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Logotheti S, Papadaki E, Zolota V, Logothetis C, Vrahatis AG, Soundararajan R, Tzelepi V. Lineage Plasticity and Stemness Phenotypes in Prostate Cancer: Harnessing the Power of Integrated "Omics" Approaches to Explore Measurable Metrics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4357. [PMID: 37686633 PMCID: PMC10486655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa), the most frequent and second most lethal cancer type in men in developed countries, is a highly heterogeneous disease. PCa heterogeneity, therapy resistance, stemness, and lethal progression have been attributed to lineage plasticity, which refers to the ability of neoplastic cells to undergo phenotypic changes under microenvironmental pressures by switching between developmental cell states. What remains to be elucidated is how to identify measurements of lineage plasticity, how to implement them to inform preclinical and clinical research, and, further, how to classify patients and inform therapeutic strategies in the clinic. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of next-generation sequencing technologies in identifying potential biomarkers associated with lineage plasticity. Here, we review the genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic events that have been described in PCa and highlight those with significance for lineage plasticity. We further focus on their relevance in PCa research and their benefits in PCa patient classification. Finally, we explore ways in which bioinformatic analyses can be used to determine lineage plasticity based on large omics analyses and algorithms that can shed light on upstream and downstream events. Most importantly, an integrated multiomics approach may soon allow for the identification of a lineage plasticity signature, which would revolutionize the molecular classification of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzana Logotheti
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
| | - Eugenia Papadaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
- Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Zolota
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | | | - Rama Soundararajan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (S.L.); (E.P.); (V.Z.)
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2
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Laajala TD, Sreekanth V, Soupir AC, Creed JH, Halkola AS, Calboli FCF, Singaravelu K, Orman MV, Colin-Leitzinger C, Gerke T, Fridley BL, Tyekucheva S, Costello JC. A harmonized resource of integrated prostate cancer clinical, -omic, and signature features. Sci Data 2023; 10:430. [PMID: 37407670 PMCID: PMC10322899 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic data have been generated across a wide range of prostate cancer (PCa) study cohorts. These data can be used to better characterize the molecular features associated with clinical outcomes and to test hypotheses across multiple, independent patient cohorts. In addition, derived features, such as estimates of cell composition, risk scores, and androgen receptor (AR) scores, can be used to develop novel hypotheses leveraging existing multi-omic datasets. The full potential of such data is yet to be realized as independent datasets exist in different repositories, have been processed using different pipelines, and derived and clinical features are often not provided or not standardized. Here, we present the curatedPCaData R package, a harmonized data resource representing >2900 primary tumor, >200 normal tissue, and >500 metastatic PCa samples across 19 datasets processed using standardized pipelines with updated gene annotations. We show that meta-analysis across harmonized studies has great potential for robust and clinically meaningful insights. curatedPCaData is an open and accessible community resource with code made available for reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu D Laajala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Varsha Sreekanth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alex C Soupir
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jordan H Creed
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anni S Halkola
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Federico C F Calboli
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), F-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Michael V Orman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Han S, Shi T, Liao Y, Chen D, Yang F, Wang M, Ma J, Li H, Xu Y, Zhu T, Chen W, Wang G, Han Y, Xu C, Wang W, Cai S, Zhang X, Xing N. Tumor immune contexture predicts recurrence after prostatectomy and efficacy of androgen deprivation and immunotherapy in prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:194. [PMID: 36918939 PMCID: PMC10012744 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men with notable interpatient heterogeneity. Implications of the immune microenvironment in predicting the biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) after radical prostatectomy and the efficacy of systemic therapies in prostate cancer remain ambiguous. METHODS The tumor immune contexture score (TICS) involving eight immune contexture-related signatures was developed using seven cohorts of 1120 patients treated with radical prostatectomy (training: GSE46602, GSE54460, GSE70769, and GSE94767; validation: GSE70768, DKFZ2018, and TCGA). The association between the TICS and treatment efficacy was investigated in GSE111177 (androgen deprivation therapy [ADT]) and EGAS00001004050 (ipilimumab). RESULTS A high TICS was associated with prolonged BCRFS after radical prostatectomy in the training (HR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.24-0.45, P < 0.001) and the validation cohorts (HR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.32-0.62, P < 0.001). The TICS showed stable prognostic power independent of tumor stage, surgical margin, pre-treatment prostatic specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason score (multivariable HR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.39-0.63, P < 0.001). Adding the TICS into the prognostic model constructed using clinicopathological features significantly improved its 1/2/3/4/5-year area under curve (P < 0.05). A low TICS was associated with high homologous recombination deficiency scores, abnormally activated pathways concerning DNA replication, cell cycle, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and drug metabolism, and fewer tumor-infiltrating immune cells (P < 0.05). The patients with a high TICS had favorable BCRFS with ADT (HR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.06-0.99, P = 0.034) or ipilimumab monotherapy (HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.06-0.81, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Our study delineates the associations of tumor immune contexture with molecular features, recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and the efficacy of ADT and immunotherapy. The TICS may improve the existing risk stratification systems and serve as a patient-selection tool for ADT and immunotherapy in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujun Han
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Taoping Shi
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuchen Liao
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Feiya Yang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Mingshuai Wang
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Urology, Shanxian Central Hospital of Shandong Province, Heze, 274300, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Tengfei Zhu
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Wenxi Chen
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | | | - Yusheng Han
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Wenxian Wang
- Department of Clinical Trial, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Shangli Cai
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Nianzeng Xing
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Laajala TD, Sreekanth V, Soupir A, Creed J, Calboli FCF, Singaravelu K, Orman M, Colin-Leitzinger C, Gerke T, Fidley BL, Tyekucheva S, Costello JC. curatedPCaData: Integration of clinical, genomic, and signature features in a curated and harmonized prostate cancer data resource. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524403. [PMID: 36711769 PMCID: PMC9882125 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic data have been generated across a wide range of prostate cancer (PCa) study cohorts. These data can be used to better characterize the molecular features associated with clinical outcomes and to test hypotheses across multiple, independent patient cohorts. In addition, derived features, such as estimates of cell composition, risk scores, and androgen receptor (AR) scores, can be used to develop novel hypotheses leveraging existing multi-omic datasets. The full potential of such data is yet to be realized as independent datasets exist in different repositories, have been processed using different pipelines, and derived and clinical features are often not provided or unstandardized. Here, we present the curatedPCaData R package, a harmonized data resource representing >2900 primary tumor, >200 normal tissue, and >500 metastatic PCa samples across 19 datasets processed using standardized pipelines with updated gene annotations. We show that meta-analysis across harmonized studies has great potential for robust and clinically meaningful insights. curatedPCaData is an open and accessible community resource with code made available for reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu D Laajala
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Varsha Sreekanth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alex Soupir
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jordan Creed
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Federico CF Calboli
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), F-31600, Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Michael Orman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brooke L. Fidley
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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5
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Liu J, Yuan JF, Wang YZ. METTL3-stabilized lncRNA SNHG7 accelerates glycolysis in prostate cancer via SRSF1/c-Myc axis. Exp Cell Res 2022; 416:113149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Tharmalingam H, Tsang Y, Alonzi R, Beasley W, Taylor N, McWilliam A, Padhani A, Choudhury A, Hoskin P. Changes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radiomic Features in Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:e246-e253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Molecular Expression of Some Oncogenes and Predisposing Behaviors Contributing to the Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:60-68. [PMID: 34277869 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men in Iran. It can be treated in the early stages of the disease; therefore, early diagnosis can be lifesaving. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular expression of some oncogenes and predisposing behaviors contributing to the aggressiveness of prostate cancer. Methods In this case-control study, prostate cancer specimens were collected from both patients and healthy volunteers. Several factors such as age, family history, smoking, and stage of the disease, were investigated based on the criteria of this study. Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of four oncogenes. Statistical analysis of our data was carried out using SPSS software version 22. Results The X2 test showed that there was a difference in the incidence of prostate cancer in different age groups (X2= 9.30; p= 0.026). Although data analysis by the X2 test showed that family history had a significant effect on prostate cancer (X2= 14.43; p= 0.001), smoking did not show a significant effect on the incidence of this disorder (X2= 4.67; p= 0.097). The T2N1M0 stage is the most common form of prostate cancer in patients with family history of prostate cancer and the habit of smoking. Also, the expression of KRAS1P, GLB1L2, SChLAP1 and PACSIN3 oncogenes reduced in prostate cancer samples compared to the control group. Conclusion Overall, functional interpretation of gene expression in the prostate tissue can affect tumor progression. Yet, further practical studies are required to reveal the accurate underlying mechanisms.
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8
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Sugiura M, Sato H, Kanesaka M, Imamura Y, Sakamoto S, Ichikawa T, Kaneda A. Epigenetic modifications in prostate cancer. Int J Urol 2020; 28:140-149. [PMID: 33111429 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide. In addition to genomic alterations, epigenetic alterations accumulated in prostate cancer have been elucidated. While aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid hypermethylation in promoter CpG islands inactivates crucial genes associated with deoxyribonucleic acid repair, cell cycle, apoptosis or cell adhesion, aberrant deoxyribonucleic acid hypomethylation can lead to oncogene activation. Acetylation of histone is also deregulated in prostate cancer, which could cause aberrant super-enhancer formation and activation of genes associated with cancer development. Deregulations of histone methylation, such as an increase of trimethylation at position 27 of histone H3 by enhancer of zeste homolog2 overexpression, or other modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, are also involved in prostate cancer development, and inhibitors targeting these epigenomic aberrations might be novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of epigenetic alterations in the development and progression of prostate cancer, focusing on deoxyribonucleic acid methylation and histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugiura
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of, Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of, Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Manato Kanesaka
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of, Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yusuke Imamura
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sakamoto
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ichikawa
- Departments of, Department of, Urology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of, Molecular Oncology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Hosseinzadeh O, Hekmat Z, Nekoufar S, Ahmad M, Mohammadzadeh N, Monfaredan A. Evaluate the gene expression of TPT1, EDN3, and ANO7 in prostate cancer tissues and their relation with age, tumor stage and family history. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2020.100671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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10
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Teixeira GR, Mendes LO, Veras ASC, Thorpe HHA, Fávaro WJ, de Almeida Chuffa LG, Pinheiro PFF, Martinez FE. Physical resistance training-induced changes in lipids metabolism pathways and apoptosis in prostate. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:14. [PMID: 31996229 PMCID: PMC6990525 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered lipid metabolism is an important characteristic of neoplastic cells, with androgens and growth factors being major regulatory agents of the lipid metabolism process. We investigated the effect of physical resistance training on lipid metabolism and apoptosis in the adult Wistar rat prostate. METHODS Two experimental groups represented sedentary and physical resistance training. Three days per week for 13 weeks, rats performed jumps in water carrying a weight load strapped to their chests as part of a physical resistance exercise protocol. Two days after the last training session, rats were anesthetized and sacrificed for blood and prostate analysis. RESULTS Physical exercise improved feeding efficiency, decreased weight gain, regulated the serum-lipid profile, and modulated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and free testosterone concentration. Furthermore, upregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and reduced lysosome membrane protein (LIMPII) expression were also observed in the blood and prostates of trained rats. Consistent with these results, caspase-3 expression was upregulating and the BCL-2/Bax index ratio was decreased in trained rats relative to sedentary animals. CONCLUSIONS In this work, physical resistance training can alter lipid metabolism and increase markers of apoptosis in the prostate, suggesting physical resistance training as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for treating prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Technology and Sciences, UNESP, campus of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science and Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences University of Western São Paulo-UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Postgraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner José Fávaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Institute of Biology, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisco Eduardo Martinez
- Department of Anatomy, São Paulo State University, UNESP - Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Çiçek H, Saygılı Ö, Sever ÖN, Kaya V, Ulusal H, Yıldırım M. The diagnostic role of A-kinase anchoring protein 12, Bcl-2 and high mobility group box Protein-1 levels in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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12
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Kohli M, Oberg AL, Mahoney DW, Riska SM, Sherwood R, Zhang Y, Zenka RM, Sahasrabudhe D, Qin R, Zhang S. Serum Proteomics on the Basis of Discovery of Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:248-253.e7. [PMID: 31103340 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the serum proteome of hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients to determine candidate biomarkers associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum proteomes generated using isobaric mass tags for relative and absolute quantitation were analyzed using reverse-phase liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The advanced hormone-sensitive prostate cancer cohorts studied were: (1) untreated "paired" pre-ADT and 4-month post-ADT hormone-sensitive patients (n = 15); (2) "early ADT failure" patients (n = 10) in whom ADT treatment failed within a short period of time; and (3) "late ADT failure" patients (n = 10) in whom ADT treatment failed after a prolonged response time. Differential abundance was assessed, and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to identify interaction networks in selected candidates from these comparisons. RESULTS Between "post-ADT" and combined "early" and "late" ADT failure groups 149 differentially detected candidates were observed, and between "early" and "late" ADT failure groups 98 candidates were observed; 47 candidates were common in both comparisons. IPA network enrichment analysis of the 47 candidates identified 3 interaction networks (P < .01) including 17-β-estradiol, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells complex, and P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases as pathways with potential markers of response to ADT. CONCLUSION A global proteomic analysis identified pathways with markers of ADT response, which will need validation in independent data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kohli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Shaun M Riska
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Robert Sherwood
- Institute for Biotechnology and Life Science Technologies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Yuzi Zhang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Rui Qin
- Clinical Biostatistics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, NJ
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute for Biotechnology and Life Science Technologies, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
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13
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Soh RYZ, Lim JP, Samy RP, Chua PJ, Bay BH. A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) inhibits cell migration in breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:364-370. [PMID: 30385176 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) also known as Gravin and SSeCKS, is a novel potent scaffold protein for many key signaling factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, cyclins as well as F-actin. AKAP12 expression is known to be suppressed in several human malignancies including breast, prostate, gastric and colon cancers. In this study, we evaluated the role of AKAP12 in the migration of breast cancer cells, an important cellular process in cancer progression. AKAP12 gene expression was analyzed in human breast cancer tissues using the Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online (GOBO) database and TissueScan array, followed by relapse free survival (RFS) analysis with the Kaplan-Meier Plotter. AKAP12 protein was then analyzed in normal MCF10A breast cell line and six different breast cancer cell lines (AU565, Hs578T, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, T47D and ZR751). After which, siRNA-mediated knockdown of AKAP12 was carried out in MCF10A, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells, followed by phenotypic assays. AKAP12 was observed to be reduced in breast cancer tissues as analyzed by GOBO and TissueScan array. Kaplan Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with AKAP12 gene expression had a higher RFS survival. There was also decreased AKAP12 protein expression in breast cancer cell lines compared to MCF10A normal epithelial breast cell line. Knockdown of AKAP12 in both MCF10A cells and Hs578T cells induced cell migration but did not alter cell proliferation. Moreover, siAKAP12 in aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells led to an increase in cell migration. Immunofluorescence analysis of AKAP12 depleted MCF10A cells also revealed formation of thick stress fibers which could affect cell migration. Hence, the findings in this study suggest that AKAP12 is a potential metastasis suppressor in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina You Zhen Soh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Pei Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore; Translational Biomedical Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramar Perumal Samy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Jou Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore.
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14
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Skvortsov S, Skvortsova II, Tang DG, Dubrovska A. Concise Review: Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Current Understanding. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1457-1474. [PMID: 29845679 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is heterogeneous, harboring phenotypically diverse cancer cell types. PCa cell heterogeneity is caused by genomic instability that leads to the clonal competition and evolution of the cancer genome and by epigenetic mechanisms that result in subclonal cellular differentiation. The process of tumor cell differentiation is initiated from a population of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) that possess many phenotypic and functional properties of normal stem cells. Since the initial reports on PCSCs in 2005, there has been much effort to elucidate their biological properties, including unique metabolic characteristics. In this Review, we discuss the current methods for PCSC enrichment and analysis, the hallmarks of PCSC metabolism, and the role of PCSCs in tumor progression. Stem Cells 2018;36:1457-1474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Skvortsov
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ira-Ida Skvortsova
- Laboratory for Experimental and Translational Research on Radiation Oncology (EXTRO-Lab), Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology-OncoRay, Dresden, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Dresden, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Telomerase RNA Expression and DNA Ploidy as Prognostic Markers of Prostate Carcinomas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 95:744-52. [DOI: 10.1177/030089160909500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background The objective of this study was to determine whether there was a correlation between telomerase RNA expression and DNA ploidy status with clinicopathological parameters and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Study Design Telomerase RNA expression and DNA ploidy were evaluated in imprint smear samples obtained from 112 prostates after radical prostatectomy. The results were correlated with pathological stage, Gleason score and serum PSA. Results Positive telomerse RNA expression was detected in 67.8% of prostate carcinomas. The multiple linear regression model showed a statistically significance increase in telomerase RNA expression with increased Gleason score ( P <0.0001) and preoperative serum PSA values ( P = 0.0125). DNA ploidy status also varied significantly with Gleason score ( P <0.0001) and preoperative serum PSA values ( P = 0.0110). Five patients with diploid tumors and negative telomerase RNA expression developed a recurrence. However, recurrence was associated with DNA aneuploidy ( P = 0.001) as well as with high telomerase RNA overexpression ( P = 0.001). Conclusions We conclude that telomerase RNA expression and DNA ploidy could be additional markers in the field of prognosis of prostate carcinomas.
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16
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Said W, Emaetig F, El Gehani K, Eldarat T, Buhmeida A, Enattah N, Elzagheid A, Al-Fituri O. Over-expression of β-catenin is associated with high grade of prostatic cancer in Libyan patients. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.afju.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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17
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Ultrasound-Mediated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transfection as a Targeted Cancer Therapy Platform. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42046. [PMID: 28169315 PMCID: PMC5294424 DOI: 10.1038/srep42046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold tremendous potential as a targeted cell-based delivery platform for inflammatory and cancer therapy. Genetic manipulation of MSCs, however, is challenging, and therefore, most studies using MSCs as therapeutic cell carriers have utilized viral vectors to transduce the cells. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, an alternative approach for the efficient transfection of MSCs; therapeutic ultrasound (TUS). Using TUS with low intensities and moderate frequencies, MSCs were transfected with a pDNA encoding for PEX, a protein that inhibits tumor angiogenesis, and studied as a cell vehicle for in vivo tumor therapy. TUS application did not alter the MSCs' stemness or their homing capabilities, and the transfected MSCs transcribed biologically active PEX. Additionally, in a mouse model, 70% inhibition of prostate tumor growth was achieved following a single I.V. administration of MSCs that were TUS-transfected with pPEX. Further, the repeated I.V. administration of TUS-pPEX transfected-MSCs enhanced tumor inhibition up to 84%. Altogether, these results provide a proof of concept that TUS-transfected MSCs can be effectively used as a cell-based delivery approach for the prospective treatment of cancer.
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18
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Corlan AS, Cîmpean AM, Jitariu AA, Melnic E, Raica M. Endocrine Gland-Derived Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/Prokineticin-1 in Cancer Development and Tumor Angiogenesis. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:3232905. [PMID: 28386275 PMCID: PMC5366234 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3232905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A lot of data suggests endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF) to be restricted to endocrine glands and to some endocrine-dependent organs. Many evidences show that EG-VEGF stimulates angiogenesis and cell proliferation, although it is not a member of the VEGF family. At the time, a lot of data regarding the role of this growth factor in normal development are available. However, controversial results have been published in the case of pathological conditions and particularly in malignant tumors. Thus, our present paper has been focused on the role of EG-VEGF in normal tissues and various malignant tumors and their angiogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silvia Corlan
- Department of Endocrinology, “Vasile Goldis” University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Maria Cîmpean
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
- *Anca Maria Cîmpean:
| | - Adriana-Andreea Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Eugen Melnic
- Department of Pathology, “Nicolae Testemitanu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chișinău, Moldova
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Angiogenesis Research Center, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
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19
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Wang XD, Su GY, Zhao C, Qu FZ, Wang P, Zhao YQ. Anticancer activity and potential mechanisms of 1C, a ginseng saponin derivative, on prostate cancer cells. J Ginseng Res 2016; 42:133-143. [PMID: 29719459 PMCID: PMC5925623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background AD-2 (20(R)-dammarane-3b, 12b, 20, 25-tetrol; 25-OH-PPD) is a ginsenoside and isolated from Panax ginseng, showing anticancer activity against extensive human cancer cell lines. In this study, effects and mechanisms of 1C ((20R)-3b-O-(L-alanyl)-dammarane-12b, 20, 25-triol), a modified version of AD-2, were evaluated for its development as a novel anticancer drug. Methods MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell cytotoxic activity. Cell cycle and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting was employed to analyze signaling pathways. Results 1C concentration-dependently reduces prostate cancer cell viability without affecting normal human gastric epithelial cell line-1 viability. In LNCaP prostate cancer cells, 1C triggered apoptosis via Bcl-2 family-mediated mitochondria pathway, downregulated expression of mouse double minute 2, upregulated expression of p53 and stimulated ROS production. ROS scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, can attenuate 1C-induced apoptosis. 1C also inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP cells through inhibition on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Conclusion 1C shows obvious anticancer activity based on inducing cell apoptosis by Bcl-2 family-mediated mitochondria pathway and ROS production, inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that 1C may provide leads as a potential agent for cancer therapy. Ginseng saponin derivative 1C was obtained by structural modification. Anticancer activity of 1C is much better than that of the original compound AD-2 on cancer cells. 1C induces cell apoptosis by Bcl-2 family-mediated mitochondria pathway and ROS production. 1C inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu De Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang Yue Su
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China.,College of Life Science and Biological Pharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Zhi Qu
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Qing Zhao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceurical University, Shenyang, China
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20
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Buhmeida A. Quantitative Pathology: Historical Background, Clinical Research and Application of Nuclear Morphometry and DNA Image Cytometry. Libyan J Med 2016. [DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v1i2.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, and MediCity Research Laboratroy, P.O. Box 52 (Savitehtaankatu 1) 20521 Turku, Finland. Tel. , Fax. ,
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21
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MicroRNA-449a enhances radiosensitivity by downregulation of c-Myc in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27346. [PMID: 27250340 PMCID: PMC4890029 DOI: 10.1038/srep27346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be involved in DNA damage response induced by ionizing radiation (IR). c-Myc is reduced when cells treated with IR or other DNA damaging agents. It is unknown whether miRNAs participate in c-Myc downregulation in response to IR. In the present study, we found that miR-449a enhanced radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo by targeting c-Myc in prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells. MiR-449a was upregulated and c-Myc was downregulated in response to IR in LNCaP cells. Overexpression of miR-449a or knockdown of c-Myc promoted the sensitivity of LNCaP cells to IR. By establishing c-Myc as a direct target of miR-449a, we revealed that miR-449a enhanced radiosensitivity by repressing c-Myc expression in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, we showed that miR-449a enhanced radiation-induced G2/M phase arrest by directly downregulating c-Myc, which controlled the Cdc2/CyclinB1 cell cycle signal by modulating Cdc25A. These results highlight an unrecognized mechanism of miR-449a-mediated c-Myc regulation in response to IR and may provide alternative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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22
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Schultz A, Qutub AA. Reconstruction of Tissue-Specific Metabolic Networks Using CORDA. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004808. [PMID: 26942765 PMCID: PMC4778931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metabolism involves thousands of reactions and metabolites. To interpret this complexity, computational modeling becomes an essential experimental tool. One of the most popular techniques to study human metabolism as a whole is genome scale modeling. A key challenge to applying genome scale modeling is identifying critical metabolic reactions across diverse human tissues. Here we introduce a novel algorithm called Cost Optimization Reaction Dependency Assessment (CORDA) to build genome scale models in a tissue-specific manner. CORDA performs more efficiently computationally, shows better agreement to experimental data, and displays better model functionality and capacity when compared to previous algorithms. CORDA also returns reaction associations that can greatly assist in any manual curation to be performed following the automated reconstruction process. Using CORDA, we developed a library of 76 healthy and 20 cancer tissue-specific reconstructions. These reconstructions identified which metabolic pathways are shared across diverse human tissues. Moreover, we identified changes in reactions and pathways that are differentially included and present different capacity profiles in cancer compared to healthy tissues, including up-regulation of folate metabolism, the down-regulation of thiamine metabolism, and tight regulation of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schultz
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amina A. Qutub
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Czapla-Masztafiak J, Okoń K, Gałka M, Huthwelker T, Kwiatek WM. Investigating the Distribution of Chemical Forms of Sulfur in Prostate Cancer Tissue Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:264-271. [PMID: 26903562 DOI: 10.1177/0003702815620128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of synchrotron radiation may shed more light on the study of prostate cancer, one of the leading diseases among men. In the presented study the microbeam setup at the PSI Swiss Light Source combined with fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied to determine two-dimensional (2D) imaging of distributions of various chemical sulfur forms in prostate cancer tissue sections, since sulfur is considered important and essential in cancer progression. The research focused on prostate tissues obtained during routine prostatectomies on patients suffering from prostate cancer.Our previous studies using μ-XAS point measurements on prostate cancer cell lines showed the differences in fractions of various forms of sulfur between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Therefore, in this experiment the chosen areas of prostate cancer tissues were scanned to get the full picture of the chemical composition of tissue, which is highly heterogeneous. The incident X-ray beams of energies tuned to spectroscopic features of the near-edge region of sulfur K-edge absorption spectra were used to provide contrast between chemical species presented in the tissue. Next, the relative content of the three main sulfur forms, found in biological systems, was calculated and the results are presented in a form of 2D color maps. These maps are correlated with the microscopic histological image of the scanned area.The main findings show that sulfur occurs in prostate tissue mainly in reduced form. The oxidized form of sulfur is present mostly in prostatic stroma, while sulfur in intermediate oxidation state is present in trace amount.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Okoń
- Chair of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Gałka
- Gabriel Narutowicz City Specialist Hospital, Kraków, Poland
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24
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Esfahani M, Ataei N, Panjehpour M. Biomarkers for evaluation of prostate cancer prognosis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2601-11. [PMID: 25854335 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, with a lifetime prevalence of one in six men, is the second cause of malignancy-related death and the most prevalent cancer in men in many countries. Nowadays, prostate cancer diagnosis is often based on the use of biomarkers, especially prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which can result in enhanced detection at earlier stage and decreasing in the number of metastatic patients. However, because of the low specificity of PSA, unnecessary biopsies and mistaken diagnoses frequently occur. Prostate cancer has various features so prognosis following diagnosis is greatly variable. There is a requirement for new prognostic biomarkers, particularly to differentiate between inactive and aggressive forms of disease, to improve clinical management of prostate cancer. Research continues into finding additional markers that may allow this goal to be attained. We here selected a group of candidate biomarkers including PSA, PSA velocity, percentage free PSA, TGFβ1, AMACR, chromogranin A, IL-6, IGFBPs, PSCA, biomarkers related to cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, PTEN, androgen receptor, cellular adhesion and angiogenesis, and also prognostic biomarkers with Genomic tests for discussion. This provides an outline of biomarkers that are presently of prognostic interest in prostate cancer investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esfahani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran E-mail :
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25
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Ben-Eltriki M, Deb S, Guns EST. Calcitriol in Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interactions. J Cancer 2016; 7:391-407. [PMID: 26918053 PMCID: PMC4749360 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency could have an etiological role in prostate cancer. In addition, calcitriol, used in combination with currently available drugs, has the potential to potentiate their anticancer effects or act synergistically by inhibiting distinct mechanisms involved in prostate cancer growth. Clinical data have not yet provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate benefit of vitamin D due to the limited and underpowered studies that have been published to date. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical studies that describe the activity of calcitriol, applied either alone or in combination and assessed the mechanistic basis of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions with calcitriol. Important considerations for calcitriol use in combination therapy with respect to safety and clinical outcomes have been discussed. Many of these combinations have therapeutic potential for the treatment of several cancer types and it is anticipated that future clinical research will put emphasis on well‑designed clinical trials to establish efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ben-Eltriki
- 1. The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 2. Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada
| | - Subrata Deb
- 4. Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy at Roosevelt University, Schaumburg, IL, USA
| | - Emma S. Tomlinson Guns
- 1. The Vancouver Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 3. Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada
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26
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Huang Y, Yang Y, He Y, Li J. The emerging role of Nemo-like kinase (NLK) in the regulation of cancers. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9147-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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27
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Increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression predicts worse prognosis of prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:2211-7. [PMID: 25175169 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are known to be linked with cell damage leading to carcinogenesis. Augmented levels of oxidative stress biomarkers, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), have been shown to associate with more aggressive behavior in many malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine whether Nrf-2 and 8-OHDG expression could predict the outcome in radical prostatectomy patients. Samples of 240 prostate cancer patients were analyzed for Nrf-2 and 8-OHDG expression by immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with clinicopathological data, biochemical recurrence-free survival (BFS), prostate cancer-specific survival, and overall survival (OS). Positive expression of 8-OHDG (P < .0001), Nrf-2 in cytoplasm (c-Nrf-2) (P = .015), and Nrf-2 in nucleus (n-Nrf-2) (P = .016) was more abundant in malignant tissue compared with benign, respectively. Elevated level of c-Nrf-2 expression was associated with positive surgical marginal (P = .005), extraprostatic extension (P = .031), biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P = .030), and OS (P = .002); and n-Nrf-2 expression was associated with pathologic stage class (P = .001), Gleason score (P = .026), extraprostatic extension (P = .027), BCR (P = .037), and OS (P < .0001). The increased c-Nrf-2 expression predicted shortened BFS (P = .034) and worse OS (P = .017). In the multivariate analysis, c-Nrf-2 (P = .028 and P = .019) and Gleason score (P = .001 and P = .033) were independent predictors of BFS and OS, respectively. Expression of the analyzed biomarkers was not linked with prostate cancer-specific survival. Expression of 8-OHDG was not associated with any clinicopathological factors or survival. These results reveal that increased c-Nrf-2 expression is a predictor of BFS and OS in conjunction with Gleason score in prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy.
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28
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Aquino G, Marra L, Cantile M, De Chiara A, Liguori G, Curcio MP, Sabatino R, Pannone G, Pinto A, Botti G, Franco R. MYC chromosomal aberration in differential diagnosis between Burkitt and other aggressive lymphomas. Infect Agent Cancer 2013; 8:37. [PMID: 24079473 PMCID: PMC3850004 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-8-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc oncogenetic deregulation is abundantly described in several solid human cancer and lymphomas. Particularly, Burkitt's lymphoma belongs to the family of B Non Hodgkin aggressive lymphomas. Although it is morphologically characterized, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic diagnosis remains complex. In 2008, the WHO has introduced a new diagnostic class of aggressive B-cell lymphomas with features intermediate between BL and DLBCL. This diagnostic class represents a temporary container of aggressive B-cell lymphomas, not completely belonging to the BL and DLBCL categories. The importance of establishing a correct diagnosis would allow a better prognostic classification and a better therapeutic approach. In this review, we summarize the main diagnostic approaches necessary for appropriate diagnoses and we emphasize the importance of cytogenetic analysis of the oncogene Myc in the histopathological diagnosis and the prognostic/predictive stratification. In this contest, Myc represents the more involved gene in the development of these lymphomas. Therefore, we analyze the genetic aberrations causing its over-expression and the concomitant deregulation of molecular pathways related to it. We also propose a FISH approach useful in the diagnosis of these lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Marra
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarosaria De Chiara
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Curcio
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Sabatino
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Foggia University, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pinto
- Haematology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, "Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" - Irccs, Naples, Italy
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Pang CY, Chiu SC, Harn HJ, Zhai WJ, Lin SZ, Yang HH. Proteomic-based identification of multiple pathways underlying n-butylidenephthalide-induced apoptosis in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:281-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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30
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New players for advanced prostate cancer and the rationalisation of insulin-sensitising medication. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:834684. [PMID: 23573093 PMCID: PMC3614121 DOI: 10.1155/2013/834684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are recognised risk factors for the development of some cancers and, increasingly, predict more aggressive disease, treatment failure, and cancer-specific mortality. Many factors may contribute to this clinical observation. Hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia, hypoxia, ER stress, and inflammation associated with expanded adipose tissue are thought to be among the main culprits driving malignant growth and cancer advancement. This observation has led to the proposal of the potential utility of "old players" for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome as new cancer adjuvant therapeutics. Androgen-regulated pathways drive proliferation, differentiation, and survival of benign and malignant prostate tissue. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) exploits this dependence to systemically treat advanced prostate cancer resulting in anticancer response and improvement of cancer symptoms. However, the initial therapeutic response from ADT eventually progresses to castrate resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which is currently incurable. ADT rapidly induces hyperinsulinaemia which is associated with more rapid treatment failure. We discuss current observations of cancer in the context of obesity, diabetes, and insulin-lowering medication. We provide an update on current treatments for advanced prostate cancer and discuss whether metabolic dysfunction, developed during ADT, provides a unique therapeutic window for rapid translation of insulin-sensitising medication as combination therapy with antiandrogen targeting agents for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Mitchell A, Mathew G, Jiang T, Hamdy FC, Cross SS, Eaton C, Winder SJ. Dystroglycan function is a novel determinant of tumor growth and behavior in prostate cancer. Prostate 2013; 73:398-408. [PMID: 22996647 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dystroglycan is a ubiquitously expressed cell adhesion molecule frequently found to be altered or reduced in adenocarcinomas, however the mechanisms or consequences of dystroglycan loss have not been studied extensively. METHODS We examined the consequence of overexpression or RNAi depletion of dystroglycan on properties of in vitro growth migration and invasion of LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. RESULTS Using LNCaP cells we observed cell density-dependent changes in β-dystroglycan with the appearance of several lower molecular weight species ranging in size from 43 to 26 kDa. The bands of 31 and 26 kDa were attributed to proteolysis, whereas bands between 43 and 38 kDa were a consequence of mis-glycosylation. The localization of β-dystroglycan in LNCaP colonies in culture also varied, cells with a mesenchymal appearance at the periphery of the colony had more pronounced membrane localization of dystroglycan. Whereas some cells demonstrated nuclear dystroglycan. Increased dystroglycan levels were inhibitory to growth in soft agar but promoted Matrigel invasion, whereas reduced dystroglycan levels promoted growth in soft agar but inhibited invasion. Similar results were also obtained for PC3 and DU145 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that changes in β-dystroglycan distribution within the cell and/or the loss of dystroglycan during tumorigenesis, through a combination of proteolysis and altered glycosylation, leads to an increased ability to grow in an anchorage independent manner, however dystroglycan may need to be re-expressed for cell invasion and metastasis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Analysis of genetic aberrations on chromosomal region 8q21–24 identifies E2F5 as an oncogene with copy number gain in prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2013; 30:465. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tawadros T, Alonso F, Jichlinski P, Clarke N, Calandra T, Haefliger JA, Roger T. Release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by neuroendocrine-differentiated LNCaP cells sustains the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013. [PMID: 23207293 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of neuroendocrine (NE) characteristics by prostate cancer (PCa) cells is closely related to tumour progression and hormone resistance. The mechanisms by which NE cells influence PCa growth and progression are not fully understood. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in oncogenic processes, and MIF serum levels correlate with aggressiveness of PCa. Here, we investigated the regulation and the functional consequences of MIF expression during NE transdifferentiation of PCa cells. NE differentiation (NED) of LNCaP cells, initiated either by increasing intracellular levels of cAMP or by culturing cells in an androgen-depleted medium, was associated with markedly increased MIF release. Yet, intracellular MIF protein and mRNA levels and MIF gene promoter activity decreased during NED of LNCaP cells, suggesting that NED favours MIF release despite decreasing MIF synthesis. Adenoviral-mediated forced MIF expression in NE-differentiated LNCaP cells increased cell proliferation without affecting the expression of NE markers. Addition of exogenous recombinant MIF to LNCaP and PC-3 cells stimulated the AKT and ERK1/2 signalling pathways, the expression of genes involved in PCa, as well as proliferation and resistance to paclitaxel and thapsigargin-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these data provide evidence that increased MIF release during NED in PCa may facilitate cancer progression or recurrence, especially following androgen deprivation. Thus, MIF could represent an attractive target for PCa therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tawadros
- Service of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Diagnostic value of DNA alteration: loss of heterozygosity or allelic imbalance-promising for molecular staging of prostate cancers. Med Oncol 2013; 30:391. [PMID: 23288724 PMCID: PMC3586396 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The biological behavior of prostate cancer is uncertain, and therefore, search for molecular prognostic markers associated with disease progression seems to be essential. We performed microsatellite allelotyping of DNA isolated from primary prostate tumors biopsies (prostate adenocarcinoma, PCa). We evaluated the frequency of allelic imbalance (AI), including loss of heterozygosity and/or microsatellite imbalance (LOH/MSI) as well as the association of these DNA alterations with clinicopathological variables. We assessed the significance of LOH/MSI alterations in selected imprinted and non-imprinted chromosomal regions (IR and NIR) in PCa. A total of 50 biopsies of prostate tumor (containing >75 % tumor cells) were histologically examined confirming prostate carcinoma. Microsatellite allelotyping using 16 microsatellite markers linked to the following chromosomal regions: 1p31.2, 3p21.3–25.3, 7q32.2, 9p21.3, 11p15.5, 12q23.2, and 16q22.1 was performed. The incidence of LOH/MSI alterations in prostate tumor cells was the highest for chromosomal regions 7q32.2 and 16q22.1 (31.25 and 26.60 %, respectively), followed by 1p31.2 and 3p21.3–25.3 (26.50 and 17.40 %, respectively). Statistically significant increase in LOH/MSI alterations has been observed for markers: D1S2137 (1p region; p = 0.00032), D9S974 (9p region; p = 0.0017), and D16S3025 (16q region; p = 0.0017). Statistically significant differences in frequency of LOH/MSI alterations in particular chromosomal regions have been found for 1p31.2, 7q32.2 and 16q22.1 (p = 0.027, p = 0.012 and p = 0.031, respectively). We documented statistically significant association between Fractional Allele Loss (FAL) index and advanced tumor stage (p < 0.05). We suggest that genomic instability of LOH/MSI type is a frequent event in prostate carcinogenesis and assessed as FAL index has clinical value for the molecular staging of prostate cancer in (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsy material.
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Mahapatra S, Klee EW, Young CYF, Sun Z, Jimenez RE, Klee GG, Tindall DJ, Donkena KV. Global methylation profiling for risk prediction of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2882-95. [PMID: 22589488 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the promoter hypermethylation as diagnostic markers to detect malignant prostate cells and as prognostic markers to predict the clinical recurrence of prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DNA was isolated from prostate cancer and normal adjacent tissues. After bisulfite conversion, methylation of 14,495 genes was evaluated using the Methylation27 microarrays in 238 prostate tissues. We analyzed methylation profiles in four different groups: (i) tumor (n = 198) versus matched normal tissues (n = 40), (ii) recurrence (n = 123) versus nonrecurrence (n = 75), (iii) clinical recurrence (n = 80) versus biochemical recurrence (n = 43), and (iv) systemic recurrence (n = 36) versus local recurrence (n = 44). Group 1, 2, 3, and 4 genes signifying biomarkers for diagnosis, prediction of recurrence, clinical recurrence, and systemic progression were determined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to predict risk of recurrence. We validated the methylation of genes in 20 independent tissues representing each group by pyrosequencing. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed significant methylation of genes in four different groups of prostate cancer tissues. The sensitivity and specificity of methylation for 25 genes from 1, 2, and 4 groups and 7 from group 3 were shown. Validation of genes by pyrosequencing from group 1 (GSTP1, HIF3A, HAAO, and RARβ), group 2 (CRIP1, FLNC, RASGRF2, RUNX3, and HS3ST2), group 3 (PHLDA3, RASGRF2, and TNFRSF10D), and group 4 (BCL11B, POU3F3, and RASGRF2) confirmed the microarray results. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a global assessment of DNA methylation in prostate cancer and identifies the significance of genes as diagnostic and progression biomarkers of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Mahapatra
- Department of Urology and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Majumdar S, Buckles E, Estrada J, Koochekpour S. Aberrant DNA methylation and prostate cancer. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:486-505. [PMID: 22547956 PMCID: PMC3219844 DOI: 10.2174/138920211797904061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prevalent cancer, a significant contributor to morbidity and a leading cause of cancer-related death in men in Western industrialized countries. In contrast to genetic changes that vary among individual cases, somatic epigenetic alterations are early and highly consistent events. Epigenetics encompasses several different phenomena, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA interference, and genomic imprinting. Epigenetic processes regulate gene expression and can change malignancy-associated phenotypes such as growth, migration, invasion, or angiogenesis. Methylations of certain genes are associated with PCa progression. Compared to normal prostate tissues, several hypermethylated genes have also been identified in benign prostate hyperplasia, which suggests a role for aberrant methylation in this growth dysfunction. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation could be affected by environmental and dietary factors. Among other epigenetic changes, aberrant DNA methylation might have a great potential as diagnostic or prognostic marker for PCa and could be tested in tumor tissues and various body fluids (e.g., serum, urine). The DNA methylation markers are simple in nature, have high sensitivity, and could be detected either quantitatively or qualitatively. Availability of genome-wide screening methodologies also allows the identification of epigenetic signatures in high throughput population studies. Unlike irreversible genetic changes, epigenetic alterations are reversible and could be used for PCa targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunipa Majumdar
- Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70122, USA
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Biomarker-based targeting of the androgen-androgen receptor axis in advanced prostate cancer. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:781459. [PMID: 22956944 PMCID: PMC3432332 DOI: 10.1155/2012/781459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advances for managing advanced prostate cancer include the successful targeting of the androgen-AR axis with several new drugs in castrate resistant prostate cancer including abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide (MDV3100). This translational progress from “bench to bed-side” has resulted in an enlarging repertoire of novel and traditional drug choices now available for use in advanced prostate cancer therapeutics, which has had a positive clinical impact in prolonging longevity and quality of life of advanced prostate cancer patients. In order to further the clinical utility of these drugs, development of predictive biomarkers guiding individual therapeutic choices remains an ongoing challenge. This paper will summarize the potential in developing predictive biomarkers based on the pathophysiology of the androgen-AR axis in tumor tissue from patients with advanced prostate cancer as well as inherited variation in the patient's genome. Specific examples of rational clinical trial designs incorporating potential predictive biomarkers from these pathways will illustrate several aspects of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic predictive biomarker development in advanced prostate cancer therapeutics.
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Imaging primary prostate cancer with 11C-Choline PET/CT: relation to tumour stage, Gleason score and biomarkers of biologic aggressiveness. Radiol Oncol 2012; 46:179-88. [PMID: 23077456 PMCID: PMC3472944 DOI: 10.2478/v10019-012-0034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a significant overlap of 11C-Choline standardized uptake value (SUV) between prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) tissue, controversy exists regarding the clinical value of 11C-Choline PET/CT scan in primary prostate cancer. In this study, the SUVmax of the prostate lesions and the pelvic muscles were measured and their ratios (SUVmax-P/M ratio) were calculated. Then we evaluated whether the tracer 11C-Choline uptake, quantified as SUVmax-P/M ratio, correlated with tumour stage, Gleason score, and expression levels of several biomarkers of aggressiveness. Methods Twenty-six patients with primary prostate cancer underwent 11C-Choline PET/CT. Tumour specimens from these patients were graded histopathologically, and immunnohistochemistry for Ki-67, CD31, androgen receptor (AR), Her-2/neu, Bcl-2, and PTEN were performed. Results Both SUVmax and SUVmax-P/M ratio showed no significant difference between patients with tumour stage II and III, but significantly elevated in patients with tumour stage IV. SUVmax-P/M ratio was also significantly higher in lesions with Gleason score of 4+3 or higher versus less than or equal to 3+4. SUVmax-P/M ratio was found significantly correlated with expression levels of Ki-67 and CD31. In addition, a higher SUVmax-P/M ratio was demonstrated in Her-2/neu positive subgroup than negative subgroup. At the same time, Gleason score and expression levels of these biomarkers showed no significant association with SUVmax. Conclusions Using the parameter SUVmax-P/M ratio, 11C-Choline PET/CT may be a valuable non-invasive imaging technology in the diagnosis of primary prostate cancer.
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Park YY, Jung SY, Jennings NB, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Peng G, Lee SR, Kim SB, Kim K, Leem SH, Lin SY, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Lee JS. FOXM1 mediates Dox resistance in breast cancer by enhancing DNA repair. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1843-53. [PMID: 22581827 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are direct effectors of altered signaling pathways in cancer and frequently determine clinical outcomes in cancer patients. To uncover new transcription factors that would determine clinical outcomes in breast cancer, we systematically analyzed gene expression data from breast cancer patients. Our results revealed that Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) is the top-ranked survival-associated transcription factor in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Surprisingly, silencing FOXM1 expression led breast cancer cells to become more sensitive to doxorubicin (Dox). We found that FOXM1-dependent resistance to Dox is mediated by regulating DNA repair genes. We further demonstrated that NFκB1 interacts with FOXM1 in the presence of Dox to protect breast cancer cells from DNA damage. Finally, silencing FOXM1 expression in breast cancer cells in a mouse xenograft model significantly sensitized the cells to Dox. Our systematic approaches identified an unexpected role of FOXM1 in Dox resistance by regulating DNA repair genes, and our findings provide mechanistic insights into how FOXM1 mediates resistance to Dox and evidence that FOXM1 may be a promising therapeutic target for sensitizing breast cancer cells to Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yong Park
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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40
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Derosa CA, Furusato B, Shaheduzzaman S, Srikantan V, Wang Z, Chen Y, Seifert M, Siefert M, Ravindranath L, Young D, Nau M, Dobi A, Werner T, McLeod DG, Vahey MT, Sesterhenn IA, Srivastava S, Petrovics G. Elevated osteonectin/SPARC expression in primary prostate cancer predicts metastatic progression. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2011; 15:150-6. [PMID: 22343836 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2011.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of prostate cancers (CaP) are detected in early stages with uncertain prognosis. Therefore, an intensive effort is underway to define early predictive markers of CaP with aggressive progression characteristics. METHODS In order to define such prognostic markers, we performed comparative analyses of transcriptomes of well- and poorly differentiated (PD) tumor cells from primary tumors of patients (N=40) with 78 months of mean follow-up after radical prostatectomy. Validation experiments were carried out at transcript level by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) (N=110) and at protein level by immunohistochemistry (N=53) in primary tumors from an independent patient cohort. RESULTS Association of a biochemical network of 12 genes with SPARC gene as a central node was highlighted with PD phenotype. Of note, there was remarkable enrichment of NKXH_NKXH_HOX composite regulatory elements in the promoter of the genes in this network suggesting a biological significance of this gene-expression regulatory mechanism in CaP progression. Further, quantitative expression analyses of SPARC mRNA in primary prostate tumor cells of 110 patients validated the association of SPARC expression with poor differentiation and higher Gleason score. Most significantly, higher SPARC protein expression at the time of prostatectomy was associated with the subsequent development of metastasis (P=0.0006, AUC=0.803). CONCLUSIONS In summary, we propose that evaluation of SPARC in primary CaP has potential as a prognostic marker of metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Derosa
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Chen JH, He HC, Jiang FN, Militar J, Ran PY, Qin GQ, Cai C, Chen XB, Zhao J, Mo ZY, Chen YR, Zhu JG, Liu X, Zhong WD. Analysis of the specific pathways and networks of prostate cancer for gene expression profiles in the Chinese population. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1972-84. [PMID: 22038724 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The global physiological function of specifically expressed genes of prostate cancer in Chinese patients is unclear. This study aims to determine the genome-wide expression of genes related to prostate cancer in the Chinese population. Genes that were differentially expressed in prostate cancer were identified using DNA microarray technology. Expressions were validated by using real-time PCR. The identified genes were analyzed using the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) to investigate the gene ontology, functional pathway and network. A total of 1,444 genes (Fold time ≥ 1.5; P ≤ 0.05) were differentially expressed in prostate primary tumor tissue compared with benign tissue. IPA revealed a unique landscape where inductions of certain pathways were involved in Cell Cycle Regulation and proliferation. Network analysis not only confirmed that protein interactions lead to the deregulation of DNA Replication, Recombination and Repair, Cellular Compromise and Cell Cycle, Genetic Disorders and Connective Tissue Disorders, but it was also observed that many of the genes regulated by Myc contributed to the modulation of lipid Metabolism and Nucleic Acid Metabolism. Both pathway and network analysis exhibited some remarkable characteristics of prostate cancer for Chinese patients, which showed profound differences from that of other non-Chinese populations. These differences may provide new insights into the molecular cascade of prostate cancer that occurs in Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-hong Chen
- Department of Urology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated Guangzhou Medical College, 510180 Guangzhou, China
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Factors implicated in radiation therapy failure and radiosensitization of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2012:593241. [PMID: 22229096 PMCID: PMC3200271 DOI: 10.1155/2012/593241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue markers may be helpful in enhancing prediction of radiation therapy (RT) failure of prostate cancer (PCa). Among the various biomarkers tested in Phase III randomized trials conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group, p16, Ki-67, MDM2, COX-2, and PKA yielded the most robust data in predicting RT failure. Other pathways involved in RT failure are also implicated in the development of castration-resistant PCa, including the hypersensitive androgen receptor, EGFR, VEGF-R, and PI3K/Akt. Most of them are detectable in PCa tissue even at the time of initial diagnosis. Emerging evidence suggests that RT failure of PCa results from a multifactorial and heterogeneous disease process. A number of tissue markers are available to identify patients at high risk to fail RT. Some of these markers have the promise to be targeted by drugs currently available to enhance the efficacy of RT and delay disease progression.
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Grieco P, Franco R, Bozzuto G, Toccacieli L, Sgambato A, Marra M, Zappavigna S, Migaldi M, Rossi G, Striano S, Marra L, Gallo L, Cittadini A, Botti G, Novellino E, Molinari A, Budillon A, Caraglia M. Urotensin II receptor predicts the clinical outcome of prostate cancer patients and is involved in the regulation of motility of prostate adenocarcinoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:341-53. [PMID: 21080343 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Urotensin II (UT-II) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide and its receptor (UTR) was correlated with human cortico-adrenal carcinoma proliferation. In this study, we have evaluated the correlation between UTR expression and prognosis of human prostate adenocarcinoma and the involvement of this receptor in the regulation of biological properties on both in vivo and in vitro models. UTR mRNA and protein, evaluated by real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively, were expressed at high levels only in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. In order to investigate UTR changes occurring in human prostate tumorigenesis, we have also evaluated the expression of UTR in vivo in 195 human prostate tissue samples. UTR was always expressed at low intensity in hyperplastic tissues and at high intensity in well-differentiated carcinomas (Gleason 2-3). Moreover, we have evaluated the effects of an antagonist of UTR, urantide on migration and invasion of LNCaP cells. Urantide induced a dose-dependent decrease of motility and invasion of LNCaP cells whose characteristic ameboid movement seems to be advantageous for their malignancy. These effects were paralleled by down-regulating the autophosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and the integrin surface expression on LNCaP cells. The effects on cell motility and invasion were likely due to the inhibition of RhoA activity induced by both urantide and shRNA UTR. These data suggest that UTR can be considered a prognostic marker in human prostate adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Reis LO. Old issues and new perspectives on prostate cancer hormonal therapy: the molecular substratum. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1948-55. [PMID: 21626233 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-9991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hormonal therapy is a treatment option in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); however, it is underutilized and is room for optimization and improvement. In this context, androgen receptor (AR) is the Achilles' heel, being critically important and various mechanisms ranging from receptor mutations to secondary signaling pathways are responsible for some of the biological heterogeneity, demanding a multimodal approach. A comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature is performed on the topic of molecular mechanisms supporting secondary hormonal therapies, including expanded alternative hormonal therapies for CRPC. Essential concepts in clinical treatment of patients with progression on primary hormonal therapy are maintaining the castrate state, accounting for the intermittency phenomenon and sequentially using oral antiandrogens and adrenolytics heading to androgen depletion microenvironment. Survival prolongation, pain relief or measurable improvement in tumor-related symptoms should be persecuted and are considered to be a tangible benefit of obvious worth to the patient. Understanding the underlying molecular substratum is of paramount importance to hormonal therapy optimization in this context once current androgen-depletion strategies are incomplete, and residual androgens as well as alternative routes contribute to sustained AR activity and disease progression to a lethal phenotype. One or many mechanisms may be playing a role, even within the same patient and lastly are potential targets for treatment. Five fundamental mechanisms mediated through the AR to promote tumor growth (three of which depend on ligand signaling) added to the stem cell pathway must be recognized in CRPC. They are persistence of intratumoral androgens as a result of in situ steroidogenesis or adrenal source; AR mutations that allow promiscuous activation by otherwise nonsignaling ligands; wild-type AR gene amplification; alterations in AR coactivator-to-corepressor ratio that impact transcription; outlaw AR pathways that bypass the need for androgens by signaling through crosstalk with other ligand-bound receptors, cytokines, or transactivation of activated tyrosine kinase receptors in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Oliveira Reis
- Urologic Oncology Division, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, R Votorantim 51, ap 43, Unicamp, Campinas, SP 13073-090, Brazil.
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Malhotra S, Lapointe J, Salari K, Higgins JP, Ferrari M, Montgomery K, van de Rijn M, Brooks JD, Pollack JR. A tri-marker proliferation index predicts biochemical recurrence after surgery for prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20293. [PMID: 21629784 PMCID: PMC3100337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer exhibits tremendous variability in clinical behavior, ranging
from indolent to lethal disease. Better prognostic markers are needed to
stratify patients for appropriately aggressive therapy. By expression profiling,
we can identify a proliferation signature variably expressed in prostate
cancers. Here, we asked whether one or more tissue biomarkers might capture that
information, and provide prognostic utility. We assayed three proliferation
signature genes: MKI67 (Ki-67; also a classic proliferation
biomarker), TOP2A (DNA topoisomerase II, alpha), and
E2F1 (E2F transcription factor 1). Immunohistochemical
staining was evaluable on 139 radical prostatectomy cases (in tissue microarray
format), with a median clinical follow-up of eight years. Each of the three
proliferation markers was by itself prognostic. Notably, combining the three
markers together as a “proliferation index” (0 or 1,
vs. 2 or 3 positive markers) provided superior prognostic
performance (hazard ratio = 2.6 (95% CI:
1.4–4.9); P = 0.001). In a
multivariate analysis that included preoperative serum prostate specific antigen
(PSA) levels, Gleason grade and pathologic tumor stage, the composite
proliferation index remained a significant predictor
(P = 0.005). Analysis of
receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed the improved
prognostication afforded by incorporating the proliferation index (compared to
the clinicopathologic data alone). Our findings highlight the potential value of
a multi-gene signature-based diagnostic, and define a tri-marker proliferation
index with possible utility for improved prognostication and treatment
stratification in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Malhotra
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United
States of America
| | - Jacques Lapointe
- Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada
| | - Keyan Salari
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United
States of America
| | - John P. Higgins
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
United States of America
| | - Michelle Ferrari
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United
States of America
| | - Kelli Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
United States of America
| | - Matt van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
United States of America
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United
States of America
- * E-mail: (JDB); (JRP)
| | - Jonathan R. Pollack
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California,
United States of America
- * E-mail: (JDB); (JRP)
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Fleischmann A, Rocha C, Saxer-Sekulic N, Zlobec I, Sauter G, Thalmann GN. High-level cytoplasmic cyclin D1 expression in lymph node metastases from prostate cancer independently predicts early biochemical failure and death in surgically treated patients. Histopathology 2011; 58:781-9. [PMID: 21438905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the prognostic significance of cyclin D1 in nodal-positive prostate cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS Nuclear and cytoplasmic cyclin D1 expression was evaluated in 119 nodal-positive prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and extended lymphadenectomy. Cyclin D1 was correlated with various tumour features and biochemical recurrence-free survival (bRFS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and overall survival (OS). In the metastases, high-level cytoplasmic cyclin D1 expression independently predicted poor outcome (5-year bRFS, 12.5% versus 26.4%, P = 0.006; 5-year DSS, 56.3% versus 80.7%, P = 0.007; 5-year OS, 56.3% versus 78.7%, P = 0.011). These patients had a 2.62-fold elevated risk of dying from prostate cancer as compared with patients with low-level cytoplasmic cyclin D1 expression (P = 0.024). All other subcellular compartments of cyclin D1 expression in primary tumours and metastases were prognostically non-significant. CONCLUSIONS The subcellular location of cyclin D1 expression in prostate cancer is linked to specific clinical courses. Survival stratification according to biomarker expression in metastases indicates an important role for tumour sampling from these tissues.
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Quinn D, Gross M. Show us a sign: the search for “game changing” prostate cancer biomarkers. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12:204-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nguyen HM, Corey E. Methodology to investigate androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant human prostate cancer xenografts in preclinical setting. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 776:295-312. [PMID: 21796533 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-243-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biology of prostate cancer and the roles of androgen receptor in prostate cancer progression is essential to the development of novel therapeutic strategies to effectively attack and eradicate this disease. Preclinical, in vivo, studies are critical to further evaluate potential clinical relevance of in vitro findings. Ideally, in vivo studies should employ models that mimic characteristics of prostate cancer from early diagnosis through the period of castration-resistant metastases. In this chapter we describe methodologies used to grow human prostate cancer xenografts in mice. In this setting, roles of androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer progression and efficacy of novel treatment modalities, including those affecting androgen receptor signaling, can be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Cai H, Babic I, Wei X, Huang J, Witte ON. Invasive prostate carcinoma driven by c-Src and androgen receptor synergy. Cancer Res 2010; 71:862-72. [PMID: 21135112 PMCID: PMC3032821 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular Src (c-Src) integrates a large number of signal transduction pathways regulating cell division, migration, and other aspects of cell physiology. Mutations of Src kinase have not been described in human prostate cancer, but evidence for increased levels of expression accompanying cancer progression has been reported. We analyzed overexpression of c-Src in naïve mouse prostate epithelium and observed no change in tubule formation frequency or histologic structure. However, when enhanced c-Src expression is coupled with enhanced expression of androgen receptor (AR), it results in a strong activation of Src kinase activity accompanied by activation of the MAPK pathway, and enhanced AR activity. Similar to the pathology induced by constitutively active c-Src(Y529F), the tubules progress to frank carcinoma with invasion and display markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These combined results suggest that nonmutated Src kinase may play a more important role in the genesis and progression of prostate cancer than previously appreciated and that epigenetic changes that enhance the level of AR may select for enhanced expression of c-Src with accompanying activation and a strong drive to malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjian Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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