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Szymoniak‐Lipska M, Dańczak‐Pazdrowska A, Lipski A, Korecka K, Żaba R, Polańska A. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and transonychial water loss (TOWL) measurements in healthy nail apparatus. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13851. [PMID: 39031521 PMCID: PMC11259040 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although non-invasive diagnostic methods are widely used to examine the nail apparatus (NA), studies in healthy ones are scarce, and analyzes were often conducted in small groups. In the literature, there are only a few reports on TOWL measurements. The results of TEWL studies in the proximal nailfold have not been published so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on a detailed interview and physical examination, 81 volunteers (40 women and 41 men) aged from 22 to 65 years were qualified for the study. In this study, the overall examination of the NA in relation to water loss was performed for the first time, regarding the hand (d, dominant; n, non-dominant) and finger types (number, start of count from thumbs) as well as sex and age. RESULTS The average TEWL value in the entire group ranged from 7.53 c.u. in the finger nd4 to 11.09 c.u. in nd1. Both in the dominant and non-dominant hand, in the entire analyzed group, and taking into account gender, weak statistically significant relationships were observed between the finger type value and TEWL (p < 0.05).The TEWL values were lower moving away from the thumb, The average TOWL value in the entire group ranged from 5.01 c.u. in d1 to 7.34 c.u. in d5. Both in the dominant and non-dominant hand, in the entire analyzed group and considering gender, statistically significant relationships were observed between the type of finger and TOWL values (p < 0.05). The TOWL values were higher moving away from the thumb. Subsequently, the values of TOWL and TEWL did not depend on type of hand (dominant or non-dominant), sex and age. Weak and moderate statistically significant correlations were found between TEWL and TOWL values in the entire study group and in females, as well as in selected fingers in males (d2, nd2, d3, nd3, d5, nd5) (p < 0.05, r < 0.27). CONCLUSION Non-invasive diagnostics such TEWL and TOWL measurements are useful to assess differences in structure and function between types of fingers. However, obtained results demand further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Lipski
- Department of UrologyPoznań University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Katarzyna Korecka
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyPoznań University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Ryszard Żaba
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyPoznań University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
| | - Adriana Polańska
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyPoznań University of Medical SciencesPoznańPoland
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Malinauskyte E, Mateo K, Castro-Haly V, London L, Parikh N, Tu X. Expanding the Frontiers of nail product evaluation: Novel application of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for assessing crosslinking density and predicting nail brittleness and flexibility. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38761132 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While modern industry advancements have expanded nail beautification options, scientific literature primarily focuses on nail biology and medicine, with limited attention on cosmetic treatments. This study aimed to investigate human nail denaturation properties, including gender impact, blending nails to enlarge the sample pool, nail sensitization through bleaching, and active effectiveness testing. The objective was to understand the DSC and bending fatigue relationship, and define the consumer relevance of the DSC test. METHODS Nail clippings were collected from adult female and male volunteers. The wet DSC was employed to validate sample preparation, explore the effects of gender, and assess the potential of using blended nails for claims substantiation testing. Nails were sensitized through bleaching using hydrogen peroxide. The effects were confirmed through DSC and nail flexure tests. Furthermore, the ability of actives to address concerns related to nail softness and brittleness was assessed using these techniques. RESULTS The results confirmed the viability of equilibrating nails in water for up to 14 h as a standardized testing method. The denaturation temperature results were independent of gender and suitable for claims substantiation testing. Blending nails from different sources did not yield significant variations in denaturation properties. A preliminary study suggested that cadaver nails should be used with caution because they exhibited differences in denaturation temperature, influenced by the sampling location. Bending fatigue tests highlighted the significance of humidity, with higher humidity conditions (80%) enhancing nail flexibility and providing better resolution for claims substantiation. Sensitizing the nails with hydrogen peroxide induced alterations in both DSC and bending fatigue results. Proof-of-principle studies demonstrated an elevation in denaturation temperature and a decrease in the number of cycles to break, indicating a nail-hardening effect when formaldehyde was applied. The use of a nail softener led to an enhancement in nail fatigue resistance due to a notable reduction in nail crosslinking density. CONCLUSIONS The measurement of crosslinking density proved to be a sensitive tool for assessing the effects of cosmetic treatments on nails, particularly in predicting outcomes related to nail brittleness and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Tu
- OPI, Wella Company, Calabasas, California, USA
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3
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Experimental Study of the Reduction in Ceramide Content in Fingernails Due to Nail Polish Remover Use. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount and distribution of ceramide, an intercellular lipid, in the fingernails of three Japanese women in their twenties were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography and antibody staining. In addition, the structural changes of fingernail cross sections were examined after fingernails were immersed in an acetone-based nail polish remover solution. The acetone-treated fingernails had a lower water content and higher water evaporation than the inner forearm skin and healthy fingernails, suggesting that they had compromised moisturizing and barrier functions and were more susceptible to roughness and damage. These results also suggest that, compared to healthy fingernails, rough fingernails are more prone to breakage and damage. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of ceramide decreased when fingernails were immersed in nail polish remover solution. The distribution showed ceramide to be present in the ventral and dorsal regions of the free edge of the fingernail plate. After immersion in nail polish remover, the three-layered structure of the free edge of the plate was intact, but the dorsal distal edge of the plate peeled off. Gaps were observed inside the free edge of the plate, which should have been layered. These results show that the frequent use of nail polish remover may worsen condition of fingernails.
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Bellmann T, Luber R, Kischio L, Karl B, Pötzinger Y, Beekmann U, Kralisch D, Wiegand C, Fischer D. Bacterial nanocellulose patches as a carrier for hydrating formulations to improve the topical treatment of nail diseases. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Szymoniak-Lipska M, Polańska A, Jenerowicz D, Lipski A, Żaba R, Adamski Z, Dańczak-Pazdrowska A. High-Frequency Ultrasonography and Evaporimetry in Non-invasive Evaluation of the Nail Unit. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:686470. [PMID: 34195212 PMCID: PMC8236586 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.686470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The nail unit (NU) is a complex structure that performs a number of functions, including protection, defense, manipulation, and palpation. Non-invasive research methods can facilitate the recognition of NU structure and function. Evaporimetry and HF-USG due to their availability of equipment and low research costs seem to be particularly noteworthy, but so far have been assessed to a limited extent. The aim of the presented study was to check the usefulness of TOWL and HF-USG in examination of NU. Materials and Methods: A total of 58 volunteers aged 25-65 years (mean age: 41 ± 10.16 years) were qualified for the study. The subjects did not present symptoms of clinically evident onychopathy and did not suffer from any dermatoses associated with lesions occurring within the NU. Additionally, the patients did not suffer from systemic diseases that could affect NU (including heart, lung, and endocrine diseases). In all volunteers, the measurement of TOWL and 20 MHz ultrasonography [high-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG)] with the special emphasis on determination of nail plate thickness were performed. Results: Analysis of 464 HF-USG images revealed that the nail plate presented as two hyperechoic, parallel streaks (railway sign) with a linear hypoechoic middle layer between them. Matrix was visualized as a hypoechoic structure with blurred boundaries, mostly within the fourth and fifth fingers and more often in women. We found statistically significant correlations between the type of a finger and the thickness of the nail plate both in the entire study group and taking into account gender. In the dominant hand, the results were r = -0.341; p < 0.001; r = -0.417, p < 0.001; and r = 0.337; p = 0.001 (for the whole group, for women, and for men, respectively). In the non-dominant hand, the results were r = -0.465; p < 0.001; r = -0.493, p < 0.01; and r = -0.503; p < 0.01 (for the whole group, for women, and for men, respectively). There were statistically significant differences in the thickness of the nail plates of the corresponding types of fingers between female and male NUs. Statistically significant correlations were found between the type of a finger and the TOWL value in the whole group and taking into account gender (p < 0.05), except for the non-dominant hand in men. There were no statistically significant differences in the TOWL values of the corresponding types of fingers between male and female NUs (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant correlation between the TOWL value and the nail plate thickness in any of the tested NUs, apart from the one statistically significant correlation in nd5 (r = 0.390, p = 0.021). Conclusions: To sum up, non-invasive methods, such as HF-USG and TOWL, enable assessment of the NU and are useful in examination of its structure and function. HF-USG shows characteristic elements of NUs that can be distinguished because of differences in their echogenicity. The thickness of the nail plate and TOWL depend on the type of finger, and show a relationship with gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Polańska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Jenerowicz
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Lipski
- Department of Urology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Żaba
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Adamski
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Nguyen HX, Kim Y, Kekatpure TD, Lesica E, Banga AK. A novel technique to evaluate nail softening effects of different urea formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:403-411. [PMID: 33527865 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1881113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Urea has been incorporated into several topical ungual formulations to hydrate and soften the nail plate. In this study, we employed various characterization techniques (visual observation, scanning electron microscopy, measurement of thickness, transonychial water loss, nail electrical resistance, and mechanical study) to investigate the effect of urea concentration on the hydration of bovine hoof membranes - an in vitro model of infected human nails. We obtained inconsistent results in the thickness, transonychial water loss, nail electrical resistance, and scanning electron microscopy studies. In the mechanical study using a modified Texture Analyzer method, we reported an inverse and linear correlation between urea concentrations in the formulations and the force required to puncture the treated membrane (R2 = 0.9582, n ≥ 8). As the urea concentration decreased from 4x to 2x, 1x, and 0x % w/w, the puncture force increased significantly from 0.47 ± 0.07 to 0.77 ± 0.07, 0.91 ± 0.09, and 1.33 ± 0.26 N, respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, urea provided a positive softening effect on the membranes and the puncture force could indicate the urea level in topical formulations. In this study, we provided a novel, efficient, and reliable tool to evaluate the hydration level and physical properties of bovine hoof membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep X Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ajay K Banga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Chen K, Puri V, Michniak-Kohn B. Iontophoresis to Overcome the Challenge of Nail Permeation: Considerations and Optimizations for Successful Ungual Drug Delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33439400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a widely used drug delivery technique that has been used clinically to improve permeation through the skin for drugs and other actives in topical formulations. It is however not commonly used for the treatment of nail diseases despite its potential to improve transungual nail delivery. Instead, treatments for nail diseases are limited to relatively ineffective topical passive permeation techniques, which often result in relapses of nail diseases due to the thickness and hardness of the nail barrier resulting in lower permeation of the actives. Oral systemic antifungal agents that are also used are often associated with various undesirable side effects resulting in low patient compliance. This review article discusses what is currently known about the field of transungual iontophoresis, providing evidence of its efficacy and practicality in delivering drug to the entire surface of the nail for extended treatment periods. It also includes relevant details about the nail structure, the mechanisms of iontophoresis, and the associated in vitro and in vivo studies which have been used to investigate the optimal characteristics for a transungual iontophoretic drug delivery system. Iontophoresis is undoubtedly a promising option to treat nail diseases, and the use of this technique for clinical use will likely improve patient outcomes.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vinam Puri
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145, Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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8
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Batory M, Wołowiec-Korecka E, Rotsztejn H. The effect of various primers improving adhesiveness of gel polish hybrids on pH, TOWL and overall nail plates condition. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1529-1538. [PMID: 30628153 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid manicure is now a popular method of nail care and nail art, which is associated with its durability. Unfortunately, it has an adverse effect on pH, TOWL and overall nail plates condition and has not been investigated in detail so far. AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the pH and TOWL of the hand nails after using different primers. The effect of application time, breaks between applications and the method of curing and removal on those parameters and overall nail plates condition were evaluated. PATIENTS/METHODS An evaluation survey was conducted among 116 women. pH and TOWL measurements of the nail plate in 35 women were taken using the Courage & Khazaka. Clinical photos were made using the Fotomedicus system. RESULTS The measured pH values of the nail plate in the test group with gel polish hybrid on the nails were from 5.50 to 6.65, while after removal of the gel polish hybrid, the values ranged from 5.63 to 6.68. TOWL of the nail plate covered with gel polish hybrid ranged from 2.9 to 33.2 g/m2 /h, whereas after removal of hybrids-from 1.9 to 45.7 g/m2 /h. CONCLUSION Different forms of acid-free primers maintain a lower pH of the nail plate covered with a gel polish hybrid, while the acidic primer maintains higher values of the nail plate pH. The significant decrease in the nail plate TOWL following the application of gel polish hybrid indicates a reduced loss of water from the surface of the nail to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Batory
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Helena Rotsztejn
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Hassan N, Singh M, Sulaiman S, Jain P, Sharma K, Nandy S, Dudeja M, Ali A, Iqbal Z. Molecular Docking-Guided Ungual Drug-Delivery Design for Amelioration of Onychomycosis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9583-9592. [PMID: 31460049 PMCID: PMC6648890 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work envisaged an adherent luliconazole-loaded bilayer nail lacquer (BNL) with significant transungual activity. The locally applied sustained-release BNL formulation was designed for an improved retention, payload, and final dermatokinetic disposition. A primary step in the fabrication of a BNL included overcoming of physical barriers like α-keratin (also α-keratin), a protein present in human nails, and then allowing the drug molecule to permeate at the site of action. Although luliconazole is an established antifungal agent, has limited clinical exploitation for its use in treating onychomycosis. An in silico study elucidating its interaction with lanosterol-14-α demethylase, an enzyme which is the key region of drug action mechanism, was highly supportive of its imminent clinical potential. Optimization of prepared BNL formulations via response surface modeling (Box-Behnken Design-Expert 10.0.6) logically ascertained the effect of selected independent variables and showcased its effect via dependent responses. Surface morphology of the prepared BNL films was well corroborated for the presence of two distinct polymeric layers through scanning electron microscopy imaging. Nail permeation studies revealed a cumulative drug release of 71.25 ± 0.11% through bovine hooves up to 24 h. Luliconazole while exposing antifungal activity against clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum in agar cup-plate method disclosed a 38 mm diameter zone of inhibition. Further, the optimized BNL exhibited a bioadhesive force of 1.9 ± 0.11 N, which assured its retention on the nail surface for prolonged duration of time. In Conclusion, it is deduced that the conventional treatment modalities for onychomycosis require circumvention of certain pharmacotechnical caveats. Therefore, in the present study, a multipronged BNL system was proposed, which negates the need of frequent drug application, improvises cosmetic appearance, yields fruitful therapeutic outcomes, and has a clinical supremacy over the available therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Hassan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Manvi Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sufiyanu Sulaiman
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shyamasree Nandy
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mridu Dudeja
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School
of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, and Department of Microbiology, Hamdard
Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
- E-mail: , . Tel: +91-9811733016
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10
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Batory M, Namieciński P, Rotsztejn H. Evaluation of structural damage and pH of nail plates of hands after applying different methods of decorating. Int J Dermatol 2018; 58:311-318. [PMID: 30246242 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nail polish, gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder and the removal of these formulas on the nail plates properties, particularly the influence of different coatings on morphology and pH. METHODS The morphology and structure of nail plates were analyzed with use of scanning electron microscopy. The pH values of the nail plates of hands were measured using the system Courage & Khazaka. RESULTS The analysis of morphology and structure of the surface of nail plates showed distinct changes caused by decorative coatings. The most common ones include fragility and splitting of the nails. The pH value measured in the whole group ranged from 5.21 to 7.00. CONCLUSIONS The methods used to prepare nails for decoration and all methods of removing the applied preparations damage the healthy nail plates. The most common changes are brittleness and nail splitting. The nail polish remover causes less damage than acetone, and the use of a nail drill machine and nail file causes the greatest destruction of nail plates. The biggest effect on the pH change has the gel polish hybrid, gel nail, and acrylic nail powder, causing the pH value of nail plates to rise above 6.0, whereas after the application of the nail polish, the pH of the plates was on average 5.8 which is closest to the normal value, assumed as physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Batory
- Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Namieciński
- Department of Operational Research, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Helena Rotsztejn
- Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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11
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Hasan N, Singh M, Sulaiman S, Nandy S, Dudeja M, Ali A, Iqbal Z. Design, development and optimization of a transungual duple nail lacquer for onychomycosis therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:e250-e251. [PMID: 29283454 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - M Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - S Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - S Nandy
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - M Dudeja
- Department of Microbiology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Z Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
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12
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Kushwaha AS, Repka MA, Narasimha Murthy S. A Novel Apremilast Nail Lacquer Formulation for the Treatment of Nail Psoriasis. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2949-2956. [PMID: 28455829 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to prepare a novel nail lacquer formulation to improve the ungual and trans-ungual delivery of apremilast for the potential treatment of nail psoriasis. Nail lacquer formulation was prepared using Eudragit® S 100 as a film-forming polymer and the mixture of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water as a solvent system. As a result of high-throughput screening studies, dexpanthenol and salicylic acid were found to be the potential penetration enhancers. After 7 days of in vitro studies, the cumulative amount of apremilast delivered by the nail lacquer formulation across the nail plate was found to be ~3-fold (0.52 ± 0.07 μg/cm2) more compared to control (nail lacquer formulation without enhancers) (0.19 ± 0.02 μg/cm2). The cumulative amount of apremilast retained in the nail plate in the case of nail lacquer formulation was 1.26 ± 0.18 μg/mg which was found to be ~2-fold more compared to control (0.57 ± 0.07 μg/mg). Human subject studies were performed on the nails of thumb and index finger of six volunteers for 15 days. As a result, the cumulative amount of apremilast retained in the free distal edge of the nail plate in the case of nail lacquer was found to be ~2-fold (0.93 ± 0.14 μg/mg) more related to control (0.41 ± 0.04 μg/mg). As a conclusion, nail lacquer formulation was found to be capable of delivering a substantial amount of apremilast into the nail apparatus; thus, it can be a potential option for the treatment of nail psoriasis.
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13
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Baswan S, Kasting GB, Li SK, Wickett R, Adams B, Eurich S, Schamper R. Understanding the formidable nail barrier: A review of the nail microstructure, composition and diseases. Mycoses 2017; 60:284-295. [PMID: 28098391 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The topical treatment of nail fungal infections has been a focal point of nail research in the past few decades as it offers a much safer and focused alternative to conventional oral therapy. Although the current focus remains on exploring the ways of enhancing permeation through the formidable nail barrier, the understanding of the nail microstructure and composition is far from complete. This article reviews our current understanding of the nail microstructure, composition and diseases. A few of the parameters affecting the nail permeability and potential causes of the recurrence of fungal nail infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Baswan
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, USA
| | - Gerald B Kasting
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - S Kevin Li
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Randy Wickett
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian Adams
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kataria P, Sharma G, Thakur K, Bansal V, Dogra S, Katare OP. Emergence of nail lacquers as potential transungual delivery system in the management of onchomycosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:937-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1174691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanika Thakur
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Hossin B, Rizi K, Murdan S. Application of Hansen Solubility Parameters to predict drug-nail interactions, which can assist the design of nail medicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 102:32-40. [PMID: 26924329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesised that Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) can be used to predict drug-nail affinities. Our aims were to: (i) determine the HSPs (δD, δP, δH) of the nail plate, the hoof membrane (a model for the nail plate), and of the drugs terbinafine HCl, amorolfine HCl, ciclopirox olamine and efinaconazole, by measuring their swelling/solubility in organic liquids, (ii) predict nail-drug interactions by comparing drug and nail HSPs, and (iii) evaluate the accuracy of these predictions using literature reports of experimentally-determined affinities of these drugs for keratin, the main constituent of the nail plate and hoof. Many solvents caused no change in the mass of nail plates, a few solvents deswelled the nail, while others swelled the nail to varying extents. Fingernail and toenail HSPs were almost the same, while hoof HSPs were similar, except for a slightly lower δP. High nail-terbinafine HCl, nail-amorolfine HCl and nail-ciclopirox olamine affinities, and low nail-efinaconazole affinities were then predicted, and found to accurately match experimental reports of these drugs' affinities to keratin. We therefore propose that drug and nail Hansen Solubility Parameters may be used to predict drug-nail interactions, and that these results can assist in the design of drugs for the treatment of nail diseases, such as onychomycosis and psoriasis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the application of HSPs in ungual research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hossin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - K Rizi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - S Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Joshi M, Sharma V, Pathak K. Nail psoriasis: An updated review of clinical reports on therapy and formulation aspects for topical delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Elsayed MMA. Development of topical therapeutics for management of onychomycosis and other nail disorders: a pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release 2014; 199:132-44. [PMID: 25481439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human nail plate is a formidable barrier to drug permeation. Development of therapeutics for management of nail diseases thus remains a challenge. This article reviews the current knowledge and recent advances in the field of transungual drug delivery and provides guidance on development of topical/ungual therapeutics for management of nail diseases, with special emphasis on management of onychomycosis, the most common nail disease. Selection of drug candidates, drug delivery approaches, and evaluation of formulations are among the topics discussed. A comprehensive mathematical description for transungual permeation is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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Sattler E, Kaestle R, Rothmund G, Welzel J. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, optical coherence tomography and transonychial water loss for in vivo investigation of nails. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166:740-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Murdan S, Poojary C, Patel DR, Fernandes J, Haman A, Saundh PS, Sheikh Z. In vivo measurement of the surface energy of human fingernail plates. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:257-62. [PMID: 22339495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The surface energy of the human nail plate is expected to influence the adhesion of microorganisms (and subsequent colonization and infections) as well as that of medicines (and subsequent drug permeation) and of cosmetics. The aim of the study was therefore to measure the surface energy of nail plates in vivo. The surface energy of healthy human fingernails (untreated, hydrated and abraded) and of hoof membranes (often used as a model for the nail plate) was estimated from contact angle measurements of liquids (water, formamide, diiodomethane and glycerol) on the nail plate and subsequent computation using the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base (LW-AB) approach. The surface energy of untreated fingernail plates was found to be 34 mJ m(-2) . Most of this total energy was from the apolar Lifshitz-van der Waals component. When the polar component of the surface energy was analysed, the electron donor component was considerably larger than the electron acceptor one. Hydrating the nail plate had no significant influence on the surface energy. In contrast, abrasion caused a small, but statistically significant increase in the apolar surface energy component. The surface energy of bovine hoof membrane was similar to that of the fingernail plate. We conclude that the human fingernail plate is a low-energy surface and that bovine hoof membranes may be used as a substitute for the nail plate in certain experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Topical drug delivery to treat nail diseases such as onychomycosis and psoriasis is receiving increasing attention. Topical nail delivery is challenged by the complicated structure of the nail and the low permeability of most drugs across the nail plate. Considerable effort has been directed at developing methods to promote drug permeation across the nail plate. Iontophoresis efficiently enhances molecular transport across the skin and the eye and is now being tested for its potential in ungual delivery. AREAS COVERED This review covers the basic mechanisms of transport (electro-osmosis and -migration) and their relative contribution to nail iontophoresis as well as the key factors governing nail permselectivity and ionic transport numbers. Methodological issues concerning research in this area are summarized. The data available in vivo on nail iontophoresis of terbinafine specifically are reviewed in separate sections. EXPERT OPINION Our understanding of nail iontophoresis has improved considerably since 2007; most decisively, the feasibility of nail iontophoresis in vivo has been clearly demonstrated. Future work is required to establish the adequate implementation of the technique so that its clinical efficacy to treat onychomycosis and nail psoriasis can be unequivocally determined.
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Shivakumar HN, Vaka SRK, Madhav NVS, Chandra H, Murthy SN. Bilayered nail lacquer of terbinafine hydrochloride for treatment of onychomycosis. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:4267-76. [PMID: 20737634 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop bilayered nail lacquer of terbinafine hydrochloride (TH) for treatment of onychomycosis. The composite nail lacquer formed an underlying drug-loaded hydrophilic layer and overlying hydrophobic vinyl layer. The hydrophilic lacquer made of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose E-15 contained polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a drug permeation enhancer. The vinyl lacquer was composed of poly (4-vinyl phenol) as a water-resistant film former. In vitro permeation studies in Franz diffusion cells indicated that the amount of TH permeated across the human cadaver nail in 6 days was 0.32 +/- 0.14, 1.12 +/- 0.42, and 1.42 +/- 0.53 microg/cm(2) from control (hydrophilic lacquer devoid of PEG 400), monolayer (hydrophilic lacquer alone), and bilayered nail lacquers, respectively. A higher nail drug load was seen in vitro with the bilayered lacquer (0.59 +/- 0.13 microg/mg) as compared to monolayer (0.36 +/- 0.09 microg/mg) and control (0.28 +/- 0.07 microg/mg) lacquers. The drug loss despite multiple washing was significantly low (p < 0.001) for the bilayered lacquer owing to the protective vinyl coating. Clinical studies demonstrated the efficacy of bilayered lacquer to achieve better drug load in the nail plate (1.27 +/- 0.184 microg/mg) compared to monolayer (0.67 +/- 0.18 microg/mg) and control (0.21 +/- 0.04 microg/mg) lacquers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Shivakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
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Hao J, Smith KA, Li SK. Iontophoretically enhanced ciclopirox delivery into and across human nail plate. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3608-16. [PMID: 19117048 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transungual delivery of antifungal drugs is hindered by the low permeability of human nail plates, and as such, repeated dosing over a long period of time is necessary for effective treatment. The objectives of this study were to explore the possibilities of (a) enhancing the delivery of ciclopirox (CIC) across human nail plates and (b) sustaining CIC delivery from the larger resultant drug depot in the nail plates with constant voltage iontophoresis. In vitro passive and 9 V cathodal iontophoretic transport experiments of CIC across human nails were performed. Transungual CIC delivery with Penlac was the control. The amounts of CIC released from and deposited in the nails were determined in drug release and extraction experiments, respectively. Iontophoresis increased the flux of CIC permeated across the nail approximately 10 times compared to passive delivery from the same formulation or from Penlac. A significant amount of CIC was loaded into and released from the nails; the CIC concentrations were estimated to be above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of CIC for dermatophytic molds. The apparent transport lag time decreased in iontophoretic transport. The results demonstrate that iontophoresis was able to deliver an effective amount of CIC into and across the nails, and this suggests the feasibility of a constant voltage battery-powered transungual iontophoretic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Hao
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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Dutet J, Delgado-Charro MB. In vivo transungual iontophoresis: effect of DC current application on ionic transport and on transonychial water loss. J Control Release 2009; 140:117-25. [PMID: 19709638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of iontophoresis to improve drug penetration into the nail has been suggested. However, there is little information concerning transungual iontophoresis in vivo. This work describes the application of transungual iontophoresis to six healthy human volunteers in order to investigate key issues such as the effect of current application on ionic transport and on transonychial water loss (TOWL), and the magnitude of the voltages required for a practical use of the technique. Each volunteer participated in three experiments: passive control, 0.2 mA anodal transungual iontophoresis and 0.2 mA cathodal transungual iontophoresis. A commercial electrode on a skin site was used to complete the electrical circuit. The outward transungual extraction of sodium and chloride ions by passive diffusion and iontophoresis was quantified. Iontophoresis enhanced chloride and sodium transport approximately 8 and 27 fold respectively compared to passive diffusion. Sodium transport numbers were measured to be t(Na+)=0.51+/-0.11. TOWL was used as a potential marker of nail damage and hydration. Basal TOWL was measured before each experiment, and the return to baseline values was monitored for 1h after the treatment (passive or iontophoresis application) was finished. TOWL was increased after both iontophoretic and passive experiments and typically returned to baseline values in 1h post-treatment. The voltage of the nail-to-skin circuit was monitored during iontophoresis and compared to those observed in a skin-to-skin circuit. Nail-to-skin circuit voltages were generally approximately 50 V when the current was started and dropped fast to 20-30 V, a value comparable to that observed in the skin-to-skin circuit. On the whole, the clear enhancement of ionic transport observed, the feedback from volunteers, the small effects in TOWL, and the magnitude of voltages indicate that nail DC current iontophoresis is feasible and probably a safe technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dutet
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA27AY, UK
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