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Seegobin M, Logan SR, Emery RJN, Brunetti CR. Cytokinins Reduce Viral Replication and Alter Plaque Morphology of Frog Virus 3 In Vitro. Viruses 2024; 16:826. [PMID: 38932119 PMCID: PMC11209418 DOI: 10.3390/v16060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of N6-substituted signaling molecules whose biosynthesis and metabolism have been documented in all kingdoms of life, including vertebrates. While their biological relevance in vertebrate systems continues to be elucidated, they have broadly been documented with therapeutic effects in exogenous applications. In this study, we evaluated the virostatic potential of four types of CKs including, N6-isopentenyladenine (iP), N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPR), N6-isopentenyladenosine-5'monophosphate (iPMP), and 2-methylthiol-N6-isopentenyladenosine (2MeSiPR) against the ranavirus type species, frog virus 3 (FV3). Following concurrent treatment and infection, iP and iPR reduced viral replication by 33.8% and 59.6%, respectively, in plaque formation assays. A decrease in viral replication was also observed when CK exposure was limited to 12 h prior to infection, where iP and iPR reduced viral replication by 31% and 23.75%, respectively. Treatment with iP and iPR was also marked by 48% and 60% decreases in viral load over 72 h, respectively, as measured in single step growth curves. Plaque morphology was altered in vitro, as iP and iPR treatment increased plaque area by 83% and 112% with lytic zone formation also becoming more prevalent in corresponding treatments. Treatment with iPMP and 2MeSiPR resulted in no effect on viral kinetics in vitro. The results of this study are the first to provide evidence of CK antiviral activity against a DNA virus and highlight the importance of their structure for therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig R. Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada; (M.S.); (S.R.L.); (R.J.N.E.)
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2
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Ahmad G, Sohail M, Bilal M, Rasool N, Qamar MU, Ciurea C, Marceanu LG, Misarca C. N-Heterocycles as Promising Antiviral Agents: A Comprehensive Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:2232. [PMID: 38792094 PMCID: PMC11123935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a real threat to every organism at any stage of life leading to extensive infections and casualties. N-heterocycles can affect the viral life cycle at many points, including viral entrance into host cells, viral genome replication, and the production of novel viral species. Certain N-heterocycles can also stimulate the host's immune system, producing antiviral cytokines and chemokines that can stop the reproduction of viruses. This review focused on recent five- or six-membered synthetic N-heterocyclic molecules showing antiviral activity through SAR analyses. The review will assist in identifying robust scaffolds that might be utilized to create effective antiviral drugs with either no or few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulraiz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Nasir Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (G.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Qamar
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Luigi Geo Marceanu
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
| | - Catalin Misarca
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.G.M.)
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3
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Osolodkin DI, Kozlovskaya LI, Iusupov IR, Kurkin AV, Shustova EY, Orlov AA, Khvatov EV, Mutnykh ES, Kurashova SS, Vetrova AN, Yatsenko DO, Goryashchenko AS, Ivanov VN, Lukyanenko ER, Karpova EV, Stepanova DA, Volok VP, Sotskova SE, Dzagurova TK, Karganova GG, Lukashev AN, Ishmukhametov AA. Phenotypic assessment of antiviral activity for spiro-annulated oxepanes and azepenes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14553. [PMID: 38789394 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary potential of viruses can result in outbreaks of well-known viruses and emergence of novel ones. Pharmacological methods of intervening the reproduction of various less popular, but not less important viruses are not available, as well as the spectrum of antiviral activity for most known compounds. In the framework of chemical biology paradigm, characterization of antiviral activity spectrum of new compounds allows to extend the antiviral chemical space and provides new important structure-activity relationships for data-driven drug discovery. Here we present a primary assessment of antiviral activity of spiro-annulated derivatives of seven-membered heterocycles, oxepane and azepane, in phenotypic assays against viruses with different genomes, virion structures, and genome realization schemes: orthoflavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis virus, TBEV), enteroviruses (poliovirus, enterovirus A71, echovirus 30), adenovirus (human adenovirus C5), hantavirus (Puumala virus). Hit compounds inhibited reproduction of adenovirus C5, the only DNA virus in the studied set, in the yield reduction assay, and did not inhibit reproduction of RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildar R Iusupov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kurkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Y Shustova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Orlov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Khvatov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S Mutnykh
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Anna N Vetrova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya O Yatsenko
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir N Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria A Stepanova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana E Sotskova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara K Dzagurova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina G Karganova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Lukashev
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Zenchenko AA, Drenichev MS, Khvatov EV, Uvarova VI, Goryashchenko AS, Frolenko VS, Karpova EV, Kozlovskaya LI, Osolodkin DI, Ishmukhametov AA, Mikhailov SN, Oslovsky VE. Elongation of N 6-benzyladenosine scaffold via Pd-catalyzed C-C bond formation leads to derivatives with antiflaviviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 98:117552. [PMID: 38128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Decoration of nucleoside analogues with lipophilic groups often leads to compounds with improved antiviral activity. For example, N6-benzyladenosine derivatives containing elongated lipophilic substituents in the benzyl core efficiently inhibit reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), while N6-benzyladenosine itself potently inhibits reproduction of human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71). We have extended a series of N6-benzyladenosine analogues using effective synthetic methods of CC bond formation based on Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Sonogashira and Suzuki) in order to study the influence of bulky lipophilic substituents in the N6 position of adenosine on the antiviral activity against flaviviruses, such as TBEV, yellow fever virus (YFV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as a panel of enteroviruses including EV-A71, Echovirus 30 (E30), and poliovirus type 2 (PV2). Reproduction of tested flaviviruses appeared to be inhibited by the micromolar concentrations of the compounds, while cytotoxicity in most cases was beyond the detection limit. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that the hit compounds inhibited the stage of viral RNA synthesis, but not the stages of the viral entry or protein translation. As a result, several new promising antiflaviviral leads have been identified. On the other hand, none of the synthesized compounds inhibited enterovirus reproduction, indicating a possibility of involvement of flavivirus-specific pathways in their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evgeny V Khvatov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | - Victoria I Uvarova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia
| | | | - Vasilisa S Frolenko
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Karpova
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry I Osolodkin
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- FSASI "Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS" (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow 108819, Russia; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to identify additional antiviral small molecules to complement existing therapies. Although increasing evidence suggests that metabolites produced by the human microbiome have diverse biological activities, their antiviral properties remain poorly explored. Using a cell-based SARS-CoV-2 infection assay, we screened culture broth extracts from a collection of phylogenetically diverse human-associated bacteria for the production of small molecules with antiviral activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation uncovered three bacterial metabolites capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. This included the nucleoside analogue N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine, the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist tryptamine, and the pyrazine 2,5-bis(3-indolylmethyl)pyrazine. The most potent of these, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)adenosine, had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2 μM. These natural antiviral compounds exhibit structural and functional similarities to synthetic drugs that have been clinically examined for use against COVID-19. Our discovery of structurally diverse metabolites with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity from screening a small fraction of the bacteria reported to be associated with the human microbiome suggests that continued exploration of phylogenetically diverse human-associated bacteria is likely to uncover additional small molecules that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viral infections. IMPORTANCE The continued prevalence of COVID-19 and the emergence of new variants has once again put the spotlight on the need for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals. The human microbiome produces an array of small molecules with bioactivities (e.g., host receptor ligands), but its ability to produce antiviral small molecules is relatively underexplored. Here, using a cell-based screening platform, we describe the isolation of three microbiome-derived metabolites that are able to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. These molecules display structural similarities to synthetic drugs that have been explored for the treatment of COVID-19, and these results suggest that the microbiome may be a fruitful source of the discovery of small molecules with antiviral activities.
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Etman AM, Abdel Mageed SS, Ali MA, El Hassab MAEM. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase as a Novel Therapeutic Target: An Endless Story. CURRENT CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 15:139-162. [DOI: 10.2174/2212796814999201123194016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are a family of enzymes that, along with their Cyclin
partners, play a crucial role in cell cycle regulation at many biological functions such as proliferation,
differentiation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Thus, they are tightly regulated by a number of inhibitory
and activating enzymes. Deregulation of these kinases’ activity either by amplification,
overexpression or mutation of CDKs or Cyclins leads to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.
Hyperactivity of these kinases has been reported in a wide variety of human cancers. Hence, CDKs
have been established as one of the most attractive pharmacological targets in the development of
promising anticancer drugs. The elucidated structural features and the well-characterized molecular
mechanisms of CDKs have been the guide in designing inhibitors to these kinases. Yet, they remain
a challenging therapeutic class as they share conserved structure similarity in their active site.
Several inhibitors have been discovered from natural sources or identified through high throughput
screening and rational drug design approaches. Most of these inhibitors target the ATP binding
pocket, therefore, they suffer from a number of limitations. Here, a growing number of ATP noncompetitive
peptides and small molecules has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Etman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111,Egypt
| | - Sherif Sabry Abdel Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd El Monem El Hassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
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7
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Tosh DK, Toti KS, Hurst BL, Julander JG, Jacobson KA. Structure activity relationship of novel antiviral nucleosides against Enterovirus A71. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127599. [PMID: 33031923 PMCID: PMC7534897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Various (North)-methanocarba adenosine derivatives, containing rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ribose substitution, were screened for activity against representative viruses, and inhibition was observed after treatment of Enterovirus A71 with a 2-chloro-N6-1-cyclopropyl-2-methylpropan-1-yl derivative (17). µM activity was also seen when testing 17 against other enteroviruses in the Picornaviridae family. Based on this hit, structural congeners of 17, containing other N6-alkyl groups and 5' modifications, were synthesized and tested. The structure activity relationship is relatively narrow, with most modifications of the adenine or the methanocarba ring reducing or abolishing the inhibitory potency. 4'-Truncated 31 (MRS5474), 4'-fluoromethyl 48 (MRS7704) and 4'-chloromethyl 49 nucleosides displayed EC50 ~3-4 µM, and 31 and 48 achieved SI ≥10. However, methanocarba analogues of ribavirin and N6-benzyladenosine, shown previously to have anti-EV-A71 activity, were inactive. Thus, we identified methanocarba nucleosides as a new scaffold for enterovirus inhibition with a narrow structure activity relationship and no similarity to previously published anti-enteroviral nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Kiran S Toti
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, VSB 305, Logan, UT 84322-5600, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA.
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Hwu JR, Panja A, Jayakumar S, Tsay SC, Tan KT, Huang WC, Hu YC, Leyssen P, Neyts J. Enterovirus Inhibition by Hinged Aromatic Compounds with Polynuclei. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173821. [PMID: 32842645 PMCID: PMC7503712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern world has no available drugs for the treatment of enteroviruses (EV), which affect millions of people worldwide each year. The EV71 is a major causative disease for hand, foot, and mouth disease; sometimes it is associated with severe central nervous system diseases. Treatment for enteroviral infection is mainly supportive; treatment for aseptic meningitis caused by enteroviruses is also generally symptomatic. Upon the urgent request of new anti-enterovirus drugs, a series of hinged aromatic compounds with polynulei were synthesized through two different chemical pathways. Among these morpholine–furan/thiophene/pyrrole–benzene–pyrazole conjugates, three new agents exhibited inhibitory activity with EC50 = 2.29–6.16 μM toward EV71 strain BrCr in RD cells. Their selectivity index values were reached as high as 33.4. Their structure–activity relationship was deduced that a thiophene derivative with morpholine and trifluorobenzene rings showed the greatest antiviral activity, with EC50 = 2.29 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jih Ru Hwu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Avijit Panja
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Srinivasan Jayakumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
| | - Shwu-Chen Tsay
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chieh Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (A.P.); (S.J.); (S.-C.T.); (K.-T.T.); (W.-C.H.)
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium;
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven B-3000, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (J.R.H.); (J.N.)
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Vylíčilová H, Bryksová M, Matušková V, Doležal K, Plíhalová L, Strnad M. Naturally Occurring and Artificial N9-Cytokinin Conjugates: From Synthesis to Biological Activity and Back. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060832. [PMID: 32485963 PMCID: PMC7356397 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins and their sugar or non-sugar conjugates are very active growth-promoting factors in plants, although they occur at very low concentrations. These compounds have been identified in numerous plant species. This review predominantly focuses on 9-substituted adenine-based cytokinin conjugates, both artificial and endogenous, sugar and non-sugar, and their roles in plants. Acquired information about their biological activities, interconversions, and metabolism improves understanding of their mechanisms of action and functions in planta. Although a number of 9-substituted cytokinins occur endogenously, many have also been prepared in laboratories to facilitate the clarification of their physiological roles and the determination of their biological properties. Here, we chart advances in knowledge of 9-substituted cytokinin conjugates from their discovery to current understanding and reciprocal interactions between biological properties and associated structural motifs. Current organic chemistry enables preparation of derivatives with better biological properties, such as improved anti-senescence, strong cell division stimulation, shoot forming, or more persistent stress tolerance compared to endogenous or canonical cytokinins. Many artificial cytokinin conjugates stimulate higher mass production than naturally occurring cytokinins, improve rooting, or simply have high stability or bioavailability. Thus, knowledge of the biosynthesis, metabolism, and activity of 9-substituted cytokinins in various plant species extends the scope for exploiting both natural and artificially prepared cytokinins in plant biotechnology, tissue culture, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Vylíčilová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Magdaléna Bryksová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Vlasta Matušková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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New aromatic 6-substituted 2′-deoxy-9-(β)-d-ribofuranosylpurine derivatives as potential plant growth regulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Oslovsky VE, Drenichev MS, Alexeev CS, Solyev PN, Esipov RS, Mikhailov SN. Synthesis of Cytokinins via Enzymatic Arsenolysis of Purine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 75:e61. [DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Cyril S. Alexeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Pavel N. Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Roman S. Esipov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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Alexeev CS, Kulikova IV, Gavryushov S, Tararov VI, Mikhailov SN. Quantitative Prediction of Yield in Transglycosylation Reaction Catalyzed by Nucleoside Phosphorylases. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril S. Alexeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Irina V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergei Gavryushov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st. Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vitali I. Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sergey N. Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Vavilov str. 32 119991 Moscow Russia
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13
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Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Tararov VI, Mikhailov SN. Synthesis of N 6 -Substituted Adenosines as Cytokinin Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 72:14.15.1-14.15.16. [PMID: 29927122 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes preparation of N6 -substituted adenosines (cytokinin nucleosides), a unique class of compounds with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Regioselective alkylation of N6 -acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine with alkyl halides under basic conditions or alcohols under Mitsunobu conditions followed by deprotection are the methods of choice for the preparation of the cytokinin nucleosides. The attractive feature of this strategy is the possibility of using a broad library of commercially available alkyl halides and alcohols under mild reaction conditions. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Oslovsky VE, Solyev PN, Polyakov KM, Alexeev CS, Mikhailov SN. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of cytokinins from nucleosides: ribose as a blocking group. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520402 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside phosphorylases are involved in the salvage pathways of nucleoside biosynthesis and catalyze the reversible reaction of a nucleobase with α-d-ribose-1-phosphate to yield a corresponding nucleoside and an inorganic phosphate. The equilibrium of these reactions is shifted towards nucleosides, especially in the case of purines. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP, EC 2.4.2.1) is widely used in labs and industry for the synthesis of nucleosides of practical importance. Bacterial PNPs have relatively broad substrate specificity utilizing a wide range of purines with different substituents to form the corresponding nucleosides. To shift the reaction in the opposite direction we have used arsenolysis instead of phosphorolysis. This reaction is irreversible due to the hydrolysis of the resulting α-d-ribose-1-arsenate. As a result, heterocyclic bases are formed in quantitative yields and can be easily isolated. We have developed a novel method for the preparation of cytokinins based on the enzymatic cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of N6-substituted adenosines in the presence of PNP and Na2HAsO4. According to the HPLC analysis the conversion proceeds in quantitative yields. In the proposed strategy the ribose residue acts as a protective group. No contamination of the final products with AsO43- has been detected via HPLC-HRMS; simple analytical arsenate detection via ESI-MS has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Pavel N Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Konstantin M Polyakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Cyril S Alexeev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Kozlovskaya LI, Golinets AD, Eletskaya AA, Orlov AA, Palyulin VA, Kochetkov SN, Alexandrova LA, Osolodkin DI. Selective Inhibition of Enterovirus A Species Members' Reproduction by Furano[2, 3- d]pyrimidine Nucleosides Revealed by Antiviral Activity Profiling against (+)ssRNA Viruses. ChemistrySelect 2018; 3:2321-2325. [PMID: 32328513 PMCID: PMC7169607 DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of broad-spectrum antivirals requires data on antiviral activity of compounds against multiple viruses, which are often not available. We have developed a panel of (+)ssRNA viruses composed of Enterovirus and Flavivirus genera members allowing to study these activity spectra. Antiviral activity profiling of a set of nucleoside analogues revealed N 4-hydroxycytidine as an efficient inhibitor of replication of coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses, but ineffective against tick-borne encephalitis virus. Furano[2, 3-d]pyrimidine nucleosides with n-pentyl or n-hexyl tails showed selective inhibition of Enterovirus A representatives. 5-(Tetradec-1-yn-1-yl)-uridine showed selective inhibition of tick-borne encephalitis virus at the micromolar level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Anastasia D. Golinets
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Eletskaya
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Alexey A. Orlov
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
| | | | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhargt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Vavilova, 32Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Liudmila A. Alexandrova
- Engelhargt Institute of Molecular BiologyRussian Academy of Sciences, Ul. Vavilova, 32Moscow 119991Russia
| | - Dmitry I. Osolodkin
- Institute of Poliomielitis and Viral EncephalitidesFSBSI Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RASPoselok Instituta Poliomielita, 8 bd. 1, Poselenie MoskovskyMoscow 108819Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya ul., 8Moscow 119991Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1Moscow 119991Russia
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Eyer L, Nencka R, de Clercq E, Seley-Radtke K, Růžek D. Nucleoside analogs as a rich source of antiviral agents active against arthropod-borne flaviviruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618761299. [PMID: 29534608 PMCID: PMC5890575 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618761299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs represent the largest class of small molecule-based antivirals, which currently form the backbone of chemotherapy of chronic infections caused by HIV, hepatitis B or C viruses, and herpes viruses. High antiviral potency and favorable pharmacokinetics parameters make some nucleoside analogs suitable also for the treatment of acute infections caused by other medically important RNA and DNA viruses. This review summarizes available information on antiviral research of nucleoside analogs against arthropod-borne members of the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae, being primarily focused on description of nucleoside inhibitors of flaviviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, methyltransferase, and helicase/NTPase. Inhibitors of intracellular nucleoside synthesis and newly discovered nucleoside derivatives with high antiflavivirus potency, whose modes of action are currently not completely understood, have drawn attention. Moreover, this review highlights important challenges and complications in nucleoside analog development and suggests possible strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erik de Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Sapegin AV. Xth International Conference of Young Scientists in Chemistry “Mendeleev-2017.” Section “Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry”. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Oslovsky VE, Drenichev MS, Sun L, Kurochkin NN, Kunetsky VE, Mirabelli C, Neyts J, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Fluorination of Naturally Occurring N⁶-Benzyladenosine Remarkably Increased Its Antiviral Activity and Selectivity. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071219. [PMID: 28726764 PMCID: PMC6152005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated that the natural cytokinin nucleosides N⁶-isopentenyladenosine (iPR) and N⁶-benzyladenosine (BAPR) exert a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. In order to further characterize the antiviral profile of this class of compounds, we generated a series of fluorinated derivatives of BAPR and evaluated their activity on the replication of human enterovirus 71 in a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The monofluorination of the BAPR-phenyl group changed the selectivity index (SI) slightly because of the concomitant high cell toxicity. Interestingly, the incorporation of a second fluorine atom resulted in a dramatic improvement of selectivity. Moreover, N⁶-trifluoromethylbenzyladenosines derivatives (9-11) exhibited also a very interesting profile, with low cytotoxicity observed. In particular, the analogue N⁶-(3-trifluoromethylbenzyl)-adenosine (10) with a four-fold gain in potency as compared to BAPR and the best SI in the class represents a promising candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Liang Sun
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vladislav E Kunetsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Orlov AA, Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Kurochkin NN, Solyev PN, Kozlovskaya LI, Palyulin VA, Karganova GG, Mikhailov SN, Osolodkin DI. New tools in nucleoside toolbox of tick-borne encephalitis virus reproduction inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1267-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cheng X, Li Y, Tang S, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang S, Jiang J, Li Y, Song D. Synthesis and evaluation of halogenated 12N-sulfonyl matrinic butanes as potential anti-coxsackievirus agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 126:133-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhai Y, Ma Y, Ma F, Nie Q, Ren X, Wang Y, Shang L, Yin Z. Structure–activity relationship study of peptidomimetic aldehydes as enterovirus 71 3C protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:559-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Drenichev MS, Oslovsky VE, Sun L, Tijsma A, Kurochkin NN, Tararov VI, Chizhov AO, Neyts J, Pannecouque C, Leyssen P, Mikhailov SN. Modification of the length and structure of the linker of N(6)-benzyladenosine modulates its selective antiviral activity against enterovirus 71. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 111:84-94. [PMID: 26854380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Very recently, we demonstrated that N(6)-isopentenyladenosine, a cytokinin nucleoside, exerts a potent and selective antiviral effect on the replication of human enterovirus 71. The present study is devoted to the structure optimization of another natural compound: N(6)-benzyladenosine. We mainly focused on the exploration of the size and nature of the linker between the adenine and the phenyl ring, as well as on the necessity of the D-ribose residue. More than 30 analogues of N(6)-benzyladenosine were prepared and their antiviral properties were evaluated. Two main methodologies were used for preparation: N(6)-acetyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine can be regioselectively alkylated either by alkyl halides under base promoted conditions or by alcohols in Mitsunobu reactions. After deacylation with 4 M PrNH2 in MeOH at room temperature for one day, the desired products were obtained in overall high yields. Analysis of the structure-activity relationship clearly shows that the optimal size of the linker is limited to 2 or 3 atoms (compounds 4-7). 2'-Deoxyadenosine derivatives did not elicit any inhibitory or cytotoxic effect, while 5'-deoxynucleosides still induced some cell protective antiviral activity. Based on these observations, it can be hypothesized that there may be another mechanism that is at the base of the antiviral activity of these compounds against enterovirus 71 besides a possible 5'-triphosphorylation followed by a putative inhibitory effect on RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Drenichev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir E Oslovsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Liang Sun
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aloys Tijsma
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolay N Kurochkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vitali I Tararov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky pr., 47, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory for Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey N Mikhailov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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