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Zhu X, He Y, Zhang Q, Ma D, Zhao H. Lead induced disorders of lipid metabolism and glycometabolism in the liver of developmental Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) via inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 263:109489. [PMID: 36261108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lead (Pb) contamination is considered a lethal threat to birds. However, Pb-induced hepatotoxicology especially its impacts on metabolic processes in the liver of birds is not yet fully understood. Therefore, we tried to determine the toxicological effects of Pb exposure on hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway by using an animal model- Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). One-week old female Japanese quails were randomly allocated into four groups and fed with 0, 50 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Pb drinking water respectively for 49 days. The results showed that Pb accumulated in the liver as a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to high dose of Pb (500 and 1000 ppm Pb) led to severe histopathological damages characterized by irregularity and dilation of liver sinusoids, hepatic lipid vacuolization and hepatocellular cytoplasm hyalinization. Meanwhile, Pb exposure caused glycogen increase and lipid droplets decrease in the liver. Pb exposure was also attributable to a decreased triglyceride level in the plasma. In addition, the transcriptional levels of PI3K and Akt in the liver were downregulated by Pb exposure. Subsequently, the mRNA expressions of genes related with glycometabolism in the liver were remarkably altered and the mRNA levels of genes involved in fat synthesis and oxidation in the liver were also markedly changed. it seems that Pb could lead to liver metabolic disorder through structural damages and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Derui Ma
- Beijing Chaoyang Foreign Language School, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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2
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Sato H, Ishii C, Nakayama SMM, Ichise T, Saito K, Watanabe Y, Ogasawara K, Torimoto R, Kobayashi A, Kimura T, Nakamura Y, Yamagishi J, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Behavior and toxic effects of Pb in a waterfowl model with oral exposure to Pb shots: Investigating Pb exposure in wild birds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119580. [PMID: 35680064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among wild birds, lead (Pb) exposure caused by ingestion of ammunition is a worldwide problem. We aimed to reveal the behavior and toxic effect of Pb caused by ingesting Pb shots in waterfowl. Four male, eight-week old Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) were given three Pb shots (approximately 240 mg in total) orally and then fed for 29 days after exposure, simulating a low-dose Pb exposure in wild waterfowl. During the breeding period, blood samples were collected 10 times, and fecal samples every day. Additionally, 22 fresh tissue and 6 bone samples were obtained from each duck through the dissection. Although there were no gross abnormalities, the maximum blood Pb concentration of each duck ranged from 0.6 to 3.7 mg/L, reaching a threshold concentration indicative of clinical symptoms (>0.5 mg/L). δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase declined one day after exposure and remained low throughout the feeding period. Hematocrit also tended to decrease, indicating signs of anemia. The highest Pb accumulation was observed in the bones, followed by the kidneys, intestinal tracts, and liver. High Pb accumulation in the bones, which are known to have a long Pb half-life, suggested that Pb would remain in the body and possibly affect bird health beyond 28 days after exposure. Gene expression analysis showed a significant increase in the expression of the toll-like receptor-3 gene, which is involved in virus discrimination in the liver, suggesting a disruption of the immune system. Microbiota analyses showed a correlation between the blood Pb concentration and the abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, suggesting that Pb affects lipid metabolism. These results provide fundamental data on Pb exposure in wild birds and a new perspective on the damage such exposure causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sato
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ishii
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ichise
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Yukiko Watanabe
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogasawara
- Institute for Raptor Biomedicine Japan, Hokuto 2-2101, Kushiro, Hokkaido, 084-0922, Japan
| | - Ryota Torimoto
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimura
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa; Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.
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3
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Wang L, Jing L, Zhang Q, Li S, Wang Y, Zhao H. Lead induced thymic immunosuppression in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) via oxidative stress-based T cell receptor pathway signaling inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 235:111950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Melhado G, Pedrobom L JH, Menegário AA, Herrera Montalvo LG, Cruz-Neto AP. Lead exposure does not affect baseline and induced innate immunity in quails. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 337:527-536. [PMID: 35189040 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most common metals found in ecosystems in elevated concentrations derived mainly from anthropogenic activities. Pb toxicity is of special concern in birds due to its capacity for bioaccumulation in the liver, bones, and kidneys causing physiological disruptions. Such disruptions can be lethal in a few days after Pb acute intoxication and they are associated with several million deaths of birds. Moreover, Pb may work as an immunosuppressant as it affects the cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, including components of the acute-phase response (APR). We (1) examined the effects of Pb contamination on the innate immune system, body mass, and food intake of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and (2) evaluated the effects of Pb on its APR after exposing the animals to Pb acetate in drinkable water during 7 days. We found that Pb contamination increased the number of circulating white blood cells (WBCs), but no effect was found on body mass, food intake, the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, and haptoglobin (Hp) concentration. When Pb-exposed birds were injected with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli to activate the APR, they had a negative body mass ratio, reduced food intake, and increased the number of WBCs, the H/L ratio, and the Hp concentration. We conclude that Pb exposure at this dose did not affect baseline values of the constitutive response and that it did not affect the APR of quails, but commend for further studies testing the effect of different Pb doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Melhado
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Amauri A Menegário
- Centro de Estudos Ambientais, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Gerardo Herrera Montalvo
- Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional, Autónoma de México, San Patricio, Jalisco, México
| | - Ariovaldo P Cruz-Neto
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lead exposure induced inflammation in bursa of Fabricius of Japanese quail (C. japonica) via NF-κB pathway activation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 224:111587. [PMID: 34428639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bursa of Fabricius (BF), one of primary lymphoid organ, is unique to birds. Meanwhile, lead (Pb) is well known for its high toxicology to birds. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the chronic toxic effects of lead exposure on BF in Japanese quails (C. japonica) and the underlying mechanism of lead immunotoxicity. One-week old male quails were exposed to 0 ppm, 50 ppm, 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Pb concentrations by drinking water for four weeks. The results showed that Pb accumulation in BF increased in a dose dependent way. The growth and development of BF was retarded in 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Pb groups. The number of lymphocytes was decreased and the release of immunoglobulin G and M (IgG, IgM), complement 3 and 4 (C3, C4) was inhibited by Pb exposure. Lead exposure also caused oxidative stress and increasing apoptosis in BF. Moreover, histopathological damages characterized by inflammatory hyperemia and inflammatory cell infiltration and ultrastructural injury featured by mitochondrial vacuole, cristae fracture and chromatin concentration were found in BF of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Pb groups. Furthermore, RNA sequencing based transcriptomic analysis revealed that molecular signaling and functional pathways in BF were disrupted by lead exposure. In addition, the activation of Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway while the inhibition of wingless integrated/catenin beta 1 (Wnt/β-catenin) signaling by Pb exposure were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Our study may benefit to understand potential mechanistic pathways of developmental immunotoxicology under Pb stress.
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6
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Wang L, Li X, Zhang G, Zhao H. Transcriptomic analysis of lead-induced hepatoxicology in female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica): Implications of triglyceride synthesis, degradation and transport disruption. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 244:109024. [PMID: 33631343 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution poses great threats to mammals including human and it is also hazardous to bird life. In this study, RNA sequencing analysis was employed to examine the molecular responses to lead exposure in the liver of a toxicological model species Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Female birds were exposed to 0, 50, 500 and 1000 ppm waterborne Pb for 49 days. The results showed that hepatic microstructure was damaged under lead exposure featured by sinusoids dilation and irregularity as well as cell necrosis. Moreover, ultrastructural injury in the liver including mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization as well as nuclear deformation was induced by lead exposure. Lead exposure also caused the decrease of lipid droplets in the liver by oil red O staining. In addition, liver transcriptomic analysis revealed that molecular signaling and functional pathways were disrupted by lead exposure. Meanwhile, the expression of genes involved with hepatic glycerophospholipids metabolism of triglyceride synthesis and lipid transport of triglyceride transfer was significantly down-regulated by lead exposure. Moreover, the up-regulation of genes associated with fatty acid oxidation and the down-regulation of genes related with fatty acid synthesis were caused by lead exposure. The present study implied that lead induced liver malfunction and bird health risks through histopathological damages, molecular signaling disruption, genetic expression alteration and triglyceride metabolism disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119 No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119 No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Gaixia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119 No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119 No. 620, West Chang'an Avenue, Chang'an District, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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7
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Ushine N, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Sato T, Kurahashi Y, Wakayama E, Sugiura N, Hayama SI. Relationship between blood test values and blood lead (Pb) levels in Black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae). J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1124-1129. [PMID: 32565496 PMCID: PMC7468077 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have evaluated immunosuppression due to lead accumulation below the overt
toxicity threshold. If low levels of lead accumulation cause immunosuppression in birds,
those birds could become more susceptible to pathogens. We aimed to determine if low
levels of lead accumulation lead to immunosuppression in Black-headed gulls
(Chroicocephalus ridibundus). Gulls were captured in Tokyo-bay and
Mikawa-bay from January to April 2019. Their blood samples were analyzed for eight items.
The data were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between lead concentrations and the
variables from each bay. Lead was positively correlated with the percentage of heterophils
and heterophil and lymphocyte ratio and negatively with lymphocytes. Thus, low lead
accumulation levels may induce changes in percentage of the heterophils and
lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Ushine
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sato
- The Friends of the Gyotoku Bird Observatory NPO, 4-22-11 Fukuei, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-0137, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kurahashi
- Japanese Bird Banding Association, 115 Konoyama, Abiko-shi, Chiba 277-1145, Japan
| | - Emu Wakayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Natsuko Sugiura
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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8
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Kou H, Ya J, Gao X, Zhao H. The effects of chronic lead exposure on the liver of female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): Histopathological damages, oxidative stress and AMP-activated protein kinase based lipid metabolism disorder. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110055. [PMID: 31838232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic metals to human and wildlife. It also had multiple negative influences on birds with physical, neurological and hematological clinical signs. However, the impacts of lead on bird liver lipid metabolism are still unclear. In this study, female Japanese quails were used to examine the effects of chronic lead exposure on liver histology, oxidative stress and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) based lipid metabolism. Quails were randomly divided into 5 groups and each group was respectively fed with 0, 50, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm lead solution for 49 days. The result showed that exposure to 250, 500 and 1000 ppm Pb induced severe histopathological damages characterized by liver lipid vacuoles and accumulation, hepatic cytoplasmic hyalinization and vacuolization, hepatocytes necrosis, hepatic sinusoid congestion, and it also caused ultrastructural alterations featured by swelling and vacuolar mitochondria, the depolymerization of polyribosome, and lipid droplets accumulation. Moreover, significant decrease of activities of GPx (glutathione peroxidase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and level of T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) while significant increase of MDA (malondialdehyde) content were found in livers of all Pb groups. In addition, the expressions of genes related to fatty synthesis were significantly upregulated in livers of all Pb groups while the expressions of genes related to fatty β-oxidation were significantly downregulated in livers of 250 ppm Pb group. The present study indicated lead exposure does cause bird health damages through inducing liver microstructural and ultrastructural injury, oxidative damages and lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Kou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jing Ya
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuebin Gao
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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9
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Kou H, Fu Y, He Y, Jiang J, Gao X, Zhao H. Chronic lead exposure induces histopathological damage, microbiota dysbiosis and immune disorder in the cecum of female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109588. [PMID: 31450035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most hazardous metals to human and wildlife and it also has multiple negative impacts on birds. However, its influences on bird gut morphology and intestinal microbiota were still unclear. We used female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) to examine the effects of chronic lead exposure (0, 50 ppm and 1000 ppm) on cecal histology, microbial communities and immune function. The results showed 50 ppm lead exposure caused subtle damages of cecum cell structure. However, 1000 ppm lead exposure caused severe cecum histopathological changes characterized by mucosa abscission, Lieberkühn glands destruction and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, both lead concentrations induced ultrastructural damages featured by nucleus pyknosis, mitochondrial vacuolation and microvilli contraction. Meanwhile, microbial community structure, species diversity, taxonomic compositions and taxa abundance in the cecum were affected by lead exposure. Furthermore, the mRNA relative expression of immunity-related genes such as interleukin 2 (IL-2) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was significantly downregulated while that of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and natural killer kappa B (NF-κB) was significantly upregulated in the cecum of 50 and 1000 ppm lead exposure groups. We concluded that lead exposure may cause gut health impairment of female Japanese quails by inducing cecal histopathological changes, microbiota dysbiosis and cecal immune disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Kou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuchen Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yu He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Junxia Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xuebin Gao
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China. ,cn
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Vallverdú-Coll N, Mateo R, Mougeot F, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME. Immunotoxic effects of lead on birds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:505-515. [PMID: 31279197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of lead (Pb) shot pellets is a well-known cause of avian mortality, but exposure of birds to Pb may have other sublethal effects that can affect population sustainability. One of these effects is the alteration of the immunological status. Pb can affect most components of the avian immune system and imbalance the relationship among them. Pb exposure typically alters the ratio between Th1- and Th2-type responses mounted by different classes of T-lymphocytes, causing the depression of the Th1 responses that are associated with cell-mediated immunity. Immunodepressing effects of Pb on birds are observed at blood levels above 50 μg dL-1, but developing birds show immunodepressing effects at much lower concentrations (> 10 μg dL-1). Impacts of Pb on the avian immune system also relate to reduced resistance to infection. We review immunotoxic effects of Pb on birds affected by shot ingestion as well as by other sources of exposure to this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vallverdú-Coll
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - François Mougeot
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC) CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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11
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Smits JEG, Sanders G, Charlebois M. Response of a Small Mammal Population Postremediation for an In Situ Oil Pipeline Blowout on the Athabasca Oil Sands. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1542-1548. [PMID: 30859624 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two releases from steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wellheads occurred 3 yr apart. To track recovery of the affected areas, red-backed voles were studied 1 and 4 yr later, using population estimates, hepatic detoxification effort, body condition, and tissue metal levels as bioindicators of site recovery. From years 1 to 4, higher ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase induction was no longer evident, capture rate was lower, and body lead residues were no longer (inversely) correlated with body condition. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1542-1548. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit E G Smits
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg Sanders
- Omnia Ecological Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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de Jong ME, Scheiber IBR, van den Brink NW, Braun A, Matson KD, Komdeur J, Loonen MJJE. Indices of stress and immune function in Arctic barnacle goslings (Branta leucopsis) were impacted by social isolation but not a contaminated grazing environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:132-141. [PMID: 28550726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In many areas around the Arctic remains and spoil heaps of old mines can be found, which have been abandoned after their heydays. Runoff from tailings of these abandoned mines can directly contaminate the local environment with elevated concentrations of trace metals. Few studies have investigated the possible negative effects of contaminants on Arctic terrestrial animals that use these areas. Trace metals can accumulate in animals and this accumulation has been linked to negative effects on fitness. Both, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and/or the immune system have been named as possible underlying causes for these observations. Free-living animals are often exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, however, and this is often not considered in studies on the effects of contaminants on animal physiology. Here, we performed a study on Spitsbergen (Svalbard) taking both potential effects of trace metal contamination and social stress into account. We investigated experimentally effects of exposure to contaminants from a historic coal mine area on plasma corticosterone levels and on four innate immune parameters (haemolysis, haemagglutination, haptoglobin-like activity and nitric oxide) before and after social isolation in human-raised barnacle goslings (Branta leucopsis). Baseline corticosterone and immune parameters were not affected by mine-exposure. After social isolation, mine goslings tended to show decreased haemagglutination in comparison with control goslings, but we detected no difference in the other measures. Social isolation increased corticosterone and decreased haptoglobin-like activity in all goslings. Immunology and corticosterone levels of barnacle goslings thus seem unaffected, at least on the short term, by Arctic coal mining contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margje E de Jong
- Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, Aweg 30, 9718 CW Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabella B R Scheiber
- Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, The University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Braun
- Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, The University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin D Matson
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, The University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten J J E Loonen
- Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, Aweg 30, 9718 CW Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Zhang Y, Xu X, Sun D, Cao J, Zhang Y, Huo X. Alteration of the number and percentage of innate immune cells in preschool children from an e-waste recycling area. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:615-622. [PMID: 28806563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are widespread environmental contaminants and exert detrimental effects on the immune system. We evaluated the association between Pb/Cd exposures and innate immune cells in children from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling area. A total number of 294 preschool children were recruited, including 153 children from Guiyu (e-waste exposed group), and 141 from Haojiang (reference group). Pb and Cd levels in peripheral blood were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer, NK cell percentages were detected by flow cytometer, and other innate immune cells including monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils were immediately measured by automated hematology analyzer. Results showed children in Guiyu had significantly higher Pb and Cd levels than in reference group. Absolute counts of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils, as well as percentages of eosinophils and neutrophils were significantly higher in the Guiyu group. In contrast, NK cell percentages were significantly lower in Guiyu group. Pb elicited significant escalation in counts of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils, as well as percentages of monocytes, but decline in percentages of neutrophils in different quintiles with respect to the first quintile of Pb concentrations. Cd induced significant increase in counts and percentages of neutrophils in the highest quintile compared with the first quintile of Cd concentrations. We concluded alteration of the number and percentage of innate immune cells are linked to higher levels of Pb and Cd, which indicates Pb and Cd exposures might affect the innate and adaptive immune response in Guiyu children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Di Sun
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjun Cao
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Sattar A, Khan A, Hussain HI, He C, Hussain R, Zhiqiang S, Saleemi MK, Gul ST. Immunosuppressive effects of arsenic in broiler chicks exposed to Newcastle disease virus. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:861-869. [DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2016.1217105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahrar Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Riaz Hussain
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Shen Zhiqiang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Shandong, China
| | | | - Shafia Tehseen Gul
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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15
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Chatelain M, Gasparini J, Frantz A. Trace metals, melanin-based pigmentation and their interaction influence immune parameters in feral pigeons (Columba livia). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:521-529. [PMID: 26809976 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of trace metals emitted by anthropogenic activities on wildlife is of great concern in urban ecology; yet, information on how they affect individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems remains scarce. In particular, trace metals may impact survival by altering the immune system response to parasites. Plumage melanin is assumed to influence the effects of trace metals on immunity owing to its ability to bind metal ions in feathers and its synthesis being coded by a pleiotropic gene. We thus hypothesized that trace metal exposure would interact with plumage colouration in shaping immune response. We experimentally investigated the interactive effect between exposure to an environmentally relevant range of zinc and/or lead and melanin-based plumage colouration on components of the immune system in feral pigeons (Columba livia). We found that zinc increased anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) IgY primary response maintenance, buffered the negative effect of lead on anti-KLH IgY secondary response maintenance and tended to increase T-cell mediated phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) skin response. Lead decreased the peak of the anti-KLH IgY secondary response. In addition, pheomelanic pigeons exhibited a higher secondary anti-KLH IgY response than did eumelanic ones. Finally, T-cell mediated PHA skin response decreased with increasing plumage eumelanin level of birds exposed to lead. Neither treatments nor plumage colouration correlated with endoparasite intensity. Overall, our study points out the effects of trace metals on some parameters of birds' immunity, independently from other confounding urbanization factors, and underlines the need to investigate their impacts on other life history traits and their consequences in the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chatelain
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - J Gasparini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - A Frantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPEC, Paris 7, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, 75005, Paris, France
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16
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Golden NH, Warner SE, Coffey MJ. A Review and Assessment of Spent Lead Ammunition and Its Exposure and Effects to Scavenging Birds in the United States. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 237:123-191. [PMID: 26613991 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23573-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Golden
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA, 22041, USA.
| | - Sarah E Warner
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 505 Science Drive, Madison, WI, 53717, USA
| | - Michael J Coffey
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge, 4503 West DeYoung, Suite 102, Marion, IL, 62959, USA
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17
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Vallverdú-Coll N, Ortiz-Santaliestra ME, Mougeot F, Vidal D, Mateo R. Sublethal Pb exposure produces season-dependent effects on immune response, oxidative balance and investment in carotenoid-based coloration in red-legged partridges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3839-50. [PMID: 25674808 DOI: 10.1021/es505148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of lead (Pb) shot pellets constitutes the main cause of Pb poisoning in avifauna. We studied the effects of sublethal Pb exposure on immunity, carotenoid-based coloration, oxidative stress and trade-offs among these types of responses during spring and autumn in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa). We evaluated constitutive immunity testing lysozyme and natural antibody levels, and blood bactericidal and phagocytic activities. We studied induced immunity by testing PHA and humoral responses. We analyzed fecal parasite and bacterial abundance and oxidative stress biomarkers. Pb exposure in spring reduced natural antibody levels, whereas in autumn, it reduced lysozyme levels and increased phagocytic activity. Pb exposure increased PHA response in both seasons, and decreased T-independent humoral response in autumn. Pb exposure also increased noncoliform and decreased coliform Gram-negative gut bacteria. In spring, Pb exposure decreased antioxidant levels and increased coloration in males, whereas in autumn, it increased retinol levels but reduced coloration in both genders. Our results suggest that in spring, Pb-exposed females used antioxidants to cope with oxidative stress at the expense of coloration, whereas Pb-exposed males increased coloration, which may reflect an increased breeding investment. In autumn, both genders prioritized oxidative balance maintenance at the expense of coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Vallverdú-Coll
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel E Ortiz-Santaliestra
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- ‡Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - François Mougeot
- §Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA), CSIC, Ctra. De Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Dolors Vidal
- ∥Facultad de Medicina, UCLM, Edificio Polivalente, Camino de Moledores s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- †Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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18
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Vermeulen A, Müller W, Matson KD, Tieleman BI, Bervoets L, Eens M. Sources of variation in innate immunity in great tit nestlings living along a metal pollution gradient: an individual-based approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:297-306. [PMID: 25489975 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Excessive deposition of metals in the environment is a well-known example of pollution worldwide. Chronic exposure of organisms to metals can have a detrimental effect on reproduction, behavior, health and survival, due to the negative effects on components of the immune system. However, little is known about the effects of chronic sublethal metal exposure on immunity, especially for wildlife. In our study, we examined the constitutive innate immunity of great tit (Parus major) nestlings (N=234) living in four populations along a metal pollution gradient. For each nestling, we determined the individual metal concentrations (lead, cadmium, arsenic) present in the red blood cells and measured four different innate immune parameters (agglutination, lysis, haptoglobin concentrations and nitric oxide concentrations) to investigate the relationship between metal exposure and immunological condition. While we found significant differences in endogenous metal concentrations among populations with the highest concentrations closest to the pollution source, we did not observe corresponding patterns in our immune measures. However, when evaluating relationships between metal concentrations and immune parameters at the individual level, we found negative effects of lead and, to a lesser extent, arsenic and cadmium on lysis. In addition, high arsenic concentrations appear to elicit inflammation, as reflected by elevated haptoglobin concentrations. Thus despite the lack of a geographic association between pollution and immunity, this type of association was present at the individual level at a very early life stage. The high variation in metal concentrations and immune measures observed within populations indicates a high level of heterogeneity along an existing pollution gradient. Interestingly, we also found substantial within nest variation, for which the sources remain unclear, and which highlights the need of an individual-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Vermeulen
- Department of Biology - Ethology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Wendt Müller
- Department of Biology - Ethology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Kevin D Matson
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands; The Resource Ecology Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B Irene Tieleman
- Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology - SPHERE, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Department of Biology - Ethology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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19
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Bichet C, Scheifler R, Cœurdassier M, Julliard R, Sorci G, Loiseau C. Urbanization, trace metal pollution, and malaria prevalence in the house sparrow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53866. [PMID: 23342022 PMCID: PMC3547037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic pollution poses a threat for the environment and wildlife. Trace metals (TMs) are known to have negative effects on haematological status, oxidative balance, and reproductive success in birds. These pollutants particularly increase in concentration in industrialized, urbanized and intensive agricultural areas. Pollutants can also interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system and, as such, alter the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Nevertheless, the impact of pollution on infectious diseases has been largely neglected in natural populations of vertebrates. Here, we used a large spatial scale monitoring of 16 house sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations to identify environmental variables likely to explain variation in TMs (lead, cadmium, zinc) concentrations in the feathers. In five of these populations, we also studied the potential link between TMs, prevalence of infection with one species of avian malaria, Plasmodium relictum, and body condition. Our results show that lead concentration is associated with heavily urbanized habitats and that areas with large woodland coverage have higher cadmium and zinc feather concentrations. Our results suggest that lead concentration in the feathers positively correlates with P. relictum prevalence, and that a complex relationship links TM concentrations, infection status, and body condition. This is one of the first studies showing that environmental pollutants are associated with prevalence of an infectious disease in wildlife. The mechanisms underlying this effect are still unknown even though it is tempting to suggest that lead could interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system, as shown in other species. We suggest that more effort should be devoted to elucidate the link between pollution and the dynamics of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraline Bichet
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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