1
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Elmore AR, Adhikari N, Hartley AE, Aparicio HJ, Posner DC, Hemani G, Tilling K, Gaunt TR, Wilson PW, Casas JP, Gaziano JM, Davey Smith G, Paternoster L, Cho K, Peloso GM. Protein Identification for Stroke Progression via Mendelian Randomization in Million Veteran Program and UK Biobank. Stroke 2024; 55:2045-2054. [PMID: 39038097 PMCID: PMC11259242 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.047103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals who have experienced a stroke, or transient ischemic attack, face a heightened risk of future cardiovascular events. Identification of genetic and molecular risk factors for subsequent cardiovascular outcomes may identify effective therapeutic targets to improve prognosis after an incident stroke. METHODS We performed genome-wide association studies for subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; ncases=51 929; ncontrols=39 980) and subsequent arterial ischemic stroke (AIS; ncases=45 120; ncontrols=46 789) after the first incident stroke within the Million Veteran Program and UK Biobank. We then used genetic variants associated with proteins (protein quantitative trait loci) to determine the effect of 1463 plasma protein abundances on subsequent MACE using Mendelian randomization. RESULTS Two variants were significantly associated with subsequent cardiovascular events: rs76472767 near gene RNF220 (odds ratio, 0.75 [95% CI, 0.64-0.85]; P=3.69×10-8) with subsequent AIS and rs13294166 near gene LINC01492 (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.37-1.67]; P=3.77×10-8) with subsequent MACE. Using Mendelian randomization, we identified 2 proteins with an effect on subsequent MACE after a stroke: CCL27 ([C-C motif chemokine 27], effect odds ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.66-0.88]; adjusted P=0.05) and TNFRSF14 ([tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14], effect odds ratio, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.24-1.60]; adjusted P=0.006). These proteins are not associated with incident AIS and are implicated to have a role in inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence that 2 proteins with little effect on incident stroke appear to influence subsequent MACE after incident AIS. These associations suggest that inflammation is a contributing factor to subsequent MACE outcomes after incident AIS and highlights potential novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Elmore
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Nimish Adhikari
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (N.A., G.M.P.)
| | - April E. Hartley
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Hugo Javier Aparicio
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, MA (H.J.A.)
- Boston Medical Center, MA (H.J.A.)
| | - Daniel C. Posner
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
| | - Gibran Hemani
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Kate Tilling
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | | | - Juan P. Casas
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C.)
| | - John Michael Gaziano
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C.)
| | - George Davey Smith
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (A.R.E., A.E.H., G.H., K.T., T.R.G., G.D.S., L.P.)
| | - Kelly Cho
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C.)
| | - Gina M. Peloso
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA (N.A., D.C.P., J.P.C., J.M.G., K.C., G.M.P.)
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (N.A., G.M.P.)
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Zhou D, Liu L, Liu J, Li H, Zhang J, Cao Z. A Systematic Review of the Advances in the Study of T Lymphocyte Suppressor Receptors in HBV Infection: Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1210. [PMID: 38592036 PMCID: PMC10931645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: HBV-specific T lymphocytes are pivotal in eliminating the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and regulating intrahepatic inflammatory reactions. Effective T cell responses curtail HBV infection; however, compromised immunity can result in persistent infection. Beyond the acute phase, the continued presence of antigens and inflammation leads to the increased expression of various inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, Tim-3, LAG3, 2B4, CD160, BTLA, and TIGIT. This escalates the dysfunction of and diminishes the immune and proliferative abilities of T cells. Methods: In this study, we reviewed English-language literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to 9 July 2023. This paper aims to elucidate the inhibitory effects of these receptors on HBV-specific T lymphocytes and how immune function can be rejuvenated by obstructing the inhibitory receptor signaling pathway in chronic HBV patients. We also summarize the latest insights into related anti-HBV immunotherapy. Result: From 66 reviewed reports, we deduced that immunotherapy targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells is a reliable method to rejuvenate T cell immune responses in chronic HBV patients. However, comprehensive combination therapy strategies are essential for a functional cure. Conclusions: Targeting T cell suppressor receptors and combining immunotherapy with antiviral treatments may offer a promising approach towards achieving a functional cure, urging future research to prioritize effective combination therapeutic strategies for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (D.Z.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhenhuan Cao
- The Third Unit, Department of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (D.Z.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
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Elmore A, Adhikari N, Hartley AE, Javier Aparicio H, Posner DC, Hemani G, Tilling K, Gaunt TR, Wilson P, Casas JP, Michael Gaziano J, Smith GD, Paternoster L, Cho K, Peloso GM. Protein identification for stroke progression via Mendelian Randomization in Million Veteran Program and UK Biobank. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.31.24302111. [PMID: 38352469 PMCID: PMC10863017 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.24302111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Individuals who have experienced a stroke, or transient ischemic attack, face a heightened risk of future cardiovascular events. Identification of genetic and molecular risk factors for subsequent cardiovascular outcomes may identify effective therapeutic targets to improve prognosis after an incident stroke. Methods We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for subsequent major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (Ncases=51,929, Ncntrl=39,980) and subsequent arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) Ncases=45,120, Ncntrl=46,789) after first incident stroke within the Million Veteran Program and UK Biobank. We then used genetic variants associated with proteins (pQTLs) to determine the effect of 1,463 plasma protein abundances on subsequent MACE using Mendelian randomization (MR). Results Two variants were significantly associated with subsequent cardiovascular events: rs76472767 (OR=0.75, 95% CI = 0.64-0.85, p= 3.69×10-08) with subsequent AIS and rs13294166 (OR=1.52, 95% CI = 1.37-1.67, p=3.77×10-08) with subsequent MACE. Using MR, we identified 2 proteins with an effect on subsequent MACE after a stroke: CCL27 (effect OR= 0.77, 95% CI = 0.66-0.88, adj. p=0.05), and TNFRSF14 (effect OR=1.42, 95% CI = 1.24-1.60, adj. p=0.006). These proteins are not associated with incident AIS and are implicated to have a role in inflammation. Conclusions We found evidence that two proteins with little effect on incident stroke appear to influence subsequent MACE after incident AIS. These associations suggest that inflammation is a contributing factor to subsequent MACE outcomes after incident AIS and highlights potential novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elmore
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Nimish Adhikari
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - April E Hartley
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Hugo Javier Aparicio
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Gibran Hemani
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Kate Tilling
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | | | - JP Casas
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - John Michael Gaziano
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - George Davey Smith
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol
| | - Kelly Cho
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Gina M Peloso
- Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Ma G, Wu X, Qi C, Yu X, Zhang F. Development of macrophage-associated genes prognostic signature predicts clinical outcome and immune infiltration for sepsis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2026. [PMID: 38263335 PMCID: PMC10805801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a major global health problem, causing a significant burden of disease and death worldwide. Risk stratification of sepsis patients, identification of severe patients and timely initiation of treatment can effectively improve the prognosis of sepsis patients. We procured gene expression datasets for sepsis (GSE54514, GSE65682, GSE95233) from the Gene Expression Omnibus and performed normalization to mitigate batch effects. Subsequently, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis to categorize genes into modules that exhibit correlation with macrophage activity. To pinpoint macrophage-associated genes (MAAGs), we executed differential expression analysis and single sample gene set enrichment analysis. We then established a prognostic model derived from four MAAGs that were significantly differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis and immune infiltration assessments were instrumental in deciphering the biological mechanisms involved. Furthermore, we employed principal component analysis and conducted survival outcome analyses to delineate molecular subgroups within sepsis. Four novel MAAGs-CD160, CX3CR1, DENND2D, and FAM43A-were validated and used to create a prognostic model. Subgroup classification revealed distinct molecular profiles and a correlation with 28-day survival outcomes. The MAAGs risk score was developed through univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox analyses to predict patient prognosis. Validation of the risk score upheld its prognostic significance. Functional enrichment implicated ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, mitochondrial matrix, and transcription coregulator activity in sepsis, with an immune infiltration analysis indicating an association between MAAGs risk score and immune cell populations. The four MAAGs exhibited strong diagnostic capabilities for sepsis. The research successfully developed a MAAG-based prognostic model for sepsis, demonstrating that such genes can significantly stratify risk and reflect immune status. Although in-depth mechanistic studies are needed, these findings propose novel targets for therapy and provide a foundation for future precise clinical sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Ma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
- Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Fengtao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Dezhou Municipal Hospital, Dezhou, China.
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5
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Mei K, Chen Z, Wang Q, Luo Y, Huang Y, Wang B, Gu R. The role of intestinal immune cells and matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1067950. [PMID: 36733384 PMCID: PMC9888429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become globally intractable. MMPs play a key role in many inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the role of MMPs in IBD. In this study, IBD expression profiles were screened from public Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that IBD-related specific functions were associated with immune pathways. Five MMPS-related disease markers, namely MMP-9, CD160, PTGDS, SLC26A8, and TLR5, were selected by machine learning and the correlation between each marker and immune cells was evaluated. We then induced colitis in C57 mice using sodium dextran sulfate and validated model construction through HE staining of the mouse colon. WB and immunofluorescence experiments confirmed that the expression levels of MMP-9, PTGDS, SLC26A8, and CD160 in colitis were significantly increased, whereas that of TLR5 were decreased. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that MMPs regulate intestinal inflammation and immunity mainly through CD8 in colitis. Our findings reveal that MMPs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD and are related to the infiltration of immune cells, suggesting that MMPs may promote the development of IBD by activating immune infiltration and the immune response. This study provides insights for further studies on the occurrence and development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Mei
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zilu Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Renjun Gu, ; Bin Wang, ; Yan Huang,
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China,*Correspondence: Renjun Gu, ; Bin Wang, ; Yan Huang,
| | - Renjun Gu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,School of Chinese Medicine & School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Renjun Gu, ; Bin Wang, ; Yan Huang,
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Sun Z, Li Y, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Han X, Hu Q, Ding H, Shang H, Jiang Y. CD160 Promotes NK Cell Functions by Upregulating Glucose Metabolism and Negatively Correlates With HIV Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854432. [PMID: 36110864 PMCID: PMC9469471 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial for immune responses to viral infections. CD160 is an important NK cell activating receptor, with unknown function in HIV infection. Here, we found that CD160 expression was reduced on NK cells from HIV-infected individuals and its expression was negatively correlated with HIV disease progression. Further, GLUT1 expression and glucose uptake were higher in CD160+ NK cells, and the results of RNA-seq and flow cytometry demonstrated that CD160 positively regulated glucose metabolism through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/s6k signaling pathway, thereby enhancing NK cell function. Moreover, we determined that reduced CD160 expression on NK cells could be attributed to the higher plasma levels of TGF-β1 in HIV-infected individuals. Overall, these results highlight the vital role of CD160 in HIV disease progression and regulation of glucose metabolism, indicating a potential target for HIV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Sun
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Qinghai Hu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Shang, ; Yongjun Jiang,
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology (China Medical University), National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Shang, ; Yongjun Jiang,
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