1
|
Yildiz B, Schiedt L, Mulaw M, Bockmann J, Jesse S, Lutz AK, Boeckers TM. Shank3 related muscular hypotonia is accompanied by increased intracellular calcium concentrations and ion channel dysregulation in striated muscle tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1243299. [PMID: 37745298 PMCID: PMC10511643 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1243299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a syndromic form of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) classified as a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder featuring global developmental delay, absent or delayed speech, ASD-like behaviour and neonatal skeletal muscle hypotonia. PMS is caused by a heterozygous deletion of the distal end of chromosome 22q13.3 or SHANK3 mutations. We analyzed striated muscles of newborn Shank3Δ11(-/-) animals and found a significant enlargement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as previously seen in adult Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice, indicative of a Shank3-dependent and not compensatory mechanism for this structural alteration. We analyzed transcriptional differences by RNA-sequencing of muscle tissue of neonatal Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice and compared those to Shank3(+/+) controls. We found significant differences in gene expression of ion channels crucial for muscle contraction and for molecules involved in calcium ion regulation. In addition, calcium storage- [i.e., Calsequestrin (CSQ)], calcium secretion- and calcium-related signaling-proteins were found to be affected. By immunostainings and Western blot analyses we could confirm these findings both in Shank3Δ11(-/-) mice and PMS patient muscle tissue. Moreover, alterations could be induced in vitro by the selective downregulation of Shank3 in C2C12 myotubes. Our results emphasize that SHANK3 levels directly or indirectly regulate calcium homeostasis in a cell autonomous manner that might contribute to muscular hypotonia especially seen in the newborn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berra Yildiz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, IGradU, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lisa Schiedt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine, IGradU, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bockmann
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Jesse
- Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Lutz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Ulm Site, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
I DV, Proskokova TN. [Phelan-McDermid syndrome associated with a novel heterozygous mutation in the SHANK3 gene]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:124-128. [PMID: 37655421 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2023123081124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is a hereditary disorder associated with microdeletions of chromosome 22q13 or point mutations in SHANK3, characterized by mental and speech delays, intellectual disability, epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder. We describe a case PMS associated with a heterozygous mutation c.2486delC (p.Pro829fs) in SHANK3. The diagnostic pathway of a female patient with PMS took more than 7 years; the reason for treatment was the onset of epileptic seizures and impaired speech development. The existence of different types of rearrangements and genomic variations can explain the high clinical variability observed in individuals with PMS. Only molecular diagnosis can accurately diagnose individuals with PMS for follow-up and medical genetic counselling of families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V I
- Khabarovsk Center for the Development of Psychology and Childhood «Psylogia», Khabarovsk, Russia
- Far-East State Medical University, Khabarovsk, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khalifa Y, Hassan HY, Weise A, Liehr T, Alkhayyat H. Molecular cytogenetic and phenotypic characterization of Phelan McDermid and 22q13 duplication syndrome: a case report. Mol Cytogenet 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 36528601 PMCID: PMC9759880 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-022-00629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PHMDS) is a rare genetic disorder mostly caused by haploinsufficincy of SHANK3 gene, and characterized by neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay, minor dysmorphic features, seizures and behavior problems. Literature of this syndrome is scanty and confusing, and represents a challenge for pediatricians, in terms of finding the correct diagnoses. CASE PRESENTATION In a postnatal case with hypotonia and dysmorphic features a de novo ring chromosome r(22) leading to in parallel microdeletion and micro duplication in 22q13 was diagnosed by banding cytogenetics, and further characterized in detail by molecular cytogenetic and chromosomal microarray. CONCLUSION Here a rare PHMDS case caused by a r(22) is presented. Less than 10 comparable cases are reported in the literature. The present case highlights the importance of conducting genetic counseling and appropriate genetic tests for newborns with mild dysmorphic features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Khalifa
- grid.514028.a0000 0004 0474 1033Department of Pediatrics, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Hisham Y. Hassan
- grid.514028.a0000 0004 0474 1033Banoon ART and Cytogenetics Centre, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, P.O. Box: 28743, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Anja Weise
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224University Hospital Jena, Friedrich, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Liehr
- grid.275559.90000 0000 8517 6224University Hospital Jena, Friedrich, Jena, Germany
| | - Haya Alkhayyat
- grid.514028.a0000 0004 0474 1033Department of Pediatrics, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Kingdom of Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bose M, Farias Quipildor G, Ehrlich ME, Salton SR. Intranasal Peptide Therapeutics: A Promising Avenue for Overcoming the Challenges of Traditional CNS Drug Development. Cells 2022; 11:3629. [PMID: 36429060 PMCID: PMC9688574 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has, among all organ systems in the human body, the highest failure rate of traditional small-molecule drug development, ranging from 80-100% depending on the area of disease research. This has led to widespread abandonment by the pharmaceutical industry of research and development for CNS disorders, despite increased diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders and the continued lack of adequate treatment options for brain injuries, stroke, neurodevelopmental disorders, and neuropsychiatric illness. However, new approaches, concurrent with the development of sophisticated bioinformatic and genomic tools, are being used to explore peptide-based therapeutics to manipulate endogenous pathways and targets, including "undruggable" intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The development of peptide-based therapeutics was previously rejected due to systemic off-target effects and poor bioavailability arising from traditional oral and systemic delivery methods. However, targeted nose-to-brain, or intranasal (IN), approaches have begun to emerge that allow CNS-specific delivery of therapeutics via the trigeminal and olfactory nerve pathways, laying the foundation for improved alternatives to systemic drug delivery. Here we review a dozen promising IN peptide therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development for neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), neuropsychiatric (depression, PTSD, schizophrenia), and neurodevelopmental disorders (autism), with insulin, NAP (davunetide), IGF-1, PACAP, NPY, oxytocin, and GLP-1 agonists prominent among them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Bose
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Gabriela Farias Quipildor
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michelle E. Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jung S, Park M. Shank postsynaptic scaffolding proteins in autism spectrum disorder: Mouse models and their dysfunctions in behaviors, synapses, and molecules. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
6
|
Serrada-Tejeda S, Martínez-Piédrola RM, Máximo-Bocanegra N, Sánchez-Herrera-Baeza P, Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres M. Descriptive Analysis of Adaptive Behavior in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:893003. [PMID: 35864987 PMCID: PMC9295709 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.893003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The variety in symptomatology and clinical presentation of individuals diagnosed with Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (PMS) can delay medical diagnosis, so identifying specific neurobehavioral variables and facilitating differential diagnosis with patients with idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can guide early detection. Methods A descriptive analysis of the level of adaptive behavior in 50 patients diagnosed with PMS was performed (SHANK3deletion: N = 44; SHANKmutation: N = 6). Subsequently, a comparative analysis was performed with 28 children aged between 4 years and 6 years and 11 months (SHANK3deletion = 14; ASD = 14). Differences between the two groups were evaluated and Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. Results Differences were identified in the variables of communication (z = −2.715, p = 0.007), Self-Direction (z = −2.199, p = 0.028) and social participation (z = −3.190, p = 0.001), with better adaptive behavior skills being observed in participants with a SHANK3mutation. Better adaptive skills in the sample of participants with ASD, were found and statistically significant differences were identified in the variables of academic skills (z = −3.084, p = 0.002), use of community resources (z = −1.889, p = 0.050) and health and safety (z = −2.90, p = 0.004). Conclusion Participants with SHANK3mutation show better communication and social participation skills than those with a diagnosis of SHANK3deletion. The observed differences between ASD and individuals with PMS reflect deficits in practical and conceptual adaptive skills that may limit and hinder daily adaptive functioning.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nevado J, García-Miñaúr S, Palomares-Bralo M, Vallespín E, Guillén-Navarro E, Rosell J, Bel-Fenellós C, Mori MÁ, Milá M, del Campo M, Barrúz P, Santos-Simarro F, Obregón G, Orellana C, Pachajoa H, Tenorio JA, Galán E, Cigudosa JC, Moresco A, Saleme C, Castillo S, Gabau E, Pérez-Jurado L, Barcia A, Martín MS, Mansilla E, Vallcorba I, García-Murillo P, Cammarata-Scalisi F, Gonçalves Pereira N, Blanco-Lago R, Serrano M, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, Gener B, Seidel VA, Tirado P, Lapunzina P. Variability in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome in a Cohort of 210 Individuals. Front Genet 2022; 13:652454. [PMID: 35495150 PMCID: PMC9044489 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.652454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS, OMIM# 606232) results from either different rearrangements at the distal region of the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q13.3) or pathogenic sequence variants in the SHANK3 gene. SHANK3 codes for a structural protein that plays a central role in the formation of the postsynaptic terminals and the maintenance of synaptic structures. Clinically, patients with PMS often present with global developmental delay, absent or severely delayed speech, neonatal hypotonia, minor dysmorphic features, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), among other findings. Here, we describe a cohort of 210 patients with genetically confirmed PMS. We observed multiple variant types, including a significant number of small deletions (<0.5 Mb, 64/189) and SHANK3 sequence variants (21 cases). We also detected multiple types of rearrangements among microdeletion cases, including a significant number with post-zygotic mosaicism (9.0%, 17/189), ring chromosome 22 (10.6%, 20/189), unbalanced translocations (de novo or inherited, 6.4%), and additional rearrangements at 22q13 (6.3%, 12/189) as well as other copy number variations in other chromosomes, unrelated to 22q deletions (14.8%, 28/189). We compared the clinical and genetic characteristics among patients with different sizes of deletions and with SHANK3 variants. Our findings suggest that SHANK3 plays an important role in this syndrome but is probably not uniquely responsible for all the spectrum features in PMS. We emphasize that only an adequate combination of different molecular and cytogenetic approaches allows an accurate genetic diagnosis in PMS patients. Thus, a diagnostic algorithm is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sixto García-Miñaúr
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palomares-Bralo
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Bel-Fenellós
- Departamento de Investigación y Psicología en Educación, Facultad de Educación, UCM, Madrid, Spain
- CEE Estudio-3, Afanias, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Mori
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pilar Barrúz
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos-Simarro
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jair Antonio Tenorio
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Galán
- Hospital Materno-Infantil Infanta Cristina, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - César Saleme
- Maternity Nuestra Señora de la Merced, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Castillo
- Sección Genética, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Luis Pérez-Jurado
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas Hospital del Mar (IMIM)/Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Barcia
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maria Soledad Martín
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Mansilla
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Vallcorba
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Raquel Blanco-Lago
- Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Unidad de Neuropediatría, Hospital San Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pilar Tirado
- Servicio de Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- ITHACA-European Reference Network, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mapelli L, Soda T, D’Angelo E, Prestori F. The Cerebellar Involvement in Autism Spectrum Disorders: From the Social Brain to Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073894. [PMID: 35409253 PMCID: PMC8998980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders that include a variety of forms and clinical phenotypes. This heterogeneity complicates the clinical and experimental approaches to ASD etiology and pathophysiology. To date, a unifying theory of these diseases is still missing. Nevertheless, the intense work of researchers and clinicians in the last decades has identified some ASD hallmarks and the primary brain areas involved. Not surprisingly, the areas that are part of the so-called “social brain”, and those strictly connected to them, were found to be crucial, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic system, and dopaminergic pathways. With the recent acknowledgment of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive functions and the social brain, its involvement in ASD has become unmistakable, though its extent is still to be elucidated. In most cases, significant advances were made possible by recent technological developments in structural/functional assessment of the human brain and by using mouse models of ASD. Mouse models are an invaluable tool to get insights into the molecular and cellular counterparts of the disease, acting on the specific genetic background generating ASD-like phenotype. Given the multifaceted nature of ASD and related studies, it is often difficult to navigate the literature and limit the huge content to specific questions. This review fulfills the need for an organized, clear, and state-of-the-art perspective on cerebellar involvement in ASD, from its connections to the social brain areas (which are the primary sites of ASD impairments) to the use of monogenic mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mapelli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Brain Connectivity Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Prestori
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (T.S.); (E.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (F.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Meng Y, Xu D, Zhang W, Meng W, Lan X, Wang X, Li M, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Yang H, Zhang R, Zhen Z. Effect of Early Swimming on the Behavior and Striatal Transcriptome of the Shank3 Knockout Rat Model of Autism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:681-694. [PMID: 35387206 PMCID: PMC8979754 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s357338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by social behavior deficits and stereotyped behaviors in childhood that lacks satisfactory medical intervention. Early swimming intervention is a noninvasive method combining enriched environment and exercise, which has been proven to improve brain development in young children and to treat neurodevelopmental diseases. METHODS In this study, we tested the autism-like behavior of rats with deletions in exons 11-21 of the Shank3 gene and evaluated the effect of early swimming intervention (from postnatal day 8 to 60) on the behavior of this animal model of autism. In addition, the transcriptomes of the striatal tissues of wild-type, Shank3 knockout and Shank3 knockout swimming groups rats were analyzed. RESULTS Shank3 knockout rats exhibit core symptoms of autism, and early swimming improved the social and stereotyped behaviors in this autism rat model. Transcriptomics results revealed that compared to the wild-type group, 291 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the striatum of the Shank3 knockout group. Compared to Shank3 knockout group, 534 DEGs were identified in the striatum of Shank3 knockout swimming group. The DEGs annotated by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway shows that the impacts of Shank3 deletion were primarily reflected in synaptic structure, development, morphology, receptor function and signaling, and swimming primarily changed the terms related to the synapses in the striatum of Shank3 knockout rats, including the morphology, structure, composition, development and regulation of synapses. CONCLUSION Early swimming intervention can ameliorate behavioral abnormalities caused by Shank3 knockout, by a mechanism that may involve the process of striatal synaptic development and should be further investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchen Meng
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Zhang
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshu Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Lan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjuan Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haodong Yang
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Autism Research Center of Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Zhen
- College of P.E and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogels A, Droogmans G, Vergaelen E, Van Buggenhout G, Swillen A. Recent developments in Phelan-McDermid syndrome research: an update on cognitive development, communication and psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:118-122. [PMID: 33278153 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on cognitive development, communication, behavioral or psychiatric aspects in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) and to discuss the clinical implications and recommendations of these summarized findings. RECENT FINDINGS PMS is often associated with severe communication impairments, behavioral or psychiatric problems and regression. These challenges may adversely affect and impair the quality of life of the individual with PMS and his family. SUMMARY Individuals with PMS experience intellectual disability, communication and behavioral/psychiatric challenges, such as catatonia, bipolar disorder and regression across the lifespan. Providing appropriate guidance and support to them and their families demands a better understanding of these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annick Vogels
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg
- Department of Human Genetics
| | | | - Elfi Vergaelen
- University Psychiatric Center, Mind Body Research Group, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Buggenhout
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg
- Department of Human Genetics
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg
- Department of Human Genetics
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu C, Li D, Yang H, Li H, Xu Q, Zhou B, Hu C, Li C, Wang Y, Qiao Z, Jiang YH, Xu X. Altered striatum centered brain structures in SHANK3 deficient Chinese children with genotype and phenotype profiling. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101985. [PMID: 33388374 PMCID: PMC8572121 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
SHANK3 deficiency represents one of the most replicated monogenic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and SHANK3 caused ASD presents a unique opportunity to understand the underlying neuropathological mechanisms of ASD. In this study, genetic tests, comprehensive clinical and neurobehavioral evaluations, as well as multimodal structural MRI using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were conducted in SHANK3 group (N = 14 with SHANK3 defects), ASD controls (N = 26 with idiopathic ASD without SHANK3 defects) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 32). Phenotypically, we reported several new features in Chinese SHANK3 deficient children including anteverted nares, sensory stimulation seeking, dental abnormalities and hematological problems. In SHANK3 group, VBM revealed decreased grey matter volumes mainly in dorsal striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus; TBSS demonstrated decreased fractional anisotropy in multiple tracts involving projection, association and commissural fibers, including middle cerebral peduncle, corpus callosum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, corona radiata, external and internal capsule, and posterior thalamic radiation, etc. We report that the disrupted striatum centered brain structures are associated with SHANK3 deficient children. Study of subjects with monogenic cause offer specific insights into the neuroimaging studies of ASD. The discovery may support a path for future functional connectivity studies to allow for more in-depth understandings of the abnormal neural circuits and the underlying neuropathological mechanisms for ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Liu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Haowei Yang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingrui Zhou
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Qiao
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Department of Genetics, Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Heaven CT 06520 USA.
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Diniz BL, Santos AS, Glaeser AB, Guaraná BB, Lorea CF, Josahkian JA, Huber J, Rosa RFM, Zen PRG. Congenital Heart Defects and Dysmorphic Facial Features in Patients Suspicious of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome in Southern Brazil. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 9:227-234. [PMID: 32733742 PMCID: PMC7384886 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is considered one of the most frequently observed chromosomal abnormalities in association with congenital heart disease (CHD), which can also include some combination of other features. Thus, the aim of this work was to verify the profile of dysmorphic features and heart defects found in patients referred to a reference center in Southern Brazil with clinical findings suggestive of 22q11.2DS. In the overall sample group, only patients with dysmorphic facial features (skull, eyes, ear, and nose) associated with CHD (obstructive pulmonary valve ring, truncus arteriosus, and bicuspid aortic valve associated with atrial septal defect and/or right aortic arch) had a 22q11.2 deletion. These findings proved to be reliable clinical criteria for referral to perform fluorescent in situ hybridization investigation for 22q11.2 deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lixinski Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Barreto Glaeser
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Baierle Guaraná
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA and Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Fernandes Lorea
- Child and Adolescent Health Care Unit, Hospital Escola da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (HE-UFPEL), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves Josahkian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HU-SM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Janaína Huber
- Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Disease, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundacão Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA and Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
- Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Genetics, UFCSPA and Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre (ISCMPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu N, Lv H, Yang T, Du X, Sun Y, Xiao B, Fan Y, Luo X, Zhan Y, Wang L, Li F, Yu Y. A 29 Mainland Chinese cohort of patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome: genotype-phenotype correlations and the role of SHANK3 haploinsufficiency in the important phenotypes. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:335. [PMID: 33256793 PMCID: PMC7708101 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS) or 22q13 deletion syndrome is a rare developmental disorder characterized by hypotonia, developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dysmorphic features. Most cases are caused by 22q13 deletions encompassing many genes including SHANK3. Phenotype comparisons between patients with SHANK3 mutations (or deletions only disrupt SHANK3) and 22q13 deletions encompassing more than SHANK3 gene are lacking. Methods A total of 29 Mainland China patients were clinically and genetically evaluated. Data were obtained from medical record review and a standardized medical history questionnaire, and dysmorphology evaluation was conducted via photographic evaluation. We analyzed 22q13 deletions and SHANK3 small mutations and performed genotype–phenotype analysis to determine whether neurological features and other important clinical features are responsible for haploinsufficiency of SHANK3. Results Nineteen patients with 22q13.3 deletions ranging in size from 34 kb to 8.7 Mb, one patient with terminal deletions and duplications, and nine patients with SHANK3 mutations were included. All mutations would cause loss-of function effect and six novel heterozygous variants, c.3838_3839insGG, c.3088delC, c.3526G > T, c.3372dupC, c.3120delC and c.3942delC, were firstly reported. Besides, we demonstrated speech delay (100%), DD/ID (88%), ASD (80%), hypotonia (83%) and hyperactivity (83%) were prominent clinical features. Finally, 100% of cases with monogenic SHANK3 deletion had hypotonia and there was no significant difference between loss of SHANK3 alone and deletions encompassing more than SHANK3 gene in the prevalence of hypotonia, DD/ID, ASD, increased pain tolerance, gait abnormalities, impulsiveness, repetitive behaviors, regression and nonstop crying which were high in loss of SHANK3 alone group. Conclusions This is the first work describing a cohort of Mainland China patients broaden the clinical and molecular spectrum of PMS. Our findings support the effect of 22q13 deletions and SHANK3 point mutations on language impairment and several clinical manifestations, such as DD/ID. We also demonstrated SHANK3 haploinsufficiency was a major contributor to the neurological phenotypes of PMS and also responsible for other important phenotypes such as hypotonia, increased pain tolerance, impulsiveness, repetitive behaviors, regression and nonstop crying.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Xu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiujuan Du
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiaomei Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yongkun Zhan
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Child Primary Care, Brain and Behavioral Research Unit of Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research and MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory for Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yongguo Yu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Room 801, Science and Education Building, Kongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bonaglia MC, Bertuzzo S, Ciaschini AM, Discepoli G, Castiglia L, Romaniello R, Zuffardi O, Fichera M. Targeted next-generation sequencing identifies the disruption of the SHANK3 and RYR2 genes in a patient carrying a de novo t(1;22)(q43;q13.3) associated with signs of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Mol Cytogenet 2020; 13:22. [PMID: 32536973 PMCID: PMC7291734 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-020-00490-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been known for more than 30 years that balanced translocations, especially if de novo, can associate with congenital malformations and / or neurodevelopmental disorders, following the disruption of a disease gene or its cis-regulatory elements at one or both breakpoints. Case presentation We describe a 10-year-old girl with a non-specific neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by moderate intellectual disability (ID), gross motor clumsiness, social and communication deficits. She carries a de novo reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 1q43 and 22q13.3, the latter suggesting the involvement of SHANK3. Indeed, its haploinsufficiency associates with Phelan-McDermid Syndrome, whose main symptoms are characterized by global developmental delay and absent or severely delayed expressive speech. A deep molecular approach, including next-generation sequencing of SHANK3 locus, allowed demonstrating the breakage of RYR2 and SHANK3 on the derivative chromosomes 1 and 22 respectively, and the formation of two fusion genes SHANK3-RYR2 and RYR2-SHANK3 with concomitant cryptic deletion of 3.6 and 4.1 kilobases at translocation junction of both derivatives chromosomes 22 and 1, respectively. Conclusions Although the interruption of SHANK3 accounts for the patient’s psychomotor retardation and autism-like behavior, we do not exclude that the interruption of RYR2 may also have a role on her disorder, or result in further pathogenicity in the future. Indeed, RYR2 that has a well-established role in the etiology of two autosomal dominant adulthood cardiac disorders (#600996 and #604772) is also expressed in the brain (cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex) and about half of RYR2 mutation carriers present late onset primary generalized epilepsy without cardiac arrhythmogenic disorders. Moreover, RYR2 variants have also been sporadically reported in individuals with early onset schizophrenia or ID, and its constraint values suggest intolerance to loss-of-function. This study not only confirms the usefulness of the molecular mapping of de novo balanced rearrangements in symptomatic individuals, but also underscores the need for long-term clinical evaluation of the patients, for better evaluating the pathogenicity of the chromosomal breakpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Bonaglia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Sara Bertuzzo
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ciaschini
- Lab. di Genetica Medica SOS Malattie Rare, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-G.M.Lancisi-G.Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Discepoli
- Lab. di Genetica Medica SOS Malattie Rare, AOU Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I-G.M.Lancisi-G.Salesi, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Romina Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Droogmans G, Swillen A, Van Buggenhout G. Deep Phenotyping of Development, Communication and Behaviour in Phelan-McDermid Syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2019; 10:294-305. [PMID: 32021603 DOI: 10.1159/000503840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS; also referred to as 22q13.3 deletion syndrome) is a congenital condition due to a microdeletion in the SHANK3 gene. Cognitive and communicative deficits as well as behaviour in the autism spectrum are often noticed in affected individuals. The aim of the present study was to obtain a detailed phenotype of the development, communication, and behaviour of 15 individuals with PMS by using both quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative methods (interviews and observations). In addition, data from the patients' medical records were included. In a subgroup of participants (n = 5), data from a previous study were incorporated to enable a comparison over 2 points in time (longitudinal course). Results indicate a severe to profound level of intellectual disability in all participants, impaired adaptive behaviour, a low level of speech and language, a high incidence of features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and a high sensory threshold. Younger individuals (age <18 years) exhibited more challenging behaviour and features of ASD. In older individuals with PMS, a regression across many developmental and adaptive domains was frequently reported and observed. We did not find a relation between the deletion size and the severity of the phenotype. Implications of the findings and recommendations for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Droogmans
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Buggenhout
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kurtas N, Arrigoni F, Errichiello E, Zucca C, Maghini C, D'Angelo MG, Beri S, Giorda R, Bertuzzo S, Delledonne M, Xumerle L, Rossato M, Zuffardi O, Bonaglia MC. Chromothripsis and ring chromosome 22: a paradigm of genomic complexity in the Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13 deletion syndrome). J Med Genet 2018; 55:269-277. [PMID: 29378768 PMCID: PMC5869459 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS) is caused by SHANK3 haploinsufficiency. Its wide phenotypic variation is attributed partly to the type and size of 22q13 genomic lesion (deletion, unbalanced translocation, ring chromosome), partly to additional undefined factors. We investigated a child with severe global neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) compatible with her distal 22q13 deletion, complicated by bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria (BPP) and urticarial rashes, unreported in PMS. Methods Following the cytogenetic and array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) detection of a r(22) with SHANK3 deletion and two upstream duplications, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in blood and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in blood and saliva were performed to highlight potential chromothripsis/chromoanagenesis events and any possible BPP-associated variants, even in low-level mosaicism. Results WGS confirmed the deletion and highlighted inversion and displaced order of eight fragments, three of them duplicated. The microhomology-mediated insertion of partial Alu-elements at one breakpoint junction disrupted the topological associating domain joining NFAM1 to the transcriptional coregulator TCF20. WES failed to detect BPP-associated variants. Conclusions Although we were unable to highlight the molecular basis of BPP, our data suggest that SHANK3 haploinsufficiency and TCF20 misregulation, both associated with intellectual disability, contributed to the patient’s NDD, while NFAM1 interruption likely caused her skin rashes, as previously reported. We provide the first example of chromoanasynthesis in a constitutional ring chromosome and reinforce the growing evidence that chromosomal rearrangements may be more complex than estimated by conventional diagnostic approaches and affect the phenotype by global alteration of the topological chromatin organisation rather than simply by deletion or duplication of dosage-sensitive genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Kurtas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Zucca
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristina Maghini
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Angelo
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Silvana Beri
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Sara Bertuzzo
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | | | - Luciano Xumerle
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Clara Bonaglia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ha JF, Ahmad A, Lesperance MM. Clinical characterization of novel chromosome 22q13 microdeletions. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 95:121-126. [PMID: 28576520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The advent of chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) for evaluation of patients with multiple congenital anomalies has made it possible to define chromosomal imbalances with greater precision and resolutions significantly smaller than possible by standard G-banded chromosome analysis. We describe two patients with novel chromosomal anomalies involving chromosome 22q13, a locus also associated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). OBJECTIVE We aim to characterize the novel phenotypic and genotypic findings of two patients with 22q13 microdeletions, distinct from PMS, comparing and contrasting with features of PMS. RESULTS Case 1 is a 4-year-old boy with global developmental delay, esotropia, moderate aortic root dilation, genu valgum, and in-toeing gait. MRI brain for evaluation of neonatal hypotonia revealed a left cerebellopontine angle arachnoid cyst. He referred on newborn hearing screening, and diagnostic auditory brainstem response (ABR) showed left profound retrocochlear hearing loss. Surgical intervention for the arachnoid cyst was deferred, with spontaneous resolution at age two years without hearing recovery. CMA revealed a novel, de novo 5.1 Mb microdeletion of 22q13.31q13.33 not involving SHANK3, a gene typically deleted in PMS. Case 2 is a 6-year-old girl with some features also seen in patients with PMS but also several atypical features. She has a complex chromosomal rearrangement including a 5.3 Mb 22q13 microdeletion (not including SHANK3) and de novo 2.1 Mb gain of 22q11. CONCLUSION As diagnostic sensitivity improves, smaller chromosomal imbalances will be detectable related to milder or different phenotypes. We present two patients with novel deletions of chromosome 22q13 associated with multiple congenital anomalies and features distinct from PMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Ha
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Ayesha Ahmad
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marci M Lesperance
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lei D, Li S, Banerjee S, Zhang H, Li C, Hou S, Chen D, Yan H, Li H, Peng HH, Liu S, Zhang X, Peng Z, Wang J, Yang H, Huang H, Wu J. Clinical and genomic evaluation of a Chinese patient with a novel deletion associated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80327-80335. [PMID: 27741506 PMCID: PMC5348323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phelan–McDermid syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the terminal deletion of chromosome 22 (22q13) followed by the loss of function of the SHANK3 gene. Various terminal deletions of chromosome 22q13 are associated with Phelan–McDermid with a spectrum of phenotypic severity. Here, we have done a clinical molecular study of a Chinese proband with Phelan–McDermid syndrome. Both the proband and her younger brother are associated with this syndrome while their parents are phenotypically normal. We used a karyotype in order to detect the genotype of the proband and her younger brother. We have also used whole genome low-coverage paired-end next generation sequencing to determine whether the parent is the carrier of translocation with terminal 22q13 deletions. We found that both proband and her younger brother are comprises of a novel deletion of 22q13.31q13.33, harboring genes were associated with several clinical phenotype such as severity of speech delay, neonatal hypotonia, delayed in age of walking, male genital anomalies, dysplastic toenails, large and fleshy hands, macrocephaly, short stature, facial asymmetry, and atypical reflexes. Probands and her younger brother inherited this translocation from their mother whereas their father is genotypically normal. In conclusion, our present study expands the deletion spectrum and report a novel deletion associated with Phelan–McDermid syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhu Lei
- Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Caiyun Li
- Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Shuai Hou
- Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Danjing Chen
- Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Haiying Yan
- Chenzhou No.1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | - Hanmei Li
- Changsha Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hunan, China
| | | | | | - Xinxin Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harony-Nicolas H, De Rubeis S, Kolevzon A, Buxbaum JD. Phelan McDermid Syndrome: From Genetic Discoveries to Animal Models and Treatment. J Child Neurol 2015; 30:1861-70. [PMID: 26350728 PMCID: PMC5321557 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phelan-McDermid syndrome or 22q13.3 deletion syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by generalized developmental delay, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, seizures, autism spectrum disorder, neonatal hypotonia, physical dysmorphic features, and recurrent medical comorbidities. Individuals with Phelan-McDermid syndrome have terminal deletions of the chromosomal region 22q13.3 encompassing SHANK3, a gene encoding a structural component of excitatory synapses indispensable for proper synaptogenesis and neuronal physiology, or point mutations within the gene. Here, we review the clinical aspects of the syndrome and the genetic findings shedding light onto the underlying etiology. We also provide an overview on the evidence from genetic studies and mouse models that supports SHANK3 haploinsufficiency as a major contributor of the neurobehavioral manifestations of Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Finally, we discuss how all these discoveries are uncovering the pathophysiology of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and are being translated into clinical trials for novel therapeutics ameliorating the core symptoms of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala Harony-Nicolas
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Kolevzon
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C, Buonaguro EF, de Bartolomeis A. The glutamatergic aspects of schizophrenia molecular pathophysiology: role of the postsynaptic density, and implications for treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:219-38. [PMID: 24851087 PMCID: PMC4023453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140324183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating psychiatric diseases with a lifetime prevalence of approximately
1%. Although the specific molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia are still unknown, evidence has long linked its
pathophysiology to postsynaptic abnormalities.
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is among the molecular structures suggested to be potentially involved in schizophrenia.
More specifically, the PSD is an electron-dense thickening of glutamatergic synapses, including ionotropic and
metabotropic glutamate receptors, cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins, and adhesion and signaling molecules. Being
implicated in the postsynaptic signaling of multiple neurotransmitter systems, mostly dopamine and glutamate, the PSD
constitutes an ideal candidate for studying dopamine-glutamate disturbances in schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests
that some PSD proteins, such as PSD-95, Shank, and Homer are implicated in severe behavioral disorders, including
schizophrenia. These findings, further corroborated by genetic and animal studies of schizophrenia, offer new insights for
the development of pharmacological strategies able to overcome the limitations in terms of efficacy and side effects of
current schizophrenia treatment. Indeed, PSD proteins are now being considered as potential molecular targets against this
devastating illness.
The current paper reviews the most recent hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia
pathophysiology. First, we review glutamatergic dysfunctions in schizophrenia and we provide an update on postsynaptic
molecules involvement in schizophrenia pathophysiology by addressing both human and animal studies. Finally, the
possibility that PSD proteins may represent potential targets for new molecular interventions in psychosis will be
discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice Iasevoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Guilherme RS, Soares KC, Simioni M, Vieira TP, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL, Kim CA, Brunoni D, Spinner NB, Conlin LK, Christofolini DM, Kulikowski LD, Steiner CE, Melaragno MI. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of six patients with ring chromosomes 22, including one with concomitant 22q11.2 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1659-65. [PMID: 24700634 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report here on six patients with a ring chromosome 22 and the range of cytogenetic and phenotypic features presented by them. Genomic analysis was carried out using classical and molecular cytogenetics, MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) and genome-wide SNP-array analysis. The ring was found in all patients, but Patient 6 displayed constitutional mosaicism with a normal cell line. Five patients had deletions in the ring chromosome 22, and in four of them the breakpoints--unique for each patient--could be identified by genome-wide SNP-array analysis. One patient presented with a 22q11.2 deletion concomitant with the deletion caused by the ring formation. Common phenotypic features included autism, speech delay and seizures, as previously reported for individuals with r(22) and/or 22q13.3 deletions. Investigation of the genes within the deletions revealed multiple genes related to development of the central nervous system, psychomotor delay, severe language impairment, hypotonia, and autistic symptoms. There was no clear correlation between the severity of clinical features and the size of the deleted segment. This study underscores the variability in ring structure and clinical presentation of the r(22) and adds information to the limited literature on this rare disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santos Guilherme
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Disciglio V, Rizzo CL, Mencarelli MA, Mucciolo M, Marozza A, Di Marco C, Massarelli A, Canocchi V, Baldassarri M, Ndoni E, Frullanti E, Amabile S, Anderlid BM, Metcalfe K, Le Caignec C, David A, Fryer A, Boute O, Joris A, Greco D, Pecile V, Battini R, Novelli A, Fichera M, Romano C, Mari F, Renieri A. Interstitial 22q13 deletions not involving SHANK3 gene: A new contiguous gene syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1666-76. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Lo Rizzo
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Mencarelli
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| | | | - Annabella Marozza
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| | - Chiara Di Marco
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| | | | | | | | - Enea Ndoni
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
| | | | | | - Britt Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; CMM, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Kay Metcalfe
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre; St Mary's Hospital; Manchester United Kingdom
| | | | - Albert David
- CHU Nantes; Service de genetique medicale; Nantes Cedex France
| | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Alder Hey Children's Hospital; Liverpool, and Liverpool Women's Hospital; Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Odile Boute
- Service de Génétique Clinique; Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre; Lille France
| | - Andrieux Joris
- Institut de Génétique Médicale; Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre; Lille France
| | - Donatella Greco
- Unit of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Vanna Pecile
- Medical Genetics; Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS “Burlo Garofalo”; Trieste Italy
| | - Roberta Battini
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience; IRCCS Stella Maris; Calambrone Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital; Mendel Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnosis; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
- Medical Genetics; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| | - Corrado Romano
- Unit of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics; IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Francesca Mari
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics; University of Siena; Siena Italy
- Genetica Medica; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese; Siena Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sarasua SM, Boccuto L, Sharp JL, Dwivedi A, Chen CF, Rollins JD, Rogers RC, Phelan K, DuPont BR. Clinical and genomic evaluation of 201 patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Hum Genet 2014; 133:847-59. [PMID: 24481935 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first to describe age-related changes in a large cohort of patients with Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), also known as 22q13 deletion syndrome. Over a follow-up period of up to 12 years, physical examinations and structured interviews were conducted for 201 individuals diagnosed with PMS, 120 patients had a focused, high-resolution 22q12q13 array CGH, and 92 patients' deletions were assessed for parent-of-origin. 22q13 genomic anomalies include terminal deletions of 22q13 (89 %), terminal deletions and interstitial duplications (9 %), and interstitial deletions (2 %). Considering different age groups, in older patients, behavioral problems tended to subside, developmental abilities improved, and some features such as large or fleshy hands, full or puffy eyelids, hypotonia, lax ligaments, and hyperextensible joints were less frequent. However, the proportion reporting an autism spectrum disorder, seizures, and cellulitis, or presenting with lymphedema or abnormal reflexes increased with age. Some neurologic and dysmorphic features such as speech and developmental delay and macrocephaly correlated with deletion size. Deletion sizes in more recently diagnosed patients tend to be smaller than those diagnosed a decade earlier. Seventy-three percent of de novo deletions were of paternal origin. Seizures were reported three times more often among patients with a de novo deletion of the maternal rather than paternal chromosome 22. This analysis improves the understanding of the clinical presentation and natural history of PMS and can serve as a reference for the prevalence of clinical features in the syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Sarasua
- Office of Bioinformatics and Epidemiology, Greenwood Genetic Center, 101 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, 29646, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sarasua SM, Dwivedi A, Boccuto L, Chen CF, Sharp JL, Rollins JD, Collins JS, Rogers RC, Phelan K, DuPont BR. 22q13.2q13.32 genomic regions associated with severity of speech delay, developmental delay, and physical features in Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Genet Med 2013; 16:318-28. [PMID: 24136618 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2013.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phelan-McDermid syndrome is a developmental disability syndrome with varying deletions of 22q13 and varying clinical severity. We tested the hypothesis that, in addition to loss of the telomeric gene SHANK3, specific genomic regions within 22q13 are associated with important clinical features. METHODS We used a customized oligo array comparative genomic hybridization of 22q12.3-terminus to obtain deletion breakpoints in a cohort of 70 patients with terminal 22q13 deletions. We used association and receiver operating characteristic statistical methods in a novel manner and also incorporated protein interaction networks to identify 22q13 genomic locations and genes associated with clinical features. RESULTS Specific genomic regions and candidate genes within 22q13.2q13.32 were associated with severity of speech/language delay, neonatal hypotonia, delayed age at walking, hair-pulling behaviors, male genital anomalies, dysplastic toenails, large/fleshy hands, macrocephaly, short and tall stature, facial asymmetry, and atypical reflexes. We also found regions suggestive of a negative association with autism spectrum disorders. CONCLUSION This work advances the field of research beyond the observation of a correlation between deletion size and phenotype and identifies candidate 22q13 loci, and in some cases specific genes, associated with singular clinical features observed in Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Our statistical approach may be useful in genotype-phenotype analyses for other microdeletion or microduplication syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Sarasua
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alka Dwivedi
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Luigi Boccuto
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chin-Fu Chen
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Julia L Sharp
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Julianne S Collins
- 1] Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA [2] Deceased
| | | | - Katy Phelan
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Verpelli C, Montani C, Vicidomini C, Heise C, Sala C. Mutations of the synapse genes and intellectual disability syndromes. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:112-116. [PMID: 23872408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Intellectual disability syndromes have been found associated to numerous mutated genes that code for proteins functionally involved in synapse formation, the regulation of dendritic spine morphology, the regulation of the synaptic cytoskeleton or the synthesis and degradation of specific synapse proteins. These studies have strongly demonstrated that even mild alterations in synapse morphology and function give rise to mild or severe alteration in intellectual abilities. Interestingly, pharmacological agents that are able to counteract these morphological and functional synaptic anomalies can also improve the symptoms of some of these conditions. This review is summarizing recent discoveries on the functions of some of the genes responsible for intellectual disability syndromes connected with synapse dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Verpelli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Montani
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Vicidomini
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Christopher Heise
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology, Neurological Institute Foundation Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Penzes P, Buonanno A, Passafaro M, Sala C, Sweet RA. Developmental vulnerability of synapses and circuits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurochem 2013; 126:165-82. [PMID: 23574039 PMCID: PMC3700683 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia (SZ), and Alzheimer's disease, pose an immense burden to society. Symptoms of these disorders become manifest at different stages of life: early childhood, adolescence, and late adulthood, respectively. Progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the genetic substrates, cellular mechanisms, brain circuits, and endophenotypes of these disorders. Multiple lines of evidence implicate excitatory and inhibitory synaptic circuits in the cortex and hippocampus as key cellular substrates of pathogenesis in these disorders. Excitatory/inhibitory balance--modulated largely by dopamine--critically regulates cortical network function, neural network activity (i.e. gamma oscillations) and behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of synaptic pathology and neuronal network activity may thus provide essential insight into the pathogenesis of these disorders and can reveal novel drug targets to treat them. Here, we discuss recent genetic, neuropathological, and molecular studies that implicate alterations in excitatory and inhibitory synaptic circuits in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders across the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hannachi H, Mougou S, Benabdallah I, Soayh N, Kahloul N, Gaddour N, Le Lorc'h M, Sanlaville D, El Ghezal H, Saad A. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of ring chromosome 22 in two unrelated patients. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:1-11. [PMID: 23635516 DOI: 10.1159/000350785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a constitutional de novo ring chromosome 22 (r(22)) in 2 unrelated patients with emphasis on different hypotheses proposed to explain the phenotypic variability characterizing this genomic disorder. In both patients, molecular investigations using FISH and array-CGH techniques revealed a 22q terminal deletion involving the 22q13.33 critical region. The size of the deletion was estimated to at least 1.35 Mb in the first proband and to only 300 kb in the second. They both exhibited the major features of r(22) syndrome, but the first patient was more profoundly affected. He had a more severe phenotype, further complicated by behavioral anomalies, autistic-like features with abnormal EEG pattern and brain MRI profile. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene, lying in the minimal critical region, is nowadays considered as responsible for most neurobehavioral anomalies. Nevertheless, phenotypic severity and occurrence of additional features in the first patient suggest a potential involvement of one or more specific gene(s) located proximally to SHANK3 (as PLXNB2, PANX2, ALG12 or MLC1), acting either independently of it or by regulating or promoting its expression and thus disrupting its function when deleted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hannachi
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Faraht Hached University Teaching Hospital, Sousse 4000, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aldinger KA, Kogan J, Kimonis V, Fernandez B, Horn D, Klopocki E, Chung B, Toutain A, Weksberg R, Millen KJ, Barkovich AJ, Dobyns WB. Cerebellar and posterior fossa malformations in patients with autism-associated chromosome 22q13 terminal deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 161A:131-6. [PMID: 23225497 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 22q13.3 deletion causes a neurodevelopmental syndrome, also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome (MIM #606232), characterized by developmental delay and severe delay or absence of expressive speech. Two patients with hemizygous chromosome 22q13.3 telomeric deletion were referred to us when brain-imaging studies revealed cerebellar vermis hypoplasia (CBVH). To determine whether developmental abnormalities of the cerebellum are a consistent feature of the 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, we examined brain-imaging studies for 10 unrelated subjects with 22q13 terminal deletion. In seven cases where the availability of DNA and array technology allowed, we mapped deletion boundaries using comparative intensity analysis with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarrays. Approximate deletion boundaries for three additional cases were derived from clinical or published molecular data. We also examined brain-imaging studies for a patient with an intragenic SHANK3 mutation. We report the first brain-imaging data showing that some patients with 22q13 deletions have severe posterior CBVH, and one individual with a SHANK3 mutation has a normal cerebellum. This genotype-phenotype study suggests that the 22q13 deletion phenotype includes abnormal posterior fossa structures that are unlikely to be attributed to SHANK3 disruption. Other genes in the region, including PLXNB2 and MAPK8IP2, display brain expression patterns and mouse mutant phenotypes critical for proper cerebellar development. Future studies of these genes may elucidate their relationship to 22q13.3 deletion phenotypes.
Collapse
|
29
|
Scaffolding proteins of the post-synaptic density contribute to synaptic plasticity by regulating receptor localization and distribution: relevance for neuropsychiatric diseases. Neurochem Res 2012; 38:1-22. [PMID: 22991141 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity represents the long lasting activity-related strengthening or weakening of synaptic transmission, whose well-characterized types are the long term potentiation and depression. Despite this classical definition, however, the molecular mechanisms by which synaptic plasticity may occur appear to be extremely complex and various. The post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic synapses is a major site for synaptic plasticity processes and alterations of PSD members have been recently implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases where an impairment of synaptic plasticity has also been reported. Among PSD members, scaffolding proteins have been demonstrated to bridge surface receptors with their intracellular effectors and to regulate receptors distribution and localization both at surface membranes and within the PSD. This review will focus on the molecular physiology and pathophysiology of synaptic plasticity processes, which are tuned by scaffolding PSD proteins and their close related partners, through the modulation of receptor localization and distribution at post-synaptic sites. We suggest that, by regulating both the compartmentalization of receptors along surface membrane and their degradation as well as by modulating receptor trafficking into the PSD, postsynaptic scaffolding proteins may contribute to form distinct signaling micro-domains, whose efficacy in transmitting synaptic signals depends on the dynamic stability of the scaffold, which in turn is provided by relative amounts and post-translational modifications of scaffolding members. The putative relevance for neuropsychiatric diseases and possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed in the last part of this work.
Collapse
|
30
|
Reduced excitatory neurotransmission and mild autism-relevant phenotypes in adolescent Shank3 null mutant mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:6525-41. [PMID: 22573675 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6107-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the synaptic scaffolding protein gene SHANK3 are strongly implicated in autism and Phelan-McDermid 22q13 deletion syndrome. The precise location of the mutation within the Shank3 gene is key to its phenotypic outcomes. Here, we report the physiological and behavioral consequences of null and heterozygous mutations in the ankyrin repeat domain in Shank3 mice. Both homozygous and heterozygous mice showed reduced glutamatergic transmission and long-term potentiation in the hippocampus with more severe deficits detected in the homozygous mice. Three independent cohorts were evaluated for magnitude and replicability of behavioral endophenotypes relevant to autism and Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Mild social impairments were detected, primarily in juveniles during reciprocal interactions, while all genotypes displayed normal adult sociability on the three-chambered task. Impaired novel object recognition and rotarod performance were consistent across cohorts of null mutants. Repetitive self-grooming, reduced ultrasonic vocalizations, and deficits in reversal of water maze learning were detected only in some cohorts, emphasizing the importance of replication analyses. These results demonstrate the exquisite specificity of deletions in discrete domains within the Shank3 gene in determining severity of symptoms.
Collapse
|
31
|
Verpelli C, Sala C. Molecular and synaptic defects in intellectual disability syndromes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:530-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
32
|
Griswold AJ, Ma D, Cukier HN, Nations LD, Schmidt MA, Chung RH, Jaworski JM, Salyakina D, Konidari I, Whitehead PL, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Williams SM, Menon R, Martin ER, Haines JL, Gilbert JR, Cuccaro ML, Pericak-Vance MA. Evaluation of copy number variations reveals novel candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder-associated pathways. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3513-23. [PMID: 22543975 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly heritable, yet relatively few associated genetic loci have been replicated. Copy number variations (CNVs) have been implicated in autism; however, the majority of loci contribute to <1% of the disease population. Therefore, independent studies are important to refine associated CNV regions and discover novel susceptibility genes. In this study, a genome-wide SNP array was utilized for CNV detection by two distinct algorithms in a European ancestry case-control data set. We identify a significantly higher burden in the number and size of deletions, and disrupting more genes in ASD cases. Moreover, 18 deletions larger than 1 Mb were detected exclusively in cases, implicating novel regions at 2q22.1, 3p26.3, 4q12 and 14q23. Case-specific CNVs provided further evidence for pathways previously implicated in ASDs, revealing new candidate genes within the GABAergic signaling and neural development pathways. These include DBI, an allosteric binder of GABA receptors, GABARAPL1, the GABA receptor-associated protein, and SLC6A11, a postsynaptic GABA transporter. We also identified CNVs in COBL, deletions of which cause defects in neuronal cytoskeleton morphogenesis in model vertebrates, and DNER, a neuron-specific Notch ligand required for cerebellar development. Moreover, we found evidence of genetic overlap between ASDs and other neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric diseases. These genes include glutamate receptors (GRID1, GRIK2 and GRIK4), synaptic regulators (NRXN3, SLC6A8 and SYN3), transcription factor (ZNF804A) and RNA-binding protein FMR1. Taken together, these CNVs may be a few of the missing pieces of ASD heritability and lead to discovering novel etiological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ting JT, Peça J, Feng G. Functional consequences of mutations in postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and relevance to psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:49-71. [PMID: 22540979 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional studies on postsynaptic scaffolding proteins at excitatory synapses have revealed a plethora of important roles for synaptic structure and function. In addition, a convergence of recent in vivo functional evidence together with human genetics data strongly suggest that mutations in a variety of these postsynaptic scaffolding proteins may contribute to the etiology of diverse human psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Here we review the most recent evidence for several key postsynaptic scaffolding protein families and explore how mouse genetics and human genetics have intersected to advance our knowledge concerning the contributions of these important players to complex brain function and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Scaffold proteins at the postsynaptic density. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 970:29-61. [PMID: 22351050 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold proteins are abundant and essential components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). They play a major role in many synaptic functions including the trafficking, anchoring, and clustering of glutamate receptors and adhesion molecules. Moreover, they link postsynaptic receptors with their downstream signaling proteins and regulate the dynamics of cytoskeletal structures. By definition, PSD scaffold proteins do not have intrinsic enzymatic activities but are formed by modular and specific domains deputed to form large protein networks. Here, we will discuss the latest findings regarding the structure and functions of major PSD scaffold proteins. Given that scaffold proteins are central components of PSD architecture, it is not surprising that deletion or mutations in their human genes cause severe neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, mental retardation, and schizophrenia. Thus, their dynamic organization and regulation are directly correlated with the essential structure of the PSD and the normal physiology of neuronal synapses.
Collapse
|
35
|
Phelan K, McDermid HE. The 22q13.3 Deletion Syndrome (Phelan-McDermid Syndrome). Mol Syndromol 2011; 2:186-201. [PMID: 22670140 DOI: 10.1159/000334260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, also known as Phelan-McDermid syndrome, is a contiguous gene disorder resulting from deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 22. In addition to normal growth and a constellation of minor dysmorphic features, this syndrome is characterized by neurological deficits which include global developmental delay, moderate to severe intellectual impairment, absent or severely delayed speech, and neonatal hypotonia. In addition, more than 50% of patients show autism or autistic-like behavior, and therefore it can be classified as a syndromic form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The differential diagnosis includes Angelman syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and FG syndrome. Over 600 cases of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome have been documented. Most are terminal deletions of ∼100 kb to >9 Mb, resulting from simple deletions, ring chromosomes, and unbalanced translocations. Almost all of these deletions include the gene SHANK3 which encodes a scaffold protein in the postsynaptic densities of excitatory synapses, connecting membrane-bound receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Two mouse knockout models and cell culture experiments show that SHANK3 is involved in the structure and function of synapses and support the hypothesis that the majority of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome neurological defects are due to haploinsufficiency of SHANK3, although other genes in the region may also play a role in the syndrome. The molecular connection to ASD suggests that potential future treatments may involve modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Phelan
- Hayward Genetics Center and Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La., USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verpelli C, Dvoretskova E, Vicidomini C, Rossi F, Chiappalone M, Schoen M, Di Stefano B, Mantegazza R, Broccoli V, Böckers TM, Dityatev A, Sala C. Importance of Shank3 protein in regulating metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) expression and signaling at synapses. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34839-50. [PMID: 21795692 PMCID: PMC3186429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shank3/PROSAP2 gene mutations are associated with cognitive impairment ranging from mental retardation to autism. Shank3 is a large scaffold postsynaptic density protein implicated in dendritic spines and synapse formation; however, its specific functions have not been clearly demonstrated. We have used RNAi to knockdown Shank3 expression in neuronal cultures and showed that this treatment specifically reduced the synaptic expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), but did not affect the expression of other major synaptic proteins. The functional consequence of Shank3 RNAi knockdown was impaired signaling via mGluR5, as shown by reduction in ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation induced by stimulation with (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) as the agonist of mGluR5 receptors, impaired mGluR5-dependent synaptic plasticity (DHPG-induced long-term depression), and impaired mGluR5-dependent modulation of neural network activity. We also found morphological abnormalities in the structure of synapses (spine number, width, and length) and impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission, as shown by reduction in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC). Notably, pharmacological augmentation of mGluR5 activity using 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide as the positive allosteric modulator of these receptors restored mGluR5-dependent signaling (DHPG-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2) and normalized the frequency of mEPSCs in Shank3-knocked down neurons. These data demonstrate that a deficit in mGluR5-mediated intracellular signaling in Shank3 knockdown neurons can be compensated by 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-benzamide; this raises the possibility that pharmacological augmentation of mGluR5 activity represents a possible new therapeutic approach for patients with Shank3 mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Verpelli
- Department of Pharmacology, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Milan, Milan 20129, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bonaglia MC, Giorda R, Beri S, De Agostini C, Novara F, Fichera M, Grillo L, Galesi O, Vetro A, Ciccone R, Bonati MT, Giglio S, Guerrini R, Osimani S, Marelli S, Zucca C, Grasso R, Borgatti R, Mani E, Motta C, Molteni M, Romano C, Greco D, Reitano S, Baroncini A, Lapi E, Cecconi A, Arrigo G, Patricelli MG, Pantaleoni C, D'Arrigo S, Riva D, Sciacca F, Dalla Bernardina B, Zoccante L, Darra F, Termine C, Maserati E, Bigoni S, Priolo E, Bottani A, Gimelli S, Bena F, Brusco A, di Gregorio E, Bagnasco I, Giussani U, Nitsch L, Politi P, Martinez-Frias ML, Martínez-Fernández ML, Martínez Guardia N, Bremer A, Anderlid BM, Zuffardi O. Molecular mechanisms generating and stabilizing terminal 22q13 deletions in 44 subjects with Phelan/McDermid syndrome. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002173. [PMID: 21779178 PMCID: PMC3136441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used deletions at 22q13, which represent a substantial source of human pathology (Phelan/McDermid syndrome), as a model for investigating the molecular mechanisms of terminal deletions that are currently poorly understood. We characterized at the molecular level the genomic rearrangement in 44 unrelated patients with 22q13 monosomy resulting from simple terminal deletions (72%), ring chromosomes (14%), and unbalanced translocations (7%). We also discovered interstitial deletions between 17-74 kb in 9% of the patients. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene, confirmed in all rearrangements, is very likely the cause of the major neurological features associated with PMS. SHANK3 mutations can also result in language and/or social interaction disabilities. We determined the breakpoint junctions in 29 cases, providing a realistic snapshot of the variety of mechanisms driving non-recurrent deletion and repair at chromosome ends. De novo telomere synthesis and telomere capture are used to repair terminal deletions; non-homologous end-joining or microhomology-mediated break-induced replication is probably involved in ring 22 formation and translocations; non-homologous end-joining and fork stalling and template switching prevail in cases with interstitial 22q13.3. For the first time, we also demonstrated that distinct stabilizing events of the same terminal deletion can occur in different early embryonic cells, proving that terminal deletions can be repaired by multistep healing events and supporting the recent hypothesis that rare pathogenic germline rearrangements may have mitotic origin. Finally, the progressive clinical deterioration observed throughout the longitudinal medical history of three subjects over forty years supports the hypothesis of a role for SHANK3 haploinsufficiency in neurological deterioration, in addition to its involvement in the neurobehavioral phenotype of PMS.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ramocki MB, Scaglia F, Stankiewicz P, Belmont JW, Jones JY, Clark GD. Recurrent partial rhombencephalosynapsis and holoprosencephaly in siblings with a mutation of ZIC2. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1574-80. [PMID: 21638761 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a rare congenital brain malformation typically identified by magnetic resonance imaging and characterized by fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nuclei and vermian agenesis or hypogenesis. Although RES is frequently found in conjunction with other brain malformations and/or congenital anomalies, no specific molecular etiology has been discovered to date and no animal models exist. We identified two half sisters with alobar or semi-lobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) and partial RES, suggesting that genes linked to HPE may also contribute to RES. A deletion of seven base pairs in exon one of the ZIC2 gene (c.392_98del7) was identified in each of the two half sisters with HPE and partial RES. To identify genetic causes of RES and to assess whether genes identified in HPE have a role in RES, we tested 11 additional individuals with RES by high-resolution chromosome analysis, chromosomal microarray analysis, and sequencing of four HPE genes. No mutations in ZIC2 or in other genes that cause HPE were identified, suggesting that mutation of ZIC2 is a rare cause of, or contributor to, RES associated with HPE. In addition, an individual with a complex rearrangement of chromosome 22q13.3 and RES was identified, suggesting the presence of a dosage-sensitive gene that may contribute to RES in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Ramocki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Misceo D, Rødningen O, Barøy T, Sorte H, Mellembakken J, Strømme P, Fannemel M, Frengen E. A translocation between Xq21.33 and 22q13.33 causes an intragenic SHANK3 deletion in a woman with Phelan-McDermid syndrome and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:403-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
40
|
Behavioral and cerebellar transmission deficits in mice lacking the autism-linked gene islet brain-2. J Neurosci 2010; 30:14805-16. [PMID: 21048139 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1161-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of the human SHANK3 gene near the terminus of chromosome 22q is associated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Nearly all such deletions also span the tightly linked IB2 gene. We show here that IB2 protein is broadly expressed in the brain and is highly enriched within postsynaptic densities. Experimental disruption of the IB2 gene in mice reduces AMPA and enhances NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in cerebellum, changes the morphology of Purkinje cell dendritic arbors, and induces motor and cognitive deficits suggesting an autism phenotype. These findings support a role for human IB2 mutation as a contributing genetic factor in Chr22qter-associated cognitive disorders.
Collapse
|
41
|
Breckpot J, Budts W, De Zegher F, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K. Duplication of the TGFBR1 gene causes features of Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:408-10. [PMID: 20813212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS; OMIM:609192) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypertelorism, bifid uvula or cleft palate, and arterial tortuosity with widespread vascular aneurysms and a high risk of aortic dissection at an early age. LDS results from mutations in the transforming growth factor beta-receptor I and II (TGFBR1 and TGFBR2) genes, altering the transmission of the subcellular TGF-β signal, mediated by increased activation of Smad2. We report on a 17-year-old boy with pubertas tarda, a bifid uvula, camptodactyly and facial dysmorphic features, suggestive of LDS. Mutation analysis of TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 was normal. By means of molecular karyotyping two previously unreported chromosomal imbalances were detected: a 120 kb deletion on chromosome 22q13.31q13.32, inherited from an unaffected parent, and a de novo 14.6 Mb duplication on chromosome 9q22.32q31.3, comprising TGFBR1. We hypothesize that copy number gain of TGFBR1 contributes to the phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kramer M, Backhaus O, Rosenstiel P, Horn D, Klopocki E, Birkenmeier G, Schreiber S, Platzer M, Hampe J, Huse K. Analysis of relative gene dosage and expression differences of the paralogs RABL2A and RABL2B by Pyrosequencing. Gene 2010; 455:1-7. [PMID: 20138207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The paralogous genes RABL2A (chr2) and RABL2B (chr22) emerged by duplication of a single gene in the human-chimpanzee ancestor and share a high degree of sequence similarity. In Phelan-McDermid-Syndrome microdeletions of 22q13 often also affecting RABL2B are of clinical importance but their incidence is still unknown. We analyzed a German population (190 individuals) for such aneuploidies and the paralogs' expression in cell lines by RABL2 paralogous sequence quantification. For determination of the genomic and transcriptional ratios of RABL2A and RABL2B a Pyrosequencing protocol was introduced as a high-throughput method. During PCR the 3' end of the biotinylated strand is engineered by a backfolding oligonucleotide to hybridize in the Pyrosequencing reaction to an internal site near the sequence to be analyzed. In human samples no deviations of the euploid genomic state could be detected indicating that 22q13 microdeletions involving RABL2B are rare. However, despite equal gene dosage a preferential expression of RABL2B in human tissues and lymphoblastoid cell lines was detected which is most pronounced in brain and placenta. This renders a complete functional complementation of one paralog by the respective other unlikely and hints to a functional and clinical importance, in particular with respect to the 22q13 chromosomal deletion syndrome. Remarkably and in contrast to human, expression levels of the two paralogs in a chimpanzee cell line are equal. This finding is discussed in view of the relocation of RABL2A from its ancestral telomeric to its pericentromeric location in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kramer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Genome Analysis, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|