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Chi F, Cheng C, Zhang M, Su B, Hou Y, Bai G. Resveratrol targeting NRF2 disrupts the binding between KEAP1 and NRF2-DLG motif to ameliorate oxidative stress damage in mice pulmonary infection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118353. [PMID: 38762209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc (PC), known as 'Huzhang' in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been traditionally employed for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and other biological activities. Polydatin (PD) and its aglycone, resveratrol (RES), are key pharmacologically active components responsible for exerting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its specific targets and action mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The equilibrium of the KEAP1-NRF2 system serves as the primary protective response to oxidative and electrophilic stresses within the body, particularly in cases of acute lung injury caused by pathogenic microbial infection. In this study, the precise mechanisms by which RES alleviates oxidative stress damage in conjunction with NRF2 activators are discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The active components from PC were screened to evaluate their potential to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate antioxidant activity dependent on antioxidant response elements (ARE). RES was evaluated for its potential to alleviate the oxidative stress caused by pathogenic microbial infection. Functional probes were designed to study the RES distribution and identify its targets. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative injury model was used to evaluate the effects of RES on the KEAP1-NRF2/ARE pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. The interaction between RES and NRF2 was elucidated using drug-affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift assays (CETSA), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), and microscale thermophoresis (MST) techniques. The key binding sites were predicted using molecular docking and validated in NRF2-knockdownand reconstructed cells. Finally, protective effects against pulmonary stress were verified in a mouse model of pathogenic infection. RESULTS The accumulation of RES in lung macrophages disrupted the binding between KEAP1 and NRF2, thereby preventing the ubiquitination degradation of NRF2 through its interaction with Ile28 on the NRF2-DLG motif. The activation of NRF2 resulted in the upregulation of nuclear transcription, enhances the expression of antioxidant genes dependent on ARE, suppresses ROS generation, and ameliorates oxidative damage both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings shed light on the potential of RES to mitigate oxidative stress damage caused by pathogenic microorganism-induced lung infections and facilitate the discovery of novel small molecule modulators targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 DLG motif interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyun Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Chuanjing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Man Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Bo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300353, China.
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Cai Q, Li Y, Chang YF, Tang Z, Zhang H, Xie Q. Pasteurella multocida causes liver injury in ducks by mediating inflammatory, apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106336. [PMID: 37683832 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida.(PM) infection is a major cause of avian cholera, but the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to further understand the host response to infection by using a duck model of PM, 20 female ducks were divided into two groups (n = 10). One group was infected with PM, while the other served as an uninfected control group. The ducks were observed after infection and samples were collected for testing. In this study, we report the mechanism of PM-induced inflammation to further mediate apoptosis and autophagic signaling pathways in liver cells. Our results demonstrated that PM infection initially induces hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in the liver tissue of duck, promoting inflammasome assembly and release, triggering inflammation. The TLR4/NF-κB axis activated and interacted with multiple inflammation-related proteins, including TNF-α and IL-1β, which affected apoptosis and autophagy. Tumor necrosis factor induced hepatocyte apoptosis was implicated in a wide range of liver diseases; the release of TNF-α and activation with NF-κB further incite apoptotic pathways,such as Bax/BCL2/caspase to promote apoptotic genes APAF1, Bax, Caspase3, BCL-2, p53, and Cytc expression. Finally, PM-induced autophagy suppressed liver injury by promoting the Beclin-1, LC3B, p62, and mTOR. Thus, liver injury caused by PM via promoting autophagy was induced. In conclusion, we analyzed the liver injury of ducks infected with PM, and confirmed that inflammation appeared in the liver; this was followed by the intricate interplay between inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy signaling pathways. The observed results provided a reference basis for studying pathogenic mechanisms of PM-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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3
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Choi S, Kim T. Compound K-An immunomodulator of macrophages in inflammation. Life Sci 2023; 323:121700. [PMID: 37068708 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from ginseng. This review discusses the function of CK as a potential ligand of the glucocorticoid receptor and a regulator of macrophage inflammatory responses. We provide findings on the ability of CK to inhibit the activation of M1 macrophages and promote the activation and differentiation of M2 macrophages. In addition, the effect of inhibiting the inflammasome response was collected. We summarized the evidences that CK is effective in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis associated encephalopathy, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and diabetes. These findings suggest the potential of CK as a therapeutic agent that can resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Choi
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taesoo Kim
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
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4
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Shi X, Zhou H, Wei J, Mo W, Li Q, Lv X. The signaling pathways and therapeutic potential of itaconate to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102553. [PMID: 36459716 PMCID: PMC9713374 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous small molecules are metabolic regulators of cell function. Itaconate is a key molecule that accumulates in cells when the Krebs cycle is disrupted. Itaconate is derived from cis-aconitate decarboxylation by cis-aconitate decarboxylase (ACOD1) in the mitochondrial matrix and is also known as immune-responsive gene 1 (IRG1). Studies have demonstrated that itaconate plays an important role in regulating signal transduction and posttranslational modification through its immunoregulatory activities. Itaconate is also an important bridge among metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the immune response. This review summarizes the structural characteristics and classical pathways of itaconate, its derivatives, and the compounds that release itaconate. Here, the mechanisms of itaconate action, including its transcriptional regulation of ATF3/IκBζ axis and type I IFN, its protein modification regulation of KEAP1, inflammasome, JAK1/STAT6 pathway, TET2, and TFEB, and succinate dehydrogenase and glycolytic enzyme metabolic action, are presented. Moreover, the roles of itaconate in diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress induced by autoimmune responses, viruses, sepsis and IRI are discussed in this review. We hope that the information provided in this review will help increase the understanding of cellular immune metabolism and improve the clinical treatment of diseases related to inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Alan A, Alan E, Arslan K, Daldaban F, Aksel EG, Çınar MU, Akyüz B. LPS- and LTA-Induced Expression of TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α in Lymph Nodes of the Akkaraman and Romanov Lambs. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-15. [PMID: 36062368 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622012314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory processes play a critical role in the innate immune response during the initial interaction between the infecting microorganism and immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the possible microanatomical and histological differences in mandibular and bronchial lymph nodes in Akkaraman and Romanov lambs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and study the gene, protein, and immunoexpression levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) that are involved in the immune system. Microanatomical examinations demonstrated more intense lymphocyte infiltration in the bronchial lymph nodes of Akkaraman lambs in the LPS and LTA groups compared to Romanov lambs. TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α immunoreactivities were more intense in the experimental groups of both breeds. Expression levels of MyD88 and TNF-α genes in the bronchial lymph node of Akkaraman lambs were found to increase statistically significantly in the LTA group. TLR4 gene expression level in the mandibular lymph node was found to be statistically significantly higher in the LTA + LPS group. In conclusion, dynamic changes in the immune cell populations involved in response to antigens such as LTA and LPS in the lymph nodes of both breeds can be associated with the difference in the expression level of the TLR4/MyD88/TNF-α genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydın Alan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emel Alan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fadime Daldaban
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esma Gamze Aksel
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ulaş Çınar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Erciyes, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Erciyes, 38030 Kayseri, Turkey
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6
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Wang M, Qi Y, Cao Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zhang J, Zhou G, Ai Y, Wei S, Wang L, Liu G, Lian Z, Han H. Domain fusion TLR2-4 enhances the autophagy-dependent clearance of Staphylococcus aureus in the genetic engineering goat. eLife 2022; 11:78044. [PMID: 35762728 PMCID: PMC9239677 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections pose a potential threat to livestock production and public health. A novel strategy is needed to control S. aureus infections due to its adaptive evolution to antibiotics. Autophagy plays a key role in degrading bacteria for innate immune cells. In order to promote S. aureus clearance via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced autophagy pathway, the domain fusion TLR2-4 with the extracellular domain of TLR2, specific recognizing S. aureus, and transmembrane and intracellular domains of TLR4 is assembled, then the goat expressing TLR2-4 is generated. TLR2-4 substantially augments the removal of S. aureus within macrophages by elevating autophagy level. Phosphorylated JNK and ERK1/2 promote LC3-puncta in TLR2-4 macrophages during S. aureus-induced autophagy via MyD88 mediated the TAK1 signaling cascade. Meantime, the TRIF-dependent TBK1-TFEB-OPTN signaling is involved in TLR2-4-triggered autophagy after S. aureus challenge. Moreover, the transcript of ATG5 and ATG12 is significantly increased via cAMP-PKA-NF-κB signaling, which facilitates S. aureus-induced autophagy in TLR2-4 macrophages. Overall, the novel receptor TLR2-4 enhances the autophagy-dependent clearance of S. aureus in macrophages via TAK1/TBK1-JNK/ERK, TBK1-TFEB-OPTN, and cAMP-PKA-NF-κB-ATGs signaling pathways, which provide an alternative approach for resistant against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingyou Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Ai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Zhao Y, Xu X, Zhang R, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li Y, Deng S, Lian Z. Overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to the internalization and elimination of Escherichia coli in sheep by enhancing caveolae-dependent endocytosis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:63. [PMID: 33966642 PMCID: PMC8108469 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gram-negative bacterial infections have a major economic impact on both the livestock industry and public health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a crucial role in host defence against Gram-negative bacteria. Exploring the defence mechanism regulated by TLR4 may provide new targets for treatment of inflammation and control of bacterial infections. In a previous study, we generated transgenic sheep overexpressing TLR4 by microinjection to improve disease resistance. The defence mechanism through which TLR4 overexpression protected these sheep against pathogens is still not fully understood. RESULTS In the present study, we used Escherichia coli to infect monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of the animal model. The overexpression of TLR4 strongly enhanced the percentage of endocytosis and capacity of elimination in monocytes during the early stages of infection. This phenomenon was mainly due to overexpression of TLR4 promoting caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Pretreatment of the transgenic sheep monocytes with inhibitors of TLR4, Src signalling, or the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway reduced the internalization of bacteria, weakened the ability of the monocytes to eliminate the bacteria, and increased the pH of the endosomes. CONCLUSION Together, our results reveal the effects of TLR4 on the control of E. coli infection in the innate immunity of sheep and provide crucial evidence of the caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway required for host resistance to invading bacteria in a large animal model, providing theoretical support for breeding disease resistance in the future. Furthermore, Src and caveolin 1 (CAV1) could be potentially valuable targets for the control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueling Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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8
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Xu X, Ye T, Wang Y, Pan L, Ye Y, Ding Z, Bao D. MicroRNA-139-5p inhibits inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of Salmonella-infected macrophages through modulating TRAF6. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6209124. [PMID: 33822016 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that macrophages play an important role in the immune system. Therefore, research involving inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in macrophages is of great significance. Many factors contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, including Salmonella. We investigated the effect of the miR-139-5p/TRAF6 axis on the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of Salmonella -infected macrophages. Our findings revealed that miR-139-5p decreased IL-1β and TNF-α levels to inhibit Salmonella-induced inflammatory responses in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Furthermore, miR-139-5p inhibited Salmonella-induced oxidative stress by strengthening SOD, CAT and GSH-PX activity, as well as lowering the malondialdehyde level in the RAW264.7 macrophages cell line. Subsequently, it was verified that TRAF6 was a downstream target of miR-139-5p in RAW264.7 cells. Rescue assays indicated that the over-expression of miR-139-5p inhibits the effects of TRAF6 on inflammatory and oxidative stress responses including Salmonella infection in RAW264.7 cells. To our knowledge, this study is the first to verify that miR-139-5p inhibits inflammatory and oxidative stress responses of Salmonella-infected macrophages through regulating TRAF6. This discovery may offer new insights on inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Tingyun Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Yizhang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Lianlian Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 287 Xinxing Street, Haiyou Town, Sanmen County, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Yali Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Zhengxiang Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
| | - Danni Bao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sanmen People's Hospital, 15 Taihe road, Binhai new town, Sanmen county, Taizhou, Zhejiang 317100, China
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9
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Hotinger JA, Pendergrass HA, May AE. Molecular Targets and Strategies for Inhibition of the Bacterial Type III Secretion System (T3SS); Inhibitors Directly Binding to T3SS Components. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020316. [PMID: 33669653 PMCID: PMC7922566 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a virulence apparatus used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria to cause infections. Pathogens utilizing a T3SS are responsible for millions of infections yearly. Since many T3SS knockout strains are incapable of causing systemic infection, the T3SS has emerged as an attractive anti-virulence target for therapeutic design. The T3SS is a multiprotein molecular syringe that enables pathogens to inject effector proteins into host cells. These effectors modify host cell mechanisms in a variety of ways beneficial to the pathogen. Due to the T3SS’s complex nature, there are numerous ways in which it can be targeted. This review will be focused on the direct targeting of components of the T3SS, including the needle, translocon, basal body, sorting platform, and effector proteins. Inhibitors will be considered a direct inhibitor if they have a binding partner that is a T3SS component, regardless of the inhibitory effect being structural or functional.
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Wu R, Li L, Bai Y, Yu B, Xie C, Wu H, Zhang Y, Huang L, Yan Y, Li X, Lin C. The long noncoding RNA LUCAT1 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation by antagonizing Nucleolin to regulate MYC expression. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:908. [PMID: 33097685 PMCID: PMC7584667 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) LUCAT1 was recently reported to be upregulated and to play an essential role in multiple cancer types, especially colorectal cancer (CRC), but the molecular mechanisms of LUCAT1 in CRC are mostly unreported. Here, a systematic analysis of LUACT1 expression is performed with data from TCGA database and clinic CRC samples. LUCAT1 is identified as a putative oncogene, which is significantly upregulated in CRC and is associated with poor prognosis. Loss of LUCAT1 restricts CRC proliferative capacities in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, NCL is identified as the protein binding partner of LUCAT1 by using chromatin isolation by RNA purification coupled with mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS) and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. We also show that NCL directly binds to LUCAT1 via its putative G-quadruplex-forming regions from nucleotides 717 to 746. The interaction between LUCAT1 and NCL interferes NCL-mediated inhibition of MYC and promote the expression of MYC. Cells lacking LUCAT1 show a decreased MYC expression, and NCL knockdown rescue LUCAT1 depletion-induced inhibition of CRC cell proliferation and MYC expression. Our results suggest that LUCAT1 plays a critical role in CRC cell proliferation by inhibiting the function of NCL via its G-quadruplex structure and may serve as a new prognostic biomarker and effective therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Liang Li
- Class 25 grade 2016, The Five-Year Program in Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Canbin Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Yichao Yan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Changwei Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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11
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Guo X, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang J, Li Y, Dong C, Liu G, Lian Z, Zhang X. Evaluating the effect of TLR4-overexpressing on the transcriptome profile in ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:13. [PMID: 32760682 PMCID: PMC7392728 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-020-00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in the elimination of Gram-negative bacteria infections and the initiation of antiinflammatory response. Using the technology of pronuclear microinjection, genetically modified (GM) sheep with TLR4 overexpression were generated. Previous studies have shown that these GM sheep exhibited a higher inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria infection than wild type (WT) sheep. In order to evaluate the gene expression of GM sheep and study the co-expressed and downstream genes for TLR4, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from TLR4-overexpressing (Tg) and wild type (WT) sheep were selected to discover the transcriptomic differences using RNA-Seq. Result An average of 18,754 and 19,530 known genes were identified in the Tg and WT libraries, respectively. A total of 338 known genes and 85 novel transcripts were found to be differentially expressed in the two libraries (p < 0.01). A differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enrichment analysis showed that the GO terms of inflammatory response, cell recognition, etc. were significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched. Furthermore, the above DEGs were significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched in the sole KEGG pathway of the Phagosome. Real-time PCR showed the OLR1, TLR4 and CD14 genes to be differentially expressed in the two groups, which validated the DEGs data. Conclusions The RNA-Seq results revealed that the overexpressed TLR4 in our experiment strengthened the ovine innate immune response by increasing the phagocytosis in PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Guo
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jing Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Yihai Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Chunxiao Dong
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300381 China
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12
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Wu R, Chen F, Wang N, Tang D, Kang R. ACOD1 in immunometabolism and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:822-833. [PMID: 32601305 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism plays a fundamental role in health and diseases and involves multiple genes and signals. Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1; also known as IRG1) is emerging as a regulator of immunometabolism in inflammation and infection. Upregulation of ACOD1 expression occurs in activated immune cells (e.g., macrophages and monocytes) in response to pathogen infection (e.g., bacteria and viruses), pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules (e.g., LPS), cytokines (e.g., TNF and IFNs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (e.g., monosodium urate). Mechanistically, several immune receptors (e.g., TLRs and IFNAR), adapter proteins (e.g., MYD88), ubiquitin ligases (e.g., A20), and transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, IRFs, and STATs) form complex signal transduction networks to control ACOD1 expression in a context-dependent manner. Functionally, ACOD1 mediates itaconate production, oxidative stress, and antigen processing and plays dual roles in immunity and diseases. On the one hand, activation of the ACOD1 pathway may limit pathogen infection and promote embryo implantation. On the other hand, abnormal ACOD1 expression can lead to tumor progression, neurodegenerative disease, and immune paralysis. Further understanding of the function and regulation of ACOD1 is important for the application of ACOD1-based therapeutic strategies in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runliu Wu
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nian Wang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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13
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Wang S, Song X, Zhang K, Deng S, Jiao P, Qi M, Lian Z, Yao Y. Overexpression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Affects Autophagy, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Responses in Monocytes of Transgenic Sheep. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:248. [PMID: 32432106 PMCID: PMC7214805 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a critical pattern recognition receptor that plays a critical role in the host innate immune system’s recognition of Gram-negative bacteria. Since it is the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, it links the activated inflammatory response with autophagy and oxidative stress. Autophagy, or type II programmed cell death, was reported to have defensive functions in response to the production of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. To explore the relationship between autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress, a TLR4-enriched transgenic (Tg) animal model (sheep) was generated. Autophagy activity in the Tg blood monocytes was significantly higher than in the wild-type animal under LPS stress, and it returned to normal after transfection of TLR4 siRNA. Pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited autophagy and enhanced oxidative stress and the production of TNF-α. The LPS-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was markedly increased in the Tg group at an early stage before quickly returning to normal values. In addition, suppressing ROS production by N-acetyl-L-cysteine down-regulated the number of intracellular autophagosomes and the expression of Beclin-1, ATG5, and cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Further mechanistic investigation suggested that the TLR4-associated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was involved in autophagy and oxidative stress. P38 MAPK promotes intracellular autophagy, ROS production, and inflammatory response. Moreover, TLR4 over-expression suppressed oxidative stress and the production of inflammatory cytokines and increased autophagy activity in vivo. Taken together, our results showed that LPS induced autophagy, which was related to TLR4-mediated ROS production through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, our study also provided a novel transgenic animal model to analyze the effects of TLR4 on autophagy, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuting Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoulong Deng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixin Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Meiyu Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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14
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Bhattacharya S, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Patients with enthesitis related arthritis show similar monocyte function pattern as seen in adult axial spondyloarthropathy. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2020; 18:6. [PMID: 31941549 PMCID: PMC6964050 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-020-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axial SpA and Enthesitis related arthritis (ERA) patients show strong HLA-B27 association, gut dysbiosis, high toll like receptor (TLR)2 and 4 expression on monocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokine production and elevated levels of TLR4 endogenous ligands [tenascin-c (TNC) and myeloid related protein (MRP)8/14] in serum. Hence, we aimed to understand if these diseases have similar or different monocyte response. METHODS Fifty adult axial SpA, 52 ERA patients and 25 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Cytokine-producing monocyte frequency before and after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PG), TNC or MRP8 were measured in whole blood (WB) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMC) by flow cytometry. Also, IL-6, TNF, MMP3, TNC and MRP8/14 levels were measured in unstimulated and TLR ligand stimulated WB cultures supernatant by ELISA. Finally, the mRNA expression levels of TNF and IL-6 were measured post stimulation with LPS, TNC and MRP8. RESULTS At baseline, ERA and axial SpA patients showed similar TNF-α producing monocyte frequency which was higher than HC. MRP8 simulation led to increased TNF-α producing monocyte frequency in ERA than axial SpA. TNC and MRP8 stimulation led to similar IL-6 producing monocyte frequency in axial SpA and ERA patients. Baseline TNF and IL-6 producing monocyte frequency also modestly correlated with disease activity scores. TNF and IL-6 producing monocyte frequency increased in response to TLR stimulation in SFMC from both patients. In culture supernatants, axial SpA and ERA patients showed similar TNF production at baseline. MRP8 and TNC stimulation led to higher TNF production from ERA. Baseline IL-6 and MMP3 production was higher in ERA while TLR stimulation led to similar IL-6 and MMP3 production from axial SpA and ERA. TNC stimulation led to higher MMP3 production in ERA. mRNA expression in response to TLR stimulation was observed to be similar in axial SpA and ERA. TNC production was higher in ERA at baseline, while MRP8/14 production was higher in axial SpA than ERA post stimulation. CONCLUSION ERA patients have similar monocyte response to exogenous and endogenous TLR ligands as patients with axial SpA. This suggests that differences between pediatric and adult-onset SpA are minimal and they may have a common pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhattacharya
- 0000 0000 9346 7267grid.263138.dDepartment of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ramnath Misra
- 0000 0000 9346 7267grid.263138.dDepartment of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
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15
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Li Y, Deng SL, Lian ZX, Yu K. Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Nitroxidative Stress in Mammals. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060576. [PMID: 31212769 PMCID: PMC6627996 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals are important antimicrobial effectors that cause damage to DNA, membrane lipids, and proteins. Professional phagocytes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that contribute towards the destruction of pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the innate immune response and respond to conserved microbial products and endogenous molecules resulting from cellular damage to elicit an effective defense against invading pathogens, tissue injury, or cancer. In recent years, several studies have focused on how the TLR-mediated activation of innate immune cells leads to the production of pro-inflammatory factors upon pathogen invasion. Here, we review recent findings that indicate that TLRs trigger a signaling cascade that induces the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shou-Long Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zheng-Xing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Wang R, Zhang M, Hu S, Liu K, Tai Y, Tao J, Zhou W, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Wei W. Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K regulates macrophage function through inhibition of β-arrestin2. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108909. [PMID: 31071508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K (C-K), which is an active metabolite of ginsenoside in vivo, can produce anti-inflammatory affects by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to inhibit the expression of β-arrestin2. Studies have shown that C-K can inhibit the function of immune cells including macrophage polarization and phagocytosis. However, the mechanism by which C-K regulates macrophage polarization is currently unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors on the membrane of immune cells, with TLR4 being especially important in polarization of macrophages. The Gαi-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by TLR4 promotes inflammation and phagocytosis in macrophages by increasing the proportion of type I phenotypic macrophages (M1). Whether C-K inhibits the signal transduction of TLR4-Gαi-NF-κB and how that effects macrophage polarization regulation in murine models of RA is not reported. The coupling of G proteins with receptors is regulated by β-arrestin2, but it has been unclear whether C-K modulates the TLR4 interaction with G proteins by inhibiting the expression of β-arrestin2. To explore these questions, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was employed, and mice were treated with C-K (112 mg/kg/day). The results depict that C-K treatment inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and reduces the proportion of M1. C-K decreases the overexpressed β-arrestin2, Gαi, TLR4 and NF-κB in macrophages of CIA mice, while increasing the expression of Gαs. Furthermore, C-K promotes TLR4-Gαs coupling and inhibits TLR4-Gαi coupling through β-arrestin2 regulation in macrophages, leading to a decrease in the proportion of M1 to M2 macrophages and improved outcomes in CIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zongbiao Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
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17
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Luo G, Kong J, Chi-Yan Cheng B, Zhao H, Fu XQ, Yan LS, Ding Y, Liu YL, Pan SY, Zhang SF, Zhang Y. Xiao Qing Long Tang essential oil exhibits inhibitory effects on the release of pro-inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 signalling in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12977-12989. [PMID: 35520778 PMCID: PMC9063779 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiao Qing Long Tang (literally “Minor blue dragon decoction” in Chinese), a traditional Chinese formula, is prescribed to treat respiratory diseases. However, only few studies have been reported on its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of Xiao Qing Long Tang essential oil on inflammatory mediators and explored the mechanisms of action of XQEO in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. XQEO was prepared via steam distillation and characterized by GC-MS analysis. MTT and Griess assays were used to measure cell viability and NO production, respectively. The mRNA expression and the production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) and chemokines (MCP-1, Rantes, and MIP-1α) were determined by real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Furthermore, we determined the protein levels of the components of NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF3 signalling by Western blotting. Immunofluorescence assay was used to estimate the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF3. The results showed that XQEO inhibited the secretion of NO and PGE2 and down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS and COX-2. We also found that XQEO suppressed the LPS-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory mediators. Moreover, XQEO inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65, AP-1/c-Jun, and IRF3 by suppressing their upstream kinases, such as MAPKs, TBK1, Akt, IKKα/β, and IκB, reducing the LPS-induced NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF3 translocation to the nucleus. These findings suggest that XQEO effectively suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory mediators possibly through the inhibition of NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 signalling in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Xiao Qing Long Tang essential oil suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators via blocking NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 signalling in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Production Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission Beijing 102400 China
| | - Jing Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Brian Chi-Yan Cheng
- College of Professional and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong.,Quality Healthcare Medical Services Kowloon Bay Hong Kong
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong
| | - Li-Shan Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Yu Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Shuo-Feng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China
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18
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Zhang Y, Chi-Yan Cheng B, Xie R, Xu B, Gao XY, Luo G. Re-Du-Ning inhalation solution exerts suppressive effect on the secretion of inflammatory mediators via inhibiting IKKα/β/IκBα/NF-κB, MAPKs/AP-1, and TBK1/IRF3 signaling pathways in lipopolysaccharide stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8912-8925. [PMID: 35517648 PMCID: PMC9062024 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Re-Du-Ning inhalation solution (RIS) is a novel preparation derived from the Re-Du-Ning injection, which has been clinically used to treat respiratory diseases such as pneumonia for more than twenty years in China. However, scant reports have been issued on its anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Aim: we investigated the suppressive effect of RIS on inflammatory mediators and explored the underlying mechanism of action. Methods: RIS freeze dried powder was characterized by HPLC analysis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage was selected as the cell model. The cell viability was determined by using the MTT assay. Moreover, the production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured by the Griess reaction. The protein secretions from inflammatory mediators were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The protein levels and enzyme activities were examined by Western blotting. The nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), AP-1, and IRF3 was further explored by immunofluorescence assay. Results: the viability of the RAW 264.7 cells was not significantly changed after 24 h incubation with RIS concentration up to 400 μg mL−1. The RIS remarkably reduced the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and downregulated the expression of iNOS and COX-2. The concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and chemokines (MCP-1, CCL-5, and MIP-1α) in the culture medium were significantly decreased by the RIS treatment. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, IKKα/β, TBK1, ERK, p38, JNK, NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 was downregulated by the RIS treatment. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 was also inhibited after the RIS treatment. Conclusion: the suppressive effect of RIS is associated with the regulated NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF3 and their upstream proteins. This study provides a pharmacological basis for the application of RIS in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Re-Du-Ning inhalation solution suppresses the production of inflammatory mediators through TLR4 signaling pathway.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Brian Chi-Yan Cheng
- College of Professional and Continuing Education
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- China
- Quality Healthcare Medical Services
- China
| | - Ran Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Science
- Beijing 100700
- China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Xiao Yan Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
| | - Gan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100102
- China
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