1
|
Sengupta D, Sharma D, Das RK, Das P, Halder M, Rai P, Chakrabarti O. Pioneering the Photoactive Relevance of Quinazolinone-Fullereropyrrolidine Nanohybrids To Address Chemotherapeutic Resistance in Cancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1118-1126. [PMID: 39015282 PMCID: PMC11247657 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of C70 and C60 fullerenes on quinazolinone, specifically in quinazolinone-fulleropyrrolidine nanohybrids. The nanohybrids Q 3 C 70 M and Q 3 C 60 M exhibit distinct spectral shifts and have significant photobiological antineoplastic properties. Q 3 C 60 M enhances apoptosis, while Q 3 C 70 M reduces Cyclin A levels and counteracts oncogenic effects by promoting cell differentiation. Q 3 C 70 M demonstrates heightened cytotoxicity by overcoming chemotherapy resistance by modulating BAX and BCL-2 levels. This innovative approach, distinguishing between C70 and C60, represents a novel contribution to the existing scientific literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Debdulal Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
| | - Prem Das
- Biophysics
and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhumanti Halder
- Biophysics
and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Pushkar Rai
- Department
of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India
| | - Oishee Chakrabarti
- Biophysics
and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata-700064, West Bengal, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai-400094, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai X, Liu Y, Meng F, Li Q, Wu F, Yuan J, Chen H, Lv H, Zhou Y, Chang Y. Amplification of oxidative damage using near-infrared II-mediated photothermal/thermocatalytic effects for periodontitis treatment. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:519-531. [PMID: 37714248 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a biofilm-related disease characterized by damage to the periodontal tissue and the development of systemic diseases. However, treatment of periodontitis remains unsatisfactory, especially with deep-tissue infections. This study describes rationally designed multifunctional photothermocatalytic agents for near-infrared-II light-mediated synergistic antibiofilm treatment, through modification of Lu-Bi2Te3 with Fe3O4 and poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(l-arginine) (PEG-b-PArg). Notably, 1064-nm laser irradiation led to photothermal/thermocatalytic effects, resulting in the synergistic generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and consequent damage to the biofilm. This treatment was based on the thermoelectric and photothermal conversion properties of Lu-Bi2Te3, the peroxidase-like catalytic capacity of Fe3O4, and the guanidinium polymer, PEG-b-PArg. Oxidative damage to biofilm was further enhanced by H2O2, resulting in the effective elimination of biofilm both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that this synergistic therapeutic strategy is effective for the clinical treatment of periodontitis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The current treatment for periodontitis involves time-consuming and labor-intensive clinical scaling of the teeth. The present study is the first to assess the efficacy of a photothermal catalyst for periodontitis treatment. This used near-infrared-II light at 1064 nm to induce oxidative damage in the biofilm, resulting in its degradation. The synergistic photothermal/thermoelectric effect produced deep tissue penetration and was well tolerated, and can kill the biofilm formed by periodontitis pathogens up to 5 orders of magnitude, effectively treating the biofilm-induced periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Yiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China; Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Fanrong Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing 100000, PR China
| | - Qiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China
| | - Fengxia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China
| | - Jianguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China
| | - Haoran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China
| | - Huixin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China; Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China.
| | - Yulei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Chen L, Huang M, Zeng S, Zheng J, Peng S, Wang Y, Cheng H, Li S. Innovative strategies for photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100775. [PMID: 36896447 PMCID: PMC9989661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied as a robust therapeutic option for tumor, which exhibits some advantages of unique selectivity and irreversible damage to tumor cells. Among which, photosensitizer (PS), appropriate laser irradiation and oxygen (O2) are three essential components for PDT, but the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) restricts the O2 supply in tumor tissues. Even worse, tumor metastasis and drug resistance frequently happen under hypoxic condition, which further deteriorate the antitumor effect of PDT. To enhance the PDT efficiency, critical attention has been received by relieving tumor hypoxia, and innovative strategies on this topic continue to emerge. Traditionally, the O2 supplement strategy is considered as a direct and effective strategy to relieve TME, whereas it is confronted with great challenges for continuous O2 supply. Recently, O2-independent PDT provides a brand new strategy to enhance the antitumor efficiency, which can avoid the influence of TME. In addition, PDT can synergize with other antitumor strategies, such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT) and starvation therapy, to remedy the inadequate PDT effect under hypoxia conditions. In this paper, we summarized the latest progresses in the development of innovative strategies to improve PDT efficacy against hypoxic tumor, which were classified into O2-dependent PDT, O2-independent PDT and synergistic therapy. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of various strategies were also discussed to envisage the prospects and challenges in future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Miaoting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shaoting Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shuyi Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bichan NG, Ovchenkova EN, Mozgova VA, Ksenofontov AA, Kudryakova NO, Shelaev IV, Gostev FE, Lomova TN. Donor-Acceptor Complexes of (5,10,15,20-Tetra(4-methylphenyl)porphyrinato)cobalt(II) with Fullerenes C 60: Self-Assembly, Spectral, Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248900. [PMID: 36558032 PMCID: PMC9783012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The noncovalent interactions of (5,10,15,20-tetra(4-methylphenyl)porphinato)cobalt(II) (CoTTP) with C60 and 1-N-methyl-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-3,4-fullero[60]pyrrolidine (PyC60) were studied in toluene using absorption and fluorescence titration methods. The self-assembly in the 2:1 complexes (the triads) (C60)2CoTTP and (PyC60)2CoTTP was established. The bonding constants for (C60)2CoTTP and (PyC60)2CoTTP are defined to be (3.47 ± 0.69) × 109 and (1.47 ± 0.28) × 1010 M-2, respectively. 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and cyclic voltammetry data have provided very good support in favor of efficient complex formation in the ground state between fullerenes and CoTTP. PyC60/C60 fluorescence quenching in the PyC60/C60-CoTTP systems was studied and the fluorescence lifetime with various CoTTP additions was determined. The singlet oxygen quantum yield was determined for PyC60 and the intensity decrease in the 1O2 phosphorescence for C60 and PyC60 with the CoTTP addition leading to the low efficiency of intercombination conversion for the formation of the 3C60* triplet excited state was found. Using femtosecond transient absorption measurements in toluene, the photoinduced electron transfer from the CoTTP in the excited singlet state to fullerene moiety was established. Quantum chemical calculations were used for the determination of molecular structure, stability and the HOMO/LUMO energy levels of the triads as well as to predict the localization of frontier orbitals in the triads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya G. Bichan
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina N. Ovchenkova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Varvara A. Mozgova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Ksenofontov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Nadezhda O. Kudryakova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Shelaev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosigin Str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor E. Gostev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosigin Str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Lomova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya Str. 1, 153045 Ivanovo, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hou W, Shi G, Wu S, Mo J, Shen L, Zhang X, Zhu Y. Application of Fullerenes as Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957698. [PMID: 35910649 PMCID: PMC9329950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a newly emerged treatment approach that can effectively address the issue of multidrug resistance resulting from the overuse of antibiotics. Fullerenes can be used as promising photosensitizers (PSs) for aPDI due to the advantages of high triplet state yields, good photostability, wide antibacterial spectrum, and permissibility of versatile functionalization. This review introduces the photodynamic activities of fullerenes and the up-to-date understanding of the antibacterial mechanisms of fullerene-based aPDI. The most recent works on the functionalization of fullerenes and the application of fullerene derivatives as PSs for aPDI are also summarized. Finally, certain remaining challenges are emphasized to provide guidance on future research directions for achieving clinical application of fullerene-based aPDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Hou
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guorui Shi
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Songze Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayi Mo
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Hearing and Balance Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fullerene C60 derivatives as antimicrobial photodynamic agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Kitano K, Ishihara K, Yusa SI. Formation of Water-Soluble Complexes from Fullerene with Biocompatible Block Copolymers Bearing Pendant Glucose and Phosphorylcholine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5744-5751. [PMID: 35481764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Double-hydrophilic diblock copolymers, PMPC100-block-PGEMAn (M100Gn), were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization using glycosyloxyethyl methacrylate and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the poly(2-(methacryloyloxy) ethylphosphorylcholine) (PMPC) block was 100, whereas the DPs (n) of the poly(glycosyloxyethyl methacrylate) PGEMA block were 18, 48, and 90. Water-soluble complexes of C70/M100Gn and fullerene (C70) were prepared by grinding M100Gn and C70 powders in a mortar and adding phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. PMPC can form a water-soluble complex with hydrophobic C70 using the same method. Therefore, the C70/M100Gn complexes have a core-shell micelle-like particle structure possessing a C70/PMPC core and PGEMA shells. The maximum amounts of solubilization of C70 in PBS solutions using 2 g/L each of M100G18, M100G48, and M100G90 were 0.518, 0.358, and 0.257 g/L, respectively. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of C70/M100Gn in PBS solutions was 55-75 nm. Spherical aggregates with a similar size to the Rh were observed by transmission electron microscopy. When the C70/M100Gn PBS solutions were irradiated with visible light, singlet oxygen was generated from C70 in the core. It is expected that the C70/M100Gn complexes can be applied to photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kitano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ovchenkova EN, Bichan NG, Gostev FE, Shelaev IV, Nadtochenko VA, Lomova TN. The donor-acceptor dyad based on high substituted fullero[70]pyrrolidine-coordinated manganese (III) phthalocyanine for photoinduced electron transfer. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120166. [PMID: 34274635 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor dyads based on manganese porphyrins/phthalocyanines and fullerene derivatives with N-basicity centers have proved as promising photoinduced electron-transfer systems for photovoltaic devices, biologically active compounds, and molecular magnetic materials. The macroheterocyclic chromophore characterized by rich UV-visible-near IR absorption is the basis for the applications above. The problem of the synthesis and the characterization of new effective dyads was solved in this work on the example of the self-organizing system consisting of (octakis-3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)phthalocyaninato)manganese(III) acetate, (AcO)MnPc(3,5-di-tBuPhO)8, 2',5-di(pyridin-2'-yl)-3,4-fullero[70]pyrrolidine, Py2C70, and toluene. The phthalocyanine-fullerene dyads in the molecular and cationic form (respectively (AcO)(Py2C70)MnPc(3,5-di-tBuPhO)8 and [(Py2C70)MnPc(3,5-di-tBuPhO)8]+(AcO)-) were observed and described using the chemical kinetics/thermodynamics, UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. The 1: 1 stoichiometry of both dyads was confirmed; the equilibrium and rate constant value, K= (4.86 ± 0.56) × 104 L mol-1 and k = (4.455 ± 3.37) × 10-5 s-1 was observed for the formation of molecular and cationic dyad, respectively. The study of (AcO)MnPc(3,5-di-tBuPhO)8 and [(Py2C70)MnPc(3,5-di-tBuPhO)8]+AcO- femtosecond transient absorption spectra points to the photoinduced electron transfer in the dyad, for which the lifetimes and the rate constants of charge separation (τCS, kCS) and charge recombination (τCR, kCR) were defined. The analysis of the relationship of the dyad physicochemical parameters with the molecular structure is represented using previously published data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Ovchenkova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Str., 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - N G Bichan
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Str., 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation.
| | - F E Gostev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st., 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Shelaev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st., 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Nadtochenko
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina st., 4, Moscow, Russia
| | - T N Lomova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Akademicheskaya Str., 153045 Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kitano K, Ishihara K, Yusa SI. Preparation of a thermo-responsive drug carrier consisting of a biocompatible triblock copolymer and fullerene. J Mater Chem B 2021; 10:2551-2560. [PMID: 34860236 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02183d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A triblock copolymer (PEG-b-PUEM-b-PMPC; EUM) comprising poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), thermo-responsive poly(2-ureidoethyl methacrylate) (PUEM), and poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) blocks was synthesized via controlled radical polymerization. PEG and PMPC blocks exhibit hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. The PUEM block exhibits an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). PMPC can dissolve hydrophobic fullerenes in water to form a complex by grinding PMPC and fullerene powders. Fullerene-C70 (C70) and EUM were ground in a mortar and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was added to synthesize a water-soluble complex (C70/EUM). C70/EUM has a core-shell-corona structure, whose core is a complex of C70 and PMPC, the shell is PUEM, and corona is PEG. The maximum C70 concentration dissolved in PBS was 0.313 g L-1 at an EUM concentration of 2 g L-1. The C70/EUM hydrodynamic radius (Rh) was 34 nm in PBS at 10 °C, which increased due to the PUEM block's UCST phase transition with increasing temperature, and Rh attained a constant value of 38 nm above 36 °C. An anticancer drug, doxorubicin, was encapsulated in the PUEM shell by hydrophobic interactions in C70/EUM at room temperature, which can be released by heating. The generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) from C70/EUM upon visible-light irradiation was confirmed using the singlet oxygen sensor green indicator. Water-soluble C70/EUM may be used as a carrier that releases encapsulated drugs when heated and as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kitano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Palacios YB, Durantini JE, Heredia DA, Martínez SR, González de la Torre L, Durantini AM. Tuning the Polarity of Fullerene C 60 Derivatives for Enhanced Photodynamic Inactivation †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1431-1444. [PMID: 34115882 DOI: 10.1111/php.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, four novel fulleropyrrolidines derivatives were synthesized to study how the effect of polarity and positive charge distribution can influence the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation treatments to kill bacteria. The design of the photosensitizers was based on DFT calculations that allowed us to estimate the dipolar moment of the molecules. Neutral compounds bearing N-methyl bis-acetoxy-ethyl (1) and bis-hydroxyethyl (2) amine were the starting material to obtain the dicationic analogs N,N-dimethyl bis-methoxyethyl (3), and bis-acetoxy-ethyl) (4) methylammonio. As expected from fullerene C60 derivatives, compounds 1-4 absorb in the UV region, with a peak at 430 nm, a broader range of absorption up to 710 nm, and exhibit weak fluorescence emission in toluene and reverse micelles. In the biomimetic AOT micellar system, the highest singlet oxygen photosensitization was found for compounds 1, followed by 3, 2, and 4. Whereas 4 was the most effective reducing nitro blue tetrazolium in the presence of β-NADH. The influence of type I and type II mechanism on the photodynamic activity of compounds 3 and 4 was further examined in the presence of L-tryptophan and two reactive oxygen species scavengers. In vitro experiments indicated that the compounds with the highest dipolar moments, 3 (37.19 D) and 4 (38.46 D), inactivated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria using an energy dose <2.4 J cm-2 . No inactivation was observed for the neutral analogs with the lowest dipolar moments. These findings help to optimize sensitizer structures to improve photodynamic inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohana B Palacios
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Heredia
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sol R Martínez
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura González de la Torre
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agazzi ML, Durantini JE, Quiroga ED, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. A novel tricationic fullerene C 60 as broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer: mechanisms of action and potentiation with potassium iodide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:327-341. [PMID: 33721278 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel amphiphilic photosensitizing agent based on a tricationic fullerene C60 (DMC603+) was efficiently synthesized from its non-charged analogue MMC60. These fullerenes presented strong UV absorptions, with a broad range of less intense absorption up to 710 nm. Both compounds showed low fluorescence emission and were able to photosensitize the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, photodecomposition of L-tryptophan sensitized by both fullerenes indicated an involvement of type II pathway. DMC603+ was an effective agent to produce the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Mechanistic insight indicated that the photodynamic action sensitized by DMC603+ was mainly mediated by both photoprocesses in bacteria, while a greater preponderance of the type II pathway was found in C. albicans. In presence of potassium iodide, a potentiation of PDI was observed due to the formation of reactive iodine species. Therefore, the amphiphilic DMC603+ can be used as an effective potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano L Agazzi
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas Y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas Y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel D Quiroga
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas Y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Gabriela Alvarez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas Y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas Y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Covalent and non-covalent systems based on s-, p-, and d-metal macroheterocyclic complexes and fullerenes. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
13
|
Guo X, Wang S, Zhang F, Li G, Li Y, Zhao W. Derivatization of chlorin e6 with maleimide enhances its photodynamic efficacy in HepG2 cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three derivatives of chlorin e6 (1–3) were synthesized by introduction of maleimide, cysteine and glutathione at C-13 carboxyl of the chlorin scaffold. The evaluation of their PDT effects showed that compound 1, the derivative with a maleimide group, exhibited more potent photocytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (IC[Formula: see text] 3.2 [Formula: see text]M) than 2 (IC[Formula: see text] 6.7 [Formula: see text]M) and 3 (IC[Formula: see text] 10.2 [Formula: see text]M), although the cellular uptake of 1 was slightly lower than that of 2 and 3. The high PDT effect of 1 was found to be in agreement with the high level of intracellular singlet oxygen. Further investigation of the mechanism revealed that 1 can significantly lower the GSH level in HepG2 cells due to the addiction reaction of maleimide and GSH, thus resulting in the reduction of ROS scavenging and the enhancement of cellular oxidative stress. This approach to improve PDT effects of photosensitizers by means of interfering with the cellular redox system and enhancing cellular oxidative stress offers a new strategy for development of photosensitizers in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical Universty, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhe Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yueqing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin H, Wang M, Tan LS, Chiang LY. Synthesis and Intramolecular Energy- and Electron-Transfer of 3D-Conformeric Tris(fluorenyl-[60]fullerenylfluorene) Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183337. [PMID: 31540264 PMCID: PMC6766839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New 3D conformers were synthesized to show a nanomolecular configuration with geometrically branched 2-diphenylaminofluorene (DPAF-C2M) chromophores using a symmetrical 1,3,5-triaminobenzene ring as the center core for the connection of three fused DPAF-C2M moieties. The design led to a class of cis-cup-tris[(DPAF-C2M)-C60(>DPAF-C9)] 3D conformers with three bisadduct-analogous <C60> cages per nanomolecule facing at the same side of the geometrical molecular cis-cup-shape structure. A sequential synthetic route was described to afford this 3D configurated conformer in a high yield with various spectroscopic characterizations. In principle, a nanostructure with a non-coplanar 3D configuration in design should minimize the direct contact or π-stacking of fluorene rings with each other during molecular packing to the formation of fullerosome array. It may also prevent the self-quenching effect of its photoexcited states in solids. Photophysical properties of this cis-cup-conformer were also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Loon-Seng Tan
- Functional Materials Division, AFRL/RXA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vil’ VA, Gorlov ES, Bityukov OV, Krylov IB, Nikishin GI, Pivnitsky KK, Terent’ev AO. Oxidative C–O coupling as a new idea in the ‘click-like chemistry’: malonyl peroxides for the conjugation of two molecules. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
Hamblin MR. Fullerenes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: pros and cons. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1515-1533. [PMID: 30043032 PMCID: PMC6224300 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One class of carbon nanomaterials is the closed cages known as fullerenes. The first member to be discovered in 1985 was C60, called "buckminsterfullerene" as its cage structure resembled a geodesic dome. Due to their extended π-conjugation they absorb visible light, possess a high triplet yield and can generate reactive oxygen species upon illumination, suggesting a possible role of fullerenes in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Pristine C60 is highly hydrophobic and prone to aggregation, necessitating functionalization to provide aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. The most common functional groups attached are anionic (carboxylic or sulfonic acids) or cationic (various quaternary ammonium groups). Depending on the functionalization, these fullerenes can be designed to be taken up into cancer cells, or to bind to microbial cells (Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi). Fullerenes can be excited with a wide range of wavelengths, UVA, blue, green or white light. We have reported a series of functionalized fullerenes (C60, C70, C82) with attached polycationic chains and additional light-harvesting antennae that can be used in vitro and in animal models of localized infections. Advantages of fullerenes as photosensitizers are: (a) versatile functionalization; (b) light-harvesting antennae; (c) ability to undergo Type 1, 2, and 3 photochemistry; (d) electron transfer can lead to oxygen-independent photokilling; (e) antimicrobial activity can be potentiated by inorganic salts; (f) can self-assemble into supramolecular fullerosomes; (g) components of theranostic nanoparticles; (h) high resistance to photobleaching. Disadvantages include: (a) highly hydrophobic and prone to aggregation; (b) overall short wavelength absorption; (c) relatively high molecular weight; (d) paradoxically can be anti-oxidants; (e) lack of fluorescence emission for imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Huang L, Bhayana B, Xuan W, Sanchez RP, McCulloch BJ, Lalwani S, Hamblin MR. Comparison of two functionalized fullerenes for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation: Potentiation by potassium iodide and photochemical mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2018; 186:197-206. [PMID: 30075425 PMCID: PMC6118214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A new fullerene (BB4-PPBA) functionalized with a tertiary amine and carboxylic acid was prepared and compared with BB4 (cationic quaternary group) for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). BB4 was highly active against Gram-positive methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and BB4-PPBA was moderately active when activated by blue light. Neither compound showed much activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli or fungus Candida albicans. Therefore, we examined potentiation by addition of potassium iodide. Both compounds were highly potentiated by KI (1-6 extra logs of killing). BB4-PPBA was potentiated more than BB4 against MRSA and E. coli, while for C. albicans the reverse was the case. Addition of azide potentiated aPDI mediated by BB4 against MRSA, but abolished the potentiation caused by KI with both compounds. The killing ability after light decayed after 24 h in the case of BB4, implying a contribution from hypoiodite as well as free iodine. Tyrosine was readily iodinated with BB4-PPBA plus KI, but less so with BB4. We conclude that the photochemical mechanisms of these two fullerenes are different. BB4-PPBA is more Type 2 (singlet oxygen) while BB4 is more Type 1 (electron transfer). There is also a possibility of direct bacterial killing by electron transfer, but this will require more study to prove.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brijesh Bhayana
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, First Clinical Medical College and Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | | | | | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ji J, Li X, Wu T, Feng F. Spiropyran in nanoassemblies as a photosensitizer for photoswitchable ROS generation in living cells. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5816-5821. [PMID: 30079193 PMCID: PMC6050604 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversibly controlled generation of singlet oxygen from photosensitizing nanosystems has the benefits of selective cell killing and controllable effect time, but is a challenging option for photodynamic therapies. We report a strategy for integrating photochromic spiropyrans into biocompatible cationic polymers, which involved assembling nucleic acids into functional nanoparticles without introducing additional photosensitizers and imaging agents. We found that spiropyran-containing nanoparticles have photoswitching properties for both fluorescence (with a quantum yield of up to 0.27) and singlet oxygen generation (with a quantum yield of up to 0.22) in aqueous solutions and cells, and demonstrated that spiropyrans in nanoassemblies featuring aggregation-induced enhanced photosensitization and emission could be potentially applied in photodynamic therapy studies on tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkai Ji
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Tiantian Wu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , People's Republic of China .
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering , School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , People's Republic of China .
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang L, Wang M, Huang YY, El-Hussein A, Wolf LM, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Progressive cationic functionalization of chlorin derivatives for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and related vancomycin conjugates. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:638-651. [PMID: 29701222 PMCID: PMC5955822 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00389g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
It is known that multiple cationic charges are required to produce broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers (PS) for photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) or photodynamic therapy of bacteria and fungi. In the present study we describe the synthesis and aPDI testing of a set of derivatives prepared from the parent pheophytin molecule with different numbers of attached side arms (1-3) each consisting of five quaternized cationic groups (pentacationic), producing the corresponding [Zn2+]pheophorbide-a-N(C2N+C1C3)5 (Zn-Phe-N5+, 5 charges), [Zn2+]chlorin e6-[N(C2N+C1C3)5]2 (Zn-Chl-N10+, 10 charges) and [Zn2+]mesochlorin e6-[N(C2N+C1C3)5]3 (Zn-mChl-N15+, 15 charges). Moreover, a conjugate between Zn-Phe-N5+ and the antibiotic vancomycin called Van-[Zn2+]-m-pheophorbide-N(C2N+C1C3)5 (Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+) was also prepared. The aPDI activities of all compounds were based on Type-II photochemistry (1O2 generation). We tested these compounds against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram-negative Escherichia coli, and the fungal yeast Candida albicans. All three compounds were highly active against MRSA, giving eradication (≥6 logs of killing) with <1.0 μM and 10 J cm-2 of 415 nm light. The order of activity was Zn-Phe-N5+ > Zn-Chl-N10+ > Zn-mChl-N15+. In the case of E coli the activity was much lower (eradication was only possible with 50 μM Zn-mChl-N15+ and 20 J cm-2). The order of activity was the reverse of that found with MRSA (Zn-mChl-N15+ > Zn-Chl-N10+ > Zn-Phe-N5+). Activity against C. albicans was similar to E. coli with Zn-mChl-N15+ giving eradication. The activity of Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ was generally lower than that of Zn-Phe-N5+ (except for E. coli). Red (660 nm) light was also effective as might be expected from the absorption spectra. An initial finding that Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ might have higher activity against vancomycin resistant Enterococcus fecium (VRE) strains (compared to vancomycin sensitive strains) was disproved when it was found that VRE strains were also more sensitive to aPDI with Zn-Phe-N5+. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Van-Zn-mPhe-N5+ were higher than those of Van alone, showing that the antibiotic properties of the Van moiety were lessened in the conjugate. In conclusion, Zn-Phe-N5+ is a highly active PS against Gram-positive species and deserves further testing. Increasing the number of cationic charges increased aPDI efficacy on C. albicans and Gram-negative E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Hussein
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and The National Institute of Laser Enhanced Science (NILES), Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Lawrence M Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scanone AC, Gsponer NS, Alvarez MG, Durantini EN. Photodynamic properties and photoinactivation of microorganisms mediated by 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin covalently linked to silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Kashef N, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Advances in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation at the nanoscale. NANOPHOTONICS 2017; 6:853-879. [PMID: 29226063 PMCID: PMC5720168 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2016-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The alarming worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens necessitates a search for new antimicrobial techniques, which will not be affected by, or indeed cause resistance themselves. Light-mediated photoinactivation is one such technique that takes advantage of the whole spectrum of light to destroy a broad spectrum of pathogens. Many of these photoinactivation techniques rely on the participation of a diverse range of nanoparticles and nanostructures that have dimensions very similar to the wavelength of light. Photodynamic inactivation relies on the photochemical production of singlet oxygen from photosensitizing dyes (type II pathway) that can benefit remarkably from formulation in nanoparticle-based drug delivery vehicles. Fullerenes are a closed-cage carbon allotrope nanoparticle with a high absorption coefficient and triplet yield. Their photochemistry is highly dependent on microenvironment, and can be type II in organic solvents and type I (hydroxyl radicals) in a biological milieu. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles act as a large band-gap semiconductor that can carry out photo-induced electron transfer under ultraviolet A light and can also produce reactive oxygen species that kill microbial cells. We discuss some recent studies in which quite remarkable potentiation of microbial killing (up to six logs) can be obtained by the addition of simple inorganic salts such as the non-toxic sodium/potassium iodide, bromide, nitrite, and even the toxic sodium azide. Interesting mechanistic insights were obtained to explain this increased killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Kashef
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tang R, Habimana-Griffin LM, Lane DD, Egbulefu C, Achilefu S. Nanophotosensitive drugs for light-based cancer therapy: what does the future hold? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 12:1101-1105. [PMID: 28447872 PMCID: PMC5480785 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Optical Radiology Lab, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - LeMoyne M Habimana-Griffin
- Optical Radiology Lab, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel D Lane
- Optical Radiology Lab, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Egbulefu
- Optical Radiology Lab, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Optical Radiology Lab, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Soldà A, Cantelli A, Di Giosia M, Montalti M, Zerbetto F, Rapino S, Calvaresi M. C60@lysozyme: a new photosensitizing agent for photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6608-6615. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C60@lysozyme showed significant visible light-induced singlet oxygen generation in a physiological environment, indicating the potential of this hybrid as an agent for photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Soldà
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Cantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Montalti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - F. Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - S. Rapino
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Y, Dai T, Wang M, Vecchio D, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Potentiation of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation mediated by a cationic fullerene by added iodide: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:603-14. [PMID: 25723093 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation with fullerenes bearing cationic charges may overcome resistant microbes. METHODS & RESULTS We synthesized C60-fullerene (LC16) bearing decaquaternary chain and deca-tertiary-amino groups that facilitates electron-transfer reactions via the photoexcited fullerene. Addition of the harmless salt, potassium iodide (10 mM) potentiated the ultraviolet A (UVA) or white light-mediated killing of Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and fungal yeast Candida albicans by 1-2+ logs. Mouse model infected with bioluminescent Acinetobacter baumannii gave increased loss of bioluminescence when iodide (10 mM) was combined with LC16 and UVA/white light. CONCLUSION The mechanism may involve photoinduced electron reduction of (1)(C60>)* or (3)(C60>)* by iodide producing I· or I2 followed by subsequent intermolecular electron-transfer events of (C60>)-· to produce reactive radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Zhang
- Department of Burn & Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang YY, Sharma SK, Yin R, Agrawal T, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Functionalized fullerenes in photodynamic therapy. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 10:1918-36. [PMID: 25544837 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of C60 fullerene in 1985, scientists have been searching for biomedical applications of this most fascinating of molecules. The unique photophysical and photochemical properties of C60 suggested that the molecule would function well as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT uses the combination of non-toxic dyes and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that kill unwanted cells. However the extreme insolubility and hydrophobicity of pristine CO60, mandated that the cage be functionalized with chemical groups that provided water solubility and biological targeting ability. It has been found that cationic quaternary ammonium groups provide both these features, and this review covers work on the use of cationic fullerenes to mediate destruction of cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms in vitro and describes the treatment of tumors and microbial infections in mouse models. The design, synthesis, and use of simple pyrrolidinium salts, more complex decacationic chains, and light-harvesting antennae that can be attached to C60, C70 and C84 cages are covered. In the case of bacterial wound infections mice can be saved from certain death by fullerene-mediated PDT.
Collapse
|
26
|
Yin R, Wang M, Huang YY, Landi G, Vecchio D, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation with decacationic functionalized fullerenes: oxygen-independent photokilling in presence of azide and new mechanistic insights. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:14-27. [PMID: 25451642 PMCID: PMC4721583 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized fullerenes are gaining wide interest for mediating photodynamic therapy (PDT) of diseases such as cancers and infections. We recently reported the synthesis of two new decacationic fullerene monoadducts: C60[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2]-(I(-))10(LC14) and its derivative with a light-harvesting antenna conjugated as a C60[>CPAF-(MN6(+)C3)2]-(I(-))10 nanostructure (LC15). We studied the ability of these compounds to mediate PDT of human cancer cells in vitro when excited by UVA light or by white light. Here we report the synthesis of a new fullerene derivative C60[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2][>M(C3N6C3)2]-(I(-))10 (LC16 derived from LC14), as a malonate bisadduct containing a covalently bound decatertiary amine arm. We investigated the relative abilities of the three compounds to generate singlet oxygen ((1)O2), hydroxyl radicals (HO·), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after excitation by UVA or by white light. We used three different classes of pathogenic microbial cells (Gram-positive bacterium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, and fungal yeast Candida albicans). LC15 was the most powerful broad spectrum antimicrobial fullerenyl photosensitizer (FPS) followed by LC16, and LC14 was least powerful. Killing depended on both fullerene monoadduct concentration and light fluence. UVA was five times more effective than white light for killing, but not for generation of ROS and relative absorption was greater in white spectral region. Bacterial killing was not much inhibited by addition of azide anions and in some cases was potentiated. In the absence of oxygen, microbial photokilling was highly potentiated (up to 5 logs) by the addition of azide anions. We conclude that molecular functional addends that encourage a type I electron-transfer mechanism increase the ability of photoactivated fullerene monoadducts to kill microbial cells. Oxygen-independent photokilling is possible with fullerene monoadducts in the presence of azide anions, probably mediated by azidyl radicals. UVA excitation may kill bacteria partly by an electron-transfer mechanism directly into bacteria as well as by ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Giacomo Landi
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guan M, Qin T, Ge J, Zhen M, Xu W, Chen D, Li S, Wang C, Su H, Shu C. Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-fullerene (C70) dyad: an efficient photosensitizer under hypoxia conditions. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:776-783. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-C70(PC70) dyad with improved photosensitization has been successfully prepared.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yin R, Agrawal T, Khan U, Gupta GK, Rai V, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in nanomedicine: small light strides against bad bugs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2379-404. [PMID: 26305189 PMCID: PMC4557875 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relentless advance of drug-resistance among pathogenic microbes, mandates a search for alternative approaches that will not cause resistance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) involves the combination of nontoxic dyes with harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microbial cells. PDI can be broad-spectrum in nature and can also destroy microbial cells in biofilms. Many different kinds of nanoparticles have been studied to potentiate antimicrobial PDI by improving photosensitizer solubility, photochemistry, photophysics and targeting. This review will cover photocatalytic disinfection with titania nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene), liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Natural polymers (chitosan and cellulose), gold and silver plasmonic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, magnetic and upconverting nanoparticles have all been used for PDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanupriya Agrawal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usman Khan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manjón F, Santana-Magaña M, García-Fresnadillo D, Orellana G. Are silicone-supported [C60]-fullerenes an alternative to Ru(ii) polypyridyls for photodynamic solar water disinfection? Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:397-406. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Yin R, Wang M, Huang YY, Huang HC, Avci P, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with decacationic [60]fullerene monoadducts: effect of a light absorbing electron-donor antenna and micellar formulation. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:795-808. [PMID: 24333585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We report the synthesis and anticancer photodynamic properties of two new decacationic fullerene (LC14) and red light-harvesting antenna-fullerene conjugated monoadduct (LC15) derivatives. The antenna of LC15 was attached covalently to C60>with distance of only <3.0 Ǻ to facilitate ultrafast intramolecular photoinduced-electron-transfer (for type-I photochemistry) and photon absorption at longer wavelengths. Because LC15 was hydrophobic we compared formulation in Cremophor EL micelles with direct dilution from dimethylacetamide. LC14 produced more (1)O2 than LC15, while LC15 produced much more HO·than LC14 as measured by specific fluorescent probes. When delivered by DMA, LC14 killed more HeLa cells than LC15 when excited by UVA light, while LC15 killed more cells when excited by white light consistent with the antenna effect. However LC15 was more effective than LC14 when delivered by micelles regardless of the excitation light. Micellar delivery produced earlier apoptosis and damage to the endoplasmic reticulum as well as to lysosomes and mitochondria. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This team of authors report the synthesis and the photodynamic properties of two new derivatives for cancer treatment; one is a decacationic fullerene (LC14) and the other is a red light-harvesting antenna-fullerene conjugated monoadduct (LC15) utilizing a HeLa cell model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology and Venerology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Long Y Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Spectroscopic and photodynamic properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropoxy)phenyl]porphyrin and its tetracationic derivative in different media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|