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Hawwari I, Rossnagel L, Rosero N, Maasewerd S, Vasconcelos MB, Jentzsch M, Demczuk A, Teichmann LL, Meffert L, Bertheloot D, Ribeiro LS, Kallabis S, Meissner F, Arditi M, Atici AE, Noval Rivas M, Franklin BS. Platelet transcription factors license the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of human monocytes. EMBO Mol Med 2024:10.1038/s44321-024-00093-3. [PMID: 38977927 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-024-00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, blood Classical CD14+ monocytes contribute to host defense by secreting large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their aberrant activity causes hyper-inflammation and life-threatening cytokine storms, while dysfunctional monocytes are associated with 'immunoparalysis', a state of immune hypo responsiveness and reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression, predisposing individuals to opportunistic infections. Understanding how monocyte functions are regulated is critical to prevent these harmful outcomes. We reveal platelets' vital role in the pro-inflammatory cytokine responses of human monocytes. Naturally low platelet counts in patients with immune thrombocytopenia or removal of platelets from healthy monocytes result in monocyte immunoparalysis, marked by impaired cytokine response to immune challenge and weakened host defense transcriptional programs. Remarkably, supplementing monocytes with fresh platelets reverses these conditions. We discovered that platelets serve as reservoirs of key cytokine transcription regulators, such as NF-κB and MAPK p38, and pinpointed the enrichment of platelet NF-κB2 in human monocytes by proteomics. Platelets proportionally restore impaired cytokine production in human monocytes lacking MAPK p38α, NF-κB p65, and NF-κB2. We uncovered a vesicle-mediated platelet-monocyte-propagation of inflammatory transcription regulators, positioning platelets as central checkpoints in monocyte inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hawwari
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Rossnagel
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nathalia Rosero
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Salie Maasewerd
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Marius Jentzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Demczuk
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino L Teichmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Meffert
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Damien Bertheloot
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas S Ribeiro
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kallabis
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Guerin Children's, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Asli E Atici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Guerin Children's, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Guerin Children's, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Valipour M, Mohammadi M, Valipour H. CNS-Active p38α MAPK Inhibitors for the Management of Neuroinflammatory Diseases: Medicinal Chemical Properties and Therapeutic Capabilities. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3911-3933. [PMID: 38041716 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, many p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38α MAPK) inhibitors have been developed and tested in preclinical/clinical studies for the treatment of various disorders, especially problems with the origin of inflammation. Previous studies strongly suggest the involvement of the p38α MAPK pathway in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the significant progress made in this field, so far no studies have focused on p38α MAPK inhibitors that have the capability to be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present review, we evaluated a wide range of well-known p38α MAPK inhibitors (more than 140 small molecules) by measuring key physicochemical parameters to identify those capable of successfully crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). As a result, we identify about 50 naturally occurring and synthetic p38α MAPK inhibitors with high potential to cross the BBB, which can be further explored in the future for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, a detailed analysis of the previously released X-ray crystal structure of the inhibitors in the active site of the p38α MAPK enzyme revealed that some residues such as Met109 play a critical role in the occurrence of effective interactions by constructing strong H-bonds. This study can encourage scientists to focus more on the design, production, and biological evaluation of new central nervous system (CNS)-active p38α MAPK inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Valipour
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Habib Valipour
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Poon IKH, Ravichandran KS. Targeting Efferocytosis in Inflammaging. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:339-357. [PMID: 37585658 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032723-110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid removal of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, a process known as efferocytosis, is key for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, the resolution of inflammation, and tissue repair. However, impaired efferocytosis can result in the accumulation of apoptotic cells, subsequently triggering sterile inflammation through the release of endogenous factors such as DNA and nuclear proteins from membrane permeabilized dying cells. Here, we review the molecular basis of the three key phases of efferocytosis, that is, the detection, uptake, and degradation of apoptotic materials by phagocytes. We also discuss how defects in efferocytosis due to the alteration of phagocytes and dying cells can contribute to the low-grade chronic inflammation that occurs during aging, described as inflammaging. Lastly, we explore opportunities in targeting and harnessing the efferocytic machinery to limit aging-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, and Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA;
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Ciapała K, Mika J. Advances in Neuropathic Pain Research: Selected Intracellular Factors as Potential Targets for Multidirectional Analgesics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1624. [PMID: 38004489 PMCID: PMC10675751 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Unlike acute pain, which is short-term and starts suddenly in response to an injury, neuropathic pain arises from somatosensory nervous system damage or disease, is usually chronic, and makes every day functioning difficult, substantially reducing quality of life. The main reason for the lack of effective pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain is its diverse etiology and the complex, still poorly understood, pathophysiological mechanism of its progression. Numerous experimental studies, including ours, conducted over the last several decades have shown that the development of neuropathic pain is based on disturbances in cell activity, imbalances in the production of pronociceptive factors, and changes in signaling pathways such as p38MAPK, ERK, JNK, NF-κB, PI3K, and NRF2, which could become important targets for pharmacotherapy in the future. Despite the availability of many different analgesics, relieving neuropathic pain is still extremely difficult and requires a multidirectional, individual approach. We would like to point out that an increasing amount of data indicates that nonselective compounds directed at more than one molecular target exert promising analgesic effects. In our review, we characterize four substances (minocycline, astaxanthin, fisetin, and peimine) with analgesic properties that result from a wide spectrum of actions, including the modulation of MAPKs and other factors. We would like to draw attention to these selected substances since, in preclinical studies, they show suitable analgesic properties in models of neuropathy of various etiologies, and, importantly, some are already used as dietary supplements; for example, astaxanthin and fisetin protect against oxidative stress and have anti-inflammatory properties. It is worth emphasizing that the results of behavioral tests also indicate their usefulness when combined with opioids, the effectiveness of which decreases when neuropathy develops. Moreover, these substances appear to have additional, beneficial properties for the treatment of diseases that frequently co-occur with neuropathic pain. Therefore, these substances provide hope for the development of modern pharmacological tools to not only treat symptoms but also restore the proper functioning of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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Reddy D, Wickman JR, Ajit SK. Epigenetic regulation in opioid induced hyperalgesia. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2023; 14:100146. [PMID: 38099284 PMCID: PMC10719581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
About 25 million American adults experience pain daily and one of the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat pain are opioids. Prolonged opioid usage and dose escalations can cause a paradoxical response where patients experience enhanced pain sensitivity. This opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a major hurdle when treating pain in the clinic because its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. OIH is also commonly overlooked and lacks guidelines to prevent its onset. Research on pain disorders and opioid usage have recognized potential epigenetic drivers of disease including DNA methylation, histone modifications, miRNA regulation, but their involvement in OIH has not been well studied. This article discusses epigenetic changes that may contribute to pathogenesis, with an emphasis on miRNA alterations in OIH. There is a crucial gap in knowledge including how multiple epigenetic modulators contribute to OIH. Elucidating the epigenetic changes underlying OIH and the crosstalk among these mechanisms could lead to the development of novel targets for the prevention and treatment of this painful phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Reddy
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jason R. Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Seena K. Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Ciapała K, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Ciechanowska A, Mika J. Analgesic Effects of Fisetin, Peimine, Astaxanthin, Artemisinin, Bardoxolone Methyl and 740 Y-P and Their Influence on Opioid Analgesia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109000. [PMID: 37240346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of neuropathic pain remains a challenge for modern medicine due to the insufficiently understood molecular mechanisms of its development and maintenance. One of the most important cascades that modulate the nociceptive response is the family of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nonselective modulators of MAP kinases-fisetin (ERK1/2 and NFκB inhibitor, PI3K activator), peimine (MAPK inhibitor), astaxanthin (MAPK inhibitor, Nrf2 activator) and artemisinin (MAPK inhibitor, NFκB activator), as well as bardoxolone methyl (selective activator of Nrf2) and 740 Y-P (selective activator of PI3K)-in mice with peripheral neuropathy and to compare their antinociceptive potency and examine their effect on analgesia induced by opioids. The study was performed using albino Swiss male mice that were exposed to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI model). Tactile and thermal hypersensitivity was measured using von Frey and cold plate tests, respectively. Single doses of substances were administered intrathecally on day 7 after CCI. Among the tested substances, fisetin, peimine, and astaxanthin effectively diminished tactile and thermal hypersensitivity in mice after CCI, while artemisinin did not exhibit analgesic potency in this model of neuropathic pain. Additionally, both of the activators tested, bardoxolone methyl and 740 Y-P, also showed analgesic effects after intrathecal administration in mice exposed to CCI. In the case of astaxanthin and bardoxolone methyl, an increase in analgesia after combined administration with morphine, buprenorphine, and/or oxycodone was observed. Fisetin and peimine induced a similar effect on tactile hypersensitivity, where analgesia was enhanced after administration of morphine or oxycodone. In the case of 740 Y-P, the effects of combined administration with each opioid were observed only in the case of thermal hypersensitivity. The results of our research clearly indicate that substances that inhibit all three MAPKs provide pain relief and improve opioid effectiveness, especially if they additionally block NF-κB, such as peimine, inhibit NF-κB and activate PI3K, such as fisetin, or activate Nrf2, such as astaxanthin. In light of our research, Nrf2 activation appears to be particularly beneficial. The abovementioned substances bring promising results, and further research on them will broaden our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of neuropathy and perhaps contribute to the development of more effective therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Krakow, Poland
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Atta AA, Ibrahim WW, Mohamed AF, Abdelkader NF. Microglia polarization in nociplastic pain: mechanisms and perspectives. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1053-1067. [PMID: 37069462 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Nociplastic pain is the third classification of pain as described by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), in addition to the neuropathic and nociceptive pain classes. The main pathophysiological mechanism for developing nociplastic pain is central sensitization (CS) in which pain amplification and hypersensitivity occur. Fibromyalgia is the prototypical nociplastic pain disorder, characterized by allodynia and hyperalgesia. Much scientific data suggest that classical activation of microglia in the spinal cord mediates neuroinflammation which plays an essential role in developing CS. In this review article, we discuss the impact of microglia activation and M1/M2 polarization on developing neuroinflammation and nociplastic pain, besides the molecular mechanisms engaged in this process. In addition, we mention the impact of microglial modulators on M1/M2 microglial polarization that offers a novel therapeutic alternative for the management of nociplastic pain disorders. Illustrating the mechanisms underlying microglia activation in central sensitization and nociplastic pain. LPS lipopolysaccharide, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, INF-γ Interferon gamma, ATP adenosine triphosphate, 49 P2Y12/13R purinergic P2Y 12/13 receptor, P2X4/7R purinergic P2X 4/7 receptor, SP Substance P, NK-1R Neurokinin 1 receptor, CCL2 CC motif ligand 2, CCR2 CC motif ligand 2 receptor, CSF-1 colony-stimulating factor 1, CSF-1R colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, CX3CL1 CX3C motif ligand 1, CX3XR1 CX3C motif ligand 1 receptor, TLR toll-like receptor, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinases, JNK jun N-terminal kinase, ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase, iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-6 interleukin-6, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, GABA γ-Aminobutyric acid, GABAR γ-Aminobutyric acid receptor, NMDAR N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, AMPAR α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropi-onic acid receptor, IL-4 interleukin-4, IL-13 interleukin-13, IL-10 interleukin-10, Arg-1 Arginase 1, FGF fibroblast growth factor, GDNF glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1, NGF nerve growth factor, CD Cluster of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd A Atta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Weam W Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Exploring Novel Therapeutic Targets in the Common Pathogenic Factors in Migraine and Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044114. [PMID: 36835524 PMCID: PMC9959352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine and neuropathic pain (NP) are both painful, disabling, chronic conditions which exhibit some symptom similarities and are thus considered to share a common etiology. The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has gained credit as a target for migraine management; nevertheless, the efficacy and the applicability of CGRP modifiers warrant the search for more effective therapeutic targets for pain management. This scoping review focuses on human studies of common pathogenic factors in migraine and NP, with reference to available preclinical evidence to explore potential novel therapeutic targets. CGRP inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies alleviate inflammation in the meninges; targeting transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels may help prevent the release of nociceptive substances, and modifying the endocannabinoid system may open a path toward discovery of novel analgesics. There may exist a potential target in the tryptophan-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic system, which is closely linked to glutamate-induced hyperexcitability; alleviating neuroinflammation may complement a pain-relieving armamentarium, and modifying microglial excitation, which is observed in both conditions, may be a possible approach. Those are several potential analgesic targets which deserve to be explored in search of novel analgesics; however, much evidence remains missing. This review highlights the need for more studies on CGRP modifiers for subtypes, the discovery of TRP and endocannabinoid modulators, knowledge of the status of KYN metabolites, the consensus on cytokines and sampling, and biomarkers for microglial function, in search of innovative pain management methods for migraine and NP.
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Kunder N, de la Peña JB, Lou TF, Chase R, Suresh P, Lawson J, Shukla T, Black B, Campbell ZT. The RNA-Binding Protein HuR Is Integral to the Function of Nociceptors in Mice and Humans. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9129-9141. [PMID: 36270801 PMCID: PMC9761683 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1630-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HuR is an RNA-binding protein implicated in RNA processing, stability, and translation. Previously, we examined protein synthesis in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons treated with inflammatory mediators using ribosome profiling. We found that the HuR consensus binding element was enriched in transcripts with elevated translation. HuR is expressed in the soma of nociceptors and their axons. Pharmacologic inhibition of HuR with the small molecule CMLD-2 reduced the activity of mouse and human sensory neurons. Peripheral administration of CMLD-2 in the paw or genetic elimination of HuR from sensory neurons diminished behavioral responses associated with NGF- and IL-6-induced allodynia in male and female mice. Genetic disruption of HuR altered the proximity of mRNA decay factors near a key neurotrophic factor (TrkA). Collectively, the data suggest that HuR is required for local control of mRNA stability and reveals a new biological function for a broadly conserved post-transcriptional regulatory factor.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Nociceptors undergo long-lived changes in excitability, which may contribute to chronic pain. Noxious cues that promote pain lead to rapid induction of protein synthesis. The underlying mechanisms that confer specificity to mRNA control in nociceptors are unclear. Here, we identify a conserved RNA-binding protein called HuR as a key regulatory factor in sensory neurons. Using a combination of genetics and pharmacology, we demonstrate that HuR is required for signaling in nociceptors. In doing so, we report an important mechanism of mRNA control in sensory neurons that ensures appropriate nociceptive responses to inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikesh Kunder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - June Bryan de la Peña
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - Tzu-Fang Lou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Rebecca Chase
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Prarthana Suresh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080
| | - Jennifer Lawson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
| | - Tarjani Shukla
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
| | - Bryan Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
| | - Zachary T Campbell
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53792
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DUSP8/TAK1 signaling mediates neuropathic pain through regulating neuroinflammation and neuron death in a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) rat model. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Empagliflozin mitigates type 2 diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy: a glucose-independent effect through AMPK signaling. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:475-493. [PMID: 35767208 PMCID: PMC9325846 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) represents a severe microvascular condition that dramatically affects diabetic patients despite adequate glycemic control, resulting in high morbidity. Thus, recently, anti-diabetic drugs that possess glucose-independent mechanisms attracted attention. This work aims to explore the potentiality of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin (EMPA), to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced DPN in rats with insight into its precise signaling mechanism. Rats were allocated into four groups, where control animals received vehicle daily for 2 weeks. In the remaining groups, DPN was elicited by single intraperitoneal injections of freshly prepared streptozotocin and nicotinamide (52.5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Then EMPA (3 mg/kg/p.o.) was given to two groups either alone or accompanied with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (0.2 mg/kg/i.p.). Despite the non-significant anti-hyperglycemic effect, EMPA improved sciatic nerve histopathological alterations, scoring, myelination, nerve fibers’ count, and nerve conduction velocity. Moreover, EMPA alleviated responses to different nociceptive stimuli along with improved motor coordination. EMPA modulated ATP/AMP ratio, upregulated p-AMPK while reducing p-p38 MAPK expression, p-ERK1/2 and consequently p-NF-κB p65 as well as its downstream mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), besides enhancing SOD activity and lowering MDA content. Moreover, EMPA downregulated mTOR and stimulated ULK1 as well as beclin-1. Likewise, EMPA reduced miR-21 that enhanced RECK, reducing MMP-2 and -9 contents. EMPA’s beneficial effects were almost abolished by dorsomorphin administration. In conclusion, EMPA displayed a protective effect against DPN independently from its anti-hyperglycemic effect, probably via modulating the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidative and inflammatory burden, extracellular matrix remodeling, and autophagy.
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12
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Abdelkader NF, Elbaset MA, Moustafa PE, Ibrahim SM. Empagliflozin mitigates type 2 diabetes-associated peripheral neuropathy: a glucose-independent effect through AMPK signaling. Arch Pharm Res 2022. [PMID: 35767208 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01391-5/figures/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) represents a severe microvascular condition that dramatically affects diabetic patients despite adequate glycemic control, resulting in high morbidity. Thus, recently, anti-diabetic drugs that possess glucose-independent mechanisms attracted attention. This work aims to explore the potentiality of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin (EMPA), to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced DPN in rats with insight into its precise signaling mechanism. Rats were allocated into four groups, where control animals received vehicle daily for 2 weeks. In the remaining groups, DPN was elicited by single intraperitoneal injections of freshly prepared streptozotocin and nicotinamide (52.5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively). Then EMPA (3 mg/kg/p.o.) was given to two groups either alone or accompanied with the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin (0.2 mg/kg/i.p.). Despite the non-significant anti-hyperglycemic effect, EMPA improved sciatic nerve histopathological alterations, scoring, myelination, nerve fibers' count, and nerve conduction velocity. Moreover, EMPA alleviated responses to different nociceptive stimuli along with improved motor coordination. EMPA modulated ATP/AMP ratio, upregulated p-AMPK while reducing p-p38 MAPK expression, p-ERK1/2 and consequently p-NF-κB p65 as well as its downstream mediators (TNF-α and IL-1β), besides enhancing SOD activity and lowering MDA content. Moreover, EMPA downregulated mTOR and stimulated ULK1 as well as beclin-1. Likewise, EMPA reduced miR-21 that enhanced RECK, reducing MMP-2 and -9 contents. EMPA's beneficial effects were almost abolished by dorsomorphin administration. In conclusion, EMPA displayed a protective effect against DPN independently from its anti-hyperglycemic effect, probably via modulating the AMPK pathway to modulate oxidative and inflammatory burden, extracellular matrix remodeling, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Marawan A Elbaset
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Passant E Moustafa
- Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherehan M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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13
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Corydecumine G inhibits microglia activation via MAPK pathway in a rat model of neuropathic pain. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 124:102124. [PMID: 35752418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Microglial activation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neuropathic pain by producing a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines that interact with neurons to enhance neuronal hyperexcitability. Corydalis decumbens (Thunb.) pers., a traditional Chinese medicine has been used to treat mild cancer pain, dementia and to remit cerebral ischemia in clinics. Phenylphthalide isoquinolines are the major type of metabolites of C. decumbens and one of the derivatives, Corydecumine G (Cor G) has been shown to inhibit neuronal excitability. The present study aims to investigate the analgesic efficacy of Cor G in neuropathic pain rat model, the effects of Cor G on microglia activation and the possible mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neuropathic pain was modeled using chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury (CCI) in rats. Western blot, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the levels of protein and mRNA. KEY RESULTS Intraperitoneal administration of Cor G concentration-dependently ameliorates mechanical and thermo allodynia, suppresses CCI-induced p38/ERK phosphorylation and spinal cord microglia activation, and attenuates the expression levels of NO, inos, Tnf-α, Pge2 in dorsal horn of L4-L6 spinal cord on the ligation side in CCI rats. Pretreatment with 30 μM Cor G decreased LPS-induced BV2 microglia activation, which occurred via the inos, Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6 and phospho-p38/ERK pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, we suggest that Cor G, the specific phthalide isoquinoline from traditional Chinese medicine Corydalis Decumbentis Rhizoma, may be promising for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Babaie S, Taghvimi A, Hong JH, Hamishehkar H, An S, Kim KH. Recent advances in pain management based on nanoparticle technologies. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:290. [PMID: 35717383 PMCID: PMC9206757 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a vital sense that indicates the risk of injury at a particular body part. Successful control of pain is the principal aspect in medical treatment. In recent years, the advances of nanotechnology in pain management have been remarkable. In this review, we focus on literature and published data that reveal various applications of nanotechnology in acute and chronic pain management. METHODS The presented content is based on information collected through pain management publications (227 articles up to April 2021) provided by Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar services. RESULTS A comprehensive study of the articles revealed that nanotechnology-based drug delivery has provided acceptable results in pain control, limiting the side effects and increasing the efficacy of analgesic drugs. Besides the ability of nanotechnology to deliver drugs, sophisticated nanosystems have been designed to enhance imaging and diagnostics, which help in rapid diagnosis of diseases and have a significant impact on controlling pain. Furthermore, with the development of various tools, nanotechnology can accurately measure pain and use these measurements to display the efficiency of different interventions. CONCLUSIONS Nanotechnology has started a new era in the pain management and many promising results have been achieved in this regard. Nevertheless, there is still no substantial and adequate act of nanotechnology in this field. Therefore, efforts should be directed to broad investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Babaie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center and Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Taghvimi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Joo-Hyun Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Seongpil An
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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15
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The Effect of Yiqi Huoxue Tongluo Decoction on Spinal Cord Microglia Activation and ASK1-MKK3-p38 Signal Pathway in Rats with Diabetic Neuropathic Pain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2408265. [PMID: 35646150 PMCID: PMC9135525 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2408265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is one of the most common chronic peripheral neuropathies in diabetes mellitus (DM). Objective. To observe the underlying mechanism of the effects of Yiqi Huoxue Tongluo Decoction (YQHX) on DNP rats. Methods. SD rats were intraperitoneally injected with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) to prepare DNP models and were treated with YQHX for 8 weeks. Results. Studies have shown that the drug restores some levels of MWT, TWL, and MNCV, downregulates the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, downregulates the levels of ASK1-MKK3-p38, and weakens the level of OX42 activation. Conclusion. Yiqi Huoxue Tongluo Decoction can relieve DNP by affecting the activity of spinal cord microglia and the ASK1-MKK3-p38 signaling pathway, thereby reducing the central sensitization caused by the inflammatory response of DNP rats.
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Campos JF, Besson T, Berteina-Raboin S. Review on the Synthesis and Therapeutic Potential of Pyrido[2,3-d], [3,2-d], [3,4-d] and [4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030352. [PMID: 35337149 PMCID: PMC8949896 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to list the structures composed of a pyridopyrimidine moiety which have shown a therapeutic interest or have already been approved for use as therapeutics. We consider all the synthetic protocols to prepare these pyridopyrimidine derivatives. The review is organized into four sections, successively pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines. For each compound we present the biological activity and the synthetic route reported. To produce this manuscript, the bibliographic research was done using Reaxys and Scifinder for each kind of pyridopyrimidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Campos
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans CNRS, ICOA UMR 7311, BP 6759, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Thierry Besson
- Université de Rouen-Normandie (UNIROUEN), INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans CNRS, ICOA UMR 7311, BP 6759, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238-494-856
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Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling Overactivation Involved in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: Possible Therapeutic Targets and Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1630-1650. [PMID: 34432262 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination, immune dysregulation, and neuroinflammation are the most common triggers of motor neuron disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by abnormal immune activation, which causes myelin sheath damage. Cell signal transduction pathways are required for a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the brain. When these signaling systems become overactive, they can lead to disease progression. In various physiological conditions, abnormal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is associated with several physiological dysfunctions that cause neurodegeneration. Previous research indicates that c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling play critical roles in neuronal growth and differentiation. c-JNK/p38MAPK is a member of the MAPK family, which regulates metabolic pathways, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis that control certain neurological activities. During brain injuries, c-JNK/p38MAPK also affects neuronal elastic properties, nerve growth, and cognitive processing. This review systematically linked abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling activation to multiple neuropathological pathways in MS and related neurological dysfunctions. MS progression is linked to genetic defects, oligodendrocyte destruction, glial overactivation, and immune dysregulation. We concluded that inhibiting both the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathways can promote neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects against the clinical-pathological presentation of MS and influence other neurological disorders. As a result, the potential benefits of c-JNK/p38MAPK downregulation for the development of disease-modifying treatment interventions in the future could include MS prevention and related neurocomplications.
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18
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Mechanistic Insight into the Effects of Curcumin on Neuroinflammation-Driven Chronic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080777. [PMID: 34451874 PMCID: PMC8397941 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a persistent and unremitting condition that has immense effects on patients' quality of life. Studies have shown that neuroinflammation is associated with the induction and progression of chronic pain. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is the major hallmark of spinal neuroinflammation leading to neuronal excitability in the projection neurons. Excessive activation of microglia and astrocytes is one of the major contributing factors to the exacerbation of pain. However, the current chronic pain treatments, mainly by targeting the neuronal cells, remain ineffective and unable to meet the patients' needs. Curcumin, a natural plant product found in the Curcuma genus, improves chronic pain by diminishing the release of inflammatory mediators from the spinal glia. This review details the role of curcumin in microglia and astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo and how it improves pain. We also describe the mechanism of curcumin by highlighting the major glia-mediated cascades in pain. Moreover, the role of curcumin on inflammasome and epigenetic regulation is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the strategies used to improve the efficacy of curcumin. This review illustrates that curcumin modulating microglia and astrocytes could assure the treatment of chronic pain by suppressing spinal neuroinflammation.
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19
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Bohren Y, Timbolschi DI, Muller A, Barrot M, Yalcin I, Salvat E. Platelet-rich plasma and cytokines in neuropathic pain: A narrative review and a clinical perspective. Eur J Pain 2021; 26:43-60. [PMID: 34288258 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neuropathic pain arises as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. A number of preclinical studies have provided evidence for the involvement of cytokines, predominantly secreted by a variety of immune cells and by glial cells from the nervous system, in neuropathic pain conditions. Clinical trials and the use of anti-cytokine drugs in different neuropathic aetiologies support the relevance of cytokines as treatment targets. However, the use of such drugs, in particularly biotherapies, can provoke notable adverse effects. Moreover, it is challenging to select one given cytokine as a target, among the various neuropathic pain conditions. It could thus be of interest to target other proteins, such as growth factors, in order to act more widely on the neuroinflammation network. Thus, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood concentrate, is known to contain a natural concentration of growth factors and immune system messengers and is widely used in the clinical setting for tissue regeneration and repair. DATABASE AND DATA TREATMENT In the present review, we critically assess the current knowledge on cytokines in neuropathic pain by taking into consideration both human studies and animal models. RESULTS This analysis of the literature highlights the pathophysiological importance of cytokines. We particularly highlight the concept of time- and tissue-dependent cytokine activation during neuropathic pain conditions. RESULTS Conclusion: Thus, direct or indirect cytokines modulation with biotherapies or growth factors appears relevant. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic potential of localized injection of PRP as neuropathic pain treatment by pointing out the possible link between cytokines and the action of PRP. SIGNIFICANCE Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the idea of a cytokine imbalance in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Clinical trials with anticytokine drugs are encouraging but are limited by a 'cytokine candidate approach' and adverse effect of biotherapies. PRP, containing various growth factors, is a new therapeutic used in regenerative medicine. Growth factors can be also considered as modulators of cytokine balance. Here, we emphasize a potential therapeutic effect of PRP on cytokine imbalance in neuropathic pain. We also underline the clinical interest of the use of PRP, not only for its therapeutic effect but also for its safety of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Bohren
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Ionut Timbolschi
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - André Muller
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Barrot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ipek Yalcin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Salvat
- Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Maekawa A, Sawaji Y, Endo K, Kusakabe T, Konishi T, Tateiwa T, Masaoka T, Shishido T, Yamamoto K. Prostaglandin E 2 induces dual-specificity phosphatase-1, thereby attenuating inflammatory genes expression in human osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 154:106550. [PMID: 33857603 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic features of osteoarthritis (OA) are joint pain and cartilage degeneration. The degeneration is caused by excess induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the pain is caused by nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent nerve invasion into synovial tissue in addition to nociceptive pain by prostaglandin (PG)E2. The objective of this study was to clarify the suppressive mechanism of PGE2 on the regulation of MMPs and NGF by focusing on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their endogenous phosphatase, dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP)-1 in human synovial fibroblasts. PGE2 strongly increased DUSP-1 and suppressed IL-1β-induced MAPKs phosphorylation. Inhibition of MAPKs by selective inhibitors differentially regulated the IL-1β-induced expression of MMPs and NGF expression. IL-1β-induced MAPKs phosphorylation was prolonged and enhanced in DUSP-1 knockdown cells and the expression of MMPs and NGF was also increased. This study revealed that PGE2 has novel biological activity that suppresses NGF and MMPs expression by inducing DUSP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asato Maekawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Sawaji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Kenji Endo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takuya Kusakabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Konishi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tateiwa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Toshinori Masaoka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shishido
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Kengo Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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21
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Abstract
In rheumatology, chronic pain most often sets in after a musculoskeletal injury. Its persistence is not always due to the progression of the initial injury, but in some cases to the onset of central sensitization. Much scientific data suggests that this central sensitization is caused by multiple complex interactions between the nervous system and immune system. Afferent nerve fibers carrying pain information are responsible for peripheral sensitization partly linked to inflammation molecules. These afferent fibers release neurotransmitters in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal horn of the spinal cord, capable of activating microglia, which are the local immune cells. The activated microglia will produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and neuropeptides capable of interacting with the second-order neuron, but also segmental and descending inhibitory neurons. This is referred to as neuroinflammation, which will amplify the hypersensitivity of second-order neurons, otherwise called central sensitization. This neuroinflammation will be able to reach the higher brain structures, which are involved in pain modulation and the emotional and cognitive aspects of pain. The aim of this update is to describe the pathophysiology of chronic pain, incorporating the latest scientific data on neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Vergne-Salle
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Dupuytren 2, 16, rue Bernard-Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France.
| | - Philippe Bertin
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Dupuytren 2, 16, rue Bernard-Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
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22
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Glia and Orofacial Pain: Progress and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105345. [PMID: 34069553 PMCID: PMC8160907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain is a universal predicament, afflicting millions of individuals worldwide. Research on the molecular mechanisms of orofacial pain has predominately focused on the role of neurons underlying nociception. However, aside from neural mechanisms, non-neuronal cells, such as Schwann cells and satellite ganglion cells in the peripheral nervous system, and microglia and astrocytes in the central nervous system, are important players in both peripheral and central processing of pain in the orofacial region. This review highlights recent molecular and cellular findings of the glia involvement and glia–neuron interactions in four common orofacial pain conditions such as headache, dental pulp injury, temporomandibular joint dysfunction/inflammation, and head and neck cancer. We will discuss the remaining questions and future directions on glial involvement in these four orofacial pain conditions.
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23
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Borges JP, Mekhail K, Fairn GD, Antonescu CN, Steinberg BE. Modulation of Pathological Pain by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:642820. [PMID: 34054523 PMCID: PMC8149758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.642820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain has been widely recognized as a major public health problem that impacts multiple aspects of patient quality of life. Unfortunately, chronic pain is often resistant to conventional analgesics, which are further limited by their various side effects. New therapeutic strategies and targets are needed to better serve the millions of people suffering from this devastating disease. To this end, recent clinical and preclinical studies have implicated the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway in chronic pain states. EGFR is one of four members of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases that have key roles in development and the progression of many cancers. EGFR functions by activating many intracellular signaling pathways following binding of various ligands to the receptor. Several of these signaling pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, are known mediators of pain. EGFR inhibitors are known for their use as cancer therapeutics but given recent evidence in pilot clinical and preclinical investigations, may have clinical use for treating chronic pain. Here, we review the clinical and preclinical evidence implicating EGFR in pathological pain states and provide an overview of EGFR signaling highlighting how EGFR and its ligands drive pain hypersensitivity and interact with important pain pathways such as the opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazlyn P Borges
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katrina Mekhail
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory D Fairn
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Costin N Antonescu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin E Steinberg
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Nugraha B, Scheibe R, Korallus C, Gaestel M, Gutenbrunner C. The p38/MK2 Axis in Monocytes of Fibromyalgia Syndrome Patients: An Explorative Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57040396. [PMID: 33921654 PMCID: PMC8072914 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aetiology and pathomechanism of fibromyalgia syndrome 12 (FMS) as one of chronic pain syndromes still need to be further elucidated. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been proposed as a novel approach in pain management. Since the major symptom of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) patients is pain, it became of interest whether MAPK pathways, such as the stress-activated p38 MAPK/MK2 axis, are activated in FMS patients. Therefore, this study aimed at determining p38 MAPK/MK2 in FMS patients. Materials and Methods: Phosphorylation of MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 (MK2), a direct target of p38 MAPK, was measured in monocytes of FMS and healthy controls (HCs) to monitor the activity of this pathway. Results: The mean level of phosphorylated MK2 was fivefold higher in FMS patients as compared to HCs (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis revealed that antidepressants did not influence the activity of MK2 in FMS patients. Conclusions: This result indicates that the p38/MK2 pathway could be involved in the pathomechanism of FMS, could act as a clinical marker for FMS, and could be a possible target for pain management in FMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Nugraha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.N.); (C.G.); Tel.: +49-511-532-9197 (B.N.)
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (R.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Christoph Korallus
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (R.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Christoph Gutenbrunner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Correspondence: (B.N.); (C.G.); Tel.: +49-511-532-9197 (B.N.)
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M. On the therapeutic targets and pharmacological treatments for pain relief following spinal cord injury: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111563. [PMID: 33873146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is globally considered as one of the most debilitating disorders, which interferes with daily activities and life of the affected patients. Despite many developments in related recognizing and treating procedures, post-SCI neuropathic pain (NP) is still a clinical challenge for clinicians with no distinct treatments. Accordingly, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and national database (SID and Irandoc). The relevant articles regarding signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy of post-SCI pain were also reviewed. Data were collected with no time limitation until November 2020. The present study provides the findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets, as well as developing the critical signaling pathways to introduce novel neuroprotective treatments of post-SCI pain. From the pathophysiological mechanistic point of view, post-SCI inflammation activates the innate immune system, in which the immune cells elicit secondary injuries. So, targeting the critical signaling pathways for pain management in the SCI population has significant importance in providing new treatments. Indeed, several receptors, ion channels, excitatory neurotransmitters, enzymes, and key signaling pathways could be used as therapeutic targets, with a pivotal role of n-methyl-D-aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and inflammatory mediators. The current review focuses on conventional therapies, as well as crucial signaling pathways and promising therapeutic targets for post-SCI pain to provide new insights into the clinical treatment of post-SCI pain. The need to develop innovative delivery systems to treat SCI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Inhibition of lncRNA DILC attenuates neuropathic pain via the SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225196. [PMID: 32510145 PMCID: PMC7300282 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been involved in the development of multiple pathological processes including neuropathic pain. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of lncRNA down-regulated in liver cancer stem cells (DILC) in the progression of neuropathic pain and its underlying mechanism. Neuropathic pain rat model was established with the bilateral chronic constriction injury (bCCI) method. The results from quantitative PCR analysis in the spinal cord showed that DILC was significantly up-regulated in rats with bCCI compared with the sham group. DILC down-regulation mediated by intrathecal administration of DILC siRNA significantly increased the mechanical shrinkage threshold (MWT) and paw withdrawal threshold latency (PWTL), decreased the positive frequency for nerve sensitivity to cold and suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes in bCCI rats. Down-regulation of DILC induced suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) in spinal cord tissues. Western blotting showed that down-regulation of DILC by DILC siRNA transfection induced SOCS3 expression and inhibited the expression of p-Janus kinase 2 (p-JAK2) and p-STAT3 and their downstream genes in primary microglia. Furthermore, down-regulation of DILC increased the viability of primary microglia, suppressed apoptosis, and inhibited the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β in microglia. In contrast, overexpression of DILC showed the opposite functions to those of DILC knockdown. In conclusion, silence of lncRNA DILC attenuates neuropathic pain via SOCS3-induced suppression of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Midavaine É, Côté J, Marchand S, Sarret P. Glial and neuroimmune cell choreography in sexually dimorphic pain signaling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:168-192. [PMID: 33582232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex, age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress and to the loss of patients' autonomy and quality of life. Despite tremendous efforts in the elucidation of the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic pain, the identification of new potential pain targets, and the development of novel analgesics, the pharmacological treatment options available for pain management remain limited, and most novel pain medications have failed to achieve advanced clinical development, leaving many patients with unbearable and undermanaged pain. Sex-specific susceptibility to chronic pain conditions as well as sex differences in pain sensitivity, pain tolerance and analgesic efficacy are increasingly recognized in the literature and have thus prompted scientists to seek mechanistic explanations. Hence, recent findings have highlighted that the signaling mechanisms underlying pain hypersensitivity are sexually dimorphic, which sheds light on the importance of conducting preclinical and clinical pain research on both sexes and of developing sex-specific pain medications. This review thus focuses on the clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the existence of sex differences in pain neurobiology. Attention is drawn to the sexually dimorphic role of glial and immune cells, which are both recognized as key players in neuroglial maladaptive plasticity at the origin of the transition from acute pain to chronic pathological pain. Growing evidence notably attributes to microglial cells a pivotal role in the sexually dimorphic pain phenotype and in the sexually dimorphic analgesic efficacy of opioids. This review also summarizes the recent advances in understanding the pathobiology underpinning the development of pain hypersensitivity in both males and females in different types of pain conditions, with particular emphasis on the mechanistic signaling pathways driving sexually dimorphic pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Marchand
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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28
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Coates MS, Alton EWFW, Rapeport GW, Davies JC, Ito K. Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces p38MAP kinase-dependent IL-6 and CXCL8 release from bronchial epithelial cells via a Syk kinase pathway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246050. [PMID: 33524056 PMCID: PMC7850485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) infection is a major cause of airway inflammation in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) and tyrosine kinases are integral to inflammatory responses and are therefore potential targets for novel anti-inflammatory therapies. We have determined the involvement of specific kinases in Pa-induced inflammation. The effects of kinase inhibitors against p38MAPK, MEK 1/2, JNK 1/2, Syk or c-Src, a combination of a p38MAPK with Syk inhibitor, or a novel narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor (NSKI), were evaluated against the release of the proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine, IL-6 and CXCL8 from BEAS-2B and CFBE41o- epithelial cells by Pa. Effects of a Syk inhibitor against phosphorylation of the MAPKs were also evaluated. IL-6 and CXCL8 release by Pa were significantly inhibited by p38MAPK and Syk inhibitors (p<0.05). Phosphorylation of HSP27, but not ERK or JNK, was significantly inhibited by Syk kinase inhibition. A combination of p38MAPK and Syk inhibitors showed synergy against IL-6 and CXCL8 induction and an NSKI completely inhibited IL-6 and CXCL8 at low concentrations. Pa-induced inflammation is dependent on p38MAPK primarily, and Syk partially, which is upstream of p38MAPK. The NSKI suggests that inhibiting specific combinations of kinases is a potent potential therapy for Pa-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Coates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric W. F. W. Alton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Garth W. Rapeport
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pulmocide Ltd, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Pulmocide Ltd, London, United Kingdom
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Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Singh N, Shringi BN, Barua S, Kumar N. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in virus replication and potential for developing broad spectrum antiviral drugs. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:1-16. [PMID: 33450133 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a key role in complex cellular processes such as proliferation, development, differentiation, transformation and apoptosis. Mammals express at least four distinctly regulated groups of MAPKs which include extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)-1/2, p38 proteins, Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3) and ERK5. p38 MAPK is activated by a wide range of cellular stresses and modulates activity of several downstream kinases and transcription factors which are involved in regulating cytoskeleton remodeling, cell cycle modulation, inflammation, antiviral response and apoptosis. In viral infections, activation of cell signalling pathways is part of the cellular defense mechanism with the basic aim of inducing an antiviral state. However, viruses can exploit enhanced cell signalling activities to support various stages of their replication cycles. Kinase activity can be inhibited by small molecule chemical inhibitors, so one strategy to develop antiviral drugs is to target these cellular signalling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview on the current understanding of various cellular and viral events regulated by the p38 signalling pathway, with a special emphasis on targeting these events for antiviral drug development which might identify candidates with broad spectrum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Chander
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Ram Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Nitin Khandelwal
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India.,Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Namita Singh
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Brij Nandan Shringi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner, India
| | - Sanjay Barua
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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30
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Abstract
A limited number of peripheral targets generate pain. Inflammatory mediators can sensitize these. The review addresses targets acting exclusively or predominantly on sensory neurons, mediators involved in inflammation targeting sensory neurons, and mediators involved in a more general inflammatory process, of which an analgesic effect secondary to an anti-inflammatory effect can be expected. Different approaches to address these systems are discussed, including scavenging proinflammatory mediators, applying anti-inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting proinflammatory or facilitating anti-inflammatory receptors. New approaches are contrasted to established ones; the current stage of progress is mentioned, in particular considering whether there is data from a molecular and cellular level, from animals, or from human trials, including an early stage after a market release. An overview of publication activity is presented, considering a IuPhar/BPS-curated list of targets with restriction to pain-related publications, which was also used to identify topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmin I Ciotu
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Ho IHT, Chan MTV, Wu WKK, Liu X. Spinal microglia-neuron interactions in chronic pain. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1575-1592. [PMID: 32573822 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0520-695r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current deficiency in our understanding of acute-to-chronic pain transition remains a hurdle for developing effective treatments against chronic pain. Whereas neurocentric mechanisms alone are insufficient to provide satisfactory explanation for such transition, neuro-immune crosstalk has attracted attention in recent pain research. In contrast to brain microglia, spinal microglia are activated immediately in various pain states. The fast-responsive enrichment and activation of spinal microglia among different pain conditions have highlighted the crucial role of neuroinflammation caused by microglia-neuron crosstalk in pain initiation. Recent studies have revealed spinal microglia-neuron interactions are also involved in chronic pain maintenance, albeit, with different anatomic distribution, cellular and molecular mechanisms, and biologic functions. Delineating the exact temporal discrepancies of spinal microglia distribution and functions along acute-to-chronic pain transition may provide additional mechanistic insights for drug development to prevent deterioration of acute pain into the chronic state. This narrative review summerizes the longitudinal alterations of spinal microglia-neuron interactions in the initiation of pain hypersensitivity, acute-to-chronic pain progression, and chronic pain maintenance, followed by an overview of current clinical translation of preclinical studies on spinal microglia. This review highlights the crucial role of the interaction between spinal microglia and neighboring neurons in the initiation and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity, in relation to the release of cytokines, chemokines, and neuroactive substances, as well as the modulation of synaptic plasticity. Further exploration of the uncharted functions of spinal microglia-neuron crosstalk may lead to the design of novel drugs for preventing acute-to-chronic pain transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idy H T Ho
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.,Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR
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32
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Mai L, Zhu X, Huang F, He H, Fan W. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and pain. Life Sci 2020; 256:117885. [PMID: 32485175 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and neuropathic pain is initiated by tissue inflammation and nerve injury, respectively. Both are characterized by increased activity in the peripheral and central nervous system, where multiple inflammatory cytokines and other active molecules activate different signaling pathways that involve in the development and/or maintenance of pain. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one member of the MAPK family, which is activated in neurons and glia and contributes importantly to inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest advances made about the implication of p38 MAPK signaling cascade in pain. It can deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pain and may help to offer new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Mai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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33
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Haight ES, Forman TE, Cordonnier SA, James ML, Tawfik VL. Microglial Modulation as a Target for Chronic Pain: From the Bench to the Bedside and Back. Anesth Analg 2019; 128:737-746. [PMID: 30883419 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With a widespread opioid epidemic and profound biopsychosocial implications, chronic pain is a multifaceted public health issue requiring urgent attention. The treatment of chronic pain is particularly important to anesthesiologists given our unique role as perioperative physicians and pain medicine specialists. The present review details the recent shift from a neuronal theory of chronic pain to one that includes complex neuron-glia interactions. In particular, we highlight microglia, the myeloid-lineage cells of the central nervous system, as initiators of a postinjury neuroimmune response that contributes to the acute to chronic pain transition. We discuss ever-advancing preclinical studies, wherein significant success has been made through pharmacologic and genetic modulation of microglia, and we emphasize where these approaches have made the transition to the clinical realm. Furthermore, we highlight the most current, novel efforts to visualize glial activation in vivo using positron emission tomography and improve the diagnosis of chronic pain through radiotracer binding of specific targets, like the 18 kDa translocator protein in microglia and myeloid-lineage cells. Our rapidly advancing knowledge about microglia and their involvement in pain suggests that the era of glial-targeted therapeutics is just beginning so long as we refocus our attention on optimizing preclinical studies using a clinically informed approach, before translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Haight
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Thomas E Forman
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stephanie A Cordonnier
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Michelle L James
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Vivianne L Tawfik
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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34
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Kuthati Y, Goutham Davuluri VN, Yang CP, Chang HC, Chang CP, Wong CS. Melatonin MT2 receptor agonist IIK-7 produces antinociception by modulation of ROS and suppression of spinal microglial activation in neuropathic pain rats. J Pain Res 2019; 12:2473-2485. [PMID: 31496789 PMCID: PMC6690853 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s214671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, several melatonin (MLT) receptor agonists have been approved by FDA for the treatment of sleep disorders and depression. Very few studies have shed light on their efficacy against neuropathic pain (NP). IIK-7 is an MT-2 agonist known to promote sleep. Whether IIK-7 suppresses NP has not been reported, and the signaling profile is unknown. Objective To investigate the effect of melatonin type 2 receptor agonist IIK-7 on partial sciatic nerve transection-induced NP in rats and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods NP was induced by the PSNT in the left leg of adult male Wistar rats. On post-transection day 7, rats were implanted with intrathecal (i.t) catheter connected to an infusion pump and divided in to four groups: sham-operated/vehicle, PSNT/vehicle, PSNT/0.5 μg/hr IIK-7 and PSNT/0.5 μg IIK-7/1 μg 4-p/hr. To test the MT-2 dependence on IIK-7 activity, the animals were implanted with a single i.t catheter and injected MT-2 antagonist 4-Phenyl-2-propionamidotetralin (4-p) 20 mins prior to IIK-7 injection on day 7 after PSNT. The antinociceptive response was measured using a mechanical paw withdrawal threshold. Activation of microglial cells and the expression of NP-associated proteins in the spinal cord dorsal horn was assessed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting (WB). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability of IIK-7 was evaluated by using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Results Treatment with the MT-2 agonist IIK-7 significantly alleviated PSNT-induced mechanical allodynia and glial activation along with the inhibition of P44/42 MAPK, HMGB-1, STAT3, iNOS and casp-3 proteins. Conclusion IIK-7 attenuates NP through the suppression of glial activation and suppression of proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. MT-2 receptor agonists may establish a promising and unique therapeutic approach for the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaswanth Kuthati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Ping Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Cheng Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih Shung Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cathy General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Yin Y, Park H, Lee SY, Lee WH, Song HJ, Kim J, Kim DW, Hong J. Analgesic Effect of Toll-like Receptor 4 Antagonistic Peptide 2 on Mechanical Allodynia Induced with Spinal Nerve Ligation in Rats. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:352-361. [PMID: 31308795 PMCID: PMC6614064 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the key mechanisms of neuropathic pain, which is primarily mediated by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways in microglia. Therefore, TLR4 may be a reasonable target for treatment of neuropathic pain. Here, we examined the analgesic effect of TLR4 antagonistic peptide 2 (TAP2) on neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells were treated with TAP2 (10 µM), the mRNA levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), were markedly decreased by 54-83% as determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Furthermore, when TAP2 (25 nmol in 20 µL PBS) was intrathecally administered to the spinal nerve ligation-induced rats on day 3 after surgery, the mechanical allodynia was markedly decreased for approximately 2 weeks in von Frey filament tests, with a reduction in microglial activation. On immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses, both the level of reactive oxygen species and the gene expression of the proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. Finally, the analgesic effect of TAP2 was reproduced in rats with monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic pain. The findings of the present study suggest that TAP2 efficiently mitigates neuropathic pain behavior by suppressing microglial activation, followed by downregulation of neuropathic pain-related factors, such as reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory molecules. Therefore, it may be useful as a new analgesic for treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Yin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Sun Yeul Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Won-Hyung Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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36
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Körtési T, Tuka B, Nyári A, Vécsei L, Tajti J. The effect of orofacial complete Freund's adjuvant treatment on the expression of migraine-related molecules. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:43. [PMID: 31035923 PMCID: PMC6734445 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-0999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine is a neurovascular primary headache disorder, which causes significant socioeconomic problems worldwide. The pathomechanism of disease is enigmatic, but activation of the trigeminovascular system (TS) appears to be essential during the attack. Migraine research of recent years has focused on neuropeptides, such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1–38 (PACAP1–38) as potential pathogenic factors and possible therapeutic offensives. The goal of present study was to investigate the simultaneous expression of CGRP and precursor of PACAP1–38 (preproPACAP) in the central region of the TS in a time-dependent manner following TS activation in rats. Methods The right whisker pad of rats was injected with 50 μl Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) or saline. A mechanical allodynia test was performed with von Frey filaments before and after treatment. Transcardial perfusion of the animals was initiated 24, 48, 72 and 120 h after injection, followed by the dissection of the nucleus trigeminus caudalis (TNC). After preparation, the samples were stored at − 80 °C until further use. The relative optical density of CGRP and preproPACAP was analyzed by Western blot. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Tukey post hoc test were used to evaluate the data. Regression analysis was applied to explore the correlation between neuropeptides expression and hyperalgesia. Results Orofacial CFA injection resulted in significant CGRP and preproPACAP release in the TNC 24, 48, 72 and 120 h after the treatment. The level of neuropeptides reached its maximum at 72 h after CFA injection, corresponding to the peak of facial allodynia. Negative, linear correlation was detected between the expression level of neuropeptides and value of mechanonociceptive threshold. Conclusion This is the first study which suggests that the expression of CGRP and preproPACAP simultaneously increases in the central region of activated TS and it influences the formation of mechanical hyperalgesia. Our results contribute to a better understanding of migraine pathogenesis and thereby to the development of more effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Körtési
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Tuka
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H 6725, Hungary
| | - Aliz Nyári
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H 6725, Hungary.,Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - János Tajti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary.
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New pre-clinical evidence of anti-inflammatory effect and safety of a substituted fluorophenyl imidazole. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1399-1407. [PMID: 30841455 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory condition with high mortality rates, and there is still no pharmacological approach with proven effectiveness. In the past few years, several imidazole small molecules have been developed to treat conditions in which inflammation plays a central role. In the present work, we hypothesize that a novel substituted fluorophenyl imidazole synthetized by our research group would present in vivo anti-inflammatory effect in an ARDS murine model induced by LPS. Results shows that the fluorophenyl imidazole has the ability to inhibit leukocyte migration to the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue of animals challenged intranasally with LPS. Furthermore, this inhibition is followed with reduction in myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide metabolites generation and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10) secretion. This effect is at least partly related to the capacity of the fluorophenyl imidazole in inhibit p38 MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylation. Finally, fluorophenyl imidazole showed no signs of acute oral toxicity in the toxicological protocol suggested by OECD 423. Taken together, the results shows that fluorophenyl imidazole is a promising prototype for the development of a novel anti-inflammatory drug in which p38 MAPK and NF-κB plays a pivotal role.
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Shin J, Yin Y, Park H, Park S, Triantafillu UL, Kim Y, Kim SR, Lee SY, Kim DK, Hong J, Kim DW. p38 siRNA-encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles alleviate neuropathic pain behavior in rats by inhibiting microglia activation. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1607-1621. [PMID: 30028250 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether p38 small-interfering RNA-loaded nanoparticles (p38 siRNA NPs) attenuate spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain in rats by suppressing spinal microglia activation via p38 targeting. MATERIALS & METHODS After synthesizing p38 siRNA NPs with sonication, physical characteristics were measured for size and zeta potential. p38 siRNA NPs were then administrated intrathecally into SNL rats if they could reduce pain behavior excellently. RESULTS p38 siRNA NPs significantly reduced mechanical allodynia as well as microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horns of SNL rats, consistent with a downregulation of p38-related proinflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION As p38 in the spinal microglia plays a critical role in neuropathic pain, we expect that p38 siRNA NPs could be a promising tool for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhua Yin
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjo Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Ursula L Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeul Lee
- Department of Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinpyo Hong
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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Martínez-Navarro M, Maldonado R, Baños JE. Why mu-opioid agonists have less analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain? Eur J Pain 2018; 23:435-454. [PMID: 30318675 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Injury to peripheral nerves often leads to abnormal pain states (hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain), which can remain long after the injury heals. Although opioid agonists remain the gold standard for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, they show reduced efficacy against neuropathic pain. In addition to analgesia, opioid use is also associated with hyperalgesia and analgesia tolerance, whose underlying mechanisms share some commonalities with nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity. Here, we reviewed up-to-day research exploring the contribution of mu-opioid receptor (MOR) on the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain and on analgesic opioid actions under these conditions. We focused on the specific contributions of MOR populations at peripheral, spinal and supraspinal level. Moreover, evidences of neuroplastic changes that may underlie the low efficacy of MOR agonists under neuropathic pain conditions are reviewed and discussed. Sensitization processes leading to pain hypersensitivity, molecular changes in signalling pathways triggered by MOR and glial activation are some of these mechanisms elicited by both nerve injury and opioid exposure. Nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivity might be masking the initial analgesic effects of opioid agonists, and alternatively, sustained opioid treatment to individuals already suffering from neuropathic pain could aggravate their pathophysiological state. Finally, some combined therapies that can increase opioid analgesic effectiveness in neuropathic pain treatment are highlighted. SIGNIFICANCE: This review provides evidence of the low benefit of opioid monotherapy in neuropathic pain and analyses the reasons of this reduced effectiveness. Opioid agonists along with drugs targeted to block the sensitization processes induced by MOR stimulation might result in a better management of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Martínez-Navarro
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep-E Baños
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Atef MM, El-Sayed NM, Ahmed AAM, Mostafa YM. Donepezil improves neuropathy through activation of AMPK signalling pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:1-10. [PMID: 30414938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and is associated with structural changes in the nerves. However, the molecular basis for DN is poorly understood. Adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been shown to regulate the activity of some kinases including protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) that represent important signalling pathways modulating the function of peripheral nociceptive neuron. Donepezil can activate AMPK and exerts neuroprotective effects. In this study, streptozotocin (45 mg/kg for 5 Day, i.p.) was used to induce experimental DN. After confirmation of development of neuropathy, mice were randomly distributed into five groups: Group 1; negative control group received saline (0.9%NaCl), Group 2; diabetic mice received saline, Group (3-5); diabetic mice received daily donepezil (1, 2 or 4 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively for 20 days. Mice were then sacrificed under anesthesia then their sciatic nerve and spinal cord were dissected out and processed for biochemical and histopathological studies. Diabetic mice revealed severe histological abnormalities including degenerated neurons in the spinal cord and swollen myelin sheath with inflammatory edema observed in sciatic nerves. In addition, diabetic mice showed reduced expression of p-AMPK in sciatic nerves with consequent activation of AKT/MAPK/4EBP1. A significant upregulation of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in both cervical and lumbar regions of spinal cord of diabetic mice was also demonstrated. Donepezil, an AMPK activator, blocked the phosphorylation of AKT/MAPK/4EBP1, down regulate the expression of NMDA receptors and reversed hyperalgesia developed in diabetic mice. Therefore, Donepezil could be a potential pharmacological agent for management of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Amal A M Ahmed
- Department of Cytology & Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Demethylation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 151 Promoter Facilitates the Binding of Krüppel-Like Factor 5 and Enhances Neuropathic Pain after Nerve Injury in Mice. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10535-10551. [PMID: 30373770 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0702-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors are considered to be cell-surface sensors of extracellular signals, thereby having a crucial role in signal transduction and being the most fruitful targets for drug discovery. G-protein-coupled receptor 151 (GPR151) was reported to be expressed specifically in the habenular area. Here we report the expression and the epigenetic regulation of GRP151 in the spinal cord after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and the contribution of GPR151 to neuropathic pain in male mice. SNL dramatically increased GPR151 expression in spinal neurons. GPR151 mutation or spinal inhibition by shRNA alleviated SNL-induced mechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia. Interestingly, the CpG island in the GPR151 gene promoter region was demethylated, the expression of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) was decreased, and the binding of DNMT3b with GPR151 promoter was reduced after SNL. Overexpression of DNMT3b in the spinal cord decreased GPR151 expression and attenuated SNL-induced neuropathic pain. Furthermore, Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a transcriptional factor of the KLF family, was upregulated in spinal neurons, and the binding affinity of KLF5 with GPR151 promoter was increased after SNL. Inhibition of KLF5 reduced GPR151 expression and attenuated SNL-induced pain hypersensitivity. Further mRNA microarray analysis revealed that mutation of GPR151 reduced the expression of a variety of pain-related genes in response to SNL, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway-associated genes. This study reveals that GPR151, increased by DNA demethylation and the enhanced interaction with KLF5, contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain via increasing MAPK pathway-related gene expression.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets of various clinically approved drugs. Here we report that SNL increased GPR151 expression in the spinal cord, and mutation or inhibition of GPR151 alleviated SNL-induced neuropathic pain. In addition, SNL downregulated the expression of DNMT3b, which caused demethylation of GPR151 gene promoter, facilitated the binding of transcriptional factor KLF5 with the GPR151 promoter, and further increased GPR151 expression in spinal neurons. The increased GPR151 may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain via activating MAPK signaling and increasing pain-related gene expression. Our study reveals an epigenetic mechanism underlying GPR151 expression and suggests that targeting GPR151 may offer a new strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Loo L, Zylka M. Conditional deletion of Pip5k1c in sensory ganglia and effects on nociception and inflammatory sensitization. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917737907. [PMID: 29020859 PMCID: PMC5656109 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917737907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 gamma (Pip5k1c) generates phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, also
known as PI(4,5)P2 or PIP2. Many pronociceptive signaling pathways and receptor tyrosine kinases signal via PIP2 hydrolysis.
Previously, we found that pain signaling and pain sensitization were reduced in Pip5k1cþ/ global heterozygous knockout
mice. Here, we sought to evaluate the extent to which dorsal root ganglia selective deletion of Pip5k1c affected nociception
in mice. Initially, we crossed sensory neuron-selective Advillin-Cre mice with a conditional Pip5k1c knockout (cKO) allele
(Pip5k1cfl/fl). However, these mice displayed an early onset proprioceptive deficit. To bypass this early onset phenotype,
we used two different tamoxifen-inducible Cre lines (Brn3a-Cre-ERT2 and Advillin-Cre-ERT2) to conditionally delete Pip5k1c in
adults. Tamoxifen induced high efficiency deletion of PIP5K1C in dorsal root ganglia and slightly reduced PIP5K1C in spinal
cord and brain in Brn3a-Cre-ERT2 Pip5k1cfl/fl (Brn3a cKO) mice while PIP5K1C was selectively deleted in dorsal root ganglia
with no changes in spinal cord or brain in Advillin-Cre-ERT2 Pip5k1cfl/fl (Advil cKO) mice. Acute thermosensation and
mechanosensation were not altered in either line relative to wild-type mice. However, thermal hypersensitivity and mechanical
allodynia recovered more rapidly in Brn3a cKO mice, but not Advil cKO mice, following hind paw inflammation.
These data collectively suggest that PIP5K1C regulates nociceptive sensitization in more regions of the nervous system
than dorsal root ganglia alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Loo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and UNC Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Chaudhary O, Narayan V, Lelis F, Linz B, Watkins M, Veazey R, Aldovini A. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in combination with ART reduces SIV-induced immune activation and provides additional protection from immune system deterioration. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007268. [PMID: 30161247 PMCID: PMC6135519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in immune activation were identified as the most significant difference between AIDS-susceptible and resistant species. p38 MAPK, activated in HIV infection, is key to induction of interferon-stimulated genes and cytokine-mediated inflammation and is associated with some of the pathology produced by HIV or SIV infection in AIDS-susceptible primates. As small molecule p38 MAPK inhibitors are being tested in human trials for inflammatory diseases, we evaluated the effects of treating SIV-infected macaques with the p38 MAPK inhibitor PH-797804 in conjunction with ART. PH-797804 had no side effects, did not impact negatively the antiviral immune response and, used alone, had no significant effect on levels of immune activation and did not reduced the viremia. When administered with ART, it significantly reduced numerous immune activation markers compared to ART alone. CD38+/HLA-DR+ and Ki-67+ T-cell percentages in blood, lymph node and rectal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, PD-1 expression in CD8+ T cells and plasma levels of IFNα, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, IP-10, sCD163 and C-reactive protein were all significantly reduced. Significant preservation of CD4+, CD4+ central memory, CD4+/IL-22+ and CD4+/IL-17+ T-cell percentages and improvement of Th17/Treg ratio in blood and rectal mucosa were also observed. Importantly, the addition of PH-797804 to ART initiated during chronic SIV infection reduced immune activation and restored immune system parameters to the levels observed when ART was initiated on week 1 after infection. After ART interruption, viremia rebounded in a similar fashion in all groups, regardless of when ART was initiated. We concluded that the inhibitor PH-797804 significantly reduced, even if did not normalized, the immune activation parameters evaluated during ART treatment, improved preservation of critical populations of the immune system targeted by SIV, and increased the efficacy of ART treatment initiated in chronic infection to levels similar to those observed when initiated in acute infection but did not affect positively or negatively viral reservoirs. The hallmark of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus infection in disease-susceptible species is the progressive decline of the CD4+ T cell population and heightened immune activation, which by itself can contribute to CD4+ T-cell death. The cellular pathway regulated by p38 MAPK, which is activated in HIV and SIV infection, can contribute significantly to immune activation. We tested in SIV-infected macaques a p38 MAPK inhibitor in combination with anti-retroviral therapy. This drug is already being evaluated in humans for treatment of immune activation associated with other diseases. We found that, when combined with antiretroviral therapy, the inhibitor PH-797804 significantly reduced a few parameters of SIV-induced immune activation and improved preservation of critical populations of the immune system targeted by SIV, but did not modulate viral reservoirs. Importantly, the addition of the inhibitor to anti-retroviral therapy during the chronic phase of the infection, which is the time when most HIV-infected individuals initiate treatment, permitted a more significant preservation of the immune system compared to antiretroviral therapy alone that was similar to that observed when anti-retroviral therapy was initiated in the acute phase of the infection, which rarely occurs in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Chaudhary
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Felipe Lelis
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Brandon Linz
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
| | - Meagan Watkins
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington LA, United States of America
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Covington LA, United States of America
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Luo X, Fitzsimmons B, Mohan A, Zhang L, Terrando N, Kordasiewicz H, Ji RR. Intrathecal administration of antisense oligonucleotide against p38α but not p38β MAP kinase isoform reduces neuropathic and postoperative pain and TLR4-induced pain in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 72:34-44. [PMID: 29128611 PMCID: PMC5940592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) consists of two major isoforms: p38α and p38β; however, it remains unclear which isoform is more important for chronic pain development. Recently, we developed potent, long-lasting, and p38 MAPK subtype-specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). We examined the therapeutic effects of isoform-specific ASOs in several chronic pain models following single intrathecal injection (300 μg/10 μl) in CD1 mice. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, p38α MAPK ASO, given on post-operative day 5, reduced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia in male but not female mice. In contrast, mechanical allodynia after CCI in both sexes was not affected by p38β MAPK ASO. Intrathecal injection of p38α or p38β ASO resulted in a partial reduction (≈ 50%) of spinal p38α or p38β mRNA level, respectively, in both sexes at two weeks. In contrast, intrathecal injection of the ASOs did not affect p38α and p38β MAPK mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglia. Intrathecal p38α ASO also reduced postoperative pain (mechanical and cold allodynia) in male mice after tibia fracture. However, intrathecal p38α ASO had no effect on mechanical allodynia in male mice after paclitaxel treatment. Intrathecal p38α MAPK ASO pre-treatment also prevented TLR4-mediated mechanical allodynia and downregulated levels of p38α MAPK and phosphorylated p38 MAPK following intrathecal treatment of lipopolysaccharide. In summary, our findings suggest that p38α MAPK is the major p38 MAPK isoform in the spinal cord and regulates chronic pain in a sex and model-dependent manner. Intrathecal p38α MAPK ASO may offer a new treatment for some chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | | | - Apoorva Mohan
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92010
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niccolo Terrando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, United States.
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Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, Terrando N, Maixner W. Neuroinflammation and Central Sensitization in Chronic and Widespread Pain. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:343-366. [PMID: 29462012 PMCID: PMC6051899 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful insults. Accumulating evidence suggests that central sensitization is also driven by neuroinflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system. A characteristic feature of neuroinflammation is the activation of glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the spinal cord and brain, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Recent studies suggest that central cytokines and chemokines are powerful neuromodulators and play a sufficient role in inducing hyperalgesia and allodynia after central nervous system administration. Sustained increase of cytokines and chemokines in the central nervous system also promotes chronic widespread pain that affects multiple body sites. Thus, neuroinflammation drives widespread chronic pain via central sensitization. We also discuss sex-dependent glial/immune signaling in chronic pain and new therapeutic approaches that control neuroinflammation for the resolution of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Andrea Nackley
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Yul Huh
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - William Maixner
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Herrmann S, Schübel T, Costa FN, Barbosa MLC, Ferreira FF, Dias TLMF, Araújo MV, Alexandre-Moreira MS, Lima LM, Laufer S, Barreiro EJ. Synthesis, X-ray diffraction study and pharmacological evaluation of 3-amino-4-methylthiophene-2-acylcarbohydrazones. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:1073-1088. [PMID: 29873669 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acylhydrazone is an interesting privileged structure that has been used in the molecular design of a myriad of bioactive compounds. In order to identify new antinociceptive drug candidates, we described herein the design, synthesis, X-ray diffraction study and the pharmacological evaluation of a series of 3-amino-4-methylthiophene-2-acylcarbohydrazone derivatives (8a-t). Compounds were prepared in good overall yields through divergent synthesis from a common key intermediate and were characterized by classical spectroscopy methods. X-ray diffraction study was employed for unequivocal determination of the imine double bond stereochemistry. 8a-t were evaluated in vivo through oral administration using the classical writhing test in mice. N-acylhydrazone derivatives 8j and 8l displayed relative potency similar to dipyrone, highlighting them as promising analgesic lead-candidates for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Herrmann
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tabea Schübel
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fanny N Costa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia C Barbosa
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio F Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Thays L M F Dias
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Morgana V Araújo
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Magna S Alexandre-Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Lídia M Lima
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Zhao H, Duan LJ, Sun QL, Gao YS, Yang YD, Tang XS, Zhao DY, Xiong Y, Hu ZG, Li CH, Chen SX, Liu T, Yu X. Identification of Key Pathways and Genes in L4 Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) After Sciatic Nerve Injury via Microarray Analysis. J INVEST SURG 2018; 33:172-180. [PMID: 29672183 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2018.1452996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) has devastating consequences. Dorsal root ganglion as a pivotal locus participates in the process of neuropathic pain and nerve regeneration. In recent years, gene sequencing technology has seen rapid rise in the biomedicine field. So, we attempt to gain insight into in the mechanism of neuropathic pain and nerve regeneration in the transcriptional level and to explore novel genes through bioinformatics analysis. Methods: The gene expression profiles of GSE96051 were downloaded from GEO database. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was constructed by Cytoscape software. Results: Our results showed that both IL-6 and Jun genes and the signaling pathway of MAPK, apoptosis, P53 present their vital modulatory role in nerve regeneration and neuropathic pain. Noteworthy, 13 hub genes associated with neuropathic pain and nerve regeneration, including Ccl12, Ppp1r15a, Cdkn1a, Atf3, Nts, Dusp1, Ccl7, Csf, Gadd45a, Serpine1, Timp1 were rarely reported in PubMed database, these genes may provide us the new orientation in experimental research and clinical study. Conclusions: Our results may provide more deep insight into the mechanism and a promising therapeutic target. The next step is to put our emphasis on an experiment level and to verify the novel genes from 13 hub genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Bayannaoer City Hospital, Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Qing-Ling Sun
- Department of Geriatric, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Shan Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Dong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ding-Yan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Guo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan-Hong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Xue Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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49
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review aims to present the latest research into microglia and their role in pain. RECENT FINDINGS Microglia affect sex and age-dependent differences in pain. The various microglial phenotypes make their involvement in pain more complex but provide more potential as pain modulators. SUMMARY Glial cells, composed of microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, outnumber neurons in the central nervous system. The crosstalk between these cells and neurons is now established as participating in the development of chronic pain. There has been a great advance in the description of microglia reactivity from pro to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. The modulation of these phenotypes could be a potential target for pain therapy. Recently, different microglial reactivity between man and woman and between neonates and adults, in response to nerve injury were described, which could explain some of the sex differences in pain sensitivity and the absence of neuropathic pain development in neonates. Clinical trials using microglia as a target have been carried out in various neurological diseases and pain, with limited efficacy in the latter, but there are nonetheless, indications that with some improvement in study strategies microglia could be a future target for pain control.
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Sałat K, Gryzło B, Kulig K. Experimental Drugs for Neuropathic Pain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1193-1209. [PMID: 29745335 PMCID: PMC6187752 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180510151241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NP) is an important public health problem and despite recent progress in the understanding, diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms and the treatment of NP, many patients remain refractory to pharmacotherapy. OBJECTIVE Currently used drugs have limited efficacy and dose-limiting adverse effects, and thus there is a substantial need for further development of novel medications for its treatment. Alternatively, drugs approved for use in diseases other than NP can be applied as experimental for NP conditions. This paper covers advances in the field of NP treatment. RESULTS The prime focus of this paper is on drugs with well-established pharmacological activity whose current therapeutic applications are distinct from NP. These drugs could be a potential novel treatment of NP. Data from preclinical studies and clinical trials on these experimental drugs are presented. The development of advanced methods of genomics enabled to propose new targets for drugs which could be effective in the NP treatment. CONCLUSION Experimental drugs for NP can be a treatment option which should be tailor-made for each individual on the basis of pain features, previous therapies, associated clinical conditions, recurrence of pain, adverse effects, contraindications and patients' preferences. At present, there are only some agents which may have potential as novel treatments. Increasing knowledge about mechanisms underlying NP, mechanisms of drug action, as well as available data from preclinical and clinical studies make botulinum toxin A, minocycline, ambroxol, statins and PPAR agonists (ATx086001) promising potential future treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Sałat
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Pharmacy,
Jagiellonian University, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Tel: + 48 12 6205 555; Fax: + 48 12 6205 554; E-mail:
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