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Nassar R, Hougui O, Zerem M, Omary M, Assi Z, Ling G, Yerushalmi B. Esophageal Atresia with Tracheoesophageal Fistula Is Associated with Consanguinity. J Pediatr 2024:114242. [PMID: 39151598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND STUDY Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a rare congenital malformation. The incidence of TEF is 1.3-4.6 cases per 10,000 live births. The specific etiology of EA-TEF is unknown. Environmental risk factors, such as maternal medication use and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, are suggested. Genetic factors have also been described, especially among syndromic types, such as Down syndrome, but less among non-syndromic types. The aim of the study is to examine the association between non-syndromic EA-TEF and consanguinity. METHODS A retrospective study comparing the incidence of EA-TEF between low-consanguineous Jewish population and high-consanguineous Bedouin population. All patients were treated at Soroka University Medical Center, the only tertiary medical center in southern Israel. RESULTS During the years 2000-2022, 579,130 children were born in southern Israel, 386,915 (66.8%) were Jewish, and 192,215 were Bedouin Muslims. A total of 96 patients were diagnosed with EA-TEF, 83 of them were non-syndromic. The incidence of EA-TEF was 1.66 cases per 10,000 live births and was statistically higher among the Bedouin population (3 vs. 0.95 cases per 10,000 live births, P<0.001). The consanguinity rate among the Bedouin group was higher compared with the Jewish (67.8% vs 0% P<0.001). There were no differences in other risk factors. CONCLUSION The incidence of EA-TEF is exceptionally higher among the Bedouin population that lives in the same geographic region and has the same medical access as the Jewish population, proposing consanguinity as an important/essential risk factor for EA-TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Nassar
- Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ohad Hougui
- Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Pediatrics Department A, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matan Zerem
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Maha Omary
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zaki Assi
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Galina Ling
- Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Baruch Yerushalmi
- Pediatric Gastrointestinal Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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2
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McMahon MJ, Evanovich DM, Pier DB, Kagan MS, Wang JT, Zendejas B, Jennings RW, Zurakowski D, Bajic D. Retrospective analysis of neurological findings in esophageal atresia: Allostatic load of disease complexity, cumulative sedation, and anesthesia exposure. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2269. [PMID: 37936552 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited knowledge regarding the impact of perioperative critical care on frequency of neurological imaging findings following esophageal atresia (EA) repair. METHODS This is a retrospective study of infants (n = 70) following EA repair at a single institution (2009-2020). Sex, gestational age at birth, type of surgical repair, underlying disease severity, and frequency of neurologic imaging findings were obtained. We quantified the length of postoperative pain/sedation treatment and anesthesia exposure in the first year of life. Data were presented as numerical sums and percentages, while associations were measured using Spearman's Rho. RESULTS Vertebral/spinal cord imaging was performed in all infants revealing abnormalities in 44% (31/70). Cranial/brain imaging findings were identified in 67% (22/33) of infants in the context of clinically indicated imaging (47%; 33/70). Long-gap EA patients (n = 16) received 10 times longer postoperative pain/sedation treatment and twice the anesthesia exposure compared with short-gap EA patients (n = 54). The frequency of neurologic imaging findings did not correlate with underlying disease severity scores, length of pain/sedation treatment, or cumulative anesthesia exposure. Lack of associations between clinical measures and imaging findings should be interpreted with caution given possible underestimation of cranial/brain findings. CONCLUSIONS We propose that all infants with EA undergo brain imaging in addition to routine spinal imaging given the high burden of abnormal brain/cranial findings in our cohort. Quantification of pain/sedation and anesthesia exposure in long-gap EA patients could be used as indirect markers in future studies assessing the risk of neurological sequelae as evidenced by early abnormalities on brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Jean McMahon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Devon Michael Evanovich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Bennet Pier
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mackenzie Shea Kagan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jue Teresa Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin Zendejas
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Russell William Jennings
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Zurakowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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O'Shea D, Schmoke N, Porigow C, Murray LP, Chung WK, Kattan M, Jang M, Antosy A, Middlesworth W, Khlevner J. Recent Advances in the Genetic Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula: A Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:703-712. [PMID: 37771007 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Infants born with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, a complex congenital malformation occurring in 1/2500-4000 live births, may suffer threats to their cardiac, respiratory, and digestive health in addition to anomalies that may exist in the genitourinary and musculoskeletal systems. Optimal care for these patients throughout their lives is best achieved through a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach that our health care system is not always well-equipped to provide. This review, though not exhaustive, highlights the components of care that pertain to initial surgical reconstruction and subsequent diagnosis and management of the complications that are most frequently encountered. Authors from among the many specialties involved in the care of these patients summarize the current best practice with attention to the most recent advances. Assessment and improvement of quality of life and transition to adult specialists as children grow to adulthood is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia O'Shea
- From the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas Schmoke
- the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Chloe Porigow
- the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Laurie P Murray
- the Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Wendy K Chung
- the Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Meyer Kattan
- the Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Minyoung Jang
- the Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Alexandra Antosy
- From the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - William Middlesworth
- the Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Julie Khlevner
- From the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons/NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY
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4
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Edwards NA, Kashyap A, Warren A, Agricola ZN, Kenny AP, Shen Y, Chung WK, Zorn AM. Disrupted endosomal trafficking of the Vangl-Celsr polarity complex underlies congenital anomalies in trachea-esophageal morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.11.561909. [PMID: 37873300 PMCID: PMC10592723 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.561909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions in foregut morphogenesis can result in life-threatening conditions where the trachea and esophagus fail to separate properly, such as esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF). The developmental basis of these congenital anomalies is poorly understood, but recent genome sequencing reveals that de novo variants in intracellular trafficking genes are enriched in EA/TEF patients. Here we show that mutation of orthologous genes in Xenopus disrupts trachea-esophageal separation similar to EA/TEF patients. We show that the Rab11a recycling endosome pathway is required to localize Vangl-Celsr polarity complexes at the cell surface where opposite sides of the common foregut tube fuse. Partial loss of endosome trafficking or the Vangl/Celsr complex disrupts epithelial polarity and cell division orientation. Mutant cells accumulate at the fusion point, fail to downregulate cadherin, and do not separate into distinct trachea and esophagus. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms of congenital anomalies and general paradigms of tissue fusion during organogenesis.
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5
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Feeding and Swallowing Characteristics of Children With Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:288-294. [PMID: 36728731 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize feeding/swallowing difficulties in children with esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) and evaluate associations among feeding difficulties, pharyngeal dysphagia (PD), and other aerodigestive evaluation findings. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of feeding/swallowing characteristics of 44 patients with EA/TEF treated in the aerodigestive program of a single academic medical institution from 2010 to 2015. Demographics, comorbidities, presence and characteristics of feeding/swallowing difficulties, and results of relevant diagnostic tests [videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS), clinical feeding evaluations (CFEs), chest computerized tomography (CT) scans, pulmonary bronchoscopies, and upper GI (UGI)/esophagrams] were reviewed. RESULTS Fifty percent of the cohort had PD and 88.6% had feeding difficulties. Across 118 encounters (87 VFSS and 31 CFEs), feeding difficulties suggestive of esophageal dysphagia were most frequently seen in children over 48 months and feeding difficulties suggestive of developmental feeding problems were most frequently seen in children from 24 to 48 months. Abnormal findings were present in 59.8% of VFSS, with aspiration (34.5%) and pharyngeal residue (26.4%) the most frequently observed signs of dysphagia. Abnormal UGI/esophagram findings were not associated with significantly increased risk of feeding difficulties during visits within 3 months (risk ratio, RR = 1.33). Presence of dysphagia was associated with increased risk for some abnormal CT findings (RR= 3.0 for airspace and 3.0 for bronchiectasis). CONCLUSIONS Feeding/swallowing difficulties are common in EA/TEF, and types of feeding difficulties vary by patient age. The presence of abnormal findings on UGI/esophagram did not increase the risk of feeding complaints; however, the presence of dysphagia increased the risk of abnormal chest CT.
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Ranza E, Le Gouez M, Guimier A, Dunlop NK, Beaudoin S, Malan V, Michot C, Baujat G, Rio M, Cormier-Daire V, Abadie V, Sarnacki S, Delacourt C, Lyonnet S, Attié-Bitach T, Pingault V, Rousseau V, Amiel J. Retrospective evaluation of clinical and molecular data of 148 cases of esophageal atresia. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:77-83. [PMID: 36271508 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities provide a unique opportunity to seek for the molecular mechanisms underlying human organogenesis. Esophageal development remains incompletely understood and elucidating causes for esophageal atresia (EA) in humans would contribute to achieve a better comprehension. Prenatal detection, syndromic classification, molecular diagnosis, and prognostic factors in EA are challenging. Some syndromes have been described to frequently include EA, such as CHARGE, EFTUD2-mandibulofacial dysostosis, Feingold syndrome, trisomy 18, and Fanconi anemia. However, no molecular diagnosis is made in most cases, including frequent associations, such as Vertebral-Anal-Cardiac-Tracheo-Esophageal-Renal-Limb defects (VACTERL). This study evaluates the clinical and genetic test results of 139 neonates and 9 fetuses followed-up at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital over a 10-years period. Overall, 52 cases were isolated EA (35%), and 96 were associated with other anomalies (65%). The latter group is divided into three subgroups: EA with a known genomic cause (9/148, 6%); EA with Vertebral-Anal-Cardiac-Tracheo-Esophageal-Renal-Limb defects (VACTERL) or VACTERL/Oculo-Auriculo-Vertebral Dysplasia (VACTERL/OAV) (22/148, 14%); EA with associated malformations including congenital heart defects, duodenal atresia, and diaphragmatic hernia without known associations or syndromes yet described (65/148, 44%). Altogether, the molecular diagnostic rate remains very low and may underlie frequent non-Mendelian genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Ranza
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Service de Médecine génétique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.,Medigenome, Swiss Institute of Genomic Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Le Gouez
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Anne Guimier
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naziha Khen Dunlop
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale, Urologique et de Transplantation pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP et Université de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Beaudoin
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale, Urologique et de Transplantation pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP et Université de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Michot
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Baujat
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France
| | - Marlène Rio
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Abadie
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sarnacki
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale, Urologique et de Transplantation pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP et Université de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Lyonnet
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Pingault
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Rousseau
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale, Urologique et de Transplantation pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP et Université de Paris), Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Amiel
- Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (AP-HP centre), Paris, France.,Institut Imagine, Inserm U1163, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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7
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Weissbach T, Kushnir A, Yousefi S, Massarwa A, Leibovitch L, Frank DD, Kidron D, Achiron R, Meyer R, Weisz B, Mazaki Tovi S, Kassif E. The prenatal detection of distal tracheoesophageal fistulas in fetuses diagnosed with esophageal atresia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 227:897.e1-897.e9. [PMID: 35940225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal atresia is a major anomaly of varying severity. The complexity of surgical correction depends on the presence of a distal fistula. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the feasibility and accuracy of prenatal ultrasound detection of the distal fistula in fetuses diagnosed with esophageal atresia. STUDY DESIGN This was an observational study conducted at a single tertiary care center between 2019 and 2021. Included were pregnant patients carrying a fetus prenatally diagnosed with esophageal atresia that was confirmed postnatally during corrective surgery or at postmortem autopsy. During the scan, the performing investigator determined the presence or absence of a distal fistula by scanning the location of the lower esophagus during fetal breathing. Cases in which the lower esophagus was observed distending with amniotic fluid during breathing were deemed "fistula present," and the remaining cases "fistula absent." Test feasibility and performance indices, including sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value were calculated. The offline clips and images were reviewed by 2 investigators for the assessment of interoperator agreement using Cohen's Kappa formula. RESULTS Included were 16 fetuses with esophageal atresia scanned between 2019 and 2021. All fetuses were successfully scanned with sufficient resolution of the area of interest during at least 3 cycles of breathing. It took a median of 8.5 minutes to determine the presence or absence of a distal fistula. The feasibility of the test was 100% (16/16). The test's sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 80% (95% confidence interval, 55-100), 100% (95% confidence interval, 60-100), 100% (95% confidence interval, 65-100), and 75% (95% confidence interval, 45-100), respectively. The Cohen's Kappa for interoperator agreement was calculated to be 1, P<.001, corresponding to a "perfect" level of agreement. CONCLUSION Distal fistulas in esophageal atresia can be demonstrated prenatally by targeted scanning using appropriate technique. The method provided is feasible, reproducible, and has excellent performance indices. This novel technique and observations may improve the prenatal diagnosis and counseling of esophageal atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Weissbach
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.
| | - Anya Kushnir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Shayan Yousefi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Abeer Massarwa
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Leah Leibovitch
- Department of Neonatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Denise-Dana Frank
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Debora Kidron
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Reuven Achiron
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Raanan Meyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Boaz Weisz
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Shali Mazaki Tovi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Eran Kassif
- Institute of Obstetrical and Gynecological Imaging, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; (f)Department of Pathology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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8
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Anatomy and embryology of tracheo-esophageal fistula. Semin Pediatr Surg 2022; 31:151231. [PMID: 36459913 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2022.151231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anomalies in tracheo-esophageal development result in a spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from, most commonly, esophageal atresia with or without trachea-esophageal fistula (EA+/-TEF) to esophageal web, duplication, stricture, tracheomalacia and tracheal agenesis. Despite the relative frequency of EA, however, the underlying etiology remains unknown and is likely due to a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. In recent years, animal models have dramatically increased our understanding of the molecular and morphological processes involved in normal esophageal development during the key stages of anterior-posterior regionalization, dorsal-ventral patterning and morphogenic separation. Moreover, the use of animal models in conjunction with increasingly advanced techniques such as genomic sequencing, sophisticated live imaging studies and organoid models have more recently cast light on potential mechanisms involved in EA pathogenesis. This article aims to unravel some of the mysteries behind the anatomy and embryology of EA whilst providing insights into future directions for research.
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9
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Sy MR, Chauhan J, Prescott K, Imam A, Kraus A, Beleza A, Salkeld L, Hosdurga S, Parker M, Vasudevan P, Islam L, Goel H, Bain N, Park SM, Mohammed S, Dieterich K, Coutton C, Satre V, Vieville G, Donaldson A, Beneteau C, Ghoumid J, Bogaert KVD, Boogaerts A, Boudry E, Vanlerberghe C, Petit F, Bernardini L, Torres B, Mattina T, Carli D, Mandrile G, Pinelli M, Brunetti-Pierri N, Neas K, Beddow R, Tørring PM, Faletra F, Spedicati B, Gasparini P, Mussa A, Ferrero GB, Lampe A, Lam W, Bi W, Bacino CA, Kuwahara A, Bush JO, Zhao X, Luna PN, Shaw CA, Rosenfeld JA, Scott DA. Exome sequencing efficacy and phenotypic expansions involving esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula plus. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:3492-3504. [PMID: 36135330 PMCID: PMC9669235 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a life-threatening birth defect that often occurs with other major birth defects (EA/TEF+). Despite advances in genetic testing, a molecular diagnosis can only be made in a minority of EA/TEF+ cases. Here, we analyzed clinical exome sequencing data and data from the DECIPHER database to determine the efficacy of exome sequencing in cases of EA/TEF+ and to identify phenotypic expansions involving EA/TEF. Among 67 individuals with EA/TEF+ referred for clinical exome sequencing, a definitive or probable diagnosis was made in 11 cases for an efficacy rate of 16% (11/67). This efficacy rate is significantly lower than that reported for other major birth defects, suggesting that polygenic, multifactorial, epigenetic, and/or environmental factors may play a particularly important role in EA/TEF pathogenesis. Our cohort included individuals with pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants that affect TCF4 and its downstream target NRXN1, and FANCA, FANCB, and FANCC, which are associated with Fanconi anemia. These cases, previously published case reports, and comparisons to other EA/TEF genes made using a machine learning algorithm, provide evidence in support of a potential pathogenic role for these genes in the development of EA/TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R. Sy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaynee Chauhan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching
Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Katrina Prescott
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching
Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Aliza Imam
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching
Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alison Kraus
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching
Hospitals NHS Trust, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Ana Beleza
- Clinical Genetics Department, University Hospitals Bristol
and Weston, Bristol NHS Foundation, Bristol, UK
| | - Lee Salkeld
- Whiteladies Medical Group, Whatley Road, Clifton, Bristol,
UK
| | - Saraswati Hosdurga
- Community Children’s Health Partnership, Sirona
Health and Care, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Parker
- Sheffield Children’s NHS Foundation Trust,
Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Lily Islam
- Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital
NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter New England Local Health District, Hunter Genetics,
Waratah, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Bain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, New South Wales Health
Pathology, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Soo-Mi Park
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Cambridge
University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Klaus Dieterich
- Département de Génétique et
Procréation, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex,
France
- INSERM U1216 Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences,
Cellular Myology and Pathology, Grenoble, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Département de Génétique et
Procréation, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex,
France
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility team,
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université
Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Département de Génétique et
Procréation, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex,
France
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility team,
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université
Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Vieville
- Département de Génétique et
Procréation, Hôpital Couple Enfant, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble Cedex,
France
| | - Alan Donaldson
- Clinical Genetics Department, St Michaels Hospital,
Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Beneteau
- Nantes Université, CHU de Nantes, UF 9321 de
Fœtopathologie et Génétique, Nantes, France
| | - Jamal Ghoumid
- Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille,
Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals
Leuven–KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Boogaerts
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals
Leuven–KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elise Boudry
- CHU Lille, Institut de Génétique
Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Vanlerberghe
- Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille,
Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Université de Lille, ULR7364 RADEME, CHU Lille,
Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Lille, France
| | - Laura Bernardini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo
della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Barbara Torres
- Medical Genetics Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo
della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences,
Medical Genetics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Scientific Foundation and Clinic G. B. Morgagni,
Catania, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University
of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mandrile
- Medical Genetics Unit, San Luigi University Hospital,
University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical
Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM),
Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM),
Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of
Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rachel Beddow
- Wellington Regional Genetics laboratory, Wellington, New
Zealand
| | - Pernille M. Tørring
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University
Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Flavio Faletra
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo
Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Beatrice Spedicati
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences,
University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS Burlo
Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences,
University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University
of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Genetics Unit, Regina Margherita
Childrens Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Anne Lampe
- South East Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Western
General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wayne Lam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Western General
Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Carlos A. Bacino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akela Kuwahara
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of
California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and
Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Jeffrey O. Bush
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of
California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California
San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and
Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX, 77021, USA
| | - Pamela N. Luna
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daryl A. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Durkin N, De Coppi P. Management of neonates with oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Early Hum Dev 2022; 174:105681. [PMID: 36242842 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Durkin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Developmental Biology and Cancer, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Raad S, David A, Sagniez M, Paré B, Orfi Z, Dumont NA, Smith MA, Faure C. iPSCs derived from esophageal atresia patients reveal SOX2 dysregulation at the anterior foregut stage. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049541. [PMID: 36317486 PMCID: PMC10655818 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of well-regulated cellular and molecular events result in the compartmentalization of the anterior foregut into the esophagus and trachea. Disruption of the compartmentalization process leads to esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). The cause of EA/TEF remains largely unknown. Therefore, to mimic the early development of the esophagus and trachea, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from EA/TEF patients, and iPSCs and embryonic stem cells from healthy individuals into mature three-dimensional esophageal organoids. CXCR4, SOX17 and GATA4 expression was similar in both patient-derived and healthy endodermal cells. The expression of the key transcription factor SOX2 was significantly lower in the patient-derived anterior foregut. We also observed an abnormal expression of NKX2.1 (or NKX2-1) in the patient-derived mature esophageal organoids. At the anterior foregut stage, RNA sequencing revealed the critical genes GSTM1 and RAB37 to be significantly lower in the patient-derived anterior foregut. We therefore hypothesize that a transient dysregulation of SOX2 and the abnormal expression of NKX2.1 in patient-derived cells could be responsible for the abnormal foregut compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleen Raad
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Anu David
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Melanie Sagniez
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Bastien Paré
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Zakaria Orfi
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Nicolas A. Dumont
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Martin A. Smith
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Christophe Faure
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
- Esophageal Atresia Clinic and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, 3715 Côte Sainte-Catherine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T1C5, Canada
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12
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Tanimoto T, Noda T, Imaji R, Nouso H. A case of esophageal atresia with the bronchial-like lower esophagus which originates from the left lower lobe bronchus. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:156. [PMID: 35969287 PMCID: PMC9378802 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal atresia with or without a trachea–esophageal fistula occurs due to the failure of separation or incomplete development of the foregut. Therefore, esophageal atresia is often associated with various forms of tracheobronchial anomalies. We report an extremely rare case of esophageal atresia.
Case presentation A female infant was born at 37 weeks of gestation and weighed 2596 g. A diagnosis of esophageal atresia and total anomalous pulmonary vein return type III were confirmed. The infant had respiratory distress that required tracheal intubation and ventilatory support soon after birth. Temporary banding of the gastroesophageal junction and gastrostomy were performed on the second day of life. However, her respiratory condition deteriorated due to atelectasis of the left lung and compensatory hyperinflation of the right lung. Preoperative examinations showed the unilobe and atelectatic left lung. The trachea was trifurcated in three directions, and the branch that was expected to be the left main bronchus was blind-ended. The dorsal branch was cartilaginous and bifurcated into the left lower lobe bronchus and lower esophagus approximately 1 cm distal from the tracheal trifurcation. The cartilaginous tissue continued to the lower esophagus. The diagnosis of esophageal atresia with the lower esophagus which originated from the left lower lobe bronchus was made. Esophageal atresia repair was performed when the patient was 4 months of age. The esophagus was dissected distally to the bifurcation of the left lower lobe bronchus via right thoracotomy. The lower esophagus was bronchial-like in appearance, transitioning to the normal esophageal wall approximately 7 mm distal to the transected edge. The cartilage tissue was completely resected during surgery, and a primary end-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus was successfully performed. Histopathological findings revealed that the extracted specimen was surrounded by tracheal cartilage and that the inner surface was covered by stratified squamous epithelium that originated from the esophagus. Conclusions In cases of esophageal atresia with an atypical clinical presentation, there may be unique structural abnormalities of the foregut. We emphasize the importance of a preoperative surgical planning since an inadequate operation can lead to fatal complications.
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13
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McGowan NA, Grosel J. An overview of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. JAAPA 2022; 35:34-37. [PMID: 35617475 DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000830180.79745.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are often-concomitant pathologies that primarily afflict neonates. The complications of these anomalies may lead to increased morbidity and mortality, and clinicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of these pathologies. Clinicians can improve patient outcomes by having a thorough understanding of the signs and symptoms, classification systems, diagnostic workup, and surgical intervention options for these patients. Early recognition and treatment are imperative in providing patients with the best opportunity for recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A McGowan
- At the time this article was written, Nathan A. McGowan was a student in the PA program at Marietta (Ohio) College. He now practices at Ascension Texas Spine and Scoliosis in Austin, Tex. John Grosel is a radiologist at Lucid Health Riverside Radiology and Interventional Associates, Inc., based in Columbus, Ohio, and the McCoy associate professor in the PA program at Marietta College. The authors have disclosed no potential conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise
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14
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Ladefoged MR, Korang SK, Hildorf SE, Oehlenschlæger J, Poulsen S, Fossum M, Lausten-Thomsen U. Necessity of Prophylactic Extrapleural Chest Tube During Primary Surgical Repair of Esophageal Atresia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:849992. [PMID: 35372168 PMCID: PMC8971748 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.849992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal atresia is corrected surgically by anastomosing and recreating esophageal continuity. To allow the removal of excess fluid and air from the anastomosis, a prophylactic and temporary intraoperative chest tube (IOCT) has traditionally been placed in this area during surgery. However, whether the potential benefits of this prophylactic IOCT overweigh the potential harms is unclear. Objective To assess the benefits and harms of using a prophylactic IOCT during primary surgical repair of esophageal atresia. Data Sources We conducted a systematic review with a meta-analysis. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2021, Issue 12), MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, CINAHL, and Science Citation Index Expanded and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-(Web of Science). Search was performed from inception until December 3rd, 2021. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials (RCT) assessing the effect of a prophylactic IOCT during primary surgical repair of esophageal atresia and observational studies identified during our searches for RCT. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two independent reviewers screened studies and performed data extraction. The certainty of the evidence was assessed by GRADE and ROBINS-I. PROSPERO Registration A protocol for this review has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021257834). Results We included three RCTs randomizing 162 neonates, all at overall "some risk of bias." The studies compared the placement of an IOCT vs. none. The meta-analysis did not identify any significant effect of profylacitic IOCT, as confidence intervals were compatible with no effect, but the analyses suggests that the placement of an IOCT might lead to an increase in all-cause mortality (RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.76-3.65; three trials), serious adverse events (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.58-2.00; three trials), intervention-requiring pneumothorax (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.28-9.50; two trials), and anastomosis leakage (RR 1.66, 95% CI 0.63-4.40). None of our included studies assessed esophageal stricture or pain. Certainty of evidence was very low for all outcomes. Conclusions Evidence from RCTs does not support the routine use of a prophylactic IOCT during primary surgical repair of esophageal atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riis Ladefoged
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Department 7812, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven Kwasi Korang
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Department 7812, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Simone Engmann Hildorf
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Oehlenschlæger
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Poulsen
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Fossum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- Department of Neonatology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Evanovich DM, Wang JT, Zendejas B, Jennings RW, Bajic D. From the Ground Up: Esophageal Atresia Types, Disease Severity Stratification and Survival Rates at a Single Institution. Front Surg 2022; 9:799052. [PMID: 35356503 PMCID: PMC8959439 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.799052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA), although a rare congenital anomaly, represents one of the most common gastrointestinal birth defects. There is a gap in our knowledge regarding the impact of perioperative critical care in infants born with EA. This study addresses EA types, disease severity stratification, and mortality in a retrospective cohort at a single institution. Institutional Review Board approved our retrospective cross-sectional study of term-born (n = 53) and premature infants (28–37 weeks of gestation; n = 31) that underwent primary surgical repair of EA at a single institution from 2009–2020. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the electronic medical record, Powerchart (Cerner, London, UK). Patients were categorized by (i) sex, (ii) gestational age at birth, (iii) types of EA (in relation to respiratory tract anomalies), (iv) co-occurring congenital anomalies, (v) severity of disease (viz. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and Pediatric Risk Assessment (PRAm) scores), (vi) type of surgical repair for EA (primary anastomosis vs. Foker process), and (vii) survival rate classification using Spitz and Waterston scores. Data were presented as numerical sums and percentages. The frequency of anatomical types of EA in our cohort parallels that of the literature: 9.5% (8/84) type A, 9.5% (8/84) type B, 80% (67/84) type C, and 1% (1/84) type D. Long-gap EA accounts for 88% (7/8) type A, 75% (6/8) type B, and 13% (9/67) type C in the cohort studied. Our novel results show a nearly equal distribution of sex per each EA type, and gestational age (term-born vs. premature) by anatomical EA type. PRAm scoring showed a wider range of disease severity (3–9) than ASA scores (III and IV). The survival rate in our EA cohort dramatically increased in comparison to the literature in previous decades. This retrospective analysis at a single institution shows incidence of EA per sex and gestational status for anatomical types (EA type A-D) and by surgical approach (primary anastomosis vs. Foker process for short-gap vs. long-gap EA, respectively). Despite its wider range, PRAm score was not more useful in predicting disease severity in comparison to ASA score. Increased survival rates over the last decade suggest a potential need to assess unique operative and perioperative risks in this unique population of patients. Presented findings also represent a foundation for future clinical studies of outcomes in infants born with EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Michael Evanovich
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Tufts School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jue Teresa Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Benjamin Zendejas
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Russell William Jennings
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Esophageal and Airway Treatment Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dusica Bajic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dusica Bajic
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16
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Weissbach T, Kushnir A, Haber Kaptsenel E, Leibovitch L, Bilik R, Shinhar D, Karplus G, Achiron R, Kivilevitch Z, Barzilay E, Mazaki Tovi S, Weisz B, Kassif E. Oesophageal atresia: sonographic signs may prenatally predict surgical complexity. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2022; 107:206-210. [PMID: 34321245 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-321836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oesophageal atresia (OA) is a major anomaly of varying severity. The complexity of surgical correction highly depends on the gap length of missing oesophagus and the presence of a distal fistula. The aim of this study was to identify antenatal sonographic findings associated with presence of a distal fistula and type of surgical repair METHODS: Prenatal medical records of neonates postnatally diagnosed with OA were reviewed. Sonographic signs of OA (small/absent stomach, polyhydramnios, oesophageal pouch) and the trimester at sign detection were recorded and compared between (1) OA with and without a distal fistula and (2) early one-step versus delayed two-step anastomosis. Multivariate analysis was performed. RESULTS Overall, 80 cases of OA were included. Absence of a distal fistula was significantly associated with higher rates of small/absent stomach (100% vs 28.6%, P<0.0001), oesophageal pouch (100% vs 24.3%, P<0.0001) and severe polyhydramnios (66.7% vs 22.9%, P=0.006), compared with OA with a distal fistula.Cases requiring a delayed two-step repair had higher rates of small/absent stomach (84.2% vs 16.7%, P>0.0001), severe polyhydramnios (47.4% vs 16.7%, P=0.008) and oesophageal pouch (73.7% vs 18.5%, P<0.0001), compared with those corrected in an early one-step anastomosis.Multivariate logistic regression found small/absent stomach and pouch to be significantly and independently associated with a delayed two-step anastomosis. CONCLUSION OA without a distal fistula is associated with higher rates of prenatal sonographic signs. Both small/absent stomach and a pouch are independently associated with a delayed two-step anastomosis. These findings may help improve antenatal parental counselling regarding the anticipated surgical repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Weissbach
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel .,Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anya Kushnir
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Leah Leibovitch
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Neonatology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ron Bilik
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Surgery, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Daniel Shinhar
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Surgery, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Gideon Karplus
- Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Surgery, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Reuven Achiron
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Kivilevitch
- Women's Ultrasound Unit, Maccabi Health Services, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Eran Barzilay
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Shali Mazaki Tovi
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Weisz
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Kassif
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center at Tel HaShomer, Tel HaShomer, Israel.,Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kassif E, Elkan Miller T, Tsur A, Trozky Y, Gur T, De Castro H, Hadi E, Yulzari V, Weissmann-Brenner A, Messing B, Yoeli-Ullman R, Sharon R, Mazaki-Tovi S, Achiron R, Weisz B, Weissbach T. Dynamic esophageal patency assessment: an effective method for prenatally diagnosing esophageal atresia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:674.e1-674.e12. [PMID: 34146530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal atresia is a major anomaly with a low prenatal detection rate. We propose a sonographic method termed dynamic esophageal patency assessment. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the feasibility and performance of the dynamic esophageal patency assessment in a high-risk population. STUDY DESIGN A prospective study was conducted in a single tertiary fetal ultrasound unit for 12 months. The study group included pregnant women referred for a targeted scan because of one or more of the following: (1) polyhydramnios; (2) small or absent stomach; (3) vertebral, anal atresia, cardiac, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal, and limb abnormalities; (4) first-degree relative with esophageal atresia; and (5) genetic mutation associated with esophageal atresia. In addition to dynamic esophageal patency assessment, a comprehensive anomaly scan was carried out. The fetal esophagus was observed during swallowing. Cases that demonstrated uninterrupted fluid propagation through the esophagus were classified as normal. Cases that demonstrated interrupted fluid propagation, with the formation of a pouch, were classified as abnormal. Cases with unclear visualization of the esophagus or cases that failed to demonstrate either fluid propagation or a pouch were classified as undetermined. Dynamic esophageal patency assessment results were compared with postnatal findings, considered "gold standard." Test performance indices and intra- and interobserver agreements were calculated. RESULTS For 12 months, 130 patients were recruited, and 132 fetuses were scanned. The median gestational age (interquartile range) at the time of scan was 31.4 weeks (29.0-35.3). Of 132 fetuses enrolled, 123 (93.2%) were normal, 8 (6%) were abnormal, and 1 (0.8%) was undetermined. Excluded from test performance analysis were 3 cases that were terminated without postmortem autopsy (1 was abnormal and 2 were normal), and a fourth case was excluded as it was classified as undetermined. The detection rate of esophageal atresia was 100%, with no false-positive or false-negative case. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the dynamic esophageal patency assessment were 100%. The Kappa coefficient was 1 for both inter- and intraobserver agreements (P<.0001). The median time (interquartile range) required to complete the dynamic esophageal patency assessment was 6.00 minutes (3.00-13.25). CONCLUSION The dynamic esophageal patency assessment is a feasible and highly effective method of ascertaining an intact esophagus and detecting esophageal atresia in suspected cases.
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Thornhill R, Sacks MA, Goodman LF, Khan FA, Radulescu A. Newborn with annular pancreas and H-Type tracheoesophageal fistula. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Korang SK, Hildorf S, Oehlenschlaeger J, Smithers CJ, Jakobsen JC, Lausten-Thomsen U. Preservation of the azygos vein versus ligation of the azygos vein during primary surgical repair of congenital esophageal atresia. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kwasi Korang
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Simone Hildorf
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jacob Oehlenschlaeger
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Janus C Jakobsen
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research; The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, The Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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Brosens E, Brouwer RWW, Douben H, van Bever Y, Brooks AS, Wijnen RMH, van IJcken WFJ, Tibboel D, Rottier RJ, de Klein A. Heritability and De Novo Mutations in Oesophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Aetiology. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101595. [PMID: 34680991 PMCID: PMC8535313 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TOF) is a congenital anomaly for which the cause is unknown in the majority of patients. OA/TOF is a variable feature in many (often mono-) genetic syndromes. Research using animal models targeting genes involved in candidate pathways often result in tracheoesophageal phenotypes. However, there is limited overlap in the genes implicated by animal models and those found in OA/TOF-related syndromic anomalies. Knowledge on affected pathways in animal models is accumulating, but our understanding on these pathways in patients lags behind. If an affected pathway is associated with both animals and patients, the mechanisms linking the genetic mutation, affected cell types or cellular defect, and the phenotype are often not well understood. The locus heterogeneity and the uncertainty of the exact heritability of OA/TOF results in a relative low diagnostic yield. OA/TOF is a sporadic finding with a low familial recurrence rate. As parents are usually unaffected, de novo dominant mutations seems to be a plausible explanation. The survival rates of patients born with OA/TOF have increased substantially and these patients start families; thus, the detection and a proper interpretation of these dominant inherited pathogenic variants are of great importance for these patients and for our understanding of OA/TOF aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rutger W. W. Brouwer
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.W.W.B.); (W.F.J.v.I.)
| | - Hannie Douben
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Alice S. Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
| | - Rene M. H. Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.M.H.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Wilfred F. J. van IJcken
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.W.W.B.); (W.F.J.v.I.)
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (R.M.H.W.); (D.T.)
| | - Robbert J. Rottier
- Departments of Pediatric Surgery & Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (H.D.); (Y.v.B.); (A.S.B.); (A.d.K.)
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21
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Chooey J, Trexler C, Becker AM, Hogue JS. Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula and proximal symphalangism in a patient with a NOG nonsense mutation. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:269-271. [PMID: 34472207 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) are relatively common malformations of the human foregut. The etiology remains incompletely understood with genetic causes identified in a small minority of affected patients. We present the case of a newborn with type C EA/TEF along with proximal symphalangism found to have a de novo NOG nonsense mutation. Patients with chromosome 17q deletions including the NOG gene have previously been reported to have EA/TEF but mutations in the gene have not been identified in patients with this malformation. This case provides evidence that haploinsufficiency for NOG may be the cause for EA/TEF in the 17q deletion syndrome and suggests that the clinical spectrum of NOG-related symphalangism spectrum disorders may include EA/TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Chooey
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Connor Trexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Amy M Becker
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Jacob S Hogue
- Department of Pediatrics, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are common findings with relatively established methods of treatment. However, the genetic cause of how these defects occur and how that may impact a child's lifelong care is less established. Genetic testing has improved significantly in recent years, yet reviews documenting prenatal genetic counseling and testing guidelines have not been comprehensively updated. RECENT FINDINGS Congenital anomalies of the foregut, such as tracheoesophageal fistula carry a high association with genetic disorders, both in isolation and syndromic forms. Duodenal atresia remains highly associated with Trisomy 21 but is not enriched in other genetic conditions. Disorders of the midgut, such as omphalocele often have a genetic cause and may require both cytogenetic and panel testing to obtain a diagnosis. The etiologic basis of hindgut malformations remain largely unknown, though imperforate anus as well as Hirschprung's disease have been associated with many micro deletion syndromes as well as in association with other birth defects as part of larger syndromes. SUMMARY Prenatal diagnostic genetic testing through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling can be offered to every patient who wants to learn genetic information about their fetus. Cytogenetic testing, such as microarray is a first tier test to assess cause for these conditions and can provide meaningful answers. When a gastrointestinal anomaly is identified in association with an additionally affected organ system next-generation sequencing and defect-specific genetic testing panels can be necessary to understand cause as well as prognosis to best prepare families for the medical management that lies ahead.
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Edwards NA, Shacham-Silverberg V, Weitz L, Kingma PS, Shen Y, Wells JM, Chung WK, Zorn AM. Developmental basis of trachea-esophageal birth defects. Dev Biol 2021; 477:85-97. [PMID: 34023332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trachea-esophageal defects (TEDs), including esophageal atresia (EA), tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), and laryngeal-tracheoesophageal clefts (LTEC), are a spectrum of life-threatening congenital anomalies in which the trachea and esophagus do not form properly. Up until recently, the developmental basis of these conditions and how the trachea and esophagus arise from a common fetal foregut was poorly understood. However, with significant advances in human genetics, organoids, and animal models, and integrating single cell genomics with high resolution imaging, we are revealing the molecular and cellular mechanisms that orchestrate tracheoesophageal morphogenesis and how disruption in these processes leads to birth defects. Here we review the current understanding of the genetic and developmental basis of TEDs. We suggest future opportunities for integrating developmental mechanisms elucidated from animals and organoids with human genetics and clinical data to gain insight into the genotype-phenotype basis of these heterogeneous birth defects. Finally, we envision how this will enhance diagnosis, improve treatment, and perhaps one day, lead to new tissue replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Edwards
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vered Shacham-Silverberg
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Leelah Weitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Kingma
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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24
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Tuğcu GD, Soyer T, Polat SE, Hizal M, Emiralioğlu N, Yalçın E, Doğru D, Kiper N, Özçelik U. Evaluation of pulmonary complications and affecting factors in children for repaired esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Respir Med 2021; 181:106376. [PMID: 33813207 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recurrent pulmonary infections, wheezing and stridor due to swallowing dysfunction, esophageal dysmotility, gastroesophageal reflux, tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia are frequently seen complications after esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA-TEF) surgeries. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and causes of respiratory problems and to evaluate the factors that affect respiratory morbidity in patients who had undergone EA-TEF repair in a tertiary referral center. METHODS Preoperative and postoperative records of patients with EA, TEF + EA and isolated EA were examined retrospectively. Accompanied diseases and swallowing dysfunction symptoms were questioned. Bronchoalveolar lavage results were investigated if the patient had flexible bronchoscopy. RESULTS A total of 71 children with EA were included in the study, and seven patients who did not have follow-up after surgery were excluded. 46 of the 64 patients continue regular follow-up visits in our department. Male sex, primary EA repair in another center, EA type C, accompanying genetic anomalies, severe tracheomalacia, late per oral feeding (1 year after surgery), and severe GER were found to cause significantly higher incidence of coughing, recurrent wheezing, recurrent pneumonia, and bronchiectasis despite surgical and medical treatments (p = 0.048, p = 0.045, p = 0.009, p = 0.029, p = 0.025). CONCLUSİON: Even if anatomical anomalies are corrected by surgery in patients who underwent EA repair, precautions can be taken for GERD, laryngotracheomalacia, and swallowing dysfunction, and effective pulmonary rehabilitation can be initiated with early multidisciplinary approach before the development of respiratory tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Dilşa Tuğcu
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tutku Soyer
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Surgery, Turkey.
| | - Sanem Eryılmaz Polat
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mina Hizal
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nagehan Emiralioğlu
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Yalçın
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Deniz Doğru
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nural Kiper
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Uğur Özçelik
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramacı Children's Hospital, Pediatric Pulmonology, Ankara, Turkey.
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Getachew D, Kaneda R, Saeki Y, Matsumoto A, Otani H. Morphologic changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus during the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous epithelium in the developing mouse esophagus. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2021; 61:14-24. [PMID: 32776381 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The apico-basal (AB) polarity of epithelial cells is maintained by organized arrays of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus. We previously reported that mouse embryonic esophageal epithelium exhibits interkinetic nuclear migration (INM), an AB-polarity-based regulatory mechanism of stem-cell proliferation, and suggested that the pseudostratified single columnar epithelium, a hallmark of INM, is converted to stratified squamous epithelium via rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and cell-adhesion apparatus. Here, we chronologically examined morphological changes in the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus in the mouse esophageal epithelium at embryonic day (E) 11.5, E13.5, E14.5, and E15.5, during which epithelial conversion has been suggested to occur. We used phalloidin to examine the apical terminal web (ATW), immunofluorescent anti-zonula occludens protein (ZO-1) antibody to reveal ZO-1, and anti-gamma tubulin antibody to detect primary cilia (PC). At E11.5, a thick ATW, apically oriented ZO-1 and apical PC were observed, indicating a pseudostratified single columnar structure. At E13.5 and E14.5, the phalloidin-staining, ZO-1, and PC distribution patterns were not apically localized, and the epithelial cells appeared to have lost the AB polarity, suggesting conversion of the epithelial structure and cessation of INM. At E15.5, light and transmission electron microscope observations revealed the ATW, ZO-1, PC, and tight junction which were localized into two-1ayers: the apical and subapical layers of the epithelium. These findings suggest that dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton and adhesion apparatus is involved in the conversion from pseudostratified single columnar to stratified squamous morphology and is closely related with temporal perturbation of the AB-polarity and cessation of INM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Getachew
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kaneda
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saeki
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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Gundogdu G, Morhardt D, Cristofaro V, Algarrahi K, Yang X, Costa K, Alegria CG, Sullivan MP, Mauney JR. Evaluation of Bilayer Silk Fibroin Grafts for Tubular Esophagoplasty in a Porcine Defect Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:103-116. [PMID: 32460641 PMCID: PMC7826443 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical reconstruction of tubular esophageal defects with autologous gastrointestinal segments is the gold standard treatment to replace damaged or diseased esophageal tissues. Unfortunately, this approach is associated with adverse complications, including dysphagia, donor-site morbidity, and in some cases patient death. Bilayer silk fibroin (BLSF) scaffolds were investigated as alternative, acellular grafts for tubular esophagoplasty in a porcine defect model for 3 months of implantation. Adult Yucatan mini-swine (n = 5) were subjected to esophageal reconstruction with tubular BLSF grafts (2 cm in length) in combination with transient esophageal stenting for 2 months followed by a 1-month period, where the graft site was unstented. All animals receiving BLSF grafts survived and were capable of solid food consumption, however strictures were noted at graft regions in 60% of the experimental cohort between 2 and 3 months postop and required balloon dilation. In addition, fluoroscopic analysis showed peristaltic function in only 1/5 neotissues. Following swine harvest at 3 months, ex vivo tissue bath evaluations revealed that neoconduits exhibited contractile responses to carbachol, electric field stimulation, and KCl, whereas sodium nitroprusside and isoproterenol induced relaxation effects. Histological (Masson's Trichrome) and immunohistochemical analyses of regenerated tissue conduits showed a stratified, squamous epithelium expressing pan-cytokeratins buttressed by a vascularized lamina propria containing a smooth muscle-rich muscularis mucosa surrounded by a muscularis externa. Neuronal density, characterized by the presence of synaptophysin-positive boutons, was significantly lower in neotissues in comparison to nonsurgical controls. BLSF scaffolds represent a promising platform for the repair of tubular esophageal defects, however improvements in scaffold design are needed to reduce the rate of complications and improve the extent of constructive tissue remodeling. Impact statement The search for a superior "off-the-shelf" scaffold capable of repairing tubularesophageal defects as well as overcoming limitations associated with conventional autologous gastrointestinal segments remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of an acellular, bilayer silk fibroin graft (BLSF) for tubular esophagoplasty in a porcine model. Our results demonstrated that BLSF scaffolds supported the formation of tubular neotissues with innervated, vascularized epithelial and muscular components capable of contractile and relaxation responses. BLSF scaffolds represent a promising platform for esophageal tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Gundogdu
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Duncan Morhardt
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivian Cristofaro
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khalid Algarrahi
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xuehui Yang
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Costa
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cinthia Galvez Alegria
- Urological Diseases Research Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maryrose P. Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua R. Mauney
- Departments of Urology and Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA
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Histological, immunohistochemical and transcriptomic characterization of human tracheoesophageal fistulas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242167. [PMID: 33201890 PMCID: PMC7671559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) are relatively frequently occurring foregut malformations. EA/TEF is thought to have a strong genetic component. Not much is known regarding the biological processes disturbed or which cell type is affected in patients. This hampers the detection of the responsible culprits (genetic or environmental) for the origin of these congenital anatomical malformations. Therefore, we examined gene expression patterns in the TEF and compared them to the patterns in esophageal, tracheal and lung control samples. We studied tissue organization and key proteins using immunohistochemistry. There were clear differences between TEF and control samples. Based on the number of differentially expressed genes as well as histological characteristics, TEFs were most similar to normal esophagus. The BMP-signaling pathway, actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix pathways are downregulated in TEF. Genes involved in smooth muscle contraction are overexpressed in TEF compared to esophagus as well as trachea. These enriched pathways indicate myofibroblast activated fibrosis. TEF represents a specific tissue type with large contributions of intestinal smooth muscle cells and neurons. All major cell types present in esophagus are present-albeit often structurally disorganized-in TEF, indicating that its etiology should not be sought in cell fate specification.
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Raad S, David A, Que J, Faure C. Genetic Mouse Models and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Studying Tracheal-Esophageal Separation and Esophageal Development. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:953-966. [PMID: 32515280 PMCID: PMC9839344 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophagus and trachea arise from a common origin, the anterior foregut tube. The compartmentalization process of the foregut into the esophagus and trachea is still poorly understood. Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is one of the most common gastrointestinal congenital defects with an incidence rate of 1 in 2,500 births. EA/TEF is linked to the disruption of the compartmentalization process of the foregut tube. In EA/TEF patients, other organ anomalies and disorders have also been reported. Over the last two decades, animal models have shown the involvement of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors in the development of the esophagus and trachea. Use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to understand organogenesis has been a valuable tool for mimicking gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. This review focuses on the signaling mechanisms involved in esophageal development and the use of iPSCs to model and understand it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleen Raad
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anu David
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianwen Que
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christophe Faure
- Esophageal Development and Engineering Laboratory, Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Esophageal Atresia Clinic and Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Christophe Faure, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sainte-Justine Hospital, 3715 Côte Sainte Catherine, Montreal H3T1C5, Quebec, Canada
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Amelot A, Cretolle C, de Saint Denis T, Sarnacki S, Catala M, Zerah M. Spinal dysraphism as a new entity in V.A.C.TE.R.L syndrome, resulting in a novel acronym V.A.C.TE.R.L.S. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1121-1129. [PMID: 32055959 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal malformation (ARM) is the most common symptom in VACTERL syndrome (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal, and limb anomalies). The association of ARM and spinal dysraphisms (DYS) is well documented. We aim to better evaluate children with VACTERL association and ARM, considering the presence or not of DYS. Between 2000 and 2015, 279 children with VACTERL associations were identified in Necker Children's Hospital, Paris. We identified 61 VACTERL children (22%) with ARM. A total of 52 VACTERL children with ARM were included. DYS were identified in 36/52 of cases (69.2%). A total of 33 (63.5%) VACTERL children presented with sphincterial dysfunction. We constated that 28/33 (84.8%) of them had DYS + (p < 0.0001). More children in ARM (DYS +) subgroup are presenting with initial urinary sphincter dysfunction (58 vs 19%, p < 0.009) than ARM (DYS -). We identified 29 lipoma filum in our series, which were not statistically associated with urinary disorders (p = 0.143).Conclusion: We propose to refine the definition of VACTERL association, by adding S as Spinal defect to include it as an integral part of this syndrome, resulting in a novel acronym V.A.C.TE.R.L.S.What is Known:• The VACTERL association: congenital anomalies of the bony vertebral column (V), anorectal malformation (A), congenital cardiopathy (C), tracheo-esophageal defects (TE), renal and urinary tract anomalies (R), and limb malformations (L).• VACTERL children needs a complete appraisal, as early as possible, to adopt the most appropriate therapeutic management.What is New:• Include spine dysraphism (DYS) as a part of this syndrome, resulting in a novel acronym V.A.C.TE.R.L.S.• The significant correlation between VACTERL/DYS and urinary dysfunction requires to investigate the spine cord prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Amelot
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Célia Cretolle
- Department of Visceral Pediatric surgery, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Reference center for AnoRectal and rare Pelvic anomalies MAREP, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Timothée de Saint Denis
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sarnacki
- Department of Visceral Pediatric surgery, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Reference center for AnoRectal and rare Pelvic anomalies MAREP, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Martin Catala
- cUMR7622 UPMC et CNRS, Paris cedex 05, France; dFédération de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Michel Zerah
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Reference center for Chiari and Malformations of the Spine and the Spinal Cord C-MAVEM and Institute for Genetic Diseases IMAGINE , Necker-EM Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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30
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Rohanizadegan M, Tracy S, Galarreta CI, Poorvu T, Buchmiller TL, Bird LM, Estroff JA, Tan WH. Genetic diagnoses and associated anomalies in fetuses prenatally diagnosed with esophageal atresia. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1890-1895. [PMID: 32573094 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly occurring in 2.3 per 10,000 live births. Due to advances in prenatal imaging, EA is more readily diagnosed, but data on the associated genetic diagnoses, other anomalies, and postnatal outcome for fetuses diagnosed prenatally with EA are scarce. We collected data from two academic medical centers (n = 61). Our data included fetuses with suspected EA on prenatal imaging that was confirmed postnatally and had at least one genetic test. In our cohort of 61 cases, 29 (49%) were born prematurely and 19% of those born alive died in the first 9 years of life. The most commonly associated birth defects were cardiac anomalies (67%) and spine anomalies (50%). A diagnosis was made in 61% of the cases; the most common diagnoses were vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, radial or renal dysplasia, and limb anomalies association (43%, although 12% met only 2 of the criteria), trisomy 21 (5%), and CHARGE syndrome (5%). Our findings suggest that most fetuses with prenatally diagnosed EA have one or more additional major anomaly that warrants a more comprehensive clinical genetics evaluation. Fetuses diagnosed prenatally appear to represent a cohort with a worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mersedeh Rohanizadegan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Tracy
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carolina I Galarreta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Genetics/Dysmorphology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tabitha Poorvu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terry L Buchmiller
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynne M Bird
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Genetics/Dysmorphology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Judy A Estroff
- Maternal Fetal Care Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen-Hann Tan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Ten Kate CA, Brouwer RWW, van Bever Y, Martens VK, Brands T, van Beelen NWG, Brooks AS, Huigh D, van der Helm RM, Eussen BHFMM, van IJcken WFJ, IJsselstijn H, Tibboel D, Wijnen RMH, de Klein A, Hofstra RMW, Brosens E. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in patients with esophageal atresia. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:670-687. [PMID: 32298054 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients born with esophageal atresia (EA) have a higher incidence of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), suggestive of a relationship. A shared etiology makes sense from a developmental perspective as both affected structures are foregut derived. A genetic component has been described for both conditions as single entities and EA and IHPS are variable components in several monogenetic syndromes. We hypothesized that defects disturbing foregut morphogenesis are responsible for this combination of malformations. METHODS We investigated the genetic variation of 15 patients with both EA and IHPS with unaffected parents using exome sequencing and SNP array-based genotyping, and compared the results to mouse transcriptome data of the developing foregut. RESULTS We did not identify putatively deleterious de novo mutations or recessive variants. However, we detected rare inherited variants in EA or IHPS disease genes or in genes important in foregut morphogenesis, expressed at the proper developmental time-points. Two pathways were significantly enriched (p < 1 × 10-5 ): proliferation and differentiation of smooth muscle cells and self-renewal of satellite cells. CONCLUSIONS None of our findings could fully explain the combination of abnormalities on its own, which makes complex inheritance the most plausible genetic explanation, most likely in combination with mechanical and/or environmental factors. As we did not find one defining monogenetic cause for the EA/IHPS phenotype, the impact of the corrective surgery could should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Ten Kate
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Center for Biomics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande van Bever
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vera K Martens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Brands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole W G van Beelen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Huigh
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M van der Helm
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert H F M M Eussen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanneke IJsselstijn
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene M H Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care Children, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Shachor N, Wainstock T, Sheiner E, Harlev A. Fertility treatments and gastrointestinal morbidity of the offspring. Early Hum Dev 2020; 144:105021. [PMID: 32220768 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of pregnancies conceived following fertility treatments is high worldwide. While the impact of fertility treatments on short-term perinatal outcome is well established, long-term consequences are yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE To study the association between mode of conception and long-term gastrointestinal morbidity among children born following fertility treatments. STUDY DESIGN A population-based cohort analysis including all singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at a single regional tertiary medical center was performed. Fetuses with congenital malformations were excluded. A comparison was performed between children delivered following IVF, OI and spontaneous pregnancies. Hospitalizations up to the age of 18 years involving gastrointestinal morbidity were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence. A Cox regression model was used to control for confounders. RESULTS During the study period 242,187 singleton deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 1.1% following IVF (n = 2603), and 0.7% following OI (n = 1721). Hospitalization rates involving gastrointestinal morbidity were significantly higher in children conceived following IVF and OI (5.7%, 7.1% respectively) as compared with children conceived spontaneously (5.4%; p = 0.005). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve demonstrated a significantly higher cumulative incidence of gastrointestinal morbidity following IVF and OI (log rank p = 0.001). Using a Cox proportional hazards model, controlling for maternal age, preterm delivery, birthweight, maternal diabetes and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, IVF (adjusted HR = 1.27, CI 1.08-1.50, p = 0.004), was noted as an independent risk factor for long-term pediatric gastrointestinal morbidity. CONCLUSION Singletons conceived by IVF appear to be at an increased risk for long-term gastrointestinal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Shachor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamar Wainstock
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Eyal Sheiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avi Harlev
- Fertility and IVF Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel..
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33
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Galarreta CI, Vaida F, Bird LM. Patterns of malformation associated with esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula: A retrospective single center study. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1351-1363. [PMID: 32250545 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is one of the most common gastrointestinal birth defects. It can occur in isolation or in association with other birth defects or genetic syndromes. We retrospectively reviewed the EA/TEF cases evaluated at Rady Children's Hospital San Diego (San Diego, CA) between 2007 and 2016. Data were collected for 157 patients. The majority of patients (105, 66.8%) had an associated major malformation present, and 52 patients (33.1%) had isolated EA/TEF. The patients with associated malformations were distributed as follows: 16 patients (10.2%) had a known genetic syndrome (the most common being Trisomy 21 in 11 patients); six patients (3.8%) had a suspected genetic syndrome; one patient had a suspected teratogenic syndrome (diabetic embryopathy); 30 patients had VACTERL association (19.1%); 32 patients had a "partial VACTERL" association (only two VACTERL-type defects without other malformation); nine patients (5.7%) had one additional non-VACTERL-type birth defect, two patients had VACTERL-type defects plus auricular malformations; and nine patients (5.7%) were classified as "unknown syndrome." A classification of the patterns of malformation of patients with congenital EA/TEF is proposed based on reviewing the data of this relatively large and phenotypically diverse patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina I Galarreta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Dysmorphology, UC San Diego/Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Florin Vaida
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Lynne M Bird
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Dysmorphology, UC San Diego/Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
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34
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van de Putte R, Dworschak GC, Brosens E, Reutter HM, Marcelis CLM, Acuna-Hidalgo R, Kurtas NE, Steehouwer M, Dunwoodie SL, Schmiedeke E, Märzheuser S, Schwarzer N, Brooks AS, de Klein A, Sloots CEJ, Tibboel D, Brisighelli G, Morandi A, Bedeschi MF, Bates MD, Levitt MA, Peña A, de Blaauw I, Roeleveld N, Brunner HG, van Rooij IALM, Hoischen A. A Genetics-First Approach Revealed Monogenic Disorders in Patients With ARM and VACTERL Anomalies. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:310. [PMID: 32656166 PMCID: PMC7324789 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The VATER/VACTERL association (VACTERL) is defined as the non-random occurrence of the following congenital anomalies: Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, Tracheal-Esophageal, Renal, and Limb anomalies. As no unequivocal candidate gene has been identified yet, patients are diagnosed phenotypically. The aims of this study were to identify patients with monogenic disorders using a genetics-first approach, and to study whether variants in candidate genes are involved in the etiology of VACTERL or the individual features of VACTERL: Anorectal malformation (ARM) or esophageal atresia with or without trachea-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Methods: Using molecular inversion probes, a candidate gene panel of 56 genes was sequenced in three patient groups: VACTERL (n = 211), ARM (n = 204), and EA/TEF (n = 95). Loss-of-function (LoF) and additional likely pathogenic missense variants, were prioritized and validated using Sanger sequencing. Validated variants were tested for segregation and patients were clinically re-evaluated. Results: In 7 out of the 510 patients (1.4%), pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in SALL1, SALL4, and MID1, genes that are associated with Townes-Brocks, Duane-radial-ray, and Opitz-G/BBB syndrome. These syndromes always include ARM or EA/TEF, in combination with at least two other VACTERL features. We did not identify LoF variants in the remaining candidate genes. Conclusions: None of the other candidate genes were identified as novel unequivocal disease genes for VACTERL. However, a genetics-first approach allowed refinement of the clinical diagnosis in seven patients, in whom an alternative molecular-based diagnosis was found with important implications for the counseling of the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy van de Putte
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gabriel C Dworschak
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heiko M Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlo L M Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Rocio Acuna-Hidalgo
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nehir E Kurtas
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marloes Steehouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eberhard Schmiedeke
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Centre for Child and Youth Health, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Märzheuser
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Campus Virchow Clinic, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarzer
- SoMA e.V., Self-Help Organization for People With Anorectal Malformation, Munich, Germany
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelius E J Sloots
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Giulia Brisighelli
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Morandi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria F Bedeschi
- Medical Genetic Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael D Bates
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Marc A Levitt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.,Department of Surgery, Center for Colorectal and Pelvic Reconstruction, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alberto Peña
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Dayton Children's Hospital, Dayton, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.,Department of Surgery, International Center for Colorectal Care, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ivo de Blaauw
- Department of Surgery-Pediatric Surgery, Radboudumc Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Nel Roeleveld
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Han G Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics and School for Oncology & Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Iris A L M van Rooij
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Endosome-Mediated Epithelial Remodeling Downstream of Hedgehog-Gli Is Required for Tracheoesophageal Separation. Dev Cell 2019; 51:665-674.e6. [PMID: 31813796 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The trachea and esophagus arise from the separation of a common foregut tube during early fetal development. Mutations in key signaling pathways such as Hedgehog (HH)/Gli can disrupt tracheoesophageal (TE) morphogenesis and cause life-threatening birth defects (TEDs); however, the underlying cellular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we use mouse and Xenopus to define the HH/Gli-dependent processes orchestrating TE morphogenesis. We show that downstream of Gli the Foxf1+ splanchnic mesenchyme promotes medial constriction of the foregut at the boundary between the presumptive Sox2+ esophageal and Nkx2-1+ tracheal epithelium. We identify a unique boundary epithelium co-expressing Sox2 and Nkx2-1 that fuses to form a transient septum. Septum formation and resolution into distinct trachea and esophagus requires endosome-mediated epithelial remodeling involving the small GTPase Rab11 and localized extracellular matrix degradation. These are disrupted in Gli-deficient embryos. This work provides a new mechanistic framework for TE morphogenesis and informs the cellular basis of human TEDs.
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36
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Holmquist A, Granholm T, Ehrén H, Burgos CM. Closer location of the tracheoesophageal fistula to the carina in newborns with esophageal atresia and VACTERL association. J Pediatr Surg 2019; 54:1312-1315. [PMID: 30503021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND VACTERL is a complicated syndrome with an unknown etiology where many studies have failed to identify the cause. In esophageal atresia (EA) roughly 10%-23% also have concurrent anomalies that align with VACTERL disorder. The aim of this study is to investigate if there is a difference regarding localization of the tracheoesophageal fistula between patients with VACTERL and non-VACTERL patients. METHODS Retrospective chart review of newborn operated for esophageal atresia between 2006 and 2016 at our Institution was performed. Children with a C-type fistula according to Gross and reliable preoperative tracheoesophageal fistula to carina distance measurement at rigid tracheoscopy were included in the study. RESULTS A total of 90 patients were included in the study. Fifteen of those were diagnosed with VACTERL. Before and after adjusting for weight and gestational week patients with VACTERL had significantly shorter carina to fistula distance at perioperative rigid tracheoscopy (p = <0.001 nonadjusted, p = 0.016 adjusted). CONCLUSION Patients with VACTERL born with EA type C had shorter carina to fistula distance as shown at perioperative rigid tracheoscopy. The significantly shorter distance may not only present surgical difficulties but may also suggest a structural or molecular difference in the development of the esophageal atresia between the two groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Holmquist
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tina Granholm
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ehrén
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Mesas Burgos
- Department of pediatric surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Kaneda R, Saeki Y, Getachew D, Matsumoto A, Furuya M, Ogawa N, Motoya T, Rafiq AM, Jahan E, Udagawa J, Hashimoto R, Otani H. Interkinetic nuclear migration in the tracheal and esophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo: Possible implications for tracheo-esophageal anomalies. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:62-70. [PMID: 28782137 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a cell polarity-based phenomenon in which progenitor cell nuclei migrate along the apico-basal axis of the pseudostratified epithelium in synchrony with the cell cycle. INM is suggested to be at least partially cytoskeleton-dependent and to regulate not only the proliferation/differentiation of stem/progenitor cells but also the localized/overall size and shape of organs/tissues. INM occurs in all three of the germ-layer derived epithelia, including the endoderm-derived gut. However, INM has not been documented in the esophagus and respiratory tube arising from the anterior foregut. Esophageal atresia with or without trachea-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a relatively common developmental defect. Transcription factors and signaling molecules have been implicated in EA/TEF, but the etiology of EA/TEF-which has been suggested to involve cell polarity-related mechanisms-remains highly controversial. In the present study, we first examined whether INM exists in the trachea and esophagus of mouse embryos at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), just after separation of the two tubes from the anterior foregut. By labeling the DNA-synthesizing stem cell nuclei with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, a nucleotide analogue, and statistically analyzing chronological changes in the distribution pattern of the labeled nuclei by using multidimensional scaling, we showed the existence of INM in both the esophagus and trachea, with differences in the INM magnitude and cycle pattern. We further showed morphological changes from the INM-based pseudostratified single layer to the stratified multilayer in the esophageal epithelium in association with a temporal loss/perturbation of AB polarity, suggesting a possible relation with the pathogenesis of EA/TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kaneda
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saeki
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Dereje Getachew
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Motohide Furuya
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Motoya
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ashiq M Rafiq
- Center for the Promotion of Project Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Esrat Jahan
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Jun Udagawa
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ryuju Hashimoto
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otani
- Department of Development Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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38
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Bebek AK, Agar S, Aydın C, Erman S, Çetinçelik Ü, Dokucu Aİ. A new chromosomal arrangement due to paternal balanced translocation for syndromic oesophageal atresia: case report. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 38:417-418. [PMID: 29017392 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1357166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Koc Bebek
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sema Agar
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ceyda Aydın
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Erman
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ümran Çetinçelik
- b Department of Genetics , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ali İhsan Dokucu
- c Department of Pediatric Surgery , Sisli Etfal Research and Training Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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39
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Takii M, Suehiro T, Shima A, Yotsueda H, Hisano S, Katafuchi R. Fibronectin glomerulopathy complicated with persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia: a case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:288. [PMID: 28877681 PMCID: PMC5588616 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibronectin glomerulopathy is a rare, inherited, autosomal dominant, glomerular disease characterized by proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, hypertension, massive glomerular deposits of fibronectin, and slow progression to end-stage renal failure. Because the incident of fibronectin glomerulopathy is extremely low, the pathophysiology, genetic abnormalities, epidemiology, and mechanisms remain to be elucidated. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 21-year-old woman with fibronectin glomerulopathy, who had been diagnosed with persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia at birth. She developed proteinuria and hematuria 7 months before admission. Urinary protein and serum creatinine levels were 3.38 g/gCr and 0.73 mg/dL. Renal biopsy showed severe mesangial widening due to massive deposits, which was positive periodic acid-Schiff and negative methenamine silver. Immunostaining was negative for immunoglobulin but positive for fibronectin. Electron microscopy showed diffuse mesangial granular deposits. Thus she was diagnosed with fibronectin glomerulopathy, despite a negative family history of kidney disease and lack of any known missense mutations of fibronectin 1 gene. CONCLUSION We report a patient who developed fibronectin glomerulopathy during the clinical course of extremely rare congenital malformations, including persistent cloaca and congenital esophageal atresia. We describe a case of this condition in detail and summarize the 75 case reports of fibronectin glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Takii
- Department of Nephrology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaichi Suehiro
- Department of Nephrology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Social Insurance Nakabaru Hospital, 2-12-1 Befukita, Shimemachi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, 811-2233, Japan.
| | - Aya Shima
- Department of Nephrology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Yotsueda
- Department of Nephrology, Harasanshin Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisano
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Katafuchi
- Kidney Unit, National Fukuoka-Higashi Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Beauregard-Lacroix E, Tardif J, Lemyre E, Kibar Z, Faure C, Campeau PM. Genetic Testing in a Cohort of Complex Esophageal Atresia. Mol Syndromol 2017; 8:236-243. [PMID: 28878607 DOI: 10.1159/000477429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to describe a cohort of complex esophageal atresia and the yield of genetic tests performed for such patients. We selected 45 patients with complex esophageal atresia (EA), namely those having at least one associated anomaly. We reviewed their medical records to assess clinical features, other diagnoses, and genetic investigations. Most of the patients had a diagnosis of VACTERL association (56%) with no genetic variant identified. Interestingly, 5 patients in the cohort (11%) had a right pulmonary hypoplasia or agenesis. A majority of our cohort (73%) had genetic testing; 60% were karyotyped (abnormal in 4 of the 27 patients tested), 31% had aCGH (abnormal in 1 of the 14 patients tested), and 31% had diepoxybutane (DEB) testing for Fanconi anemia (abnormal in 2 of the 14 patients tested). One patient had exome sequencing studies, but no candidate gene was identified. Various anomalies were associated with EA, and overall a genetic variant could be identified in 7 of the 33 patients tested. Chromosomal studies such as aCGH and chromosomal breakage studies should be considered, and their yield varied between 7 and 14%. Other genetic investigations such as exome sequencing could possibly have even higher yields but will need to be assessed in a large cohort. Improved genetic diagnoses in EA may improve the management of these patients by directing specific surveillance and management schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Beauregard-Lacroix
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Tardif
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zoha Kibar
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christophe Faure
- Gastroenterology Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe M Campeau
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Medical Genetics Service, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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41
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Nguyen LT, Fleishman R, Flynn E, Prasad R, Moulick A, Mesia CI, Moyer S, Jethva R. 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome with associated esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula and vascular ring. Clin Case Rep 2017; 5:351-356. [PMID: 28265405 PMCID: PMC5331229 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This case report describes a patient with a 22q11.2 duplication. His features, which include VACTERL association with an esophageal atresia/tracheo‐esophageal fistula and a vascular ring, expand the previously described phenotype for this duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Rachel Fleishman
- Department of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Emilee Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Rajeev Prasad
- Department of Medical Genetics and Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Achintya Moulick
- Department of Medical Genetics and Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Cesar Igor Mesia
- Department of Pediatrics Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Sue Moyer
- Department of Medical Genetics and Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Reena Jethva
- Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine Saint Peter's University Hospital New Brunswisk New Jersey USA
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42
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Prenatal exposure to environmental factors and congenital limb defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 108:243-273. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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Busa T, Panait N, Chaumoitre K, Philip N, Missirian C. Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula in a patient with 7q35-36.3 deletion including SHH gene. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:546-8. [PMID: 27614115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Terminal 7q deletion is rarely reported in the literature. Holoprosencephaly and sacral dysgenesis are found in association with this deletion, due to haploinsufficiency of SHH and HLBX9 genes respectively. We report on a 2-year-old boy with 7q35-36.3 deletion encompassing SHH identified by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization. In addition to other frequent features, the patient presented with esophageal atresia and tracheoeosophageal fistula diagnosed at birth. This case, together with two others previously described, one presenting with esophageal atresia, the other with congenital esophageal stenosis, confirms the possible association between congenital esophageal malformations and 7q terminal deletion including SHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Busa
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France.
| | | | | | - Nicole Philip
- Unité de génétique clinique, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France
| | - Chantal Missirian
- Unité de cytogénétique constitutionnelle, APHM, CHU Timone-Enfants, France
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44
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Copy number variations in 375 patients with oesophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1715-1723. [PMID: 27436264 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TOF) are rare anatomical congenital malformations whose cause is unknown in over 90% of patients. A genetic background is suggested, and among the reported genetic defects are copy number variations (CNVs). We hypothesized that CNVs contribute to OA/TOF development. Quantifying their prevalence could aid in genetic diagnosis and clinical care strategies. Therefore, we profiled 375 patients in a combined Dutch, American and German cohort via genomic microarray and compared the CNV profiles with their unaffected parents and published control cohorts. We identified 167 rare CNVs containing genes (frequency<0.0005 in our in-house cohort). Eight rare CNVs - in six patients - were de novo, including one CNV previously associated with oesophageal disease. (hg19 chr7:g.(143820444_143839360)_(159119486_159138663)del) 1.55% of isolated OA/TOF patients and 1.62% of patients with additional congenital anomalies had de novo CNVs. Furthermore, three (15q13.3, 16p13.3 and 22q11.2) susceptibility loci were identified based on their overlap with known OA/TOF-associated CNV syndromes and overlap with loci in published CNV association case-control studies in developmental delay. Our study suggests that CNVs contribute to OA/TOF development. In addition to the identified likely deleterious de novo CNVs, we detected 167 rare CNVs. Although not directly disease-causing, these CNVs might be of interest, as they can act as a modifier in a multiple hit model, or as the second hit in a recessive condition.
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45
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Sadreameli SC, McGrath-Morrow SA. Respiratory Care of Infants and Children with Congenital Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula and Oesophageal Atresia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016; 17:16-23. [PMID: 25800226 PMCID: PMC4559488 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite acute respiratory and chronic respiratory and gastro-intestinal complications, most infants and children with a history of oesophageal atresia / trachea-oesophageal fistula [OA/TOF] can expect to live a fairly normal life. Close multidisciplinary medical and surgical follow-up can identify important co-morbidities whose treatment can improve symptoms and optimize pulmonary and nutritional outcomes. This article will discuss the aetiology, classification, diagnosis and treatment of congenital TOF, with an emphasis on post-surgical respiratory management, recognition of early and late onset complications, and long-term clinical outcomes.
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46
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Al-Shraim MM, Eid RA, Musalam AO, Radad K, Ibrahim AHM, Malki TA. Ultrastructural Changes of the Smooth Muscle in Esophageal Atresia. Ultrastruct Pathol 2015; 39:413-8. [PMID: 26548437 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2015.1066913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is a relatively rare congenital anomaly. Despite the advances in the management techniques and neonatal intensive care, esophageal dysmotility remains a very common problem following EA/TEF repair. Our current study aimed to describe the most significant ultrastructural changes of the smooth muscle cells (SMCs) trying to highlight some of the underlying mechanisms of esophageal dysmotility following EA/TEF repair. Twenty-three biopsies were obtained from the tip of the lower esophageal pouch (LEP) of 23 patients during primary repair of EA/TEF. Light microscopic examination was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), and Van Gieson's stains. Ultrastructural examination was done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathological examination showed distortion of smooth muscle layer and deposition of an abundant amount of fibrous tissue in-between smooth muscles. Using TEM, SMCs exhibited loss of the cell-to-cell adhesion, mitochondrial vacuolation, formation of myelin figures, and apoptotic fragmentation. There were also plasmalemmal projections and formation of ghost bodies. Interestingly, SMCs were found extending pseudopodia-like projections around adjacent collagen fibers. Engulfed collagen fibers by SMCs underwent degradation within autophagic vacuoles. Degeneration of SMCs and deposition of abundant extracellular collagen fibers are prominent pathological changes in LEP of EA/TEF. These changes might contribute to the pathogenesis of esophageal dysmotility in patients who have survived EA/TEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak M Al-Shraim
- a Department of Pathology , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Refaat A Eid
- a Department of Pathology , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Osman Musalam
- a Department of Pathology , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Radad
- a Department of Pathology , College of Medicine, King Khalid University , Abha , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf H M Ibrahim
- b Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery , Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region , Khamis Mushait , Saudi Arabia , and
| | - Talal A Malki
- c Department of Pediatric Surgery , College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Taif University , Taif , Saudi Arabia
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47
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Rosekrans SL, Baan B, Muncan V, van den Brink GR. Esophageal development and epithelial homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G216-28. [PMID: 26138464 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00088.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The esophagus is a relatively simple organ that evolved to transport food and liquids through the thoracic cavity. It is the only part of the gastrointestinal tract that lacks any metabolic, digestive, or absorptive function. The mucosa of the adult esophagus is covered by a multilayered squamous epithelium with a remarkable similarity to the epithelium of the skin despite the fact that these tissues originate from two different germ layers. Here we review the developmental pathways involved in the establishment of the esophagus and the way these pathways regulate gut-airway separation. We summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in esophageal epithelial renewal in the adult and the molecular mechanism of the development of Barrett's metaplasia, the precursor lesion to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Finally, we examine the ongoing debate on the hierarchy of esophageal epithelial precursor cells and on the presence or absence of a specific esophageal stem cell population. Together the recent insights into esophageal development and homeostasis suggest that the pathways that establish the esophagus during development also play a role in the maintenance of the adult epithelium. We are beginning to understand how reflux of gastric content and the resulting chronic inflammation can transform the squamous esophageal epithelium to columnar intestinal type metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Rosekrans
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Baan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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48
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VACTERL associations in children undergoing surgery for esophageal atresia and anorectal malformations: Implications for pediatric surgeons. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1245-50. [PMID: 25913268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the frequency and nature of VACTERL associations between children who underwent surgery for esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) and anorectal malformation (ARM). METHODS We identified all children who underwent surgery for EA/TEF and/or ARM at hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database between 2004 and 2012. PHIS is an administrative database of free-standing children's hospitals managed by the Child Health Corporation of America (Overland Park, KS) that contains patient-level care data from 43 hospitals. The complete records of patients in this cohort were cross-referenced for diagnoses of vertebral, cardiac, renal and limb anomalies. RESULTS 2689 children underwent repair of esophageal atresia. Mean gestational age was 36.5±3.2weeks and mean birth weight was 2536.0±758.7g. Associated VACTERL diagnoses included vertebral anomaly in 686 (25.5%), ARM in 312 (11.6%), congenital heart disease in 1588 (59.1%), renal disease in 587 (21.8%) and limb defect in 192 (7.1%). 899 (33.4%) had 3 or more anomalies and met criteria for a VACTERL diagnosis. 4962 children underwent repair of ARM. Mean gestational age was 37.4±2.7weeks and mean birth weight was 2895.2±765.1g. Associated VACTERL diagnoses included vertebral anomaly in 1562 (31.5%), congenital heart disease in 2007 (40.4%), EA/TEF in 348 (7.0%), renal disease in 1723 (34.7%) and limb defect in 359 (7.2%). 1795 (36.2%) had 3 or more anomalies and met criteria for a VACTERL diagnosis. CONCLUSION VACTERL associations are relatively common in children with EA/TEF and ARM and occur in specific clusters, with cardiac disease more common in EA/TEF and spinal and renal/urinary anomalies more common in ARM.
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49
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Abstract
Neonatologists have a unique opportunity to be the first to identify abnormalities in a neonate. In this review, multiple anomalies and physical features are discussed along with the potential associated genetic syndromes. The anomalies and physical features that are discussed include birth parameters, aplasia cutis congenita, holoprosencephaly, asymmetric crying facies, preauricular ear tags and pits, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital heart defects, ventral wall defects, and polydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret P. Adam
- CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Margaret P. Adam, MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, PO Box 5371/OC.9.850, Seattle, WA 98105, , ph: 206-987-2689, fax: 206-987-2495, Kelly Jones, MD, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, OC.9.850, Seattle, WA 98105, , ph: 206-987-7119
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50
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Graham JM, Hennekam RC. Genetics of common malformations. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:353-4. [PMID: 24925152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Advanced technology has recently allowed us to study rare Mendelian disorders in an unprecedented manner. The same technology should allow us also to study more common malformations. Many of these are not caused by a variant in a single Mendelian gene but by interplay between series of genetic variants and exogenous influences. Likely the site from which the DNA is derived is of great importance in studying malformations as mosaicism may be much more common than earlier anticipated. Factors other than simple variants in our genomic DNA should be considered in the studies as well. Not only is recognition of someone's liability to disease important, but also determining exogenous factors involved in malformations should receive more attention as it may allow us decrease the burden of malformations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Graham
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Suite PACT 400, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Paediatrics and Translational Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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