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Uyar R, Turgut Y, Çelik HT, Ünal MA, Kuzukıran Ö, Özyüncü Ö, Ceylan A, Çinar ÖÖ, Boztepe ÜG, Özdağ H, Filazi A, Yurdakök-Di Kmen B. Effects of DDT and DDE on placental cholinergic receptors. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 126:108588. [PMID: 38615785 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The placental cholinergic system; known as an important factor in intracellular metabolic activities, regulation of placental vascular tone, placental development, and neurotransmission; can be affected by persistent organic pesticides, particularly organochlorine pesticides(OCPs), which can influence various epigenetic regulations and molecular pathways. Although OCPs are legally prohibited, trace amounts of the persistent dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) are still found in the environment, making prenatal exposure inevitable. In this study, the effects of 2,4'-DDT and 4,4'-DDT; and its breakdown product 4,4'-DDE in the environment on placental cholinergic system were evaluated with regards to cholinergic genes. 40 human placentas were screened, where 42,50% (17 samples) were found to be positive for the tested compounds. Average concentrations were 10.44 μg/kg; 15.07 μg/kg and 189,42 μg/kg for 4,4'-DDE; 2,4'-DDT and 4,4'-DDT respectively. RNA-Seq results revealed 2396 differentially expressed genes in positive samples; while an increase in CHRM1,CHRNA1,CHRNG and CHRNA2 genes at 1.28, 1.49, 1.59 and 0.4 fold change were found(p<0028). The increase for CHRM1 was also confirmed in tissue samples with immunohistochemistry. In vitro assays using HTR8/SVneo cells; revealed an increase in mRNA expression of CHRM1, CHRM3 and CHRN1 in DDT and DDE treated groups; which was also confirmed through western blot assays. An increase in the expression of CHRM1,CHRNA1, CHRNG(p<0001) and CHRNA2(p<0,05) were found from the OCPs exposed and non exposed groups.The present study reveals that intrauterine exposure to DDT affects the placental cholinergic system mainly through increased expression of muscarinic receptors. This increase in receptor expression is expected to enhance the sensitivity of the placental cholinergic system to acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Uyar
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye.
| | - Yağmur Turgut
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye
| | - H Tolga Çelik
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Section of Neonatology, Altindag, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - M Altay Ünal
- Ankara University, Institute of Stem Cell, Ankara 06520, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kuzukıran
- Çankırı Karatekin University, Eldivan Vocational School of Health Sciences, Veterinary Department, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özyüncü
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Altindag, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ceylan
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Özge Özgenç Çinar
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Ümmü Gülsüm Boztepe
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06070, Turkiye
| | - Hilal Özdağ
- Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
| | - Begüm Yurdakök-Di Kmen
- Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara 06070, Turkey
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Wu C, Du X, Liu H, Chen X, Ge K, Meng R, Zhang Z, Zhang H. Advances in polychlorinated biphenyls-induced female reproductive toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170543. [PMID: 38309369 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) widely present in the environment. PCBs have been of concern due to their anti/estrogen-like effects, which make them more toxic to the female reproductive system. However, there is still a lack of systematic reviews on the reproductive toxicity of PCBs in females, so the adverse effects and mechanisms of PCBs on the female reproductive system were summarized in this paper. Our findings showed that PCBs are positively associated with lower pregnancy rate, hormone disruption, miscarriage and various reproductive diseases in women. In animal experiments, PCBs can damage the structure and function of the ovaries, uterus and oviducts. Also, PCBs could produce epigenetic effects and be transferred to the offspring through the maternal placenta, causing development retardation, malformation and death of embryos, and damage to organs of multiple generations. Furthermore, the mechanisms of PCBs-induced female reproductive toxicity mainly include receptor-mediated hormone disorders, oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and epigenetic modifications. Finally, we also present some directions for future research on the reproductive toxicity of PCBs. This detailed information provided a valuable reference for fully understanding the reproductive toxicity of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kangfeng Ge
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ruiyang Meng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zongxin Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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Liu Y, Xie Y, Tian Y, Liao J, Fang D, Wang L, Zeng R, Xiong S, Liu X, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Li Q, Shen X, Zhou Y. Exposure levels and determinants of placental polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Chinese pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117615. [PMID: 37949289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a group of widely used chemicals and humans are exposed to them in their daily life. PBDEs exposure during pregnancy may have adverse effects on pregnant women and their fetuses. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the levels and determinants of PBDEs exposure in Chinese pregnant women. METHODS The internal exposure levels of eight PBDEs (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) in placental samples of 1280 pregnant women from Zunyi birth cohort were analyzed using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. All PBDEs concentrations were lipid adjusted (ng/g lw). Determinants of exposure were assessed by multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Eight PBDE homologues were quantifiable in more than 70% of the samples. The highest median concentrations were found for BDE-209 (2.78 ng/g lw), followed by BDE-153 (1.00 ng/g lw) and BDE-183 (0.93 ng/g lw). The level of ΣPBDEs ranged from 0.90 to 308.78 ng/g lw, with a median concentration of 10.02 ng/g lw. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age older than 30 years old (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.23), pre-pregnancy obesity (1.51; 1.08, 2.10), home renovation within 2 years (1.43; 1.08, 1.91), spending more time outdoors during pregnancy (0.70; 0.55, 0.89), high consumption of fish/seafood (1.46; 1.13, 1.90) and eggs (1.44; 1.04, 2.00), male infant sex (1.69; 1.18, 2.42) were associated with PBDEs exposure. CONCLUSION The study population is generally exposed to PBDEs, of which BDE-209 is the dominant congener, indicating extensive application of products containing deca-BDE mixtures. Maternal age, pre-pregnancy BMI, home decoration, average outdoor time during pregnancy, fish, seafood, eggs consumption, and fetal sex were exposure-determinning factors. This study contributes to the knowledge on region-specific PBDEs contamination in pregnant women and related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yan Xie
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yingkuan Tian
- People's Hospital of Xingyi City, Qianxinan, 562400, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Derong Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Linglu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Shimin Xiong
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xingyan Liu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- People's Hospital of Xishui County, Zunyi, 564600, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- People's Hospital of Xishui County, Zunyi, 564600, Guizhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - XuBo Shen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yuanzhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, China.
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, (Ron) Hoogenboom L, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Hart A, Rose M, Schroeder H, Vrijheid M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8497. [PMID: 38269035 PMCID: PMC10807361 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food, focusing on 10 congeners: BDE-28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183 and ‑209. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour and reproductive/developmental effects are the critical effects in rodent studies. For four congeners (BDE-47, -99, -153, -209) the Panel derived Reference Points, i.e. benchmark doses and corresponding lower 95% confidence limits (BMDLs), for endpoint-specific benchmark responses. Since repeated exposure to PBDEs results in accumulation of these chemicals in the body, the Panel estimated the body burden at the BMDL in rodents, and the chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans. For the remaining six congeners no studies were available to identify Reference Points. The Panel concluded that there is scientific basis for inclusion of all 10 congeners in a common assessment group and performed a combined risk assessment. The Panel concluded that the combined margin of exposure (MOET) approach was the most appropriate risk metric and applied a tiered approach to the risk characterisation. Over 84,000 analytical results for the 10 congeners in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary Lower Bound exposure to PBDEs were meat and meat products and fish and seafood. Taking into account the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded that it is likely that current dietary exposure to PBDEs in the European population raises a health concern.
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Liu YJ, Xie Y, Tian YK, Liu H, He CD, An SL, Chen W, Zhou YZ, Zhong XN. Associations Between Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Concentrations in Human Placenta and Small for Gestational Age in Southwest China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:812268. [PMID: 35211445 PMCID: PMC8863045 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.812268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposures to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may affect fetal growth. Small for gestational age (SGA) is a measure based on birth weight and gestational age at birth and represents a good indicator of fetal growth but it has been used only in a small number of studies. The present study aimed to examine the associations between PBDEs exposure and the risk of SGA among participants from a birth cohort in Southwest China. METHODS The concentrations of eight common PBDE congeners (BDE-28, BDE47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209) in 996 human placental samples collected between May to October 2020 were determined. A questionnaire survey was administered regarding maternal characteristics. The outcome data of the newborns were obtained from the medical record. The Mann-Whitney U test and binomial logistic regression analysis were used to assess associations between PBDEs concentrations (as a continuous or categorical variable) and SGA. RESULTS All PBDE congeners were detected in more than 73% of samples. The median concentrations of ΣPBDEs were 10.08 ng/g lipid weight (lw). BDE-209 was the most abundant PBDE congener, contributed 28% to ΣPBDEs. There were 114 (11.4%) SGA infants. The levels of BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-209, and the total levels of ΣPBDEs in the SGA group were significantly higher than those in the controls. When classifying the PBDEs concentrations as two categories: low and high, high level of ΣPBDEs was associated with increased risk of SGA [odds ratio (OR): 2.203, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.453-3.340] after adjusting for potential covariates. The association remained significant when stratifying the data by gender of the newborn (OR: 2.572, 95% CI: 1.337-4.947 for boys; OR: 2.385, 95% CI: 1.315-4.325 for girls). CONCLUSION The present study adds to the literature by using placenta to measure PBDEs exposure during pregnancy, and provides evidence that prenatal exposure to PBDEs may be associated with the risk of SGA, at least at the levels of exposure in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Xie
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying-Kuan Tian
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cai-Die He
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Song-Lin An
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Zhong
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhu M, Yuan Y, Yin H, Guo Z, Wei X, Qi X, Liu H, Dang Z. Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150270. [PMID: 34536863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), together with 11 other organic compounds, were initially listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention because of their potential threat to ecosystems and humans. In China, many monitoring studies have been undertaken to reveal the level of PCBs in environment since 2005 due to the introduced stricter environmental regulations. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding the overall spatial and temporal distributions of PCBs in China. This review systematically discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices, organisms, and humans in China. Results showed that PCB contamination in northern and southern China was not significantly different, but the PCB levels in East China were commonly higher than those in West China, which might have been due to the widespread consumption of PCBs and intensive human activities in East China. Serious PCB contamination was found in e-waste disassembling areas (e.g., Taizhou of Zhejiang Province and Qingyuan and Guiyu of Guangdong Province). Higher PCB concentrations were also chronicled in megalopolises and industrial clusters. The unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) formed during industrial thermal processes may play an increasingly significant role in PCB pollution in China. Low PCB levels were recorded in rural and underdeveloped districts, particularly in remote and high-altitude localities such as the Tibetan Plateau and the South China Sea. However, these data are limited. Human exposure to PCBs is closely related to the characteristics of environmental pollution. This review also discusses existing issues and future research prospects on PCBs in China. For instance, the accumulation characteristics and migration regularities of PCBs in food webs should be further studied. More investigations should be undertaken to assess the quantitative relationship between external and internal exposure to PCBs. For example, bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies should be supplemented to evaluate human health risks more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Kofoed AB, Deen L, Hougaard KS, Petersen KU, Meyer HW, Pedersen EB, Ebbehøj NE, Heitmann BL, Bonde JP, Tøttenborg SS. Maternal exposure to airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and risk of adverse birth outcomes. Eur J Epidemiol 2021; 36:861-872. [PMID: 34420151 PMCID: PMC8416822 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-021-00793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human health effects of airborne lower-chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyls (LC-PCBs) are largely unexplored. Since PCBs may cross the placenta, maternal exposure could potentially have negative consequences for fetal development. We aimed to determine if exposure to airborne PCB during pregnancy was associated with adverse birth outcomes. In this cohort study, exposed women had lived in PCB contaminated apartments at least one year during the 3.6 years before conception or the entire first trimester of pregnancy. The women and their children were followed for birth outcomes in Danish health registers. Logistic regression was performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) for changes in secondary sex ratio, preterm birth, major congenital malformations, cryptorchidism, and being born small for gestational age. We performed linear regression to estimate difference in birth weight among children of exposed and unexposed mothers. All models were adjusted for maternal age, educational level, ethnicity, and calendar time. We identified 885 exposed pregnancies and 3327 unexposed pregnancies. Relative to unexposed women, exposed women had OR 0.97 (95% CI 0.82, 1.15) for secondary sex ratio, OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.76, 1.67) for preterm birth, OR 1.28 (95% CI 0.81, 2.01) for having a child with major malformations, OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.01, 2.95) for cryptorchidism and OR 1.23 (95% CI 0.88, 1.72) for giving birth to a child born small for gestational age. The difference in birth weight for children of exposed compared to unexposed women was − 32 g (95% CI—79, 14). We observed an increased risk of cryptorchidism among boys after maternal airborne LC-PCB exposure, but due to the proxy measure of exposure, inability to perform dose–response analyses, and the lack of comparable literature, larger cohort studies with direct measures of exposure are needed to investigate the safety of airborne LC-PCB exposure during pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Bungum Kofoed
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Laura Deen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sørig Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kajsa Ugelvig Petersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harald William Meyer
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Bøtker Pedersen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Erik Ebbehøj
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilienthal Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Bonde
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Søgaard Tøttenborg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20F, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Alvarez-Silvares E, Fernández-Cruz T, Domínguez-Vigo P, Rubio-Cid P, Seoane-Pillado T, Martínez-Carballo E. Association between placenta concentrations polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls and gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study in northwestern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10292-10301. [PMID: 33462692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants begins in uterine life. The study was conducted to evaluate associations between gestational diabetes mellitus and the presence of persistent organic pollutants in placenta samples. They were derived from a birth cohort study in Ourense (NW Spain). Selective pressurized liquid extraction methodologies were used to determine targeted persistent organic pollutants in placenta samples. Cleanup of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction using EZ-POP cartridges and detection by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical calculations were performed by comparing the values obtained in the case and control groups. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.050. Results: The concentrations of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) presented lower levels in the placentas of expectant mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus when comparing them to the control cohort. This difference was statistically significant. It was revealed that this association was independent of obesity, age, parity, amenorrhoea at birth, or a family history of diabetes mellitus. To the best of our knowledge, this paper reported an inverse relationship between PBDE and PCB levels in placenta and gestational diabetes mellitus for the first time. We believe this may open a door to future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Alvarez-Silvares
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Tania Fernández-Cruz
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Paula Domínguez-Vigo
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain
| | - Paula Rubio-Cid
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, C/ Ramón Puga 54, 32005, Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Elena Martínez-Carballo
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster (CITACA), Campus da Auga, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Vigo, 32004, Ourense, Spain
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Wu Z, He C, Han W, Song J, Li H, Zhang Y, Jing X, Wu W. Exposure pathways, levels and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109531. [PMID: 32454306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in different types of materials, which have been listed as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2009 and 2017. Due to their ubiquities in the environment and toxicities, PBDEs have posed great threat to both human health and ecosystems. The aim of this review is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the exposure pathways, levels and trends and associated health risks of PBDEs in human body in a global scale. We systematically reviewed and described the scientific data of PBDE researches worldwide from 2010 to March 2020, focusing on the following three areas: (1) sources and human external exposure pathways of PBDEs; (2) PBDE levels and trends in humans; (3) human data of PBDEs toxicity. Dietary intake and dust ingestion are dominant human exposure pathways. PBDEs were widely detected in human samples, especially in human serum and human milk. Data showed that PBDEs are generally declining in human samples worldwide as a result of their phasing out. Due to the common use of PBDEs, their levels in humans from the USA were generally higher than that in other countries. High concentrations of PBDEs have been detected in humans from PBDE production regions and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-47, -153 and -99 were proved to be the primary congeners in humans. Human toxicity data demonstrated that PBDEs have extensively endocrine disruption effects, developmental effects, and carcinogenic effects among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wei Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huijun Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yadi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohua Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, 455002, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Matovu H, Ssebugere P, Sillanpää M. Prenatal exposure levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mother-infant pairs and their transplacental transfer characteristics in Uganda (East Africa). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113723. [PMID: 31869703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants with adverse effects on the foetus and infants. This study aimed at assessing in utero exposure levels and transplacental transfer (TPT) characteristics of BDE congeners in primiparous mothers from Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. Paired human samples (30 placenta and 30 cord blood samples) were collected between April and June 2018; and analysed for a suite of 24 tri-to deca-BDE congeners. Extraction was carried out using liquid-liquid extraction and sonication for cord blood and placenta samples, respectively. Clean-up was done on a solid phase (SPE) column and analysis was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Total (∑) PBDEs were 0.25-30.9 ng/g lipid weight (lw) (median; 7.11 ng/g lw) in placental tissues and 1.65-34.5 ng/g lw (median; 11.9 ng/g lw) in cord blood serum, with a mean difference of 1.26 ng/g lw between the compartments. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the levels of PBDEs in cord blood and placenta samples (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p = 0.665), possibly because foetus and neonates have poorly developed systems to metabolise the pollutants from the mothers. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in both matrices (contributed 40.5% and 51.2% to ∑PBDEs in placenta and cord blood, respectively), suggesting recent and on-going maternal exposure to deca-BDE formulation. Non-significant associations were observed between ∑PBDEs in maternal placenta and maternal age, household income, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and beef/fish consumption. This suggested on-going exposure to PBDEs through multiple sources such as dust from indoor/outdoor environments and, ingestion of other foods. Based on absolute concentrations, the extent of transplacental transport was greater for higher congeners (BDE-209, -206 and -207) than for lower ones (such as BDE-47), suggesting alternative TPT mechanisms besides passive diffusion. More studies with bigger sample sizes are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Matovu
- Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P. O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda; Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50190, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Patrick Ssebugere
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50190, Mikkeli, Finland
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Examining Reproductive Health Outcomes in Females Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyl and Polybrominated Biphenyl. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3314. [PMID: 32094419 PMCID: PMC7039953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1973, accidental contamination of Michigan livestock with polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) led to the establishment of a registry of exposed individuals that have been followed for > 40 years. Besides being exposed to PBBs, this cohort has also been exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a structurally similar class of environmental pollutants, at levels similar to average US exposure. In this study, we examined the association between current serum PCB and PBB levels and various female reproductive health outcomes to build upon previous work and inconsistencies. Participation in this cross-sectional study required a blood draw and completion of a detailed health questionnaire. Analysis included only female participants who had participated between 2012 and 2015 (N = 254). Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to identify associations between serum PCB and PBB levels with each gynecological and infertility outcome. Additionally, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to evaluate each pregnancy and birth outcome in order to account for multiple pregnancies per woman. We controlled for age, body mass index, and total lipid levels in all analyses. A p-value of <0.05 was used for statistical significance. Among the women who reported ever being pregnant, there was a significant negative association with higher total PCB levels associating with fewer lifetime pregnancies ( β = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.21 to −0.005, p = 0.04). There were no correlations between serum PCB levels and the self-reported gynecological outcomes (pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or uterine fibroids). No associations were identified between serum PCB levels and the prevalence of female infertility in women reporting ever having sexual intercourse with a male partner. There were no associations identified between serum PCB levels and pregnancy outcomes (singleton live births or miscarriages) or birth outcomes (preterm birth, birth weight, birth defects, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, or gestational diabetes). PBB was not associated with any outcome. Further research is needed to determine if and how PCB may reduce pregnancy number.
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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13
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Developing a link between toxicants, claudins and neural tube defects. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:155-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jeong Y, Lee S, Kim S, Park J, Kim HJ, Choi G, Choi S, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants and feasibility using the placenta as a non-invasive biomonitoring matrix. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1498-1505. [PMID: 28910963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The placenta is a crucial organ for the supply of oxygen and nutritional elements from mother to fetus. Several studies have reported evidence of the placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Despite the importance of prenatal exposure to POPs, the transport process of POPs via the human placenta is not well understood. To investigate the transport processes of these contaminants and to assess the feasibility of the placenta as a non-invasive biological matrix, we measured 19 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 24 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in placenta tissues. The total concentrations of PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs in placental tissues ranged from 0.36 to 75.2 (median: 5.85) ng/g lipid wt, 1.37 to 250 (63.5) ng/g lipid wt, and 1.21 to 427 (11.7) ng/g lipid wt, respectively. The BDE 209 concentrations were higher than those reported in previous studies presumably because of the high consumption of deca-BDE technical mixtures in Korea. The concentrations of all of the POPs in placental tissues correlated significantly with each other, but BDE 209 concentration did not correlate with that of any other contaminants possibly because of different exposure sources and kinetics. Maternal age, body mass index, and parity were contributors to the accumulation of several POPs in the placenta. Partitioning ratios between maternal blood-placenta-cord blood showed that lower molecular-weight and hydrophobic POPs were preferentially transported from maternal blood to the placenta and that higher molecular-weight and hydrophobic contaminants tended to remain in placental tissues. Regression analysis showed significant relationships between the POP concentrations in multiple biological matrices such as maternal blood, placenta, cord blood, and meconium. These relationships suggest that the placenta can be used as a non-invasive matrix for biomonitoring prenatal exposure to several POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsun Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongim Park
- College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Joong Kim
- College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuyeon Choi
- College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooran Choi
- College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjoo Kim
- College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Young Kim
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoon Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Tang J, Zhai JX. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk, cord blood and placentas: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21548-21573. [PMID: 28831660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9821-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer products. PBDEs rapidly bioaccumulate in the environment, food, wild animals and humans. In this review, we investigated the harmful effects of PBDEs on humans, especially in early life, and summarised the levels of PBDEs in human biological samples (breast milk, cord blood and placentas). In addition, we described the spatiotemporal distribution of PBDEs in this review. PBDE levels in breast milk, cord blood and placentas were generally higher in North America than in other regions, such as Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa. However, high levels of PBDEs in human biological samples were detected at e-waste recycling sites in South China, East China and South Korea. This finding suggests that newborns living in e-waste regions are exposed to high levels of PBDEs during prenatal and postnatal periods. The time trends of PBDE concentration differed according to the region. Few studies have investigated PBDE levels in humans from 1967 to 2000, but they increased rapidly after 2000. PBDE concentration peaked at approximately 2006 globally. Compared with other PBDE congeners, BDE-47, BDE-153 and BDE-209 were the major components, but the detection rate of BDE-209 was lower than those of others. Future studies should focus on determining the BDE-209 concentration, which requires the implementation of different analytical approaches. Additionally, the levels of PBDEs in human samples and the environment should be monitored, especially in e-waste recycling regions. Graphical abstract The figures described the spatial distribution of the lowest (Fig. a1) and highest concentration of ∑PBDE (Fig. a2) in different countries by 2006 and described the spatial distribution of the lowest (Fig. b1) and highest concentration of ∑PBDE (Fig. b2) in different countries from 2007 to 2015. All the figures indicated that the levels of PBDEs in North America were substantially higher than those in many regions of Europe, Asia, Oceania, or Africa. Comparing Fig. a1-b1 or Fig. a2-b2, increasing trends were observed in some countries, especially in some regions in China, Korea and Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jin Xia Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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16
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Foster WG, Evans JA, Little J, Arbour L, Moore A, Sauve R, Andrés León J, Luo W. Human exposure to environmental contaminants and congenital anomalies: a critical review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 47:59-84. [PMID: 27685638 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies are an important cause of infant mortality and disability. Developmental exposure to environmental contaminants is thought to increase the risk for congenital anomalies. Herein, we describe a critical review of the literature conducted between February and March 2014 yielding 3057 references from which 97 unique relevant articles published from 2003 through 2014 were evaluated. Common congenital anomalies including hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance (AGD), congenital heart defects and oral clefts were well represented in the literature whereas other outcomes such as neural tube defects, limb deficiency defects and gastroschisis were rarely described. While definitions used for congenital anomalies and methods of ascertainment were usually consistent across studies, inconsistencies were frequently found in grouping of different congenital heart defects. Despite strong links between some congenital anomalies and parental occupation, these studies are unable to provide clear insight into the specific chemicals responsible owing to lack of direct measures of exposure. In comparison, data are mixed for contaminant exposures at concentrations representative of results from contemporary biomonitoring studies. Of the environmental contaminants studied, the association between phthalate exposures and developmental abnormalities of the male reproductive tract received the greatest attention. Important limitations of the literature studied relate to adequacy of sample size, absence of or weaknesses in exposure assessment methodologies, failure to account for biological plausibility and grouping of congenital anomalies with divergent mechanisms. We conclude that the literature is inadequate at this time to support a conclusion that exposure to environmental contaminants are or are not associated with increased risks for congenital anomalies in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren G Foster
- a Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jane A Evans
- b Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Julian Little
- c School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Laura Arbour
- d Department of Medical Genetics , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Aideen Moore
- e Department of Paediatrics , University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Reg Sauve
- f Department of Community Health Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Juan Andrés León
- g Maternal, Child and Youth Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division , Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Wei Luo
- g Maternal, Child and Youth Health Surveillance and Epidemiology Division , Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention, Public Health Agency of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Ding J, Xu Z, Huang W, Feng L, Yang F. Organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in human placenta in Eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 554-555:211-7. [PMID: 26950635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely used in various products as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. Although widespread OPE exposure is expected in humans, the accumulation of OPEs has seldom been studied in the human body. In this study, 12 OPE analogs were analyzed in 50 human placentas collected in Eastern China. The concentrations of the 9 most frequently detected OPEs (Σ9OPEs) ranged from 34.4 to 862ng/g lipid weight (lw), with a median of 301ng/g lw. Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was identified as the most abundant analog, with a median concentration of 142ng/g lw, followed by tributoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP). Statistical analysis showed no analog of OPEs or Σ9OPEs was positively correlated with the lipid content of the placentas. There were no correlations observed between the OPE concentrations and maternal characteristics. Food consumption habits exhibited weak effects on OPE levels in the placentas. Further investigation is required to determine the effects of OPEs on fetuses due to the expected increase in maternal exposure to these esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Fangxing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Leonetti C, Butt CM, Hoffman K, Miranda ML, Stapleton HM. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol in human placental tissues. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 88:23-29. [PMID: 26700418 PMCID: PMC4755871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Legacy environmental contaminants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in human tissues. However, few studies have measured PBDEs in placental tissues, and there are no reported measurements of 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) in placental tissues. Measurements of these contaminants are important for understanding potential fetal exposures, as these compounds have been shown to alter thyroid hormone regulation in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we measured a suite of PBDEs and 2,4,6-TBP in 102 human placental tissues collected between 2010 and 2011 in Durham County, North Carolina, USA. The most abundant PBDE congener detected was BDE-47, with a mean concentration of 5.09ng/g lipid (range: 0.12-141ng/g lipid; detection frequency 91%); however, 2,4,6-TBP was ubiquitously detected and present at higher concentrations with a mean concentration of 15.4ng/g lipid (range:1.31-316ng/g lipid; detection frequency 100%). BDE-209 was also detected in more than 50% of the samples, and was significantly associated with 2,4,6-TBP in placental tissues, suggesting they may have a similar source, or that 2,4,6-TBP may be a degradation product of BDE-209. Interestingly, BDE-209 and 2,4,6-TBP were negatively associated with age (rs=-0.16; p=0.10 and rs=-0.17; p=0.08, respectively). The results of this work indicate that PBDEs and 2,4,6-TBP bioaccumulate in human placenta tissue and likely contribute to prenatal exposures to these environmental contaminants. Future studies are needed to determine if these joint exposures are associated with any adverse health measures in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M Butt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kate Hoffman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marie Lynn Miranda
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
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Vizcaino E, Grimalt JO, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardon A. Transport of persistent organic pollutants across the human placenta. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 65:107-15. [PMID: 24486968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal life is the most sensitive stage of human development to environmental pollutants. Early exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may increase the risk of adverse health effects during childhood. The mechanisms of transference of POPs during pregnancy are still not well understood. The present study is aimed to investigate the transfer of POPs between mother and fetus. The concentrations of 14 organochlorine pesticides, 7 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 14 polybromodiphenyl ether (PBDEs) congeners have been measured in 308 maternal serum samples, their respective umbilical cords and 50 placental tissues from a mother-infant cohort representative of Spanish general population. In general, the adjusted lipid-basis concentrations were higher in maternal serum than in cord serum and placenta. The concentrations of most pollutants between maternal serum and cord serum and between maternal serum and placenta were significantly correlated. These distributions were consistent with a predominant maternal source that transfers the pollutants into the placenta and the fetus. However, this distribution did not correspond to passive diffusion of these compounds between these tissues according to lipid content. The compounds more readily metabolized were higher in newborns, which suggest that differences in metabolic capabilities may be responsible of the observed variations in POP distributions between mother and newborns. Prenatal exposure to 4,4'-DDT and some PBDEs such as BDE 99 and BDE 209 is much higher than it could be anticipated from the composition of maternal serum. POP exposure assessment studies of newborns may overlook the effects of some of these pollutants if they only consider maternal determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Vizcaino
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería, s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adonina Tardon
- Unit of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Universitary Institute of Oncology of the Principality of Asturias (IUOPA), Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Faniband M, Lindh CH, Jönsson BAG. Human biological monitoring of suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:5-16. [PMID: 24369128 PMCID: PMC3901881 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds are exogenous agents that interfere with the natural hormones of the body. Human biological monitoring is a powerful method for monitoring exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds. In this review, we describe human biological monitoring systems for different groups of endocrine disrupting compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, metals, perfluronated compounds, parabens, ultraviolet filters, and organic solvents. The aspects discussed are origin to exposure, metabolism, matrices to analyse, analytical determination methods, determinants, and time trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moosa Faniband
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo AG Jönsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Lin YP, Pessah IN, Puschner B. Simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in human serum and plasma. Talanta 2013; 113:41-8. [PMID: 23708622 PMCID: PMC3698050 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable methods for simultaneous determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in limited volumes of human serum or plasma need to be further documented especially when they accumulate at low levels that are still capable of disrupting endocrine and immune functions, and affecting neurodevelopment and reproduction. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a sensitive and quantitative method that simultaneously quantifies PBDEs and PCBs in 0.5 ml of human serum or plasma. We optimized a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and used silica particle purification for the extraction of PBDEs and PCBs. Two multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) transitions were optimized for each congener. The sum of the transitions was used for quantification, and their abundance ratios were used for identification. The combined method optimization techniques resulted in limits of detection from 3 to 145 pg/ml for 10 PBDEs and 1-12 pg/ml for 15 PCBs. Method was solidly validated by analyzing serum fortified with a certified PBDE and PCB standard mixture from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The accuracy was 88-118% and day-to-day precision was within 19%. The method was successfully applied to quantify native concentrations of PBDE and PCB in commercially available human serum. The sensitivity and selectivity of the GC/EI-MS/MS analysis enables it to be the method of choice for investigations of exposures to PBDE and PCB congeners, especially when sample volume is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-ping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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