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Wang X, Zafar J, Yang X, De Mandal S, Hong Y, Jin F, Xu X. Gut bacterium Burkholderia cepacia (BsNLG8) and immune gene Defensin A contribute to the resistance against Nicotine-induced stress in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116371. [PMID: 38663196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine, a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tobacco, is a potent neurotoxin extensively used to control Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), a destructive insect pest of rice crops. The insect gut harbors a wide array of resident microorganisms that profoundly influence several biological processes, including host immunity. Maintaining an optimal gut microbiota and immune homeostasis requires a complex network of reciprocal regulatory interactions. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these symbiotic exchanges, particularly between specific gut microbe and immunity, remain largely unknown in insects. Our previous investigations identified and isolated a nicotine-degrading Burkholderia cepacia strain (BsNLG8) with antifungal properties. Building on those findings, we found that nicotine intake significantly increased the abundance of a symbiotic bacteria BsNLG8, induced a stronger bacteriostatic effect in hemolymph, and enhanced the nicotine tolerance of N. lugens. Additionally, nicotine-induced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) exhibited significant antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. We adopted RNA-seq to explore the underlying immunological mechanisms in nicotine-stressed N. lugens. Bioinformatic analyses identified numerous differentially expressed immune genes, including recognition/immune activation (GRPs and Toll) and AMPs (i.e., Defensin, Lugensin, lysozyme). Temporal expression profiling (12, 24, and 48 hours) of immune genes revealed pattern recognition proteins and immune effectors as primary responders to nicotine-induced stress. Defensin A, a broad-spectrum immunomodulatory cationic peptide, exhibited significantly high expression. RNA interference-mediated silencing of Defensin A reduced the survival, enhanced nicotine sensitivity of N. lugens to nicotine, and decreased the abundance of BsNLG8. The reintroduction of BsNLG8 improved the expression of immune genes, aiding nicotine resistance of N. lugens. Our findings indicate a potential reciprocal immunomodulatory interaction between Defensin A and BsNLG8 under nicotine stress. Moreover, this study offers novel and valuable insights for future research into enhancing nicotine-based pest management programs and developing alternative biocontrol methods involving the implication of insect symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Junaid Zafar
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Surajit De Mandal
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yingying Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Fengliang Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, "Belt and Road" Technology Industry and Innovation Institute for Green and Biological Control of Agricultural Pests, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Hemotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Clinical Cases of Endocrine, Reproductive, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary System Intoxication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1205-1236. [PMID: 38751624 PMCID: PMC11092036 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) is an active agent of GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), i.e., broad-spectrum and postemergent weedkillers, commercialized by Monsanto as, e.g., Roundup and RangerPro formulants. The GBH crop spraying, dedicated to genetically engineered GLP-resistant crops, has revolutionized modern agriculture by increasing the production yield. However, abusively administered GBHs' ingredients, e.g., GLP, polyoxyethyleneamine, and heavy metals, have polluted environmental and industrial areas far beyond farmlands, causing global contamination and life-threatening risk, which has led to the recent local bans of GBH use. Moreover, preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated harmful impacts of GLP and other GBH ingredients on the gut microbiome, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and endocrine, as well as reproductive, and cardiopulmonary systems, whereas carcinogenicity of these herbicides remains controversial. Occupational exposure to GBH dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, responsible for steroidogenesis and endocrinal secretion, thus affecting hormonal homeostasis, functions of reproductive organs, and fertility. On the other hand, acute intoxication with GBH, characterized by dehydration, oliguria, paralytic ileus, as well as hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis, may occur fatally. As no antidote has been developed for GBH poisoning so far, the detoxification is mainly symptomatic and supportive and requires intensive care based on gastric lavage, extracorporeal blood filtering, and intravenous lipid emulsion infusion. The current review comprehensively discusses the molecular and physiological basics of the GLP- and/or GBH-induced diseases of the endocrine and reproductive systems, and cardiopulmonary-, nephro-, and hepatotoxicities, presented in recent preclinical studies and case reports on the accidental or intentional ingestions with the most popular GBHs. Finally, they briefly describe modern and future healthcare methods and tools for GLP detection, determination, and detoxification. Future electronically powered, decision-making, and user-friendly devices targeting major GLP/GBH's modes of actions, i.e., dysbiosis and the inhibition of AChE, shall enable self-handled or point-of-care professional-assisted evaluation of the harm followed with rapid capturing GBH xenobiotics in the body and precise determining the GBH pathology-associated biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Bio
& Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- ENSEMBLE sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Fritsch C, Berny P, Crouzet O, Le Perchec S, Coeurdassier M. Wildlife ecotoxicology of plant protection products: knowns and unknowns about the impacts of currently used pesticides on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33026-1. [PMID: 38639904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Agricultural practices are a major cause of the current loss of biodiversity. Among postwar agricultural intensification practices, the use of plant protection products (PPPs) might be one of the prominent drivers of the loss of wildlife diversity in agroecosystems. A collective scientific assessment was performed upon the request of the French Ministries responsible for the Environment, for Agriculture and for Research to review the impacts of PPPs on biodiversity and ecosystem services based on the scientific literature. While the effects of legacy banned PPPs on ecosystems and the underlying mechanisms are well documented, the impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) on biodiversity have rarely been reviewed. Here, we provide an overview of the available knowledge related to the impacts of PPPs, including biopesticides, on terrestrial vertebrates (i.e. herptiles, birds including raptors, bats and small and large mammals). We focused essentially on CUPs and on endpoints at the subindividual, individual, population and community levels, which ultimately linked with effects on biodiversity. We address both direct toxic effects and indirect effects related to ecological processes and review the existing knowledge about wildlife exposure to PPPs. The effects of PPPs on ecological functions and ecosystem services are discussed, as are the aggravating or mitigating factors. Finally, a synthesis of knowns and unknowns is provided, and we identify priorities to fill gaps in knowledge and perspectives for research and wildlife conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Fritsch
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Berny
- UR-ICE, Vetagro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire, 69280, Marcy L'étoile, France
| | - Olivier Crouzet
- Direction de La Recherche Et de L'Appui Scientifique, Office Français de La Biodiversité, Site de St-Benoist, 78610, Auffargis, France
| | | | - Michael Coeurdassier
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université de Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Araujo JF, Valgas AAN, de Oliveira DR, Verrastro L, Oliveira GT. Pesticides compromise health: a comparison between lizards collected within and outside an agricultural area. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:334. [PMID: 38430330 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Reptiles are the least studied vertebrates regarding the impact of pesticides on their health, despite being good models for ecotoxicological studies given their abundance and easy handling. Salvator merianae is widely distributed in South America and often found in agricultural cultivation areas. Here, we compared the morphological, biochemical, and physiological parameters of S. merianae from an exposed area (EA) to pesticides and a reference area (RA) or control. These parameters were measured in plasma (albumin, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose, total proteins, uric acid, triglycerides, VLDL, and corticosterone) and in erythrocytes (TBARS, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity). Blood samples were collected from 28 lizards (EA: three juveniles, three adult females, and three adult males; RA: nine juveniles, four females, and five males) in southern Brazil during the reproductive period. We observed a decrease in body mass, the ratio between body mass and total length and snout-vent length in juvenile lizards collected at EA. The levels of TBARS, glutathione S-transferase, triglycerides, VLDL, and uric acid were altered for juveniles in EA. When comparing the two areas, females differed in superoxide dismutase activity and total proteins, while males differed in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase activity. This set of results shows that S. merianae, especially juveniles, suffers a negative impact when inserted in an agricultural area. The analyzed biomarkers proved suitable for monitoring these lizards and the quality of this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A A N Valgas
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D R de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L Verrastro
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guendalina Turcato Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Mendonça JDS, de Almeida JCN, Vieira LG, Hirano LQL, Santos ALQ, Andrade DV, Malafaia G, de Oliveira Júnior RJ, Beletti ME. Mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity, and neurotoxicity of glyphosate and fipronil commercial formulations in Amazon turtles neonates (Podocnemis expansa). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165529. [PMID: 37453711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are considered one of the main causes of the population decline of reptiles worldwide, with freshwater turtles being particularly susceptible to aquatic contamination. In this context, we investigated the potential mutagenic, hepatotoxic, and neurotoxic effects in neonates of Podocnemis expansa exposed to substrate contaminated with different concentrations of glyphosate and/or fipronil during embryonic development. Eggs collected from the natural environment were artificially incubated in sand moistened with pure water, water added with glyphosate Atar 48® at concentrations of 65 and 6500 μg/L (groups G1 and G2, respectively), water added with fipronil Regent® 800WG at 4 and 400 μg/L (groups F1 and F2, respectively) and, water added with the combination of 65 μg/L glyphosate and 4 μg/L fipronil or with 6500 μg/L glyphosate and 400 μg/L fipronil (groups GF1 and GF2, respectively). For mutagenicity analysis, we evaluated the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and other erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs), while for evaluation of hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity, livers and encephalon were analyzed for histopathological alterations. Exposure to pesticides, alone or in combination, increased the frequency of erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities, particularly blebbed nuclei, moved nuclei, and notched nuclei. Individuals exposed to fipronil exhibited congestion and inflammatory infiltrate in their liver tissue, while, in the encephalon, congestion, and necrosis were present. Our study confirms that the incubation of eggs in substrate polluted with glyphosate and fipronil causes histopathological damage and mutagenic alteration in P. expansa, highlighting the importance of using different biomarkers to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of these pesticides, especially in oviparous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia Aplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Julio Cesar Neves de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Organização Não Governamental - Preservação dos Animais Silvestres do Brasil - ONG PAS do Brasil, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Denis Vieira Andrade
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Robson José de Oliveira Júnior
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Emílio Beletti
- Laboratório de Biologia da Reprodução, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Mestre AP, Odetti LM, Marcó MVP, Poletta GL, Amavet PS, Siroski PA. Immuno-endocrine alterations and oxidative stress induced by commercial formulations of pesticides in the tegu lizard (Salvator merianae). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 103:104277. [PMID: 37722497 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown the risk of environmental contamination by pesticides in Argentina. Salvator merianae is considered as "sentinel species" for monitoring their effects. We intended to investigate growth, immunological and endocrine functions, and oxidative stress in S. merianae exposed to two commercial brands of the herbicide glyphosate: Roundup and Panzer Gold, as well as, to two insecticides: chlorpyrifos, and cypermethrin. Our results showed a higher increase in growth in animals exposed to Roundup and chlorpyrifos and a lower increase in those exposed to Panzer Gold. Higher total leukocyte and lymphocyte count values were observed in lizards exposed to Panzer Gold. The heterophils/lymphocytes ratio decreased in all treated animals. Regarding lobularity index, natural antibodies titers, and complement system activity values, lizards exposed to cypermethrin had higher values. Low corticosterone levels were observed in animals exposed to Roundup. Our results reveal different toxic effects of pesticides contributing to the knowledge of the pesticides' potential deleterious impact in the habitat of S. merianae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Mestre
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Lucía Magdalena Odetti
- Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal (FBCB-UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Virginia Parachú Marcó
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - Gisela Laura Poletta
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal (FBCB-UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Susana Amavet
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ariel Siroski
- Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FHUC-UNL/MAyCC), Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
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Moltedo G, Catalano B, Martuccio G, Sesta G, Romanelli G, Lauria A, Berducci MT, Parravano R, Maggi C, Simbula G, Vignoli L, Onorati F, D'Antoni S. Processes involved in biochemical response to pesticides by lizard Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque-Schmaltz, 1810) – A field study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 467:116491. [PMID: 36990228 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Although reptiles are non-target organisms of pesticide applications, their ecological niche and trophic role suggest that the use of these compounds in agriculture can have toxicological effects on them. Our recent field study on Italian wall lizard Podarcis siculus in hazelnut orchards evidenced that the use of pesticides-mixtures, consisting of thiophanate-methyl (TM), tebuconazole (TEB), deltamethrin (DM), lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT), besides copper sulphate, induced an increase of the total antioxidant capacity toward hydroxyl radicals and caused DNA damage; however, it did not cause neurotoxicity, and did not induce the glutathione-S-transferases' activities. These results raised some questions which were answered in this study by carrying out analyses on 4 biomarkers and 5 chemical substances in the tissues of non-target organisms coming from treated fields: cytochrome P450, catalase, total glutathione, and malondialdehyde, TM, TEB, DM, LCT and Cu. Our results highlighted a partial accumulation of different chemicals, the involvement of two important mechanisms of defence, and some cellular damages after exposure to the considered pesticides. In details, 1) LCT and DM were not accumulated in lizard muscle, copper remained at basal levels, whereas TM and TEB were uptaken with a partial metabolization of TM; 2) the cytochrome P450 and the catalase were involved in lizard biochemical responses to pesticides-mixtures used for "conventional" farming treatment; 3) "conventional" treatment with pesticides caused damage to lipids, besides DNA, probably related to the excess of hydroxyl radicals.
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Jiang Y, Liao Y, Si C, Du J, Xia C, Wang YN, Liu G, Li Q, Zhao J. Oral administration of Bacillus cereus GW-01 alleviates the accumulation and detrimental effects of β-cypermethrin in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137333. [PMID: 36410514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides negatively affect feed conversion, reproductive fitness, and food safety in exposed animals. Although probiotics have previously been widely studied for their effect on gut health, comparatively little is known regarding the efficacy of probiotic administration in specifically reducing pesticide toxicity in mice. We demonstrated that oral administration of a β-cypermethrin (β-CY)-degrading bacterial strain (Bacillus cereus GW-01) to β-CY-exposed mice reduced β-CY levels in the liver, kidney, brain, blood, lipid, and feces (18%-53%). Additionally, co-administration of strain GW-01 to β-CY-exposed mice reduced weight loss (22%-31%) and improved liver function (15%-19%) in mice. Additionally, mice receiving GW-01 had near-control levels of numerous β-CY-affected gut microbial taxa, including Muribaculaceae, Alloprevotella, Bacteroides, Dubosiella, and Alistipes. The survival and β-CY biosorption of GW-01 in simulated gastrointestinal fluid conditions were significantly higher than E. coli. These results suggested that GW-01 can reduce β-CY accumulation and alleviate the damage in mice. This study is the first to demonstrate that a probiotic strain can reduce the toxicity of β-CY in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangdan Jiang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ying Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chaojin Si
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Juan Du
- Faculty of Geography Resource Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Chen Xia
- Institute of Agro-products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 610066, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiayuan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610101, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China.
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9
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Cestonaro LV, Macedo SMD, Piton YV, Garcia SC, Arbo MD. Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:816-831. [PMID: 35770924 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2096466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
People are exposed to pesticides through food, drinking water, and the environment. These compounds are associated with several disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and a condition related to metabolic syndrome. The immunotoxicants or immunotoxic compounds can cause a wide variety of effects on immune function, altering humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in adverse effects to the body. Here, immune system disorders are highlighted because they are closely linked to multiple organs, including the nervous, endocrine, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, leading to transient or permanent changes. Therefore, this study reviewed the mechanisms involved in the immunotoxicity of fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides in cells, animals, and humans in the past 11 years. According to the studies analyzed, the pesticides interfere with innate and adaptive immune functions, but the effects observed mainly on cellular and humoral immunity were highlighted. These compounds affected specific immune cells, causing apoptosis, changes in factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB) expression, pro-inflammatory factors interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), chemokines (CXCL-c1c), and anti-inflammatory factor, such as interleukin 10 (IL-10). To verify the threats of these compounds, new evaluations with immunotoxicological biomarkers are necessary. HighlightsPesticides interfere with the innate and adaptive immune response.Cells, animals and human studies demonstrate the immunotoxicity of pesticides in the cellular and humoral immune response.Fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides alter the immune system by various mechanisms, such as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Vivan Cestonaro
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Manoela Dias Macedo
- Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre - UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Vendrusculo Piton
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Cristina Garcia
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Mendonça JDS, Hirano LQL, Santos ALQ, de Melo E Silva D, de Castro Pereira C, Costa MS, de Lima PN, Araújo APDC, Malafaia G, Ambrósio IS, de Moura Bife Castilho L, Dos Santos ALR, de Faria AM, de Andrade DV, Vieira LG. The exposure in ovo of embryos belonging to Amazonian turtle species Podocnemis expansa (Testudines) to commercial glyphosate and fipronil formulations impairs their growth and changes their skeletal development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156709. [PMID: 35718176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production; moreover, they can have direct and indirect effect on both flora and fauna. Aquatic organisms, among other animals, including reptiles, are mainly susceptible to contamination effects. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that the incubation of Podocnemis expansa eggs in substrate added with glyphosate and fipronil formulations changes their viability, interferes with their growth and induces bone alterations. Eggs collected in natural environment were artificially incubated in sand moistened with water added with glyphosate Atar 48, at concentrations of 65 or 6500 μg/L (groups G1 and G2, respectively), and with fipronil Regent 800 WG at 4 or 400 μg/L (groups F1 and F2, respectively) or, yet, with the combination of 65 μg/L glyphosate and 4 μg/L fipronil, or with 6500 μg/L glyphosate and 400 μg/L fipronil (groups GF1 and GF2, respectively). The level of exposure to the herein assessed pesticides was quantified at the end of the incubation period; it was done by dosing its concentration in eggshells. Eggs exposed to the tested pesticides did not have their viability affected by it; however, all embryos exposed to the tested pesticides showed lowered body mass at hatch, as well as impaired development. In addition, bone malformation in the scleral ossicular ring was observed in individuals in groups F1, F2 and GF1. Pesticides accumulated in eggshells at concentrations related to exposure level. Thus, the recorded results have evidenced some remarkably relevant, and previously unknown, impacts associated with the exposure of a species listed as lower risk/conservation dependent, which spends most of its life in the water, to two widely used pesticides, at a very sensitive stage of its life, namely: egg incubation on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Dos Santos Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Evolução e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Líria Queiroz Luz Hirano
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília (UNB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Quagliatto Santos
- Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Mutagênese, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Castro Pereira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Matheus Santos Costa
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Phâmella Neres de Lima
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pereira da Costa Araújo
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Amplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Amplicada ao Meio Ambiente, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação dos Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade, Instituição Federal Goiano e Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela Sayuri Ambrósio
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Lais de Moura Bife Castilho
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Anizio Marcio de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais do Pontal, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Denis Vieira de Andrade
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Gonçalves Vieira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Morfologia e Ontogenia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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11
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Verderame M, Chianese T, Rosati L, Scudiero R. Molecular and Histological Effects of Glyphosate on Testicular Tissue of the Lizard Podarcis siculus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4850. [PMID: 35563240 PMCID: PMC9100619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of agriculture produces a steady increase in habitat fragmentation and degradation due to the increased use of pesticides and herbicides. Habitat loss and alteration associated with crop production play an important role in reptile decline, among which lizards are particularly endangered. In this study, we evaluated testicular structure, steroidogenesis, and estrogen receptor expression/localization after three weeks of oral exposure to glyphosate at 0.05 and 0.5 μg/kg body weight every other day in the field lizard Podarcis siculus. Our results show that glyphosate affected testicular morphology, reduced spermatogenesis, altered gap junctions and changed the localization of estrogen receptors in germ cells, increasing their expression; the effects were mostly dose-dependent. The result also demonstrates that glyphosate, at least at these concentrations, did not influence steroidogenesis. Overall, the data indicate that this herbicide can disturb the morphophysiology of the male lizard's reproductive system, with obviously detrimental effects on their reproductive fitness. The effects of glyphosate must be considered biologically relevant and could endanger the reproductive capacity not only of lizards but also of other vertebrates, including humans; a more controlled and less intensive use of glyphosate in areas devoted to crop production would therefore be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariailaria Verderame
- Department of Human, Philosophic and Education Sciences (DISUFF), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Teresa Chianese
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (T.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (T.C.); (L.R.)
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT), 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosaria Scudiero
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (T.C.); (L.R.)
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12
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Sciarrillo R, Falzarano A, Gallicchio V, Mileo A, De Falco M. Toxic Effects on Thyroid Gland of Male Adult Lizards ( Podarcis Siculus) in Contact with PolyChlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)-Contaminated Soil. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4790. [PMID: 35563180 PMCID: PMC9102276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin exposure is considered a potentially significant but little-studied pathway for PolyChlorinated Biphenyls uptake in terrestrial reptiles. In this study, a native Italian lizard, Podarcis siculus, was exposed to PCBs-contaminated soil for 120 days. Tissues distribution of PCBs, thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid histo-physiopathology were examined. The accumulation of PCBs in skin, plasma, liver, kidney, and brain were highest at 120 days. The alteration of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels after different concentrations and times to exposure of PCBs was accompanied by the changes in the hormones involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, namely Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Moreover, hepatic levels of deiodinase II (5'ORDII) and content of T3 were positively correlated to exposure to PCBs. These results indicated that in lizards, PCBs exposure through the skin has the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system. Overall, the observed results indicate that PCBs could be associated with changes in thyroid homeostasis in these reptiles, through direct interactions with the metabolism of T4 and T3 through the HPT axis or indirect interactions with peripheral deiodination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Falzarano
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Vito Gallicchio
- Vascular Surgery, Hospital of National Importance San Giuseppe Moscati, Via Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy;
| | - Aldo Mileo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.F.)
| | - Maria De Falco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.D.F.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
- Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Portici, Italy
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13
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López González E, Odetti L, Latorre M, Ávila O, Contini L, Siroski P, Poletta G. A comprehensive approach using multiple biomarkers to detect damage induced by pesticides in broad-snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris) under ex-situ conditions. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08667. [PMID: 35028453 PMCID: PMC8741443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Caiman latirostris is one of the two species of the order Crocodylia that inhabit Argentina and is considered a species of vital ecological and economic importance in the north-east of Argentina. In this region, pesticides are the most common contaminants in natural environments and wild caiman populations are subject to this contamination constantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects the main pesticides used in the region: glyphosate (GLY), cypermethrin (CYP) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) -based formulations, as well as the mixture of them, on C. latirostris juveniles under semi-controlled condition of exposure (ex-situ) during 75 days. One hundred yearling caimans (10-month-old) were equally distributed into five experimental groups (20 animals per group): a negative control (NC -tap water), GLY 2% (Roundup® Full II formulation -RU), CYP 0.12% (Atanor® formulation), CPF 0.8% (Lorsban® formulation), and a mixture of the three pesticides (Mx3: GLY 2% + CYP 0.12% + CPF 0.8%). We applied early warning biomarkers to detect damage induced by these chemicals in peripheral blood: activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), analysis of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), DNA damage and specific base oxidation through the standard and modified comet assay (CA), chromosome damage by micronucleus (MN) test and other nuclear abnormalities (NAs), hematological and growth parameters. Results showed a statistically significant increase in MN and NAs frequency, DNA damage, with an important contribution of base oxidation for all exposed groups compared to the NC. Total white blood cells count (TWBCC), and growth parameters showed effects mainly at the Mx3. The principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated more sensitivity for biomarkers associated to genetic damage, including base oxidation to DNA than LPO, antioxidant enzyme modulation, immunotoxicity or growth parameters, to detect pesticides effects, applied under conditions similar to that found in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.C. López González
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/Gob. Sta. Fe/MAyCC), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada (LEMA-Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas: ICiVet Litoral - CONICET/UNL), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L.M. Odetti
- Cátedra de Toxicología Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M.A. Latorre
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/Gob. Sta. Fe/MAyCC), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - O.B. Ávila
- Departamento de Matemática, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L.E. Contini
- Departamento de Matemática, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P.A. Siroski
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/Gob. Sta. Fe/MAyCC), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada (LEMA-Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas: ICiVet Litoral - CONICET/UNL), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G.L. Poletta
- Proyecto Yacaré, Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados (FHUC-UNL/Gob. Sta. Fe/MAyCC), Av. Aristóbulo del Valle 8700 (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Toxicología Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal, FBCB-UNL, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo S/N (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
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14
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Simbula G, Moltedo G, Catalano B, Martuccio G, Sebbio C, Onorati F, Stellati L, Bissattini AM, Vignoli L. Biological responses in pesticide exposed lizards (Podarcis siculus). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:1017-1028. [PMID: 34176071 PMCID: PMC8295152 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The release of contaminants as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides into the environment has been listed as one of the six major contributors to the global decline of reptiles. Although reptiles may face severe risk from contaminants due to their ecology and physiology, they are currently less studied than other vertebrate groups. In the present work, we investigated if and how different types of field treatment (conventional and organic) affected the health status of Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus) individuals in central Italy. We chose a multi-biomarker approach that evaluated the biological responses of lizards to the treatment by means of AChE activity in the nervous system, biotransformation enzymes activities and oxidative stress in the liver, micronuclei frequency measured in the erythrocytes, and rate of intestinal parasitic infection. Our findings showed evidence of effects of treatment in conventional areas and between sexes with significant oxidative stress due to hydroxyl radicals, that caused DNA damage. No difference of intestinal parasite infections was found among treatments. Podarcis siculus seems to be a good bioindicator in ecotoxicological studies and potentially in risk assessment of pesticides, although further analyses in laboratory and in the field are needed to achieve more accurate quantification of specific pesticide effects in relation to known exposure history and to understand if other mechanisms were involved in the toxicity and detoxification process of pesticides for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Simbula
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ginevra Moltedo
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale - ISPRA, Via di Castel Romano, 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Catalano
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale - ISPRA, Via di Castel Romano, 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Martuccio
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale - ISPRA, Via di Castel Romano, 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Sebbio
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale - ISPRA, Via di Castel Romano, 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Onorati
- Istituto Superiore per la Ricerca e la Protezione Ambientale - ISPRA, Via di Castel Romano, 100, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Stellati
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Vignoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
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15
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Muñoz JP, Bleak TC, Calaf GM. Glyphosate and the key characteristics of an endocrine disruptor: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:128619. [PMID: 33131751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a large-spectrum herbicide that was introduced on the market in 1974. Due to its important impact on the crop industry, it has been significantly diversified and expanded being considered the most successful herbicide in history. Currently, its massive use has led to a wide environmental diffusion and its human consumption through food products has made possible to detect it in urine, serum, and breast milk samples. Nevertheless, recent studies have questioned its safety and international agencies have conflicting opinions about its effects on human health, mainly as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) and its carcinogenic capacity. Here, we conduct a comprehensive review where we describe the most important findings of the glyphosate effects in the endocrine system and asses the mechanistic evidence to classify it as an EDC. We use as guideline the ten key characteristics (KCs) of EDC proposed in the expert consensus statement published in 2020 (La Merrill et al., 2020) and discuss the scopes of some epidemiological studies for the evaluation of glyphosate as possible EDC. We conclude that glyphosate satisfies at least 8 KCs of an EDC, however, prospective cohort studies are still needed to elucidate the real effects in the human endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación (IAI), Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Arica, 1000000, Chile.
| | - Tammy C Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación (IAI), Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Arica, 1000000, Chile.
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación (IAI), Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Arica, 1000000, Chile; Center for Radiological Research, VC11-218, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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16
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Banaee M, Akhlaghi M, Soltanian S, Sureda A, Gholamhosseini A, Rakhshaninejad M. Combined effects of exposure to sub-lethal concentration of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide glyphosate on the biochemical changes in the freshwater crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1500-1515. [PMID: 32445013 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is an herbicide that inhibits the growth of weed plants, while chlorpyrifos is an insecticide commonly applied to control the pests' population. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate on biochemical, immunological parameters, and oxidative stress biomarkers in freshwater crayfish Pontastacus leptodactylus for 21 days. The experimental design of this study was factorial (3 × 3), including 0.0, 0.4, and 0.8 mg L-1 glyphosate and 0.0, 2.5, and 5 µg L-1 chlorpyrifos. The exposure to chlorpyrifos, glyphosate alone and a mixture of them significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, phenoloxidase activities, and total protein levels. The lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic-pyruvic-transaminase, and catalase activities, the contents of glucose, and malondialdehyde levels were increased in the crayfish. No significant changes were detected in glutamic-oxaloacetic-transaminase (SGOT) activity, triglyceride, and total antioxidant (TAO) levels in the crayfish treated with 0.4 mg L-1 glyphosate and the control group. Co-exposure of crayfish to chlorpyrifos and glyphosate increased SGOT activity and TAO levels. Although chlorpyrifos combined with glyphosate decreased the γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, the GGT activity was significantly increased in the P. leptodactylus exposed during 21 days to 5 µg L-1 chlorpyrifos alone and 0.8 mg L-1 glyphosate alone. In comparison with the reference group, no significant changes were evidenced in the cholesterol levels in the P. leptodactylus treated with 2.5 µg L-1 chlorpyrifos, but its levels were significantly increased in the other treatment groups. In conclusion, the mix of glyphosate and chlorpyrifos exhibited synergic effects on the different toxicological biomarkers in the narrow-clawed crayfish. Co-exposure to pesticides may result in disruption of homeostasis in the crayfish by altering the biochemical and immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Akhlaghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siyavash Soltanian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Amin Gholamhosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rakhshaninejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Lekvongphiboon P, Praphairaksit N. Combined toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on histopathology and acetylcholinesterase activity in aquatic oligochaetes (Tubifex tubifex Müller, 1774). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3431-3441. [PMID: 32358658 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides that has been applied in many farmlands and was detected in many water resources worldwide. However, not only this insecticide but also cadmium was found in the agricultural wastewater in close proximity to industrial areas. This research aims to investigate the acute toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on the biochemical changes, pathological changes and accumulation of cadmium in Tubifex tubifex after 24- and 48-h exposure. The results show that combined toxicity of two chemicals was synergistic. In combined toxicity test, cadmium accumulation and acetylcholinesterase activity in worm tissue were significantly increased when compared with the single test. The severity of histopathology shows a dose-dependent relationship. Epidermal and gut cell degeneration, hyperplasia of epidermal and gut cells, irregular surface of the epidermis, overexpression of chloragosome and nerve degeneration were observed. Overall, this research provides useful bio-markers to assess the toxicity of imidacloprid and cadmium on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Lekvongphiboon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Nalena Praphairaksit
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
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18
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Mestre AP, Amavet PS, van der Sloot IS, Carletti JV, Poletta GL, Siroski PA. Effects of glyphosate, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos on hematological parameters of the tegu lizard (Salvator merianae) in different embryo stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126433. [PMID: 32182507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different studies have demonstrated effects of pesticides during embryo development in vertebrates and stage-dependent effects, but there is no information concerning this for Salvator merianae. We evaluated the effects of the herbicides Glyphosate Roundup (GLY-RU) and Glyphosate Panzer Gold (GLY-PZ); and the insecticides Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and Cypermethrin (CYP), and their complex mixtures, at different concentrations in hematological parameters of S. merianae embryos at two different development stages. The analyzed parameters were Total and Differential White Blood Cells Count, Heterophils/Lymphocytes index (H/L), Lobularity index, and Natural Antibodies (Nabs titres), as well as growth, embryo mortality and birth delay. Heterophils decreased in the intermediate concentrations tested of CYP and GLY-RU, in animals exposed at 33-days development. Lymphocytes increased in the intermediate concentration tested of GLY-RU, and the H/L index decreased in the maximum concentration tested of GLY-RU. NAbs titres increased in those animals exposed to the maximum CYP concentration tested. However, animals exposed at 3/5-days development showed no differences among treatments in most of the analyzed parameters, suggesting a stage-dependent response. Nevertheless, those animals exposed to GLY-PZ showed lower Nabs titres in relation to negative control. These results suggest effects on different hematological parameters related to the immune system of S. merianae, according to the used pesticide (herbicide or insecticide), its concentration and commercial formulation (GLY-RU or GLY-PZ), and the stages of development of the exposed animals. Our results reveal the importance of carrying out studies that evaluate the effects of permanent exposure of living beings and their environments to these toxics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Mestre
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL - CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales (FHUC - UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, (FHUC - UNL /MMA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Susana Amavet
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales (FHUC - UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, (FHUC - UNL /MMA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | | | - Julieta Verónica Carletti
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL - CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales (FHUC - UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Zoología Aplicada: Anexo Vertebrados, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, (FHUC - UNL /MMA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Gisela Laura Poletta
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL - CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina; Cátedra de Toxicología, Farmacología y Bioquímica Legal (FBCB-UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Ariel Siroski
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral) UNL - CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales (FHUC - UNL), CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Silva JM, Navoni JA, Freire EMX. Lizards as model organisms to evaluate environmental contamination and biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:454. [PMID: 32583019 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination is reaching ever higher levels and affecting several animal populations, including humans. In this context, studies are being developed to monitor and evaluate this environmental problem using bioindicators organisms, in addition to testing the toxicity of contaminants in the laboratory. In this perspective, reptiles are ideal animals for these types of studies, considering that they are ectothermic and have a slower metabolism directly influencing their recovery power, and therefore, they are more sensitive to xenobiotic effects. Among reptiles, lizards are animals that adapt to various environmental conditions, even being found in areas with arid characteristics. Therefore, a literature review was conducted in this study regarding the use of lizards as models for ecotoxicological studies, including biomonitoring, carried out in the last 10 years, with the aim of evaluating them as bioindicators in Brazilian semi-arid region. Studies were found involving ten lizard families, among which the most investigated was Lacertidae. The studies were classified into two categories: organic contaminants (pesticides, petroleum by-products, and explosives) and inorganic contaminants (metals such as zinc, lead and aluminum, and radionuclides). Contaminants directly contributed to DNA damage and to increasing the frequency of micronuclei in exposed animals, histopathological effects, and oxidative stress. The performed analysis highlights the usefulness of lizards as environmental biomonitors. However, the response profile is dependent on the exposure level and route, in addition to the environmental scenario analyzed. Therefore, future studies aimed at evaluating environmental contaminants are required under exposure conditions more related to the environmental reality to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadna Maria Silva
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Programa Regional de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Júlio Alejandro Navoni
- Programa Regional de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Uso Sustentável de Recursos Naturais, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eliza Maria Xavier Freire
- Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
- Programa Regional de Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente - PRODEMA, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Costa C, Briguglio G, Catanoso R, Giambò F, Polito I, Teodoro M, Fenga C. New perspectives on cytokine pathways modulation by pesticide exposure. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Xing H, Chen J, Peng M, Wang Z, Liu F, Li S, Teng X. Identification of signal pathways for immunotoxicity in the spleen of common carp exposed to chlorpyrifos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109464. [PMID: 31398777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an environmental pollutant due to its high toxicity to aquatic animals. Because CPF was detected in aquatic environments in many countries, it has been widely concerned by researchers. Although the immunotoxicity of CPF to fish had been reported, the immunotoxicity mechanism is still not clear. Recently, transcriptome analysis has become a major method to study the toxic mechanism of pollutants in environmental toxicology. However, the immunotoxicity identification of CPF on fish had not been reported by transcriptome analysis. In the present study, we examined the effects of CPF on organismal system in the spleen of common carp by transcriptome analysis. We have successfully constructed a database of transcriptome analysis of carp spleens under exposure to CPF and found 773 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (including 498 up-regulated DEGs and 275 down-regulated DEGs) and 4 branches (containing 33 known KEGG pathways). Some genes associated with the 4 pathways (Complement and coagulation cascades, PPAR signaling pathway, Fat digestion and absorption, and Collecting duct acid secretion) contained in organismal system were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and showed significant improvement compared with the control group. Our results indicated that exposure to CPF caused a change in the signal pathways of organismal system in carp spleens. The present study provides new insights into the immunotoxicity mechanism and risk assessment of CPF, as well as references for comparative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jianqing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Muqiao Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Centre for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Centre for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Heilongjiang Province, 243 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150069, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Bhatt P, Huang Y, Zhan H, Chen S. Insight Into Microbial Applications for the Biodegradation of Pyrethroid Insecticides. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1778. [PMID: 31428072 PMCID: PMC6687851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethroids are broad-spectrum insecticides and presence of chiral carbon differentiates among various forms of pyrethroids. Microbial approaches have emerged as a popular solution to counter pyrethroid toxicity to marine life and mammals. Bacterial and fungal strains can effectively degrade pyrethroids into non-toxic compounds. Different strains of bacteria and fungi such as Bacillus spp., Raoultella ornithinolytica, Psudomonas flourescens, Brevibacterium sp., Acinetobactor sp., Aspergillus sp., Candida sp., Trichoderma sp., and Candia spp., are used for the biodegradation of pyrethroids. Hydrolysis of ester bond by enzyme esterase/carboxyl esterase is the initial step in pyrethroid biodegradation. Esterase is found in bacteria, fungi, insect and mammalian liver microsome cells that indicates its hydrolysis ability in living cells. Biodegradation pattern and detected metabolites reveal microbial consumption of pyrethroids as carbon and nitrogen source. In this review, we aim to explore pyrethroid degrading strains, enzymes and metabolites produced by microbial strains. This review paper covers in-depth knowledge of pyrethroids and recommends possible solutions to minimize their environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Mingo V, Leeb C, Fahl AK, Lötters S, Brühl C, Wagner N. Validating buccal swabbing as a minimal-invasive method to detect pesticide exposure in squamate reptiles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:529-537. [PMID: 31100624 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymatic biomarkers constitutes a widely used approach in ecotoxicology. However, standard sampling procedures are invasive, requiring tissue, organ or blood extraction. This leads to concerns regarding conservation practice, animal welfare and restrictions in study design. New techniques are needed to avoid these problems, but still generate reliable data. Here, we aimed at validating the use of buccal swabs as a reliable method to detect pesticide exposure in reptiles. Common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) were divided into control, dermal and oral treatment groups and exposed to different pesticide formulations. Subsequently, buccal swabs were taken and enzymatic activity was analyzed. We were able to confirm the suitability of the method to detect effects of pesticide exposure on the enzymatic level. While exposure to the formulation Roundup Ultramax® didn't match when compared to effects previously observed in situ when compared to other glyphosate based formulations, effects could still be detected. This can be seen as a strong indicator that the active ingredient of a formulation may not always be the mian driver for ecotoxicological effectsat the enzymatic level. At the same time, exposure towards the single formulation Vivando® didn't result in any effects. However, individuals residing in agricultural landscapes will mostly be exposed to pesticide mixes containing different formulations. Our results strongly advocate that buccal swabbing is a reliable minimal invasive method to generate samples for detecting effects of pesticide exposure in reptiles. Due to its easy handling, we believe it will provide new opportunities concerning study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mingo
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leeb
- University Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Forststraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Fahl
- RWTH Aachen, Institute for Environmental Sciences (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lötters
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
| | - Carsten Brühl
- University Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Forststraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Norman Wagner
- Trier University, Department of Biogeography, Universitätsring 15, 54296, Trier, Germany
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