish, shellfish, eggs from all species, animal fats, meat, offal and meat products showed higher contamination levels, which is normal when investigating lipophilic POPs. These levels of occurrence are similar to more recently reported literature levels but perhaps lower, relative to historic data. This is not unexpected, given the restrictions/limitations on these chemicals within the UK and Western Europe. The estimated human exposure to population groups through dietary intake is correspondingly low and based on current toxicological knowledge, the levels in the examined samples do not suggest a cause for health concern. The data also provide a current baseline for HCBD, PCBz and PCP, and update existing data for PCN and HCB occurrence in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK.
| | - D Mortimer
- Food Standards Agency, Clive House, 70 Petty, London SW1H 9EX, France
| | - M Rose
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - F Smith
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Z Steel
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - S Panton
- Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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11
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Gu W, Li Q, Li Y. Fuzzy risk assessment of modified polychlorinated naphthalenes for enhanced degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25142-25153. [PMID: 31254193 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05816-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model is established for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) using the biological degradability (total score) results to modify CN-56 to design 37 new derivatives with higher degradability (increased by 14.55-38.79%). Furthermore, five new CN-56 derivatives are selected through evaluation of their persistent organic pollutant properties (toxicity, bioconcentration, long-range transport) and practicability (stability, insulativity, flame retardancy) using 3D-QSAR, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking methods. Environmental and health-based risk assessments are conducted using the multimedia fugacity model and fuzzy theory for complete screening of the new CN-56 derivatives. Whereas CN-56 is classed as high risk, three new derivatives can be classed as medium risk. The biodegradability mechanism analysis of the PCNs indicates that the electrostatic property is the main factor that affects the degradability, which provides a favorable theoretical reference to obtain environmentally friendly fire retardant and insulating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Kilanowicz A, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Klimczak M, Stragierowicz J, Sikora J. Hexachloronaphthalene as a hemostasis disturbing factor in female Wistar rats - A pilot study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:577-585. [PMID: 31075638 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are some of the most dangerous environmental toxicants, data on their impact on hemostasis are virtually limited. 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) seems to be one of the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), which have recently been listed as POPs. The toxic effects of PCNs are similar to other chlorinated aromatics, e.g. polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), so an impact on hemostasis could not be excluded. Therefore, this study examines, for the first time, if short-term (two and four weeks) exposure of a mixture of hexachloronaphthalene congeners with a PCN67 as a predominant component to female Wistar rats may have an impact on selected hemostasis parameters, such as overall potential and kinetic parameters of clot formation and fibrinolysis; hematology and basic coagulology parameters. It also examines the influence of PCN67 on the stability of erythrocyte membranes. Obtained results indicate that PCN67 may be an important disturbing factor regarding both coagulation and fibrinolysis processes, as well as platelet count. Exposure to PCN67 significantly affected clot formation and lysis processes and diminished fibrinogen concentration after both administration periods. After two weeks of administration, an increased activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was noted; after four weeks - decreased platelet count with concomitant increased in mean platelet volume. Moreover, PCN67 may exert adverse effects on the red blood cells membrane stability, which were manifested by a statistically significant increase of red blood cells lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Bruchajzer E. Prenatal toxicity and maternal-fetal distribution of 1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene (1,3,5,8-TeCN) in Wistar rats. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:75-84. [PMID: 30921639 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene (1,3,5,8-TeCN) is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) that belongs to the group of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). The aim of the study was to investigate the maternal-fetal distribution and prenatal toxicity of 1,3,5,8-TeCN after its administration to pregnant Wistar rats during organogenesis. Radiolabeled 1,3,5,8-tetrachloronaphthalene-[ring-U-3H] was given by gavage at a dose of 0.3 mg per dam to evaluate its tissue distribution, and that of unlabeled 1,3,5,8-TeCN, at daily doses of 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg kg b.w.-1 to assess prenatal toxicity. After a single administration of 1,3,5,8-TeCN, the highest concentration was detected in maternal adipose tissue. The concentration in the brain, uterus, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries, lungs and liver established in dams were two to nine times higher than in the maternal blood. 1,3,5,8-TeCN penetrated the blood-brain-barrier and the placenta. The results obtained from developmental toxicity indicate that 1,3,5,8-TeCN did not cause maternal toxicity and was not embryotoxic or teratogenic. However, fetotoxic effects were observed after non-toxic doses for dams (1.0 and 3.0 mg∙b.w.-1·day-1). 1,3,5,8-TeCN did not induce congenital skeletal defects but increased the number of fetuses with sternum ossification delay. After a dose of 3.0 mg kg b.w.-1·day-1, significantly more fetuses were found with enlargement of the renal pelvis: unilateral in female offspring and bilateral in male offspring. At the doses used, 1,3,5,8-TeCN, unlike hexachloronaphthalene, was not a CYP1A1 inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Sitarek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Sw. Teresy od Dzieciatka Jezus 8, 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Michał Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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Dat ND, Chang KS, Wu CP, Chen YJ, Tsai CL, Chi KH, Chang MB. Measurement of PCNs in sediments collected from reservoir and river in northern Taiwan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:384-389. [PMID: 30849659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sediment samples were collected from a large reservoir and a river in northern Taiwan to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of Σ73PCNs analyzed. Results indicate that total concentrations of PCNs (Di- to Octa-CNs) measured in sediments collected in reservoir (29.2 ± 7.11 pg/g-dw) are significantly lower than that of samples collected in river (987 ± 440 pg/g-dw). The increasing trend of PCN concentration from upstream to downstream is found for the sediments collected in reservoir. PCN concentrations measured in surface sediments are relatively higher than that measured in sub-surface sediments collected in reservoir. Tetra-CNs consistently dominate in reservoir sediments, however, Penta-, Tetra- and Mono-CNs dominate in sediments collected at different sampling sites of the river investigated, suggesting that various sources contribute to PCNs collected from river. Indeed, diagnostic ratios indicate that mix-source contribute to PCNs measured in sediments collected from the reservoir and river in northern Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen-Duy Dat
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chung Ping Wu
- Environment Protection Administration, Environment Analysis Laboratory, Zhongli, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Jeng Chen
- Environment Protection Administration, Environment Analysis Laboratory, Zhongli, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lan Tsai
- Environment Protection Administration, Environment Analysis Laboratory, Zhongli, Taiwan
| | - Kai Hsien Chi
- Environmental and Occupational Health, National Yangming University, Beitou, Taiwan
| | - Moo-Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University (NCU), Zhongli 320, Taiwan.
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Stragierowicz J, Bruchajzer E, Daragó A, Nasiadek M, Kilanowicz A. Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) as a potential endocrine disruptor in female rats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1026-1035. [PMID: 30253293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) is one of the most toxic and most bioaccumulative congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) known to be present in animal and human adipose tissue. Unfortunately, little data is available regarding the negative effect of PCNs on endocrine function. The aim of the study was to investigate the direct influence of subacute (two and four-week) and subchronic (13-week) daily oral exposure of female rats to 30, 100 and 300 μg kg b.w.-1 HxCN on ovarian, thyroid function and neurotransmitters level. The levels of selected sex hormones (progesterone: P and estradiol: E2) in the serum and uterus, regularity of estrous cycle, levels of thyroid hormones (fT3 and fT4), TSH, γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate levels in selected brain areas and the activity of CYP1A1 and CYP2B in the liver were examined. Estrogenic action (elevated E2 concentration in the uterus and serum) was observed only after subacute exposure, and antiestrogenic activity (decreased E2 level and uterus weight) after 13 weeks administration of 300 μg kg b.w.-1 day-1. Subchronic administration of HxCN significantly lengthens the estrous cycle, by up to almost 50%, and increases the number of irregular cycles. In addition, increased TSH and decreased fT4 serum levels were observed after all doses and durations of exposure to HxCN. Only subacute exposure led to a significant decrease in the level of examined neurotransmitters in all analyzed structures. Additionally, exposure to low doses of HxCN appears to lead to strong induction of CYP1A1 in a liver. It can be hypothesized that HxCN produces effects which are very similar to those caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), particularly concerning endocrine and estrous cyclicity disorders. Therefore, HxCN exposure may exert unexpected effects on female fecundity among the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stragierowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adam Daragó
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marzenna Nasiadek
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Klimczak M, Darago A, Bruchajzer E, Domeradzka-Gajda K, Stepnik M, Kuzajska K, Kilanowicz A. The effects of hexachloronaphthalene on selected parameters of heme biosynthesis and systemic toxicity in female wistar rats after 90-day oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:695-705. [PMID: 29663608 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalenes (HxCNs) are the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes, a group of compounds lately included into the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study presents the effects of 90-day intragastric administration of HxCN to female Wistar rats at doses of 0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The study examined selected parameters of the heme synthesis pathway, oxidative stress, hepatic cytochromes level, and basic hematology indicators. A micronucleus test was also performed. The subchronic exposure of rats to HxCN resulted in disruption of heme biosynthesis, hematological disturbances, and hepatotoxicity. The highest dose of HxCN inhibited aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO-D). Accumulation of higher carboxylated porphyrins in the liver and increased excretion of 5-aminolevulinic acid in the urine was observed after a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight. The most sensitive effect of HxCN in rats was very strong induction of hepatic CYP1A1 activity, which was observed after the lowest dose. The highest dose of HxCN induced significant thrombocytopenia, thymic atrophy and hepatotoxicity, expressed as hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Klimczak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Domeradzka-Gajda
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Maciej Stepnik
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Sw. Teresy 8, Lodz, 91-348, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kuzajska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
| | - Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, Lodz, 90-151, Poland
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Fernandes A, Rose M, Falandysz J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in food and humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:1-13. [PMID: 28391007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are legacy contaminants that are listed by the Stockholm convention, initially for reduction of inadvertent production and ultimately, for elimination. They originate through releases from older electrical equipment, inadvertent contamination in industrial chemicals and from combustion processes such as incineration. Recent advances in measurement techniques have allowed a greater characterisation of PCN occurrence, yielding more specific data including individual PCN congener concentrations. Emerging data on food shows widespread occurrence in most commonly consumed foods from different parts of the world. Concurrently, toxicological studies have also allowed a greater insight into the potencies of some congeners, a number of which are known to elicit potent, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediated responses, often referred to as dioxin-like toxicity. The dietary pathway is widely recognised as the most likely route to non-occupational human exposure. This paper reviews some of the more recent findings on PCN occurrence in food, biota, and human tissues, and discusses the use of relative potencies to express PCN toxicity in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Rose
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry & Ecotoxicology, Gdańsk University, Gdańsk, Poland
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Kilanowicz A, Czekaj P, Sapota A, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, Bruchajzer E, Darago A, Czech E, Plewka D, Wiaderkiewicz A, Sitarek K. Developmental toxicity of hexachloronaphthalene in Wistar rats. A role of CYP1A1 expression. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 58:93-103. [PMID: 26403959 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN) is one of the most toxic congeners of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). This study assesses the prenatal toxicity of HxCN after daily administration at doses of 0.1-1.0mg/kg b.w. to pregnant Wistar rats during organogenesis. We evaluated also the expression of CYP1A1 mRNA and protein in the livers of dams and fetuses, as well as the placenta. The results indicate that 0.3mg/kg b.w. was the lowest HxCN toxic dose for dams (LOAEL) while a dose of 0.1mg/kg b.w. was sufficient to impair the intrauterine development of embryos/fetuses without maternal toxicity. Regardless of the applied dose, HxCN generated embryotoxic effects. Dose-dependent fetotoxic effects were associated with HxCN exposure. HxCN was found to be a strong inducer of maternal and fetal CYP1A1. Expression of CYP1A1 mRNA in the placenta appears to be the most sensitive marker of HxCN exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sapota
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Elzbieta Bruchajzer
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Darago
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Czech
- Department of Histology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Danuta Plewka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Wiaderkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Sitarek
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
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Falandysz J, Fernandes A, Gregoraszczuk E, Rose M. The toxicological effects of halogenated naphthalenes: a review of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated (dioxin-like) relative potency factors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2014; 32:239-272. [PMID: 25226220 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2014.938945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that chloronaphthalenes (PCNs) and their brominated counterparts (PBNs) are dioxin-like compounds, but there is less evidence for mixed bromo/chloronaphthalenes (PXNs). In this article we review information relating to the dioxin-like potency of PCNs and PBNs obtained in vivo, in vitro, and in silico. The aim was to help and improve the quality of data when assessing the contribution of these compounds in the risk analysis of dioxin-like contaminants in foods and other sample types. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that PCN/PBN congeners are inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, and luciferase enzymes that are features specifically indicative of planar diaromatic halogenated hydrocarbons such as dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. PCNs in the environment are of multisource origin. The limited data on PBNs in the environment suggest that these also appear to originate from different sources. The toxicological data on these compounds is even scarcer, most of it directed toward explaining the exposure risk from accidental contamination of feed with the commercial PBN containing product, Firemaster BP-6. The occurrence of PBNs and PXNs is possible as ultra-trace environmental and food-chain contaminants produced at least from combustion processes at unknown concentrations. Available toxicological and environmental data enable a focus on PCNs as dioxin analogues to an extent that specific local or regional environmental influences could result in a risk to human health. There is the possibility that they may act synergistically with the better-known classic dioxin and other dioxin-like compounds. PBNs and PXNs are much less studied than the dioxins, but are known to be products of anthropogenic processes that contaminate the environment. A continuously increasing use of bromine for manufacture of brominated flame retardants over the past three decades is anticipated as a stream of "brominated" wastes, that when degraded (combusted), will release PBNs and PXNs. This calls for advanced analytical methods and greater interest toxicologically to understand and control pollution and exposure by PBNs and PXNs. Particular congeners of bromonaphthalene in single studies were found to be much more toxic than their chlorinated counterparts. In addition, brominated/chlorinated naphthalenes also seem to be more potent toxicants than PCNs. About 20% of PCN congeners exhibit a dioxin-like toxicity with relative potencies varying between around 0.003 and 0.000001, but additional and more rigorous data are needed to confirm these figures. Recent food surveys have estimated a small but relevant human exposure to these compounds in foods, giving an additional source of dioxin-like toxicity to those compounds already covered by the World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) scheme. Given the additivity of response postulated for other dioxin-like compounds, it would seem unwise to ignore this additional contribution. Few data available showed that PBN congeners also exhibit a dioxin-like toxicity and are even more potent than PCN congeners, but the relative potency values were not derived for them until now. There are no toxicological data available for PXNs.
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Liu G, Cai Z, Zheng M. Sources of unintentionally produced polychlorinated naphthalenes. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:1-12. [PMID: 24112659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The European Union has proposed that polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) should be included in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, signifying that there will be an increase in activities aimed at reducing PCN emissions. It has been speculated that the unintentional formation and emission of PCNs from industrial activities are the main current sources, because they have ceased to be manufactured as industrial chemicals in many countries. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in research into the unintentional formation and emission of PCNs from various industries that use thermal processes. The sampling and analysis of PCNs, and their formation mechanisms during thermal processes, are reviewed and discussed. The emission levels, emission profiles, and emission factors of PCNs from a number of industries that use thermal processes are summarized and compared, and this will provide helpful information for planning PCN source control measures and studying the source-receptor relationships of PCNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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Falandysz J, Rose M, Fernandes AR. Mixed poly-brominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs): widespread food and environmental contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 44:118-127. [PMID: 22483842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mixed poly-brominated/chlorinated biphenyls (PXBs) are a new class of emerging contaminants. Their environmental occurrence is confirmed by the reported occurrence in foods and human tissues, and the patterns of occurrence suggest that different sources may be contributing to food occurrence in different parts of the world. Important sources of PXBs are thought to include emissions from the combustion of bromine and chlorine containing waste and consumer products and inadvertent contamination in industrial chemicals. Of specific interest are the dioxin-like-PXBs. These are the 62 non-ortho-substituted PXBs with eight congeners of 3,3',4,4'-substitution type (#77A-H), ten of 3,4,4',5-type (#81A-J), twenty four of 3,4,5,3',4'-type (#126A-Z) and twenty of 3,4,5,3',4',5'-type (#169A-V) and many mono-ortho substituted compounds. The toxicological clarification on these contaminants continues, with reports confirming dioxin-like effects at low concentrations, suggesting a greater toxicological significance than PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Falandysz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences & Public Health, University of Gdańsk, 18 Sobieskiego Str., Gdańsk, Poland.
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Kilanowicz A, Wiaderna D, Lutz P, Szymczak W. Behavioral effects following repeated exposure to hexachloronaphthalene in rats. Neurotoxicology 2012; 33:361-9. [PMID: 22387569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), including hexachloronaphthalene (HxCN), are widespread global environmental contaminants. Our experiments were aimed at assessing HxCN effects on motor behavior, long-term memory, pain sensitivity, magnitude of stress-induced analgesia, auditory function and sensorimotor gating, following repeated intragastric administration (28 days) of HxCN at 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg body weight. Three weeks after the exposure termination, male Wistar rats were subjected to the neurobehavioral tests battery performed in the following order: open-field test, passive avoidance test, hot-plate test and acoustic startle response test. Repeated administration of HxCN induced disorders of motivational processes manifested by: anorectic effect caused by aphagia and adipsia; significantly reduced motor activity (hypokinesia); impaired long-term memory and acquired passive avoidance reaction; reduced pain threshold and shortened duration of anxiety reaction after pain stimulus (sensory neglect). Some of these neurobehavioral effects (impaired long-term memory, reduced pain threshold and stress-induced analgesia) were observed at 0.3 mgHxCN/kg body weight without any signs of overt toxicity. The outcome of our study shows that HxCN, like other compounds of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) group, creates a potential risk of behavioral changes in the central nervous system in the general population as a result of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Lodz, Poland.
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The effect of exposure route on the distribution and excretion of hexachloronaphthalene in rats. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012; 25:185-95. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kilanowicz A, Sitarek K, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M, Sapota A. Prenatal developmental toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the rat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:504-512. [PMID: 21040975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the maternal toxicity of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and embryotoxic, fetotoxic, and teratogenic effects after administration of the PCN mixture to pregnant rats in four (0.3-9.0 mg/kg bw) daily doses during organogenesis (days 6-15 of gestation). For dams, a dose of 0.3 mg/kg bw, administered during organogenesis, has been established as NOAEL of PCNs, and a dose of 1 mg/kg bw, administered in the same period, as LOAEL. The dose-related fetotoxic (reduced body weight and length of the fetus, extension of renal pelvis and lateral brain ventricles, signs of delayed ossification and retardation in development of internal organs), and teratogenic effects (cleft palate and hydronephrosis) were recorded at all dose levels, also at the dose non-toxic to mothers. PCNs have been concluded to be potent fetotoxic and teratogenic agents producing similar effects to those of other toxic dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kilanowicz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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