1
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Bedini A, Boutin JA, Legros C, Zlotos DP, Spadoni G. Industrial and academic approaches to the search for alternative melatonin receptor ligands: An historical survey. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12953. [PMID: 38682544 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The search for melatonin receptor agonists formed the main part of melatonin medicinal chemistry programs for the last three decades. In this short review, we summarize the two main aspects of these programs: the development of all the necessary tools to characterize the newly synthesized ligands at the two melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2, and the medicinal chemist's approaches to find chemically diverse ligands at these receptors. Both strategies are described. It turns out that the main source of tools were industrial laboratories, while the medicinal chemistry was mainly carried out in academia. Such complete accounts are interesting, as they delineate the spirits in which the teams were working demonstrating their strength and innovative character. Most of the programs were focused on nonselective agonists and few of them reached the market. In contrast, discovery of MT1-selective agonists and melatonergic antagonists with proven in vivo activity and MT1 or MT2-selectivity is still in its infancy, despite the considerable interest that subtype selective compounds may bring in the domain, as the physiological respective roles of the two subtypes of melatonin receptors, is still poorly understood. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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MESH Headings
- Ligands
- Humans
- Animals
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/agonists
- Melatonin/metabolism
- History, 20th Century
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalida Bedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Endocrine and Germinal Differentiation and Communication (NorDiC), Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, NorDiC, Rouen, France
| | | | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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Feng Y, Jiang X, Liu W, Lu H. The location, physiology, pathology of hippocampus Melatonin MT 2 receptor and MT 2-selective modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115888. [PMID: 37866336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland and regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, is synthesized and directly released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the third ventricle (3rdv), where it undergoes rapid absorption by surrounding tissues to exert its physiological function. The hippocampus, a vital structure in the limbic system adjacent to the ventricles, plays a pivotal role in emotional response and memory formation. Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that primarily mediate melatonin's receptor-dependent effects. In comparison to the MT1 receptor, the widely expressed MT2 receptor is crucial for mediating melatonin's biological functions within the hippocampus. Specifically, MT2 receptor is implicated in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory processes, as well as neurogenesis and axogenesis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of MT2 receptors in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of Alzheimer's disease, depression, and epilepsy. This review focuses on the anatomical localization of MT2 receptor in the hippocampus, their physiological function in this region, and their signal transduction and pharmacological roles in neurological disorders. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive review of MT2 receptor ligands used in psychopharmacology and other MT2-selective ligands over recent years. Ultimately, we provide an outlook on future research for selective MT2 receptor drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Wenwu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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3
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Bdair H, Singleton TA, Ross K, Jolly D, Kang MS, Aliaga A, Tuznik M, Kaur T, Yous S, Soucy JP, Massarweh G, Scott PJH, Koeppe R, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Rudko DA, Gobbi G, Benkelfat C, Rosa-Neto P, Brooks AF, Kostikov A. Radiosynthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of Four Positron Emission Tomography Tracer Candidates for Imaging of Melatonin Receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1382-1394. [PMID: 35420022 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a neurohormone that modulates several physiological functions in mammals through the activation of melatonin receptor type 1 and 2 (MT1 and MT2). The melatonergic system is an emerging therapeutic target for new pharmacological interventions in the treatment of sleep and mood disorders; thus, imaging tools to further investigate its role in the brain are highly sought-after. We aimed to develop selective radiotracers for in vivo imaging of both MT1 and MT2 by positron emission tomography (PET). We identified four previously reported MT ligands with picomolar affinities to the target based on different scaffolds which were also amenable for radiolabeling with either carbon-11 or fluorine-18. [11C]UCM765, [11C]UCM1014, [18F]3-fluoroagomelatine ([18F]3FAGM), and [18F]fluoroacetamidoagomelatine ([18F]FAAGM) have been synthesized in high radiochemical purity and evaluated in wild-type rats. All four tracers showed moderate to high brain permeability in rats with maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax of 2.53, 1.75, 3.25, and 4.47, respectively) achieved 1-2 min after tracer administration, followed by a rapid washout from the brain. Several melatonin ligands failed to block the binding of any of the PET tracer candidates, while in some cases, homologous blocking surprisingly resulted in increased brain retention. Two 18F-labeled agomelatine derivatives were brought forward to PET scans in non-human primates and autoradiography on human brain tissues. No specific binding has been detected in blocking studies. To further investigate pharmacokinetic properties of the putative tracers, microsomal stability, plasma protein binding, log D, and membrane bidirectional permeability assays have been conducted. Based on the results, we conclude that the fast first pass metabolism by the enzymes in liver microsomes is the likely reason of the failure of our PET tracer candidates. Nevertheless, we showed that PET imaging can serve as a valuable tool to investigate the brain permeability of new therapeutic compounds targeting the melatonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Bdair
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Irving Ludmer Psychiatry Research and Training Building, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Singleton
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Karen Ross
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dean Jolly
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Arturo Aliaga
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Tanpreet Kaur
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Radiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5610, United States
| | - Saïd Yous
- University of Lille, Lille Neurosciences and Cognition Research Center, Lille, Hauts-de-France FR 59000, France
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Concordia University, PERFORM Centre, Montreal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Gassan Massarweh
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Radiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5610, United States
| | - Robert Koeppe
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Radiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5610, United States
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- University Carlo Bo, Department Biomolecular Science, Urbino IT 61029, Italy
| | - Annalida Bedini
- University Carlo Bo, Department Biomolecular Science, Urbino IT 61029, Italy
| | - David A. Rudko
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gabriella Gobbi
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Irving Ludmer Psychiatry Research and Training Building, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- McGill University, Department of Psychiatry, Irving Ludmer Psychiatry Research and Training Building, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Radiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5610, United States
| | - Alexey Kostikov
- McGill University, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l’Ouest-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4H 1R3, Canada
- McGill University, Department of Chemistry, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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4
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Shirinzadeh H, Dilek E, Alım Z. Evaluation of Naphthalenylmethylen Hydrazine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors on, Antiatherogenic Enzymes, Paraoxonase I and Acetylcholinesterase Activities. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Shirinzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Yalnizbag Erzincan Turkey
| | - Esra Dilek
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Yalnizbag Erzincan Turkey
| | - Zuhal Alım
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Arts Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Bagbaşi Kırşehir Turkey
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5
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Podlewska S, Bugno R, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Bojarski AJ, Handzlik J. Low Basicity as a Characteristic for Atypical Ligands of Serotonin Receptor 5-HT2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031035. [PMID: 33494248 PMCID: PMC7864501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin receptors are extensively examined by academic and industrial researchers, due to their vital roles, which they play in the organism and constituting therefore important drug targets. Up to very recently, it was assumed that the basic nitrogen in compound structure is a necessary component to make it active within this receptor system. Such nitrogen interacts in its protonated form with the aspartic acid from the third transmembrane helix (D3x32) forming a hydrogen bond tightly fitting the ligand in the protein binding site. However, there are several recent studies that report strong serotonin receptor affinity also for compounds without a basic moiety in their structures. In the study, we carried out a comprehensive in silico analysis of the low-basicity phenomenon of the selected serotonin receptor ligands. We focused on the crystallized representatives of the proteins of 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors, and examined the problem both from the ligand- and structure-based perspectives. The study was performed for the native proteins, and for D3x32A mutants. The investigation resulted in the determination of nonstandard structural requirements for activity towards serotonin receptors, which can be used in the design of new nonbasic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Podlewska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
| | - Ryszard Bugno
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (E.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (R.B.); (A.J.B.)
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (J.H.); Tel.: +48-12-66-23-301 (S.P.); +48-12-620-55-84 (J.H.)
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6
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Boutin JA, Witt-Enderby PA, Sotriffer C, Zlotos DP. Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12672. [PMID: 32531076 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor ligands have been vigorously explored for the last 4 decades. Inspection of approximately 80 publications in the field revealed that most melatonergic ligands were structural analogues of melatonin combining three essential features of the parent compound: an aromatic ring bearing a methoxy group and an amide side chain in a relative arrangement similar to that present in melatonin. While several series of MT2 -selective agents-agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists-were reported, the field was lacking MT1 -selective agents. Herein, we describe various approaches toward the development of melatonergic ligands, keeping in mind that most of the molecules/pharmacophores obtained were essentially melatonin copies, even though diverse tri- or tetra-cyclic compounds were explored. In addition to lack of structural diversity, only few studies examined the activity of the reported melatonergic ligands in vivo. Moreover, an extensive pharmacological characterization including biopharmaceutical stability, pharmacokinetic properties, specificity toward other major receptors to name a few remained scarce. For example, many of the antagonists described were not stable in vivo, were not selective for the melatonin receptor subtype of interest, and were not fully characterized from a pharmacological standpoint. Indeed, virtual screening of large compound libraries has led to the recent discovery of potent and selective melatonin receptor agonists and partial agonists of new chemotypes. Having said this, the melatonergic field is still lacking subtype-selective melatonin receptor antagonists "active" in vivo, which are critical to our understanding of melatonin and melatonin receptors' role in basic physiology and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Ligands
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- School of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
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7
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Bolteau R, Descamps F, Ettaoussi M, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Melnyk P, Yous S. Quinazoline and phthalazine derivatives as novel melatonin receptor ligands analogues of agomelatine. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112078. [PMID: 32004937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For further development of successors of Agomelatine through modulation of its pharmacokinetic properties, we report herein the design, synthesis and pharmacological results of a new family of melatonin receptor ligands. Issued from the introduction of quinazoline and phthalazine scaffolds carrying an ethyl amide lateral chain and a methoxy group as bioisosteric ligands analogues of previously developed Agomelatine. The biological activity of the prepared analogues was compared with that of Agomelatine. Quinazoline and phthalazine rings proved to be a versatile scaffold for easy feasible MT1 and MT2 ligands. Potent agonists with sub-micromolar binding affinity were obtained. However, the presence of two nitrogen atoms resulted in compounds with lower affinity for both MT1 and MT2, in comparison with the parent compound, balanced by the exhibition of good pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Bolteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florian Descamps
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Ettaoussi
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Daniel H Caignard
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France; Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 92150, Suresnes, France
| | - Philippe Delagrange
- PEX Biotechnologie Chimie & Biologie, Institut de Recherches Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Saïd Yous
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172 - JPArc - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000, Lille, France.
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8
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Shirinzadeh H, Ghalia M, Tascioglu A, Adjali FI, Gunesacar G, Gurer-Orhan H, Suzen S. Bioisosteric modification on melatonin: synthesis of new naphthalene derivatives, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity studies. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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9
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Cosimi E, Trapp N, Ebert MO, Wennemers H. Combined experimental and theoretical study of long-range H–F interactions in α-fluoro amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2253-2256. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09987a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational approach provided insight into the nature and conformational dependence of long-range 4JHF couplings in α-fluoro amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cosimi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- D-CHAB
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- D-CHAB
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- D-CHAB
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Helma Wennemers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- D-CHAB
- ETH Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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10
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1352] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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11
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Duroux R, Rami M, Landagaray E, Ettaoussi M, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Melnyk P, Yous S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new naphtho- and quinolinocyclopentane derivatives as potent melatoninergic (MT 1 /MT 2 ) and serotoninergic (5-HT 2C ) dual ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Rote JC, Malkowski SN, Cochrane CS, Bailey GE, Brown NS, Cafiero M, Peterson LW. Catechol reactivity: Synthesis of dopamine derivatives substituted at the 6-position. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2016.1269350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Noah S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA
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13
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Chenaf C, Chapuy E, Libert F, Marchand F, Courteix C, Bertrand M, Gabriel C, Mocaër E, Eschalier A, Authier N. Agomelatine: a new opportunity to reduce neuropathic pain-preclinical evidence. Pain 2017; 158:149-160. [PMID: 27984527 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are first-line treatments of neuropathic pain but not all these drugs are really effective. Agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mode of action, acting as an MT1/MT2 melatonergic receptor agonist and a 5-HT2C receptor antagonist that involves indirect norepinephrine release. Melatonin, serotonin, and norepinephrine have been involved in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Yet, no study has been conducted to determine agomelatine effects on neuropathic pain in animal models. Using 3 rat models of neuropathic pain of toxic (oxaliplatin/OXA), metabolic (streptozocin/STZ), and traumatic (sciatic nerve ligation/CCI [chronic constriction nerve injury]) etiologies, we investigated the antihypersensitivity effect of acute and repeated agomelatine administration. We then determined the influence of melatonergic, 5-HT2C, α-2 and β-1/2 adrenergic receptor antagonists in the antihypersensitivity effect of agomelatine. The effect of the combination of agomelatine + gabapentin was evaluated using an isobolographic approach. In STZ and CCI models, single doses of agomelatine significantly and dose dependently reduced mechanical hypersensitivity. After daily administrations for 2 weeks, this effect was confirmed in the CCI model and agomelatine also displayed a marked antihypersensitivity effect in the OXA model. The antihypersensitivity effect of agomelatine involved melatonergic, 5-HT2C, and α-2 adrenergic receptors but not beta adrenoceptors. The isobolographic analysis demonstrated that the combination of agomelatine + gabapentin had additive effects. Agomelatine exerts a clear-cut antihypersensitivity effect in 3 different neuropathic pain models. Its effect is mediated by melatonergic and 5-HT2C receptors and, although agomelatine has no affinity, also by α-2 adrenergic receptors. Finally, agomelatine combined with gabapentin produces an additive antihypersensitivity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chouki Chenaf
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Libert
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabien Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Courteix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marianne Bertrand
- Neuropsychiatry Division, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Cecilia Gabriel
- Neuropsychiatry Division, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Elisabeth Mocaër
- Neuropsychiatry Division, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Authier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, INSERM UMR 1107 Neuro-Dol Equipe Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, CHU Clermont-Ferrand Service de Pharmacologie Médicale, Institut Analgesia, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Jockers R, Delagrange P, Dubocovich ML, Markus RP, Renault N, Tosini G, Cecon E, Zlotos DP. Update on melatonin receptors: IUPHAR Review 20. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2702-25. [PMID: 27314810 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptors are seven transmembrane-spanning proteins belonging to the GPCR superfamily. In mammals, two melatonin receptor subtypes exist - MT1 and MT2 - encoded by the MTNR1A and MTNR1B genes respectively. The current review provides an update on melatonin receptors by the corresponding subcommittee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. We will highlight recent developments of melatonin receptor ligands, including radioligands, and give an update on the latest phenotyping results of melatonin receptor knockout mice. The current status and perspectives of the structure of melatonin receptor will be summarized. The physiological importance of melatonin receptor dimers and biologically important and type 2 diabetes-associated genetic variants of melatonin receptors will be discussed. The role of melatonin receptors in physiology and disease will be further exemplified by their functions in the immune system and the CNS. Finally, antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties of melatonin and its relation to melatonin receptors will be critically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Margarita L Dubocovich
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo (SUNY), Buffalo, USA
| | - Regina P Markus
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gianluca Tosini
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erika Cecon
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Landagaray E, Ettaoussi M, Duroux R, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Melnyk P, Berthelot P, Yous S. Melatonergic ligands: Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel series of naphthofuranic derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:360-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Nenajdenko VG, Muzalevskiy VM, Shastin AV. Polyfluorinated ethanes as versatile fluorinated C2-building blocks for organic synthesis. Chem Rev 2015; 115:973-1050. [PMID: 25594605 DOI: 10.1021/cr500465n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine G Nenajdenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia
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17
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Zlotos DP, Riad NM, Osman MB, Dodda BR, Witt-Enderby PA. Novel difluoroacetamide analogues of agomelatine and melatonin: probing the melatonin receptors for MT1selectivity. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The difluoroacetamide analogue of the standard MT1-selective ligand, the dimeric (CH2)3-linked agomelatine, shows higher affinity and selectivity toward MT1receptors than the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius P. Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- The German University in Cairo
- New Cairo City
- Egypt
| | - Noura M. Riad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- The German University in Cairo
- New Cairo City
- Egypt
| | - Mai B. Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- The German University in Cairo
- New Cairo City
- Egypt
| | - Bala R. Dodda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Pharmacy
- Duquesne University
- 421 Mellon Hall
- Pittsburgh
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Pharmacy
- Duquesne University
- 421 Mellon Hall
- Pittsburgh
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18
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Ettaoussi M, Pérès B, Errazani A, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Melnyk P, Berthelot P, Yous S. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of dual ligands for melatonin (MT1/MT2) and serotonin 5-HT2C receptor subtypes (II). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:822-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Landagaray E, Yous S, Vaccher C, Lipka E. Enantioseparation and thermodynamic study of naphthalene derivatives, new melatoninergic agonists, on coated amylose [tris(S)-1-phenylethylcarbamate] stationary phase. Transposition to preparative scale. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:689-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Landagaray
- Université Lille Nord de France; UDSL, EA 4481 and EA GRIIOT, UFR Pharmacie; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Saïd Yous
- Université Lille Nord de France; UDSL, EA 4481 and EA GRIIOT, UFR Pharmacie; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Claude Vaccher
- Université Lille Nord de France; UDSL, EA 4481 and EA GRIIOT, UFR Pharmacie; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Emmanuelle Lipka
- Université Lille Nord de France; UDSL, EA 4481 and EA GRIIOT, UFR Pharmacie; F-59000 Lille France
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20
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Synthesis and characterization of new bivalent agents as melatonin- and histamine H3-ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16114-33. [PMID: 25222552 PMCID: PMC4200786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an endogenous molecule involved in many pathophysiological processes. In addition to the control of circadian rhythms, its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties have been widely described. Thus far, different bivalent compounds composed by a melatonin molecule linked to another neuroprotective agent were synthesized and tested for their ability to block neurodegenerative processes in vitro and in vivo. To identify a novel class of potential neuroprotective compounds, we prepared a series of bivalent ligands, in which a prototypic melatonergic ligand is connected to an imidazole-based H3 receptor antagonist through a flexible linker. Four imidazolyl-alkyloxy-anilinoethylamide derivatives, characterized by linkers of different length, were synthesized and their binding affinity for human MT1, MT2 and H3 receptor subtypes was evaluated. Among the tested compounds, 14c and 14d, bearing a pentyl and a hexyl linker, respectively, were able to bind to all receptor subtypes at micromolar concentrations and represent the first bivalent melatonergic/histaminergic ligands reported so far. These preliminary results, based on binding affinity evaluation, pave the way for the future development of new dual-acting compounds targeting both melatonin and histamine receptors, which could represent promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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21
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Landagaray E, Ettaoussi M, Leclerc V, Traoré B, Perez V, Nosjean O, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Berthelot P, Yous S. New melatonin (MT1/MT2) ligands: Design and synthesis of (8,9-dihydro-7H-furo[3,2-f]chromen-1-yl) derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:986-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Ettaoussi M, Pérès B, Jarry C, Nosjean O, Boutin JA, Gohier A, Mannoury la Cour C, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Berthelot P, Yous S. Synthesis, chiral resolution, absolute configuration assignment and pharmacological evaluation of a series of melatoninergic ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
(−)-R-Enantiomers of agomelatine analogues were more potent at serotonin 5-HT2C receptors than (+)-S-enantiomers, and showed antidepressant-like properties in a tail suspension test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basile Pérès
- Univ Lille Nord de France
- , France
- UDSL
- EA GRIIOT
- UFR Pharmacie
| | | | - Olivier Nosjean
- Biotechnologies
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
- Institut de Recherches Servier
- , France
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Biotechnologies
- Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire
- Institut de Recherches Servier
- , France
| | - Arnaud Gohier
- Département des Sciences Expérimentales
- Institut de Recherches Servier
- , France
| | | | | | - Philippe Delagrange
- Département des Sciences Expérimentales
- Institut de Recherches Servier
- , France
| | | | - Saïd Yous
- Univ Lille Nord de France
- , France
- UDSL
- EA GRIIOT
- UFR Pharmacie
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23
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Zlotos DP, Jockers R, Cecon E, Rivara S, Witt-Enderby PA. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: Ligands, Models, Oligomers, and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3161-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius. P. Zlotos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016,
Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR
8104, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Erika Cecon
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 421 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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24
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Ettaoussi M, Sabaouni A, Pérès B, Landagaray E, Nosjean O, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Delagrange P, Berthelot P, Yous S. Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of a series of the Agomelatine Analogues as Melatonin MT1/MT2Agonist and 5-HT2CAntagonist. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1830-45. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Chan KH, Wong YH. A molecular and chemical perspective in defining melatonin receptor subtype selectivity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18385-406. [PMID: 24018885 PMCID: PMC3794785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is primarily synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland during darkness in a normal diurnal cycle. In addition to its intrinsic antioxidant property, the neurohormone has renowned regulatory roles in the control of circadian rhythm and exerts its physiological actions primarily by interacting with the G protein-coupled MT1 and MT2 transmembrane receptors. The two melatonin receptor subtypes display identical ligand binding characteristics and mediate a myriad of signaling pathways, including adenylyl cyclase inhibition, phospholipase C stimulation and the regulation of other effector molecules. Both MT1 and MT2 receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system as well as many peripheral tissues, but each receptor subtype can be linked to specific functional responses at the target tissue. Given the broad therapeutic implications of melatonin receptors in chronobiology, immunomodulation, endocrine regulation, reproductive functions and cancer development, drug discovery and development programs have been directed at identifying chemical molecules that bind to the two melatonin receptor subtypes. However, all of the melatoninergics in the market act on both subtypes of melatonin receptors without significant selectivity. To facilitate the design and development of novel therapeutic agents, it is necessary to understand the intrinsic differences between MT1 and MT2 that determine ligand binding, functional efficacy, and signaling specificity. This review summarizes our current knowledge in differentiating MT1 and MT2 receptors and their signaling capacities. The use of homology modeling in the mapping of the ligand-binding pocket will be described. Identification of conserved and distinct residues will be tremendously useful in the design of highly selective ligands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Receptors, Melatonin/chemistry
- Receptors, Melatonin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- King Hang Chan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong.
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26
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Novel conformationally constrained analogues of agomelatine as new melatoninergic ligands. Molecules 2012; 18:154-66. [PMID: 23262445 PMCID: PMC6269769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel conformationally restricted analogues of agomelatine were synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated at MT1 and MT2 melatoninergic receptors. Replacement of the N-acetyl side chain of agomelatine by oxathiadiazole-2-oxide (compound 3), oxadiazole-5(4H)-one (compound 4), tetrazole (compound 5), oxazolidinone (compound 7a), pyrrolidinone (compound 7b), imidazolidinedione (compound 12), thiazole (compounds 13 and 14) and isoxazole moieties (compound 15) led to a decrease of the melatoninergic binding affinities, particularly at MT1. Compounds 7a and 7b exhibiting nanomolar affinity towards the MT2 receptors subtypes have shown the most interesting pharmacological results of this series with the appearance of a weak MT2-selectivity.
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27
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New quinoxaline derivatives as potential MT₁ and MT₂ receptor ligands. Molecules 2012; 17:7737-57. [PMID: 22732886 PMCID: PMC6269071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the idea arose that melatonin might promote sleep and resynchronize circadian rhythms, many research groups have centered their efforts on obtaining new melatonin receptor ligands whose pharmacophores include an aliphatic chain of variable length united to an N-alkylamide and a methoxy group (or a bioisostere), linked to a central ring. Substitution of the indole ring found in melatonin with a naphthalene or quinoline ring leads to compounds of similar affinity. The next step in this structural approximation is to introduce a quinoxaline ring (a bioisostere of the quinoline and naphthalene rings) as the central nucleus of future melatoninergic ligands.
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