Benzimidazole clubbed with triazolo-thiadiazoles and triazolo-thiadiazines: new anticancer agents

Anticancer dinuclear Ir(III) complex activates Nrf2 and interferes with NAD(H) in cancer cells

Dinuclear complex [Ir2(μ-L1)(η5-Cp*)2Cl2](PF6)2 (1) exhibits low micromolar cytotoxic activity in vitro in various human cancer cells (GI50 = 1.7-3.0 μM) and outperformed its mononuclear analogue [Ir(η5-Cp*)Cl(L2)]PF6 (2; GI50 > 40.0 μM); Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, L1 = 4-chloro-2,6-bis[5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]pyridine, L2 = 5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine. Compound 1 upregulated the Keap1/Nrf2 oxidative stress-protective pathway in the treated MV4-11 acute myeloid leukemia cells. In connection with the redox-mediated mode of action of 1, its NADH-oxidizing activity was detected in solution (1H NMR), while NAD+ remained intact (with formate as a hydride source). Surprisingly, only negligible NADH oxidation was detected in the presence of the reduced glutathione and ascorbate. Following the results of in-solution experiments, NAD(H) concentration was assessed in 1-treated MV4-11 cancer cells. Besides the intracellular NADH oxidation in the presence of 1, the induced oxidative stress also led to a decrease of NAD+, resulting in depletion of both NAD+/NADH coenzymes. The discussed findings provide new insight into the biochemical effects of catalytic anticancer compounds that induce cell death via a redox-mediated mode of action.

Antiproliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Activity and Tubulin Dynamics Modulation of 1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl Hydrazones in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MDA-MB-231

(1) Background: The aim of the work is the evaluation of in vitro antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of four benzimidazole derivatives containing colchicine-like and catechol-like moieties with methyl group substitution in the benzimidazole ring against highly invasive breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and their related impairment of tubulin dynamics. (2) Methods: The antiproliferative activity was assessed with the MTT assay. Alterations in tubulin polymerization were evaluated with an in vitro tubulin polymerization assay and a docking analysis. (3) Results: All derivatives showed time-dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 varying from 40 to 60 μM after 48 h and between 13 and 20 μM after 72 h. Immunofluorescent and DAPI staining revealed the pro-apoptotic potential of benzimidazole derivatives and their effect on tubulin dynamics in living cells. Compound 5d prevented tubulin aggregation and blocked mitosis, highlighting the importance of the methyl group and the colchicine-like fragment. (4) Conclusions: The benzimidazole derivatives demonstrated moderate cytotoxicity towards MDA-MB-231 by retarding the initial phase of tubulin polymerization. The derivative 5d containing a colchicine-like moiety and methyl group substitution in the benzimidazole ring showed potential as an antiproliferative agent and microtubule destabilizer by facilitating faster microtubule aggregation and disrupting cellular and nuclear integrity.

Thiazolobenzamide-Naphthalene Hybrids as Potent Anticancer agents compared to Doxorubicin: Design, Synthesis, SAR, In-silico and Toxicity Analysis

In order to determine whether thiazolobenzamide molecules connected to naphthalene could inhibit the growth of three different tumor cell lines, MCF7 (breast carcinoma), A549 (pulmonary carcinoma), and DU145 (prostatic adenocarcinoma) a novel series of ten molecules, designated TA 1-10, was designed, synthesized, and tested. Among these compounds, TA7 showed promising results against cell lines, especially showing exceptional efficacy against breast cancer. Antioxidant activity tests consistently showed the best performance from the TA7 molecule. Furthermore, when a dose of 50 to 500 mg/kg of the total mass of rats is given, the most effective chemical, TA7, did not exhibit any harmful effects during acute oral toxicity tests. The biochemical indicators (SGOT and SGPT) for hepatotoxicity associated with compound TA7 were found to be fairly similar to those of the control group. The findings from molecular docking, XP visualization, and MM-GBSA dG binding investigations are in agreement with the outcomes of in-vitro tests of antioxidant and anticancer capabilities. TA7 was the most effective compound among those that were docked; it bound free energy and had adequate properties for metabolism (biochemical processes), distribution (dispersion), absorption (assimilation), and excretion (elimination). This study found that the TA7 molecule, a thiazole ring system derivative connected to naphthalene, is to be a promising and possible anticancer agent and its efficacy may be further explored in clinical studies.

Design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico evaluation of novel substituted 1,2,4-triazole analogues as dual human VEGFR-2 and TB-InhA inhibitors

Cancer is a leading cause of death globally and has been associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The angiogenesis-related VEGFR-2 is a common target between cancer and Mtb. Here, we aimed to synthesize and validate potent dual human VEGFR-2 inhibitors as anticancer and anti-mycobacterial agents. Two series of 1,2,4-triazole-based compounds (6a-l and 11a-e) were designed and synthesized through a molecular hybridization approach. Activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated against human VEGFR-2 in addition to drug-sensitive, multidrug-resistant and extensive-drug resistant Mtb. Compounds 6a, 6c, 6e, 6f, 6h, 6l, 11a, 11d and 11e showed promising inhibitory effect on VEGFR-2 (IC50 = 0.15 - 0.39 µM), anti-proliferative activities against cancerous cells and low cytotoxicity against normal cells. The most potent compounds (6e and 11a) increased apoptosis percentage. Additionally, compounds 6h, 6i, 6l and 11c showed the highest activities against all Mtb strains, and thus were evaluated against enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) which is essential for Mtb cell wall synthesis. Interestingly, the compounds showed excellent InhA inhibition activities with IC50 range of 1.3 - 4.7 µM. Docking study revealed high binding affinities toward targeted enzymes; human VEGFR-2 and Mtb InhA. In conclusion, 1,2,4-triazole analogues are suggested as potent anticancer and antimycobacterial agents via inhibition of human VEGFR-2 and Mtb InhA.

Impact of the central atom and halido ligand on the structure, antiproliferative activity and selectivity of half-sandwich Ru(II) and Ir(III) complexes with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole-based ligand

Half-sandwich complexes [Ru(η6-pcym)(L1)X]PF6 (1, 3) and [Ir(η5-Cp*)(L1)X]PF6 (2, 4) featuring a thiadiazole-based ligand L1 (2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole) were synthesized and characterized by varied analytical methods, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction (X = Cl or I, pcym = p-cymene, Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). The structures of the molecules were analysed and interpreted using computational methods such as Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QT-AIM). A 1H NMR spectroscopy study showed that complexes 1-3 exhibited hydrolytic stability while 4 underwent partial iodido/chlorido ligand exchange in phosphate-buffered saline. Moreover, 1-4 demonstrated the ability to oxidize NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to NAD+ with Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 displaying higher catalytic activity compared to their Ru(II) analogues. None of the complexes interacted with reduced glutathione (GSH). Additionally, 1-4 exhibited greater lipophilicity than cisplatin. In vitro biological analyses were performed in healthy cell lines (CCD-18Co colon and CCD-1072Sk foreskin fibroblasts) as well as in cisplatin-sensitive (A2780) and -resistant (A2780cis) ovarian cancer cell lines. The results indicated that Ir(III) complexes 2 and 4 had no effect on human fibroblasts, demonstrating their selectivity. In contrast, complexes 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on the metabolic and proliferation activities of the cancer cells tested (selectivity index SI > 3.4 for 4 and 2.6 for cisplatin; SI = IC50(A2780)/IC50(CCD-18Co)), including the cisplatin-resistant cancer cell line. Based on these findings, it is possible to emphasize that mainly complex 4 could represent a further step in the development of selective and highly effective anticancer agents, particularly against resistant tumour types.

Benzimidazole-Triazole Hybrids as Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents: A Systematic Review

Bacterial infections have attracted the attention of researchers in recent decades, especially due to the special problems they have faced, such as their increasing diversity and resistance to antibiotic treatment. The emergence and development of the SARS-CoV-2 infection stimulated even more research to find new structures with antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Among the heterocyclic compounds with remarkable therapeutic properties, benzimidazoles, and triazoles stand out, possessing antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-Alzheimer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, or anti-ulcer activities. In addition, the literature of the last decade reports benzimidazole-triazole hybrids with improved biological properties compared to the properties of simple mono-heterocyclic compounds. This review aims to provide an update on the synthesis methods of these hybrids, along with their antimicrobial and antiviral activities, as well as the structure-activity relationship reported in the literature. It was found that the presence of certain groups grafted onto the benzimidazole and/or triazole nuclei (-F, -Cl, -Br, -CF₃, -NO₂, -CN, -CHO, -OH, OCH₃, COOCH₃), as well as the presence of some heterocycles (pyridine, pyrimidine, thiazole, indole, isoxazole, thiadiazole, coumarin) increases the antimicrobial activity of benzimidazole-triazole hybrids. Also, the presence of the oxygen or sulfur atom in the bridge connecting the benzimidazole and triazole rings generally increases the antimicrobial activity of the hybrids. The literature mentions only benzimidazole-1,2,3-triazole hybrids with antiviral properties. Both for antimicrobial and antiviral hybrids, the presence of an additional triazole ring increases their biological activity, which is in agreement with the three-dimensional binding mode of compounds. This review summarizes the advances of benzimidazole triazole derivatives as potential antimicrobial and antiviral agents covering articles published from 2000 to 2023.

Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles as Anticancer Agents: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective

Cancer is one of the major healthcare challenges across the globe. Several anticancer drugs are available on the market but they either lack specificity or have poor safety, severe side effects, and suffer from resistance. So, there is a dire need to develop safer and target-specific anticancer drugs. More than 85% of all physiologically active pharmaceuticals are heterocycles or contain at least one heteroatom. Nitrogen heterocycles constituting the most common heterocyclic framework. In this study, we have compiled the FDA approved heterocyclic drugs with nitrogen atoms and their pharmacological properties. Moreover, we have reported nitrogen containing heterocycles, including pyrimidine, quinolone, carbazole, pyridine, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, β-lactam, indole, pyrazole, quinazoline, quinoxaline, isatin, pyrrolo-benzodiazepines, and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, which are used in the treatment of different types of cancer, concurrently covering the biochemical mechanisms of action and cellular targets.

Benzimidazole and its derivatives as cancer therapeutics: The potential role from traditional to precision medicine

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality globally which remains a continuing threat to human health today. Drug insensitivity and resistance are critical hurdles in cancer treatment; therefore, the development of new entities targeting malignant cells is considered a high priority. Targeted therapy is the cornerstone of precision medicine. The synthesis of benzimidazole has garnered the attention of medicinal chemists and biologists due to its remarkable medicinal and pharmacological properties. Benzimidazole has a heterocyclic pharmacophore, which is an essential scaffold in drug and pharmaceutical development. Multiple studies have demonstrated the bioactivities of benzimidazole and its derivatives as potential anticancer therapeutics, either through targeting specific molecules or non-gene-specific strategies. This review provides an update on the mechanism of actions of various benzimidazole derivatives and the structure‒activity relationship from conventional anticancer to precision healthcare and from bench to clinics.

Heterocycles in Breast Cancer Treatment: The Use of Pyrazole Derivatives

Among the aromatic heterocycle rings, pyrazole -a five-membered ring with two adjacent nitrogen atoms in its structure has been postulated as a potent candidate in the pharmacological context. This moiety is an interesting therapeutic target covering a broad spectrum of biological activities due to its presence in many natural substances. Hence, the potential of the pyrazole derivatives as antitumor agents has been explored in many investigations, showing promising results in some cases. In this sense, breast cancer, which is already the leading cause of cancer mortality in women in some countries, has been the topic selected for this review, which covers a range of different research from the earliest studies published in 2003 to the most recent ones in 2021.

Novel amides of mycophenolic acid and some heterocyclic derivatives as immunosuppressive agents

The group of 18 new amide derivatives of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and selected heterocyclic amines was synthesised as potential immunosuppressive agents functioning as inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) uncompetitive inhibitors. The synthesis of 14 of them employed uronium-type activating system (TBTU/HOBt/DIPEA) while 4 of them concerned phosphonic acid anhydride method (T3P/Py) facilitating amides to be obtained in moderate to excellent yields without the need of phenolic group protection. Most of optimised protocols did not require complicated reaction work-ups, including chromatographic, solvent-consuming methods. The biological activity assay was performed on the T-Jurkat cell line and peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) which are both dedicated for antiproliferative activity determination. Each of designed derivatives was characterised by reduced cytotoxicity and benzoxazole analogue (A2) revealed the most promising activity. Subsequently, an observed structure-activity relationship was discussed.

New Pyrazolo-Benzimidazole Mannich Bases with Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities

A new series of pyrazolo-benzimidazole hybrid Mannich bases were synthesized, characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR, UV-Vis, MS, and elemental analysis. In vitro cytotoxicity of the new compounds studied on fibroblast cells showed that the newly synthesized pyrazolo-benzimidazole hybrid derivatives were noncytotoxic until the concentration of 1 μM and two compounds presented a high degree of biocompatibility. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the newly synthesized compounds was assayed on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Escherichia coli ATCC25922 strains. All synthesized compounds 5a–g are more active against all three tested bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Escherichia coli ATCC25922 than reference drugs (Metronidazole, Nitrofurantoin), with the exception of compounds 5d and 5g, which are less active compared to Nitrofurantoin, and all synthesized compounds 5a–g are more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 compared to reference drugs (Metronidazole, Nitrofurantoin). Compound 5f showed the best activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, with a MIC of 150 μg/mL and has also inhibited the biofilm formed by all the bacterial strains, having an MBIC of 310 µg/mL compared to the reference drugs (Metronidazole, Nitrofurantoin).

Soft 3D hybrid network for delivery and controlled release of poorly soluble dihydropyrimidinone compound: An insight into the novel system for potential application in leukemia treatment

Researchers are faced with everyday demands for safer and more efficient therapy for many diseases, especially serious one such as various types of cancer. Numerous anticancer drugs are poorly-water soluble and therefore their encapsulation and controlled release remain quite challenge. In present study, we deepened our research of hydrophilic carrier based on poly(methacrylic acid) and casein (PMAC) by investigating its potential for encapsulation and controlled release of novel poorly water-soluble dihydropyrimidion-azo-pyridon compound (DHPMP). DHPMP is a dye that has been proven to show cytotoxic activity against chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. By encapsulating DHPMP into the carrier and delivering it into the intestines, DHPMP absorption could be the fastest and the number of therapeutic doses and side effects can be reduced. Carriers based on PMAC and DHPMP (PMAC-DHPMP) were synthetized and characterized by FTIR, SEM and single compression tests. The swelling behavior of PMAC-DHPMP carriers and cumulative DHPMP release were investigated depending on the amount of crosslinker and encapsulated DHPMP in two media which were simulating pH environments in human stomach and intestines. The prolonged and controlled release of DHPMP was achieved. In vitro cytotoxic activity of PMAC-DHPMP carriers against K562 cells and the cell cycle analysis showed great potential of the carriers for application in leukemia treatment.

Chemical profiling, cytotoxic activities through apoptosis induction in human fibrosarcoma and carcinoma cells, and molecular docking of some 1,2,3-triazole-isoxazoline hybrids using the eugenol as a precursors

In this research paper, we report the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives in a unique 7a-g or hybrid form with isoxazoline 8a-g using the eugenol as a precursor in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma, and A-549 lung carcinoma. Data obtained on the cytotoxic effects have shown that hybrid compounds 8a-e induced a significant anticancer activity and are more important than the ones of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 7a-g with IC₅₀ ranging from 18 to 43 μM for the hybrids 8a-e and from 15 to 29 μM for mono-adducts 7a-g in all cell lines. Concerning the apoptotic study, compounds 7b and 8a can induce apoptosis in HT-1080 and A-549 cells as revealed by Annexin-V labeling and caspase-3/7 activity, also, the apoptotic effect was accompanied by cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in the case of compounds 7b and 8a. Both compounds were evaluated in-silico through molecular docking and molecular dynamics and compound 8a is very active against Bcl-2 protein triggering apoptosis phenomenon by intrinsic pathway, therefore compound 8a is a potential candidate to inhibit the anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2).Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Furanone-functionalized benzothiazole derivatives: synthesis, in vitro cytotoxicity, ADME, and molecular docking studies

In the present study, a novel series of new furanone-based benzothiazole derivatives (4a-j) were synthesized from 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-oxobutanoic acid (3) as potential anticancer agents. In vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, and DUI45) revealed substantial activity. Di-substituted compound, 4i emerged as a promising anticancer compound which showed IC50 values of 7.2 ± 0.5, 6.6 ± 1.4, and 7.3 ± 0.1 µM against A549, MCF7, and DUI45 cell lines, respectively. Four compounds 4c, 4e, 4f, and 4i evaluated for their acute toxicity were found to be non-toxic on the two vital organs (liver and heart). Further, these compounds were found to be more efficient and less hepatotoxic in comparison to standard drug doxorubicin. Molecular docking studies carried out with VEGFR-2 revealed compounds 4a and 4i as potential VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors. In silico ADME evaluation was carried out to estimate and predict drug-likeness. Compound 4i demonstrated the best ADME parameters. Based on the results of docking analyses, ADME, and in vitro cytotoxicity, compound 4i is identified as the lead compound for further development of anticancer agents.

Expedition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives as cytotoxic agents in medicinal chemistry: A decade update

This review article proposes a comprehensive report of the design strategies engaged in the development of various sulfur-bearing cytotoxic agents. The outcomes of various studies depict that the sulfur heterocyclic framework is a fundamental structure in diverse synthetic analogs representing a myriad scope of therapeutic activities. A number of five-, six- and seven-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiazolidinediones, thiophenes, thiopyrans, benzothiazoles, benzothiophenes, thienopyrimidines, simple and modified phenothiazines, and thiazepines have been discussed. The subsequent studies of the derivatives unveiled their cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms (viz. inhibition of tyrosine kinases, topoisomerase I and II, tubulin, COX, DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways), and several others. Thus, our concise illustration explains the design strategy and anticancer potential of these five- and six-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules along with a brief outline on seven-membered sulfur heterocycles. The thorough assessment of antiproliferative activities with the reference drug allows a proficient assessment of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the diversely synthesized molecules of the series.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Triazolothiadiazoles Derived From NSAIDs as Anticancer Agents

BACKGROUND

Although transplantation, surgical resection, and tumor ablation are treatment options available following early diagnosis of HCC, their efficacy is restricted due to poor prognosis and high recurrence rates. Hence, small molecules with high selectivity and bioactivity are urgently required.

OBJECTIVE

This study presents the synthesis of a series of new triazolothiadiazole derivatives (1a-3j) with NSAID moieties and their cytotoxic bioactivities.

METHODS

The new synthetic derivatives (1-3; 1a-3j) and NSAIDs ibuprofen, naproxen, and flurbiprofen that commonly used in clinics were screened against human liver (Huh7), breast (MCF7), and colon (HCT116) carcinoma cell lines under in vitro conditions via NCI-sulforhodamine B assay.

RESULTS

The 4-methoxyphenyl substituted condensed derivatives 1h, 2h, and 3h were the most active compounds. Based on its high potency, compound 3h was selected for the further biological evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, and the mechanisms underlying cell death induced by 3h were determined. The results revealed that compound 3h induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the sub G1 phase in human liver cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

These new small molecules may be used for the development of new lead compounds.

Recent Progress of Benzimidazole Hybrids for Anticancer Potential

This review presents the detailed account of factors leading to cancer and design strategy for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents. The recent survey for cancer treatment in Cancer facts and figures 2017 American Chemical Society has shown progressive development in fighting cancer. Researchers all over the world in both developed and developing countries are in a continuous effort to tackle this serious concern. Benzimidazole and its derivatives showed a broad range of biological activities due to their resemblance with naturally occurring nitrogenous base i.e. purine. The review discussed benzimidazole derivatives showing anticancer properties through a different mechanism viz. intercalation, alkylating agents, topoisomerases, DHFR enzymes, and tubulin inhibitors. Benzimidazole derivatives act through a different mechanism and the substituents reported from the earlier and recent research articles are prerequisites for the synthesis of targeted based benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer agents. The review focuses on an easy comparison of the substituent essential for potency and selectivity through SAR presented in figures. This will further provide a better outlook or fulfills the challenges faced in the development of novel benzimidazole derivatives as anticancer.

An insight on medicinal attributes of 1,2,4-triazoles

The present review aims to summarize the pharmacological profile of 1,2,4-triazole, one of the emerging privileged scaffold, as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antituberculosis, antiviral, antiparasitic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, etc. along with structure-activity relationship. The comprehensive compilation of work carried out in the last decade on 1,2,4-triazole nucleus will provide inevitable scope for researchers for the advancement of novel potential drug candidates having better efficacy and selectivity.

Anti-biofilm Fe3O4@C18-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate Derivative Core-shell Nanocoatings

The derivatives 5,7-dimethyl[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate (1) and 7-methyl-5-phenyl[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate (2) were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their supramolecular structure is built through both π–π stacking and C=S–π interactions for both compounds. The embedment of the tested compounds into Fe₃O₄@C₁₈ core-shell nanocoatings increased the protection degree against Candida albicans biofilms on the catheter surface, suggesting that these bioactive nanocoatings could be further developed as non-cytotoxic strategies for fighting biofilm-associated fungal infections.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel 7H-[1,2,4]Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine Inhibitors as Antitumor Agents

A series of novel anticancer hydrazinotriazolothiadiazine-based derivatives were designed based on the structure-activity relationship of the previously reported anticancer triazolothiadiazines. These derivatives were synthesized and biologically screened against full NCI-60 cancer cell lines revealing compound 5l with a potential antiproliferative effect. 5l was screened over 16 kinases to study its cytotoxic mechanism which showed to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK-3β) with IC₅₀ equal to 0.883 μM and 14-fold selectivity over CDK2. Also, 5l increased active caspase-3 levels, induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase, and increased the percentage of Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate-positive apoptotic cells in PC-3 prostate cancer-treated cells. Molecular docking and dynamics were performed to predict the binding mode of 5l in the GSK-3β ATP binding site. 5l can be utilized as a starting scaffold for developing potential GSK-3β inhibitors.

Versatile mechanisms of 2-substituted benzimidazoles in targeted cancer therapy

Background

The aim of this review is to provide an overview on diverse anticancer activities of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives.

Main body

This review provides a correlation between the various mechanisms of action of benzimidazoles as anticancer and the substitution pattern around the nucleus.

Conclusion

The linker group and substitution at N-1, C-2, C-5, and C-6 positions have been found to be the most contributory factors for anticancer activity. This will help in the further design to afford more selective, potent, and multi-target anticancer of 2-substituted benzimidazole-based compounds.

Hybrid Compounds & Oxidative Stress Induced Apoptosis in Cancer Therapy

Elevated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generated by the conventional cancer therapies and the endogenous production of ROS have been observed in various types of cancers. In contrast to the harmful effects of oxidative stress in different pathologies other than cancer, ROS can speed anti-tumorigenic signaling and cause apoptosis of tumor cells via oxidative stress as demonstrated in several studies. The primary actions of antioxidants in cells are to provide a redox balance between reduction-oxidation reactions. Antioxidants in tumor cells can scavenge excess ROS, causing resistance to ROS induced apoptosis. Various chemotherapeutic drugs, in their clinical use, have evoked drug resistance and serious side effects. Consequently, drugs having single-targets are not able to provide an effective cancer therapy. Recently, developed hybrid anticancer drugs promise great therapeutic advantages due to their capacity to overcome the limitations encountered with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Hybrid compounds have advantages in comparison to the single cancer drugs which have usually low solubility, adverse side effects, and drug resistance. This review addresses two important treatments strategies in cancer therapy: oxidative stress induced apoptosis and hybrid anticancer drugs.

Synthesis, state-of-the-art NMR-binding and molecular modeling study of new benzimidazole core derivatives as Pin1 inhibitors: Targeting breast cancer

New series of benzimidazole ring core conjugated with either dithiocarbamate or thiopropyl linkers, hybridized with different secondary amines were synthesized; 5-15 and 22-31; respectively. The new compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques (¹H, ¹³C 1D & 2D NMR, ESI-MS and IR). They were screened for in vitro anticancer activity against breast cancer using MCF7 cell line. The results obtained revealed that compounds 5, 12, 15 and 25 were the most active among the synthesized series exhibiting IC₅₀ < 10 µg/ml against DOX. To characterize targeting breast cancer on molecular level, binding to ¹⁵N-labeled Pin1 enzyme was conducted using state-of-the-art 2D NMR binding experiments. Results showed promising binding between compounds 5, 12, and 25 by chemical shift perturbation (peak shifting or peak disappearance). Molecular docking study were quite valuable to explain the binding mode of active derivatives via hydrogen bonding. Additional contact preferences and surface mapping studies stated the similarity pattern between active candidates which may pave the way for more precise anti breast cancer target optimization.

An Insight of Alpha-amylase Inhibitors as a Valuable Tool in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

BACKGROUND

Among the millions of people around the world, the most prevalent metabolic disorder is diabetes mellitus. Due to the drawbacks which are associated with commercially available antidiabetic agents, new therapeutic approaches are needed to be considered. Alpha-amylase is a membrane- bound enzyme which is responsible for the breakdown of polysaccharides such as starch to monosaccharides which can be absorbed.

METHODS

We searched the scientific database using alpha-amylase, diabetes, antidiabetic agents as the keywords. Here in, only peer-reviewed research articles were collected which were useful to our current work.

RESULTS

To overcome the research gap, the alpha-amylase enzyme is regarded as a good target for antidiabetic agents to design the drug and provide an alternate approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Basically, alpha-amylase inhibitors are classified into two groups: proteinaceous inhibitors, and non-proteinaceous inhibitors. Recently, non-proteinaceous inhibitors are being explored which includes chalcones, flavones, benzothiazoles, etc. as the potential antidiabetic agents.

CONCLUSION

Herein, we discuss various potential antidiabetic agents which are strategically targeted alpha-amylase enzyme. These are having lesser side effects as compared to other antidiabetic agents, and are proposed to prevent the digestion and absorption of glucose leading to a decrease in the blood glucose level.

Benzimidazole scaffolds as promising antiproliferative agents: a review

Cancer is one of the most serious medical problem and second leading cause of death in the world, characterized by a deregulation of the cell cycle which mainly results in a progressive loss of cellular differentiation and uncontrolled cellular growth. The benzimidazole is a heterocyclic moiety found in extensive number of natural and biological active molecules. Benzimidazole derivatives might be considered as auxiliary isosters of nucleotides having attached heterocyclic cores in their structures, cooperate effortlessly with biopolymers and have potential action for chemotherapeutic applications. Benzimidazole and its derivatives displayed a wide range of biological activity because of its structural similarity with the naturally occurring nucleotides. Benzimidazole has established huge alertness in current time and is extremely significant heterocyclic pharmacophore in recent drug innovation and medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes the chemistry of various substituted benzimidazole derivatives with their antiproliferative significance towards the various cancer cell lines such as HCT116, MCF7, HeLa, HepG2, A549 and A431.

2-Mercaptobenzimidazole Schiff Bases: Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Studies and Anticancer Activity on HCT-116 Cell Line

BACKGROUND

Increased rate of mortality due to the development of resistance to currently available antimicrobial and anticancer agents initiated the need to develop new chemical entities for the treatment of microbial infections and cancer.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was aimed to synthesize and evaluate antimicrobial and anticancer activities of Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole.

METHODS

The Schiff bases of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole were synthesized from 4-(2-(1H-benzo[d]- imidazol-2-ylthio)acetamido)benzohydrazide. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and anticancer activities by tube dilution method and Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay, respectively.

RESULTS

Compounds 8 (MICpa, an = 2.41, 1.20 µM/ml), 10 (MICse, sa = 2.50 µM/ml), 20 (MICec = 2.34 µM/ml) and 25 (MICca = 1.46 µM/ml) showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains and compounds 20 (IC50 = 8 µg/ml) and 23 (IC50 = 7 µg/ml) exhibited significant anticancer activity.

CONCLUSION

In general, the synthesized derivatives exhibited moderate antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Compounds 8 and 25 having high antifungal potential among the synthesized compounds may be taken as lead molecules for the development of novel antifungal agents.

In vitro and histological investigation of antitumor effect of some triazole compounds in colon cancer cell line

1,2,4-Triazoles are used as antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant against some oxidative radical species. Recently, many 1,2,4-triazoles continue to be synthesized. In this study, the effect of the 1,2,4-triazole derivatives on human colon cancer (HT29) was investigated in vitro and in vivo in rats. MTT test was applied to in in vitro experiments. For in vivo study, rats were divided into seven groups as follows: Control group (negative control), azoxymethane (AOM), AOM + cisplatin 15, AOM + L1, AOM + L2, AOM + L3, and AOM + L4. To create colon cancer, the AOM injection was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 15 mg/kg, three times (once weekly). The in vivo studies were completed at 28 weeks. It was found that the 1,2,4-triazole derivatives reduced the cell viability (P < 0.05). In all animals in the experimental groups, mild dysplasia was detected in 100% of the colon mucosal epithelium. Severe dysplasia and adenocarcinoma were observed in L1 groups. As a result, this study determined that the 1,2,4-triazole derivatives exhibit antitumor activity.

Design and synthesis of some β-carboline derivatives as multi-target anticancer agents

Aim: Some anticancer β-carbolines exhibited dual inhibition of topo-I and KSP. Methodology/Results: Novel β-carbolines were synthesized and screened for their anticancer activity according to the NCI protocol. Five dose assays results indicated that compounds 9, 10, 12, 17 and 20 were potent and non selective anticancer agents; the sulfanyltriazole 12 was the most potent. Compounds 10, 12 and 20 showed dual topo-I and KSP inhibition with compound 12 being the most potent. Active compounds elicited Pre-G1 apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase of melanoma MDA-MB-435 cells. Docking results, in silico physicochemical and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) properties were appropriate. Conclusion: Compounds 10, 12 and 20 are potent apoptosis-inducing multitarget anticancer agents that act via dual inhibition of topo-I and KSP-ATPase.

Synthesis and evaluation of new benzimidazole derivatives with hydrazone moiety as anticancer agents

Objectives:

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death throughout the world. Current therapy options suffer from the major limitations of side effects and drug resistance. Thus, continuing search for newer and safer anticancer drugs remains critically important. From this point of view, in the present study benzimidazole-hydrazone derivatives were synthesized by aiming at the identification of new chemical entities as potent anticancer agents.

Material and methods:

A series of 12 new compounds of 4-(5(6)-substituted-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N′thiophen/furan-2-yl-methylene) benzohydrazide derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated using by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analyses. In vitro cytotoxic activity of the compounds against A549, MCF-7 and NIH/3T3 cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay.

Results:

Among the tested compounds, compound 3e showed higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells when compared with cisplatin. Also, it has lower cytotoxicty against healthy cell line, NIH/3T3.

Conclusions:

It was determined that compound 3e showed inhibition towards MCF-7. Considering the substituent effect on cytotoxic activity, compound 3e bearing 2-methylthiophene has attracted attention with its higher anticancer activities.