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Silva MP, Oliveira C, Prieto R, Silva MA, New L, Pérez‐Jorge S. Bioenergetic modelling of a marine top predator's responses to changes in prey structure. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11135. [PMID: 38529024 PMCID: PMC10961477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining how animals allocate energy, and how external factors influence this allocation, is crucial to understand species' life history requirements and response to disturbance. This response is driven in part by individuals' energy balance, prey characteristics, foraging behaviour and energy required for essential functions. We developed a bioenergetic model to estimate minimum foraging success rate (FSR), that is, the lowest possible prey capture rate for individuals to obtain the minimum energy intake needed to meet daily metabolic requirements, for female sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). The model was based on whales' theoretical energetic requirements using foraging and prey characteristics from animal-borne tags and stomach contents, respectively. We used this model to simulate two prey structure change scenarios: (1) decrease in mean prey size, thus lower prey energy content and (2) decrease in prey size variability, reducing the variability in prey energy content. We estimate the whales need minimum of ~14% FSR to meet their energetic requirements, and energy intake is more sensitive to energy content changes than a decrease in energy variability. To estimate vulnerability to prey structure changes, we evaluated the compensation level required to meet bioenergetic demands. Considering a minimum 14% FSR, whales would need to increase energy intake by 21% (5-35%) and 49% (27-67%) to compensate for a 15% and 30% decrease in energy content, respectively. For a 30% and 50% decrease in energy variability, whales would need to increase energy intake by 13% (0-23%) and 24% (10-35%) to meet energetic demands, respectively. Our model demonstrates how foraging and prey characteristics can be used to estimate impact of changing prey structure in top predator energetics, which can help inform bottom-up effects on marine ecosystems. We showed the importance of considering different FSR in bioenergetics models, as it can have decisive implications on estimates of energy acquired and affect the conclusions about top predator's vulnerability to possible environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Silva
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Cláudia Oliveira
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Rui Prieto
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Mónica A. Silva
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Leslie New
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sergi Pérez‐Jorge
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
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2
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Ceciarini I, Franchi E, Capanni F, Consales G, Minoia L, Ancora S, D'Agostino A, Lucchetti A, Li Veli D, Marsili L. Assessment of interactive acoustic deterrent devices set on trammel nets to reduce dolphin-fishery interactions in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20680. [PMID: 38001158 PMCID: PMC10673957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dolphin-fishery interaction is a worldwide issue affecting dolphins through bycatch and fishers through catch or gear damages. Concerning the Mediterranean Sea, problematic interactions mainly occur between common bottlenose dolphin and small-scale fisheries. Acoustic Deterrent Devices such as pingers, are one of the most widespread measures used in attempts to face this issue. Therefore, the efficiency of interactive pingers (DiD01) in protecting the trammel nets from dolphin interactions was assessed in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea. From March to October 2021, a total of 139 fishing trials using nets with pingers (TEST) and without pingers (CTRL), respectively n = 97 and n = 42, were carried out. Non-parametric statistic of the Catch per Unit Effort, comparing control and test nets, was not significantly different (p > 0.05) using catches weights (CPUEW) while it was significant (p < 0.01) considering the number of individuals (CPUEN). Moreover, richness and relative abundance of species resulted statistically higher in test nets (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that the absence of dolphin in the neighbourhood of fishing areas thanks to the use of pingers increases the diversity of target species. Catch damages caused by dolphins were statistically higher in nets without pinger than in nets with pinger (p < 0.05). No dolphin bycatch was recorded during fishing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ceciarini
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- La Casa dei Pesci Onlus, Via Montianese 41, Fonteblanda, 58015, Talamone, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Enrica Franchi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Capanni
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Guia Consales
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Minoia
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italian National Institute for Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Genoa Marine Center (GMC), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Ancora
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonella D'Agostino
- Department of Business and Quantitative Studies, University of Naples Parthenope, Via Generale Parisi 13, 80132, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lucchetti
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 1, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniel Li Veli
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Largo Fiera della Pesca 1, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Pier Andrea Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
- La Casa dei Pesci Onlus, Via Montianese 41, Fonteblanda, 58015, Talamone, Grosseto, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario per la Ricerca sui Cetacei (CIRCE), Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Strada Laterina 8, 53100, Siena, Italy
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3
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Lusseau D, Kindt-Larsen L, van Beest FM. Emergent interactions in the management of multiple threats to the conservation of harbour porpoises. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158936. [PMID: 36152860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human activities at sea are intensifying and diversifying. This is leading to more complex interactions of anthropogenic impacts requiring adaptable management interventions to mitigate their cumulative effects on biodiversity conservation and restoration objectives. Bycatch remains the dominant conservation threat for coastal cetaceans. Additionally, the indirect impact of repeated exposure to disturbances, particularly acoustic disturbances, can affect cetacean population growth and therefore conservation objectives. Pingers are used to ensonify nets to provide an effective mitigation of bycatch risk. As those become more prevalent across fisheries at risk to catch for example harbour porpoises, pingers become contributors to the anthropogenic noise landscape which may affect the vital rates of this species as well. Currently, we do not know how to best balance pinger prevalence to minimise both bycatch rate and the population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCoD). Here we use an agent-based model to determine how pinger prevalence in nets can be adjusted to minimise bycatch rate and noise disturbance propagating to affect population growth for harbour porpoises. We show that counter-intuitively bycatch rate can increase at lower pinger prevalence. When ecological conditions are such that PCOD can emerge, higher prevalence of pingers can lead to indirect effects on population growth. This would result from condition-mediated decreased reproductive potential. Displacing fishing effort, via time-area closure, can be an effective mitigation strategy in these circumstances. These findings have important implications for current management plans which, for practical consideration, may lead to lower overall pinger prevalence at sea. This study also shows that estimating the reproductive potential of the species should be incorporated in bycatch monitoring programmes. We now need to better understand how physiological condition affect reproductive decisions and behavioural responses to noise in cetaceans to better appraise and estimate the cumulative impacts of bycatch and its mitigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lusseau
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lotte Kindt-Larsen
- National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Floris M van Beest
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Pirotta E. A review of bioenergetic modelling for marine mammal populations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac036. [PMID: 35754757 PMCID: PMC9215292 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergetic models describe the processes through which animals acquire energy from resources in the environment and allocate it to different life history functions. They capture some of the fundamental mechanisms regulating individuals, populations and ecosystems and have thus been used in a wide variety of theoretical and applied contexts. Here, I review the development of bioenergetic models for marine mammals and their application to management and conservation. For these long-lived, wide-ranging species, bioenergetic approaches were initially used to assess the energy requirements and prey consumption of individuals and populations. Increasingly, models are developed to describe the dynamics of energy intake and allocation and predict how resulting body reserves, vital rates and population dynamics might change as external conditions vary. The building blocks required to develop such models include estimates of intake rate, maintenance costs, growth patterns, energy storage and the dynamics of gestation and lactation, as well as rules for prioritizing allocation. I describe how these components have been parameterized for marine mammals and highlight critical research gaps. Large variation exists among available analytical approaches, reflecting the large range of life histories, management needs and data availability across studies. Flexibility in modelling strategy has supported tailored applications to specific case studies but has resulted in limited generality. Despite the many empirical and theoretical uncertainties that remain, bioenergetic models can be used to predict individual and population responses to environmental change and other anthropogenic impacts, thus providing powerful tools to inform effective management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK. Tel: (+44) (0)1334 461 842.
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5
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Modelling approach for crafting environmental regulations under deep uncertainty: Whale watching in Ojo de liebre, Mexico. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grouping Behaviors of Dolphins and Other Toothed Whales. ETHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF ODONTOCETES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16663-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pirotta E, Booth CG, Costa DP, Fleishman E, Kraus SD, Lusseau D, Moretti D, New LF, Schick RS, Schwarz LK, Simmons SE, Thomas L, Tyack PL, Weise MJ, Wells RS, Harwood J. Understanding the population consequences of disturbance. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9934-9946. [PMID: 30386587 PMCID: PMC6202709 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the nonlethal effects of disturbance on wildlife populations has been a long-term goal for decision makers, managers, and ecologists, and assessment of these effects is currently required by European Union and United States legislation. However, robust assessment of these effects is challenging. The management of human activities that have nonlethal effects on wildlife is a specific example of a fundamental ecological problem: how to understand the population-level consequences of changes in the behavior or physiology of individual animals that are caused by external stressors. In this study, we review recent applications of a conceptual framework for assessing and predicting these consequences for marine mammal populations. We explore the range of models that can be used to formalize the approach and we identify critical research gaps. We also provide a decision tree that can be used to select the most appropriate model structure given the available data. Synthesis and applications: The implementation of this framework has moved the focus of discussion of the management of nonlethal disturbances on marine mammal populations away from a rhetorical debate about defining negligible impact and toward a quantitative understanding of long-term population-level effects. Here we demonstrate the framework's general applicability to other marine and terrestrial systems and show how it can support integrated modeling of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that regulate trait-mediated, indirect interactions in ecological communities, that is, the nonconsumptive effects of a predator or stressor on a species' behavior, physiology, or life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsWashington State UniversityVancouverWashington
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkCorkIreland
| | | | - Daniel P. Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia
| | - Erica Fleishman
- Department of Environmental Science and PolicyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColorado
| | - Scott D. Kraus
- Anderson‐Cabot Center for Ocean LifeNew England AquariumBostonMassachusetts
| | - David Lusseau
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | | | - Leslie F. New
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsWashington State UniversityVancouverWashington
| | - Robert S. Schick
- Duke UniversityDurhamNorth Carolina
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Lisa K. Schwarz
- Institute of Marine SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCalifornia
| | | | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Peter L. Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research UnitScottish Oceans InstituteSchool of BiologyUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Michael J. Weise
- Office of Naval ResearchMarine Mammal & Biology ProgramArlingtonVirginia
| | - Randall S. Wells
- Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Programc/o Mote Marine LaboratorySarasotaFlorida
| | - John Harwood
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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Meng Q, Sun Y, Kang J. Effect of temporary open-air markets on the sound environment and acoustic perception based on the crowd density characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1488-1495. [PMID: 28605866 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The sound environment and acoustic perception of open-air markets, which are very common in high-density urban open spaces, play important roles in terms of the urban soundscape. Based on objective and subjective measurements of a typical temporary open-air market in Harbin city, China, the effects of the temporary open-air market on the sound environment and acoustic perception were studied, considering different crowd densities. It was observed that a temporary open-air market without zoning increases the sound pressure level and subjective loudness by 2.4dBA and 0.21dBA, respectively, compared to the absence of a temporary market. Different from the sound pressure level and subjective loudness, the relationship between crowd density and the perceived acoustic comfort is parabolic. Regarding the effect of a temporary open-air market with different zones on the sound environment and acoustic perception, when the crowd densities were the same, subjective loudness in the fruit and vegetable sales area was always higher than in the food sales area and the clothing sales area. In terms of acoustic comfort, with an increase in crowd density, acoustic comfort in the fruit and vegetable sales area decreased, and acoustic comfort in the food sales area and the clothing sales area exhibited a parabolic change trend of increase followed by decrease. Overall, acoustic comfort can be effectively improved by better planning temporary open-air markets in high-density urban open spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- Heilongjiang Cold Region Architectural Science Key Laboratory, School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Yang Sun
- Heilongjiang Cold Region Architectural Science Key Laboratory, School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Heilongjiang Cold Region Architectural Science Key Laboratory, School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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9
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Mori E. Porcupines in the landscape of fear: effect of hunting with dogs on the behaviour of a non-target species. MAMMAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-017-0313-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Beltran RS, Testa JW, Burns JM. An agent-based bioenergetics model for predicting impacts of environmental change on a top marine predator, the Weddell seal. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Pirotta E, Harwood J, Thompson PM, New L, Cheney B, Arso M, Hammond PS, Donovan C, Lusseau D. Predicting the effects of human developments on individual dolphins to understand potential long-term population consequences. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20152109. [PMID: 26511044 PMCID: PMC4650163 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activities that impact wildlife do not necessarily remove individuals from populations. They may also change individual behaviour in ways that have sublethal effects. This has driven interest in developing analytical tools that predict the population consequences of short-term behavioural responses. In this study, we incorporate empirical information on the ecology of a population of bottlenose dolphins into an individual-based model that predicts how individuals' behavioural dynamics arise from their underlying motivational states, as well as their interaction with boat traffic and dredging activities. We simulate the potential effects of proposed coastal developments on this population and predict that the operational phase may affect animals' motivational states. For such results to be relevant for management, the effects on individuals' vital rates also need to be quantified. We investigate whether the relationship between an individual's exposure and the survival of its calves can be directly estimated using a Bayesian multi-stage model for calf survival. The results suggest that any effect on calf survival is probably small and that a significant relationship could only be detected in large, closely studied populations. Our work can be used to guide management decisions, accelerate the consenting process for coastal and offshore developments and design targeted monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John Harwood
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Lighthouse Field Station, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cromarty IV11 8YL, UK
| | - Leslie New
- Washington State University, 14204 Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Barbara Cheney
- Lighthouse Field Station, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cromarty IV11 8YL, UK
| | - Monica Arso
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Philip S Hammond
- Scottish Oceans Institute, East Sands, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Carl Donovan
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
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King SL, Schick RS, Donovan C, Booth CG, Burgman M, Thomas L, Harwood J. An interim framework for assessing the population consequences of disturbance. Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. King
- SMRU Consulting New Technology Centre North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9SR UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens St Andrews Fife KY16 9LZ UK
| | - Robert S. Schick
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens St Andrews Fife KY16 9LZ UK
| | | | - Cormac G. Booth
- SMRU Consulting New Technology Centre North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9SR UK
| | - Mark Burgman
- Australian Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis The University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens St Andrews Fife KY16 9LZ UK
| | - John Harwood
- SMRU Consulting New Technology Centre North Haugh St Andrews KY16 9SR UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens St Andrews Fife KY16 9LZ UK
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Symons J, Pirotta E, Lusseau D. Sex differences in risk perception in deep-diving bottlenose dolphins leads to decreased foraging efficiency when exposed to human disturbance. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Symons
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Enrico Pirotta
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - David Lusseau
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Aberdeen; Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
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