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Campolim CM, Schimenes BC, Veras MM, Kim YB, Prada PO. Air pollution accelerates the development of obesity and Alzheimer's disease: the role of leptin and inflammation - a mini-review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401800. [PMID: 38933275 PMCID: PMC11199417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an urgent concern linked to numerous health problems in low- and middle-income countries, where 92% of air pollution-related deaths occur. Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is the most harmful component of air pollutants, increasing inflammation and changing gut microbiota, favoring obesity, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). PM2.5 contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can activate the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. This pathway can lead to the release of pro-inflammatory markers, including interleukins, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), which inhibits leptin action, a hormone that keeps the energy homeostasis. Leptin plays a role in preventing amyloid plaque deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein (p-tau), mechanisms involved in the neurodegeneration in AD. Approximately 50 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, with a significant proportion living in low-and middle-income countries. This number is expected to triple by 2050. This mini-review focuses on the potential impact of PM2.5 exposure on the TLR4 signaling pathway, its contribution to leptin resistance, and dysbiosis that exacerbates the link between obesity and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Machado Campolim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Environmental and Experimental Pathology LIM05, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Patricia Oliveira Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Ma Z, Du X, Sun Y, Sun K, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu Y, Basang W, Gao Y. RGS2 attenuates alveolar macrophage damage by inhibiting the Gq/11-Ca 2+ pathway during cowshed PM2.5 exposure, and aberrant RGS2 expression is associated with TLR2/4 activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 487:116976. [PMID: 38777097 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Staff and animals in livestock buildings are constantly exposed to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which affects their respiratory health. However, its exact pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. Regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) has been reported to play a regulatory role in pneumonia. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic potential of RGS2 in cowshed PM2.5-induced respiratory damage. PM2.5 was collected from a cattle farm, and the alveolar macrophages (NR8383) of the model animal rat were stimulated with different treatment conditions of cowshed PM2.5. The RGS2 overexpression vector was constructed and transfected it into cells. Compared with the control group, cowshed PM2.5 significantly induced a decrease in cell viability and increased the levels of apoptosis and proinflammatory factor expression. Overexpression of RGS2 ameliorated the above-mentioned cellular changes induced by cowshed PM2.5. In addition, PM2.5 has significantly induced intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation. Affinity inhibition of Gq/11 by RGS2 attenuated the cytosolic calcium signaling pathway mediated by PLCβ/IP3R. To further investigate the causes and mechanisms of action of differential RGS2 expression, the possible effects of oxidative stress and TLR2/4 activation were investigated. The results have shown that RGS2 expression was not only regulated by oxidative stress-induced nitric oxide during cowshed PM2.5 cells stimulation but the activation of TLR2/4 had also an important inhibitory effect on its protein expression. The present study demonstrates the intracellular Ca2+ regulatory role of RGS2 during cellular injury, which could be a potential target for the prevention and treatment of PM2.5-induced respiratory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yize Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiqing Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Wangdui Basang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China.
| | - Yunhang Gao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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3
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Murtaza B, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Wang L, Xu Y. Toxicodynamic of combined mycotoxins: MicroRNAs and acute-phase proteins as diagnostic biomarkers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13338. [PMID: 38629461 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, ubiquitous contaminants in food, present a global threat to human health and well-being. Mitigation efforts, such as the implementation of sound agricultural practices, thorough food processing, and the advancement of mycotoxin control technologies, have been instrumental in reducing mycotoxin exposure and associated toxicity. To comprehensively assess mycotoxins and their toxicodynamic implications, the deployment of effective and predictive strategies is imperative. Understanding the manner of action, transformation, and cumulative toxic effects of mycotoxins, moreover, their interactions with food matrices can be gleaned through gene expression and transcriptome analyses at cellular and molecular levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) govern the expression of target genes and enzymes that play pivotal roles in physiological, pathological, and toxicological responses, whereas acute phase proteins (APPs) exert regulatory control over the metabolism of therapeutic agents, both endogenously and posttranscriptionally. Consequently, this review aims to consolidate current knowledge concerning the regulatory role of miRNAs in the initiation of toxicological pathways by mycotoxins and explores the potential of APPs as biomarkers following mycotoxin exposure. The findings of this research highlight the potential utility of miRNAs and APPs as indicators for the detection and management of mycotoxins in food through biological processes. These markers offer promising avenues for enhancing the safety and quality of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Yang S, Sun Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Jiang M, Li J, Zhang Q, Bai J. Hypermethylation of PPARG-encoding gene promoter mediates fine particulate matter-induced pulmonary fibrosis by regulating the HMGB1/NLRP3 axis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116068. [PMID: 38330871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The inflammatory response induced by fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a common class of air pollutants, is an important trigger for the development of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are yet to be fully understood. To investigate the mechanisms behind the onset and progression of lung fibrosis owing to PM2.5 exposure, both rats and human bronchial epithelial cells were subjected to varying concentrations of PM2.5. The involvement of the PPARG/HMGB1/NLRP3 signaling pathway in developing lung fibrosis caused by PM2.5 was validated through the utilization of a PPARG agonist (rosiglitazone), a PPARG inhibitor (GW9662), and an HMGB1 inhibitor (glycyrrhizin). These outcomes highlighted the downregulation of PPARG expression and activation of the HMGB1/NLRP3 signaling pathway triggered by PM2.5, thereby eliciting inflammatory responses and promoting pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, PM2.5 exposure-induced DNA hypermethylation of PPARG-encoding gene promoter downregulated PPARG expression. Moreover, the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine mitigated the hypermethylation of the PPARG-encoding gene promoter triggered by PM2.5. In conclusion, the HMGB1/NLRP3 signaling pathway was activated in pulmonary fibrosis triggered by PM2.5 through the hypermethylation of the PPARG-encoding gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China; Chongqing Nanan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400066, China
| | - Yaochuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yajun Luo
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China
| | - Mengyu Jiang
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China
| | - Jiayou Li
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China
| | - Qibing Zhang
- Department of pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Deyang City, Deyang 618000, China.
| | - Jun Bai
- Environmental Health Effects and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Luzhou, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 638000, China.
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Sun K, Sun Y, Jia Y, Duan X, Ma Z, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Basang W. MicroRNA miR-212-5p Regulates the MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway by Targeting A-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase ( ARAF) to Regulate Cowshed PM 2.5-Induced NR8383 Apoptosis. TOXICS 2023; 11:981. [PMID: 38133382 PMCID: PMC10748134 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the role of miR-212-5p-targeted ARAF during the apoptosis of rat alveolar macrophages induced by cowshed PM2.5. Methods: miRNA and related target genes and pathways were predicted using the KEGG, TargetScan, and other prediction websites. NR8383 macrophages were treated with cowshed PM2.5 to establish an in vitro lung injury model in rats; meanwhile, for the assessment of cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular calcium ions, and mitochondrial membrane potential in NR8383 cells, RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-212-5p and the target gene ARAF. Results: The bioinformatic analyses showed that miR-212-5p and ARAF were involved in PM2.5-associated cellular damage. Exposure to different concentrations (0 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL, 180 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL) with different durations (0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) of cowshed PM2.5 resulted in apoptosis, increased intracellular calcium ions, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The miR-212-5p mimic group showed an up-regulation of Bax and cleaved Caspase 3 expression but decreased Bcl2 expression compared to the NC group, and overexpression of ARAF up-regulated the expression of p-MEK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 and simultaneously reversed the above phenomena. Conclusions: miR-212-5p targets ARAF to affect the cowshed PM2.5-induced apoptosis through the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, providing a potential target for relevant farming industry and pathology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Yize Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Yunna Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Xinran Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Xiqing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Lixia Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa 850009, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; (K.S.)
| | - Wangdui Basang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa 850009, China
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6
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Kuang Z, Wu J, Tan Y, Zhu G, Li J, Wu M. MicroRNA in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030568. [PMID: 36979503 PMCID: PMC10046787 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a broad-spectrum chemotherapy drug, is widely applied to the treatment of cancer; however, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) limits its clinical therapeutic utility. However, it is difficult to monitor and detect DIC at an early stage using conventional detection methods. Thus, sensitive, accurate, and specific methods of diagnosis and treatment are important in clinical practice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and are stable and easy to detect. Moreover, miRNAs are expected to become biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DIC; thus, there are currently many studies focusing on the role of miRNAs in DIC. In this review, we list the prominent studies on the diagnosis and treatment of miRNAs in DIC, explore the feasibility and difficulties of using miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Kuang
- Oncology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingyuan Wu
- Oncology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Oncology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Oncology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Li
- Oncology Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Min Wu
- Cardiovascular Department, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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Aghaei-Zarch SM, Alipourfard I, Rasoulzadeh H, Najafi S, Aghaei-Zarch F, Partov S, Movafagh A, Jahanara A, Toolabi A, Sheikhmohammadi A, Pour NN, Neghad SK, Ashrafi-Asgarabad A. Non-coding RNAs: An emerging player in particulate matter 2.5-mediated toxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123790. [PMID: 36822288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been connected to around seven million early deaths annually and also contributing to higher than 3 % of disability-adjusted lost life years. Particulate matters (PM) are among the key pollutants that directly discharged or formed due to atmospheric chemical interactions. Among these matters, due of its large surface area, PM2.5 may absorb a different harmful and toxic substances. One of the outcomes of such environmental disturbance is oxidative stress which affects cellular processes including apoptosis, inflammation, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) such as, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs are classified as non-protein coding RNA's. Over the past few years these small molecules have been gaining so much attention since they participate in variety of physiological and pathological processes and their expression change during disease periods. Regarding epigenetic properties, ncRNAs play an important function in organism's response to environmental stimulus. In this manner, it was revealed that exposure to PM2.5 may cause epigenetic reprogramming, such as, ncRNAs signature's alteration, which can be effective concerning pathophysiology state. In this review, we describe PM2.5 impact on ncRNAs and excavate its roles in toxicity caused by PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Aghaei-Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hassan Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran.
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saber Partov
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Jahanara
- Neonatology, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ali Toolabi
- Environmental Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Amir Sheikhmohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | | | | | - Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
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Bai J, Tang L, Luo Y, Han Z, Li C, Sun Y, Sun Q, Lu J, Qiu H, Zhao Z, Huo T, Xiong W, Zhang Q. Vitamin B complex blocks the dust fall PM 2 .5 -induced acute lung injury through DNA methylation in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:403-414. [PMID: 36282901 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether vitamin B complex (folic acid, B6 , and B12 ) could avert DNA methylation changes associated with inflammation induced by acute PM2.5 exposure. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered by gavage with different concentrations of vitamin B complex once a day for 28 days, and then by intratracheal instillation with saline or PM2.5 once every 2 days for three times. Vitamin B continued to be taken during the PM2.5 exposure. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after the last exposure. The results showed that vitamin B complex could block the pathological changes and injury in lungs induced by PM2.5 . Meanwhile, vitamin B complex could prevent the abnormal DNA methylation of IL-4 and IFN-γ to antagonize the imbalance of IL-4/IFN-γ associated with inflammation. It was further found that vitamin B complex could regulate DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and increase the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) ratio to reverse the hypomethylation of genomic DNA and the abnormal DNA methylation of IL-4 and IFN-γ. In conclusion, vitamin B complex has a protective effect on acute lung injury by attenuating abnormal DNA methylation induced by PM2.5 in rats. This study may provide a new insight into the physiological function of vitamin B to prevent the health effects induced by PM2.5 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Tang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Chengdu Jintang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajun Luo
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhixia Han
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chenwen Li
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yaochuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Luzhou Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Ji Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhenhu Zhao
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environmental and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingbi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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9
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Wang Q, Liu S. The Effects and Pathogenesis of PM2.5 and Its Components on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2023; 18:493-506. [PMID: 37056681 PMCID: PMC10086390 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s402122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a heterogeneous disease, is the leading cause of death worldwide. In recent years, air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM), has been widely studied as a contributing factor to COPD. As an essential component of PM, PM2.5 is associated with COPD prevalence, morbidity, and acute exacerbations. However, the specific pathogenic mechanisms were still unclear and deserve further research. The diversity and complexity of PM2.5 components make it challenging to get its accurate effects and mechanisms for COPD. It has been determined that the most toxic PM2.5 components are metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbonaceous particles (CPs), and other organic compounds. PM2.5-induced cytokine release and oxidative stress are the main mechanisms reported leading to COPD. Nonnegligibly, the microorganism in PM 2.5 may directly cause mononuclear inflammation or break the microorganism balance contributing to the development and exacerbation of COPD. This review focuses on the pathophysiology and consequences of PM2.5 and its components on COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Sha Liu, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, 35 Jiefang Avenue, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People’s Republic of China, Email
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10
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Bai J, Wang H, Yang S, Lu J, Li C, Sun Y, Huo T, Deng J, Zhang Q. Dust fall PM 2.5-induced lung inflammation in rats is associated with hypermethylation of the IFN-γ gene promoter via the PI3K-Akt-DNMT3b pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103942. [PMID: 35933082 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the major adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the lung system; however, its mechanisms remain unclear. Rats were exposed to different concentrations of PM2.5 to investigate the mechanism of short-term exposure-induced lung inflammation. The regulation of PI3K-Akt and DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) was assessed by using a PI3K inhibitor and a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. We found that PM2.5 could decrease interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and increase interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) to promote eosinophil infiltration and eventually lead to allergic pulmonary inflammation. Moreover, the CpG island methylation rate of the IFN-γ promoter and the protein expression of DNMT3b, PI3K and p-Akt were increased in lung tissues after PM2.5 exposure. Both inhibitors reversed the CpG island hypermethylation of IFN-γ. In conclusion, in PM2.5-induced lung injury, the activated PI3K-Akt pathway, via an increase in DNMT3b expression, is involved in CpG hypermethylation of the IFN-γ gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ji Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chenwen Li
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yaochuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Tingting Huo
- School of Environmental and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 404 Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang 621000, China.
| | - Qingbi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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Chen Q, Tong M, Sun N, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Yi L, Wang G, Cao Z, Zhao Q, Cheng S. Integrated Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Expression in Mink Lung Epithelial Cells Infected With Canine Distemper Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:897740. [PMID: 35711811 PMCID: PMC9194998 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.897740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the major infectious diseases in minks, bringing serious economic losses to the mink breeding industry. By an integrated analysis of microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA), the present study analyzed the changes in the mink transcriptome upon CDV infection in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv. l. Lu cells) for the first time. A total of 4,734 differentially expressed mRNAs (2,691 upregulated and 2,043 downregulated) with |log2(FoldChange) |>1 and P-adj<0.05 and 181 differentially expressed miRNAs (152 upregulated and 29 downregulated) with |log2(FoldChange) |>2 and P-adj<0.05 were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with various biological processes and molecular function, such as response to stimulus, cell communication, signaling, cytokine activity, transmembrane signaling receptor activity and signaling receptor activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the combination of miRNA and mRNA was done for immune and inflammatory responses, such as Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator (STAT) signaling pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B signaling pathway. The enrichment analysis of target mRNA of differentially expressed miRNA revealed that mir-140-5p and mir-378-12 targeted corresponding genes to regulate NF-kappa B signaling pathway. JAK-STAT signaling pathway could be modulated by mir-425-2, mir-139-4, mir-140-6, mir-145-3, mir-140-5p and mir-204-2. This study compared the influence of miRNA-mRNA expression in Mv. l. Lu cells before and after CDV infection by integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA and analyzed the complex network interaction between virus and host cells. The results can help understand the molecular mechanism of the natural immune response induced by CDV infection in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuening Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yi
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Jilin Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhigang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Zhao
| | - Shipeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Animal Epidemic Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Shipeng Cheng
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12
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microRNA-140-5p from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-released exosomes suppresses preeclampsia development. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:813-824. [PMID: 35484307 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work unraveled the action of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-released exosomes (huc-MSCs-EXO) transfer of miR-140-5p in preeclampsia (PE). miR-140-5p and follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) expression in placental tissues of PE patients was tested. EXO were isolated from huc-MSCs. Hypoxic trophoblast cells were co-cultured with huc-MSCs-EXO. Cell biological functions, angiogenesis, and inflammation were evaluated. Suppressed miR-140-5p and induced FSTL3 levels were measured in PE. Huc-MSCs-EXO drove biological functions and angiogenesis while hindering inflammation in hypoxic trophoblast cells. Increasing miR-140-5p further improved the positive role of huc-MSCs-EXO for hypoxic trophoblast cells, but the miR-140-5p-mediated effect in hypoxic trophoblast cells was abrogated by overexpressing FSTL3. miR-140-5p from huc-MSCs-EXO suppresses PE through repressing FSTL3.
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Zhao S, Cheng WJ, Liu X, Li Z, Li HZ, Shi N, Wang XL. Effects of Dexmedetomidine and Oxycodone on Neurocognitive and Inflammatory Response After Tourniquet-Induced Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:461-469. [PMID: 34625874 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine (Dex) and oxycodone (Oxy) on neurocognitive and inflammatory response after tourniquet-induced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. C57/BL6 mice were used to construct the mouse model of tourniquet-induced I/R injury. Mice (n = 48) were randomly divided into sham, I/R, Dex or Oxy group. Morris water maze test was performed to assess the spatial learning and memory function. The expression of NF-κB, TLR4, NR2B, M1 (CD68 and TNF-α) and M2 (CD206 and IL-10) polarization markers in mice hippocampus were detected by western blot or immunofluorescent staining. Spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (sEPSCs) were recorded by electrophysiology. Dex treatment alleviated I/R-induced declines in learning and memory (p < 0.05), while Oxy had no significant effect on it. Compared with I/R group, Dex and Oxy treatment down-regulated the expression of NF-κB, TLR4, TNF-α and CD68 (all p < 0.05), while no significantly different was found in CD206 and IL-10. In addition, Dex treatment down-regulated the expression of NR2B and reduced the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCs in I/R model mice (all p < 0.05), while Oxy had no significant effect on them. Tourniquet-induced I/R could impair the neurocognitive function of mice. Dex treatment could alleviate I/R-induced neurocognitive disorder by inhibiting abnormal synaptic transmission in hippocampal neurons. Both Dex and Oxy could alleviate the inflammatory response likely by inhibiting the polarization of microglia toward M1 phenotype via TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Future studies are needed to further examine the effects of Dex on neurocognitive disorder after tourniquet-induced I/R injury and investigate the exact mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Wen-Jie Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Zhou Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No.139, Ziqiang Road, Qiaoxi District, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.
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Zheng M, Liu J, Meng C, Tang K, Liao J. Prognostic and clinicopathological importance of microRNA-140 expression in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2021; 19:266. [PMID: 34479600 PMCID: PMC8417971 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-021-02380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) is one of the most widely investigated miRNAs in cell carcinogenesis and cancer development. Despite present proposals of employing miR-140 as a candidate biomarker for cancer prognosis, its effectiveness in predicting patient survival and clinicopathological outcome is still under debate. Methods A systematic search for English literature using online databases was performed with pre-established criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were collected to delineate the correlation between miR-140 levels and cancer patient prognosis. Results For this meta-analysis, we selected 12 papers for analysis, involving 1386 participants. Based on our analysis, high levels of miR-140 were strongly correlated with enhanced patient overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.728, 95% CI = 0.601-0.882, P = 0.001). In addition, we also observed that elevated miR-140 levels significantly led to better OS in patients with cancers in different parts of the body like digestive system (HR = 0.675, 95% CI = 0.538-0.848, P = 0.001), digestive tract (HR = 0.709, 95% CI = 0.565-0.889, P = 0.003), and head and neck (HR = 0.603, 95% CI = 0.456-0.797, P < 0.001). Additionally, we verified that the low miR-140 levels was related to advanced TNM stage (OR = 0.420, 95% CI = 0.299-0.590, P < 0.001), worse histologic grade (OR = 0.410, 95% CI = 0.261-0.643, P < 0.001), and positive lymph node metastasis status (OR = 0.341, 95% CI = 0.144-0.807, P = 0.014). Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that elevated miR-140 levels can be employed as a favorable biomarker for cancer patient prognosis. This information can greatly benefit in the formation of an individualized therapeutic plan for the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 12 Lingyin Road, Zhejiang, 310013, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Liu
- Department of Health Management, Sir Run Run Shaw International Medical Centre, 9 Jingtan Road, Zhejiang, 310000, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Meng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 12 Lingyin Road, Zhejiang, 310013, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 12 Lingyin Road, Zhejiang, 310013, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 12 Lingyin Road, Zhejiang, 310013, Hangzhou, China.
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15
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Wang JC, Huang Y, Zhang RX, Han ZJ, Zhou LL, Sun N, Dong WY, Zhuang GS. miR-338-3p inhibits autophagy in a rat model of allergic rhinitis after PM2.5 exposure through AKT/mTOR signaling by targeting UBE2Q1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 554:1-6. [PMID: 33770685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases the incidence of allergic rhinitis (AR). microRNA (miRNA) can regulate cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. However, the mechanism of miR-338-3p in mediating PM2.5-induced autophagy in AR animal models remains unknown. To explore the mechanism of miR-338-3p in PM2.5-induced autophagy in AR, the human nasal epithelium cells and AR model exposed to PM2.5 were deployed. The results showed that miR-338-3p was down-regulated in both nasal mucosa of PM2.5-exacerbated AR rat models and PM2.5-treated RPMI-2650 cells. Forced expression of miR-338-3p could inhibit autophagy in vitro. miR-338-3p specifically bound to UBE2Q1 3'-untranslated region (3' UTR) and negatively regulated its expression. Overexpression of UBE2Q1 attenuated the inhibitory effects of miR-338-3p on PM2.5-induced autophagy of RPMI-2650 cells through AKT/mTOR pathway. Moreover, our in vivo study found that after administration of agomiR-338-3p in AR rats model, the expression of autophagy-related proteins decreased and nasal symptoms alleviated. In conclusion, this study revealed that miR-338-3p acts as an autophagy suppressor in PM2.5-exacerbated AR by directly targeting UBE2Q1 and affecting AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chao Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ru-Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Zhi-Jin Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei-Yang Dong
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Guo-Shun Zhuang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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16
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Bahroudi Z, Shoorei H, Abak A, Ahin M, Taheri M. microRNA-140: A miRNA with diverse roles in human diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111256. [PMID: 33434855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-140 (miR-140) has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of pathologies including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, renal fibrosis, ischemic conditions, and most importantly neoplasia. This miRNA has been shown to be down-regulated in a diversity of cancers namely breast cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. miR-140 has a lot of immune-related targets. Moreover, several miR-140 targets regulate cell proliferation, cell cycle transition, and apoptosis. This miRNA has been shown to be sponged by a number of lncRNAs and circ-RNAs. miR-140 has essential roles in the determination of the sensitivity of neoplastic cells to chemotherapeutic agents such as temozolomide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. Besides, expression quantities of miR-140 in cancer tissues can be used for the prediction of clinical outcomes of patients with neoplasia. In the present paper, we describe the impact of miR-140 in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Bahroudi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Atefe Abak
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Ahin
- Taleghani Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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