1
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Barosa M, Ioannidis JPA, Prasad V. Evidence base for yearly respiratory virus vaccines: Current status and proposed improved strategies. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14286. [PMID: 39078026 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Annual vaccination is widely recommended for influenza and SARS-CoV-2. In this essay, we analyse and question the prevailing policymaking approach to these respiratory virus vaccines, especially in the United States. Every year, licensed influenza vaccines are reformulated to include specific strains expected to dominate in the season ahead. Updated vaccines are rapidly manufactured and approved without further regulatory requirement of clinical data. Novel vaccines (i.e. new products) typically undergo clinical trials, though generally powered for clinically unimportant outcomes (e.g. lab-confirmed infections, regardless of symptomatology or antibody levels). Eventually, the current and future efficacy of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines against hospitalization or death carries considerable uncertainty. The emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants and waning vaccine-induced immunity led to plummeting vaccine effectiveness, at least against symptomatic infection, and booster doses have since been widely recommended. No further randomized trials were performed for clinically important outcomes for licensed updated boosters. In both cases, annual vaccine effectiveness estimates are generated by observational research, but observational studies are particularly susceptible to confounding and bias. Well-conducted experimental studies, particularly randomized trials, are necessary to address persistent uncertainties about influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. We propose a new research framework which would render results relevant to the current or future respiratory viral seasons. We demonstrate that experimental studies are feasible by adopting a more pragmatic approach and provide strategies on how to do so. When it comes to implementing policies that seriously impact people's lives, require substantial public resources and/or rely on widespread public acceptance, high evidence standards are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Barosa
- NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Science, and of Statistics, and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vinay Prasad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Sanchez PL, Staats HF, Abraham SN, Ross TM. Mastoparan-7 adjuvanted COBRA H1 and H3 hemagglutinin influenza vaccines. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13800. [PMID: 38877101 PMCID: PMC11178843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance, prolong, and modulate immune responses by vaccine antigens to maximize protective immunity and enable more effective immunization in the young and elderly. Most adjuvants are formulated with injectable vaccines. However, an intranasal route of vaccination may induce mucosal and systemic immune responses for enhancing protective immunity in individuals and be easier to administer compared to injectable vaccines. In this study, a next generation of broadly-reactive influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines were developed using the Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Antigen (COBRA) methodology. These HA vaccines were formulated with Mastoparan 7 (M7-NH2) mast cell degranulating peptide adjuvant and administered intranasally to determine vaccine-induced seroconversion of antibodies against a panel of influenza viruses and protection following infection with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in mice. Mice vaccinated intranasally with M7-NH2-adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines had high HAIs against a panel of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses and were protected against both morbidity and mortality, with reduced viral lung titers, following challenge with an H1N1 influenza virus. Additionally, M7-NH2 adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines induced Th2 skewed immune responses with robust IgG and isotype antibodies in the serum and mucosal lung lavages. Overall, this intranasally delivered M7-NH2 -adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccine provides effective protection against drifted H1N1 and H3N2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Sanchez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Herman F Staats
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Soman N Abraham
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA.
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Lopez CE, Zacharias ZR, Ross KA, Narasimhan B, Waldschmidt TJ, Legge KL. Polyanhydride nanovaccine against H3N2 influenza A virus generates mucosal resident and systemic immunity promoting protection. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:96. [PMID: 38822003 PMCID: PMC11143372 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide due to seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics. The antigenic drift/shift of IAV continually gives rise to new strains and subtypes, aiding IAV in circumventing previously established immunity. As a result, there has been substantial interest in developing a broadly protective IAV vaccine that induces, durable immunity against multiple IAVs. Previously, a polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccine or nanovaccine (IAV-nanovax) encapsulating H1N1 IAV antigens was reported, which induced pulmonary B and T cell immunity and resulted in cross-strain protection against IAV. A key feature of IAV-nanovax is its ability to easily incorporate diverse proteins/payloads, potentially increasing its ability to provide broad protection against IAV and/or other pathogens. Due to human susceptibility to both H1N1 and H3N2 IAV, several H3N2 nanovaccines were formulated herein with multiple IAV antigens to examine the "plug-and-play" nature of the polyanhydride nanovaccine platform and determine their ability to induce humoral and cellular immunity and broad-based protection similar to IAV-nanovax. The H3N2-based IAV nanovaccine formulations induced systemic and mucosal B cell responses which were associated with antigen-specific antibodies. Additionally, systemic and lung-tissue resident CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were enhanced post-vaccination. These immune responses corresponded with protection against both homologous and heterosubtypic IAV infection. Overall, these results demonstrate the plug-and-play nature of the polyanhydride nanovaccine platform and its ability to generate immunity and protection against IAV utilizing diverse antigenic payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zeb R Zacharias
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas J Waldschmidt
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kevin L Legge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Sanchez PL, Andre G, Antipov A, Petrovsky N, Ross TM. Advax-SM™-Adjuvanted COBRA (H1/H3) Hemagglutinin Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:455. [PMID: 38793706 PMCID: PMC11125990 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immune responses stimulated by vaccines. To date, many seasonal influenza vaccines are not formulated with an adjuvant. In the present study, the adjuvant Advax-SM™ was combined with next generation, broadly reactive influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccines that were designed using a computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology. Advax-SM™ is a novel adjuvant comprising inulin polysaccharide and CpG55.2, a TLR9 agonist. COBRA HA vaccines were combined with Advax-SM™ or a comparator squalene emulsion (SE) adjuvant and administered to mice intramuscularly. Mice vaccinated with Advax-SM™ adjuvanted COBRA HA vaccines had increased serum levels of anti-influenza IgG and IgA, high hemagglutination inhibition activity against a panel of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses, and increased anti-influenza antibody secreting cells isolated from spleens. COBRA HA plus Advax-SM™ immunized mice were protected against both morbidity and mortality following viral challenge and, at postmortem, had no detectable lung viral titers or lung inflammation. Overall, the Advax-SM™-adjuvanted COBRA HA formulation provided effective protection against drifted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Sanchez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Greiciely Andre
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA 5046, Australia; (G.A.); (A.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Anna Antipov
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA 5046, Australia; (G.A.); (A.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., Adelaide, SA 5046, Australia; (G.A.); (A.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Demirden SF, Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Animal Cell Lines as Expression Platforms in Viral Vaccine Production: A Post Covid-19 Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:16904-16926. [PMID: 38645343 PMCID: PMC11025085 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines are considered the most effective tools for preventing diseases. In this sense, with the Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of which continue all over the world, humanity has once again remembered the importance of the vaccine. Also, with the various epidemic outbreaks that occurred previously, the development processes of effective vaccines against these viral pathogens have accelerated. By these efforts, many different new vaccine platforms have been approved for commercial use and have been introduced to the commercial landscape. In addition, innovations have been made in the production processes carried out with conventionally produced vaccine types to create a rapid response to prevent potential epidemics or pandemics. In this situation, various cell lines are being positioned at the center of the production processes of these new generation viral vaccines as expression platforms. Therefore, since the main goal is to produce a fast, safe, and effective vaccine to prevent the disease, in addition to existing expression systems, different cell lines that have not been used in vaccine production until now have been included in commercial production for the first time. In this review, first current viral vaccine types in clinical use today are described. Then, the reason for using cell lines, which are the expression platforms used in the production of these viral vaccines, and the general production processes of cell culture-based viral vaccines are mentioned. Also, selection parameters for animal cell lines as expression platforms in vaccine production are explained by considering bioprocess efficiency and current regulations. Finally, all different cell lines used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production and their properties are summarized, with an emphasis on the current and future status of cell cultures in industrial viral vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suphi S. Oncel
- Ege University, Bioengineering Department, Izmir, 35100, Turkiye
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6
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Wu CY, Kao SE, Tseng YC, Hou JT, Wu LY, Chen JR. Pilot-scale production of a highly efficacious and stable monoglycosylated influenza split virus vaccine. Vaccine 2024; 42:2220-2228. [PMID: 38582606 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The yearly epidemics and unpredictable outbreaks of influenza have raisedserious concernsglobally and led to prioritizing the development of an effective vaccine toprotectagainst newly emerging variants. Previously, we demonstrated that monoglycosylated influenza virus vaccines derived from A/California/7/2009 or an updated A/Brisbane/02/2018 (IVR-190) vaccine strain recommended by WHO are superior to fully glycosylated vaccines and could broadly protect against past and new coming H1N1 variants. However, whether such a monoglycosylated virus vaccine can be mass-produced to meet clinical demands and stable enough to provide consistent efficacy against H1N1 viruses remains unclear. Herein, we developed a platform for the pilot-scale production of the monoglycosylated split virus vaccine from the IVR-190 strain (IVR-190mg) with a robust and cost-effective manufacturing process. The critical parameters of inoculum dose, concentration of kifunensine, and optimized Endo H treatment process were comprehensively investigated. Several aims for preclinical studies of IVR-190mg were achieved, including [i] the execution of three engineering batch runs to validate lot-to-lot consistency, [ii] the establishment of IVR-190mg specifications to meet the acceptance criteria of a conventional influenza vaccine, [iii] an investigation of the stability profile of IVR-190mg, and completion of a safety evaluation by conducting an animal toxicology study. The toxicology study under GLP guidance found no systemic toxicity after rabbits were vaccinated with IVR-190mg. The serological data showed that IVR-190mg is highly immunogenic and effective in inducing a cross-strain protective level of antibody immune responses, including hemagglutination-inhibition titers, viral neutralization activity, and broad HA- and NA-inhibiting antibody titers against past and new H1N1 viruses. In conclusion, this study provides efficacy and safety profiles of IVR-190mg for further clinical study and shows that this vaccine without a glycan shield has great potential to be safe and protective against H1N1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Wu
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-En Kao
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jen-Tzu Hou
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yang Wu
- RuenHuei Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Taipei, Taiwan
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Deng Y, Tang M, Ross TM, Schmidt AG, Chakraborty AK, Lingwood D. Repeated vaccination with homologous influenza hemagglutinin broadens human antibody responses to unmatched flu viruses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.27.24303943. [PMID: 38585939 PMCID: PMC10996724 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.24303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The on-going diversification of influenza virus necessicates annual vaccine updating. The vaccine antigen, the viral spike protein hemagglutinin (HA), tends to elicit strain-specific neutralizing activity, predicting that sequential immunization with the same HA strain will boost antibodies with narrow coverage. However, repeated vaccination with homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccine eventually elicits neutralizing activity against highly unmatched variants, questioning this immunological premise. We evaluated a longitudinal influenza vaccine cohort, where each year the subjects received the same, novel H1N1 2009 pandemic vaccine strain. Repeated vaccination gradually enhanced receptor-blocking antibodies (HAI) to highly unmatched H1N1 strains within individuals with no initial memory recall against these historical viruses. An in silico model of affinity maturation in germinal centers integrated with a model of differentiation and expansion of memory cells provides insight into the mechanisms underlying these results and shows how repeated exposure to the same immunogen can broaden the antibody response against diversified targets.
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Malik S, Asghar M, Waheed Y. Outlining recent updates on influenza therapeutics and vaccines: A comprehensive review. Vaccine X 2024; 17:100452. [PMID: 38328274 PMCID: PMC10848012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus has presented a considerable healthcare challenge during the past years, particularly in vulnerable groups with compromised immune systems. Therapeutics and vaccination have always been in research annals since the spread of influenza. Efforts have been going on to develop an antiviral therapeutic approach that could assist in better disease management and reduce the overall disease complexity, resistance development, and fatality rates. On the other hand, vaccination presents a chance for effective, long-term, cost-benefit, and preventive response against the morbidity and mortality associated with the influenza. However, the issues of resistance development, strain mutation, antigenic variability, and inability to cure wide-spectrum and large-scale strains of the virus by available vaccines remain there. The article gathers the updated data for the therapeutics and available influenza vaccines, their mechanism of action, shortcomings, and trials under clinical experimentation. A methodological approach has been adopted to identify the prospective therapeutics and available vaccines approved and within the clinical trials against the influenza virus. Review contains influenza therapeutics, including traditional and novel antiviral drugs and inhibitor therapies against influenza virus as well as research trials based on newer drug combinations and latest technologies such as nanotechnology and organic and plant-based natural products. Most recent development of influenza vaccine has been discussed including some updates on traditional vaccination protocols and discussion on next-generation and upgraded novel technologies. This review will help the readers to understand the righteous approach for dealing with influenza virus infection and for deducing futuristic approaches for novel therapeutic and vaccine trials against Influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Leong SL, Gras S, Grant EJ. Fighting flu: novel CD8 + T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1491. [PMID: 38362528 PMCID: PMC10867544 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8+ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8+ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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Tawfik A, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Yamaguchi I, Tabara Y, Van Steen K, Sakuntabhai A, Matsuda F. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Sixteen Potential Genes Associated with the Successful Differentiation of Antibody-Secreting Cells through the Utilization of Unfolded Protein Response Mechanisms in Robust Responders to the Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:136. [PMID: 38400120 PMCID: PMC10892001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The seasonal influenza vaccine remains one of the vital recommended infection control measures for the elderly with chronic illnesses. We investigated the immunogenicity of a single dose of influenza vaccine in 123 seronegative participants and classified them into four distinct groups, determined by the promptness of vaccine response, the longevity of humoral immunity, and the likelihood of exhibiting cross-reactivity. Subsequently, we used transcriptional profiling and differential gene expression analysis to identify potential genes directly associated with the robust response to the vaccine. The group of exemplary vaccine responders differentially expressed 16 genes, namely: MZB1, MYDGF, TXNDC5, TXNDC11, HSP90B1, FKBP11, PDIA5, PRDX4, CD38, SDC1, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF13B, PAX5, POU2AF1, IRF4, and XBP1. Our findings point out a list of expressed proteins that are related to B cell proliferation, unfolded protein response, and cellular haemostasis, as well as a linkage of these expressions to the survival of long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France;
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- BIO3—Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan (I.Y.)
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Shi H, Ross TM. Inactivated recombinant influenza vaccine: the promising direction for the next generation of influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:409-418. [PMID: 38509022 PMCID: PMC11056089 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2333338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccination is the most effective method to control the prevalence of seasonal influenza and the most widely used influenza vaccine is the inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV). Each season, the influenza vaccine must be updated to be most effective against current circulating variants. Therefore, developing a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that can elicit both broad and durable protection is of the utmost importance. AREA COVERED This review summarizes and compares the available influenza vaccines in the market and inactivation methods used for manufacturing IIVs. Then, we discuss the latest progress of the UIV development in the IIV format and the challenges to address for moving these vaccine candidates to clinical trials and commercialization. The literature search was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the PubMed databases. EXPERT OPINION The unmet need for UIV is the primary aim of developing the next generation of influenza vaccines. The IIV has high antigenicity and a refined manufacturing process compared to most other formats. Developing the UIV in IIV format is a promising direction with advanced biomolecular technologies and next-generation adjuvant. It also inspires the development of universal vaccines for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Zhang R, Duan X, Liu Y, Xu J, Al-bashari AAG, Ye P, Ye Q, He Y. The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Future Vaccine Synthesis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1631. [PMID: 38005963 PMCID: PMC10675160 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have significant potential in treating and/or preventing diseases, yet there remain challenges in developing effective vaccines against some diseases, such as AIDS and certain tumors. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a subset of cells with low immunogenicity, high proliferation potential, and an abundant source of extracellular vesicles (EVs), represent one of the novel and promising vaccine platforms. This review describes the unique features and potential mechanisms of MSCs as a novel vaccine platform. We also cover aspects such as the safety and stability of MSCs that warrant future in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine & Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (R.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (A.A.G.A.-b.)
| | - Xingxiang Duan
- Center of Regenerative Medicine & Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (R.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (A.A.G.A.-b.)
| | - Ye Liu
- Center of Regenerative Medicine & Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (R.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (A.A.G.A.-b.)
| | - Jia Xu
- Australian Rivers Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;
| | - Abdullkhaleg Ali Ghaleb Al-bashari
- Center of Regenerative Medicine & Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (R.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (A.A.G.A.-b.)
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine & Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; (R.Z.); (X.D.); (Y.L.); (A.A.G.A.-b.)
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Fonseca FN, Haach V, Bellaver FV, Bombassaro G, Gava D, da Silva LP, Baron LF, Simonelly M, Carvalho WA, Schaefer R, Bastos AP. Immunological profile of mice immunized with a polyvalent virosome-based influenza vaccine. Virol J 2023; 20:187. [PMID: 37605141 PMCID: PMC10463652 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) causes respiratory disease in pigs and is a major concern for public health. Vaccination of pigs is the most successful measure to mitigate the impact of the disease in the herds. Influenza-based virosome is an effective immunomodulating carrier that replicates the natural antigen presentation pathway and has tolerability profile due to their purity and biocompatibility. METHODS This study aimed to develop a polyvalent virosome influenza vaccine containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins derived from the swine IAVs (swIAVs) H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes, and to investigate its effectiveness in mice as a potential vaccine for swine. Mice were immunized with two vaccine doses (1 and 15 days), intramuscularly and intranasally. At 21 days and eight months later after the second vaccine dose, mice were euthanized. The humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with a polyvalent influenza virosomal vaccine were investigated. RESULTS Only intramuscular vaccination induced high hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers. Seroconversion and seroprotection (> 4-fold rise in HI antibody titers, reaching a titer of ≥ 1:40) were achieved in 80% of mice (intramuscularly vaccinated group) at 21 days after booster immunization. Virus-neutralizing antibody titers against IAV were detected at 8 months after vaccination, indicating long-lasting immunity. Overall, mice immunized with the virosome displayed greater ability for B, effector-T and memory-T cells from the spleen to respond to H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 antigens. CONCLUSIONS All findings showed an efficient immune response against IAVs in mice vaccinated with a polyvalent virosome-based influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Haach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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14
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Haach V, Bastos APA, Gava D, da Fonseca FN, Morés MAZ, Coldebella A, Franco AC, Schaefer R. A polyvalent virosomal influenza vaccine induces broad cellular and humoral immunity in pigs. Virol J 2023; 20:181. [PMID: 37587490 PMCID: PMC10428566 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. METHODS This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. RESULTS A robust humoral and cellular immune response was induced against the three IAV subtypes in pigs after two vaccine doses. The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies and virus-neutralizing activity. Furthermore, it induced a significant maturation of macrophages, and proliferation of B lymphocytes, effector and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T lymphocytes producing interferon-γ. Also, the vaccine demonstrated potential to confer long-lasting immunity until the market age of pigs and proved to be safe and non-cytotoxic to pigs. CONCLUSIONS This virosome platform allows flexibility to adjust the vaccine content to reflect the diversity of circulating IAVs in swine in Brazil. The vaccination of pigs may reduce the impact of the disease on swine production and the risk of swine-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Sede, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70770-901, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR-153, Km 110, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, CEP 89715-899, Brazil.
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15
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Ivachtchenko AV, Ivashchenko AA, Shkil DO, Ivashchenko IA. Aprotinin-Drug against Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11173. [PMID: 37446350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aprotinin (APR) was discovered in 1930. APR is an effective pan-protease inhibitor, a typical "magic shotgun". Until 2007, APR was widely used as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory drug in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries for reduction of bleeding and thus limiting the need for blood transfusion. The ability of APR to inhibit proteolytic activation of some viruses leads to its use as an antiviral drug for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory virus infections. However, due to incompetent interpretation of several clinical trials followed by incredible controversy in the literature, the usage of APR was nearly stopped for a decade worldwide. In 2015-2020, after re-analysis of these clinical trials' data the restrictions in APR usage were lifted worldwide. This review discusses antiviral mechanisms of APR action and summarizes current knowledge and prospective regarding the use of APR treatment for diseases caused by RNA-containing viruses, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses, or as a part of combination antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre V Ivachtchenko
- ChemDiv Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
| | | | - Dmitrii O Shkil
- ASAVI LLC, 1835 East Hallandale Blvd #442, Hallandale Beach, FL 33009, USA
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16
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Langer J, Welch VL, Moran MM, Cane A, Lopez SMC, Srivastava A, Enstone AL, Sears A, Markus KJ, Heuser M, Kewley RM, Whittle IJ. High Clinical Burden of Influenza Disease in Adults Aged ≥ 65 Years: Can We Do Better? A Systematic Literature Review. Adv Ther 2023; 40:1601-1627. [PMID: 36790682 PMCID: PMC9930064 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza is a respiratory infection associated with a significant clinical burden globally. Adults aged ≥ 65 years are at increased risk of severe influenza-related symptoms and complications due to chronic comorbidity and immunosenescence. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended; however, current influenza vaccines confer suboptimal protection, in part due to antigen mismatch and poor durability. This systematic literature review characterizes the global clinical burden of seasonal influenza among adults aged ≥ 65 years. METHODS An electronic database search was conducted and supplemented with a conference abstract search. Included studies described clinical outcomes in the ≥ 65 years population across several global regions and were published in English between January 1, 2012 and February 9, 2022. RESULTS Ninety-nine publications were included (accounting for > 156,198,287 total participants globally). Clinical burden was evident across regions, with most studies conducted in the USA and Europe. Risk of influenza-associated hospitalization increased with age, particularly in those aged ≥ 65 years living in long-term care facilities, with underlying comorbidities, and infected with A(H3N2) strains. Seasons dominated by circulating A(H3N2) strains saw increased risk of influenza-associated hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and mortality within the ≥ 65 years population. Seasonal differences in clinical burden were linked to differences in circulating strains. CONCLUSIONS Influenza exerts a considerable burden on adults aged ≥ 65 years and healthcare systems, with high incidence of hospitalization and mortality. Substantial influenza-associated clinical burden persists despite increasing vaccination coverage among adults aged ≥ 65 years across regions included in this review, which suggests limited effectiveness of currently available seasonal influenza vaccines. To reduce influenza-associated clinical burden, influenza vaccine effectiveness must be improved. Next generation vaccine production using mRNA technology has demonstrated high effectiveness against another respiratory virus-SARS-CoV-2-and may overcome the practical limitations associated with traditional influenza vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Langer
- Pfizer Patient & Health Impact, Pfizer Portugal, Lagoas Park, Edifício 10, 2740-271, Porto Salvo, Portugal.
| | - Verna L Welch
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Mary M Moran
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Alejandro Cane
- Pfizer Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Amit Srivastava
- Pfizer Emerging Markets, Vaccines Medical & Scientific Affairs, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Amy Sears
- Adelphi Values PROVE, Bollington, SK10 5JB, UK
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17
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Slavish PJ, Cuypers MG, Rimmer MA, Abdolvahabi A, Jeevan T, Kumar G, Jarusiewicz JA, Vaithiyalingam S, Jones JC, Bowling JJ, Price JE, DuBois RM, Min J, Webby RJ, Rankovic Z, White SW. Chemical scaffold recycling: Structure-guided conversion of an HIV integrase inhibitor into a potent influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor designed to minimize resistance potential. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115035. [PMID: 36603507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the leading causes of disease-related mortalities worldwide. Several strategies have been implemented during the past decades to hinder the replication cycle of influenza viruses, all of which have resulted in the emergence of resistant virus strains. The most recent example is baloxavir marboxil, where a single mutation in the active site of the target endonuclease domain of the RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase renders the recent FDA approved compound ∼1000-fold less effective. Raltegravir is a first-in-class HIV inhibitor that shows modest activity to the endonuclease. Here, we have used structure-guided approaches to create rationally designed derivative molecules that efficiently engage the endonuclease active site. The design strategy was driven by our previously published structures of endonuclease-substrate complexes, which allowed us to target functionally conserved residues and reduce the likelihood of resistance mutations. We succeeded in developing low nanomolar equipotent inhibitors of both wild-type and baloxavir-resistant endonuclease. We also developed macrocyclic versions of these inhibitors that engage the active site in the same manner as their 'open' counterparts but with reduced affinity. Structural analyses provide clear avenues for how to increase the affinity of these cyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Slavish
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Maxime G Cuypers
- Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Mary Ashley Rimmer
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Alireza Abdolvahabi
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Gyanendra Kumar
- Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jamie A Jarusiewicz
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Jeremy C Jones
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John J Bowling
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jeanine E Price
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca M DuBois
- Baskin School of Engineering, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jaeki Min
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Zoran Rankovic
- Departments of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Stephen W White
- Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Bagga S, Krishnan A, Dar L. Revisiting live attenuated influenza vaccine efficacy among children in developing countries. Vaccine 2023; 41:1009-1017. [PMID: 36604216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics cause significant pediatric mortality and morbidity worldwide. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) can be administered intranasally, induce a broad and robust immune response, demonstrate higher yields during manufacturing as compared to inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs), and thereby represent an attractive possibility for young children in developing countries. We summarize recent pediatric studies evaluating LAIV efficacy in developing countries where a large proportion of the influenza-virus-associated respiratory disease burden occurs. Recently, two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV in children reported contradictory results; vaccine efficacy varied between Bangladesh (41 %) and Senegal (0.0 %) against all influenza viral strains. Prior to 2013, Ann Arbor-based LAIV demonstrated superior efficacy as compared to IIV. However, due to low effectiveness of the Ann Arbor-based LAIV against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-like viruses, the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended against the use of LAIV during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 influenza seasons. Reduced replicative fitness of the A(H1N1)pdm09 LAIV strains is thought to have led to the low effectiveness of the Ann-Arbor-based LAIV. Once the A(H1N1)pdm09 component was updated, the ACIP reintroduced the Ann-Arbor-based LAIV as a vaccine choice for the 2018-19 influenza season. In 2021, results from a 2-year RCT evaluating the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIV in rural north India reported that LAIV demonstrated significantly lower efficacy compared to IIV, but in Year 2, the vaccine efficacy for LAIV and IIV was comparable. A profounder understanding of the mechanisms underlying varied efficacy of LAIV in developing countries is warranted. Assessing replicative fitness, in addition to antigenicity, when selecting annual A(H1N1)pdm09 components in the Russian-backbone trivalent LAIVs is essential and may ultimately, enable widespread utility in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Bagga
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Dar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Golovacheva EG, Starikova EA, Kudryavtseva TA, Apryatina VA. The Effect of Drugs with α-Glutamyl-Tryptophan for Cytokine Secretion and Level of Surface Molecule ICAM-1 In Vitro. CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY 2023; 17:146-152. [PMID: 37131521 PMCID: PMC10134718 DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x23020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of immunomodulatory drugs is important for substantiating their therapeutic effect. In the present work, spontaneous and TNFα-induced secretion of IL-1α and IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the level of the ICAM-1 adhesion molecule in EA.hy 926 endothelial cell culture and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors, is studied using an in vitro model of inflammation in the presence of α-glutamyl-tryptophan (α-Glu-Trp) and Cytovir-3. The aim was to evaluate cellular mechanisms mediating the immunomodulatory effect of α-Glu-Trp and Cytovir-3 drugs. It was shown that α-Glu-Trp reduced TNFα-induced IL-1α production and increased TNFα-stimulated level of the ICAM-1 surface molecule of endothelial cells. At the same time, the drug reduced secretion of the IL-8 cytokine induced by TNFα and increased the spontaneous level of ICAM-1 in mononuclear cells. Cytovir-3 had an activating effect on EA.hy 926 endothelial cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. In its presence, there was an increase in the spontaneous secretion of IL-8 by endothelial and mononuclear cells. In addition, Cytovir-3 increased the level of TNFα-induced ICAM-1 on endothelial cells and increased the spontaneous level of this surface molecule on mononuclear cells. Suppression of stimulated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines under the action of α-Glu-Trp both separately and as a part of Cytovir-3 may determine its anti-inflammatory properties. However, an increased level of the surface ICAM-1 molecule indicates mechanisms that enhance the functional activity of these cells, which is equally important for the implementation of an effective immune response to infection and repair of damaged tissues during inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Golovacheva
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E. A. Starikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Northwest Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Immunology, First Pavlov State Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T. A. Kudryavtseva
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Northwest Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - V. A. Apryatina
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Tawfik A, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi M, Setoh K, Yamaguchi I, Tabara Y, Van Steen K, Sakuntabhai A, Matsuda F. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine response and immunogenicity assessment after one week and three months in repeatedly vaccinated adults. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:826-838. [PMID: 37747798 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2262563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influenza vaccine administrated every year is a recommended infection control procedure for individuals above the age of six months. However, the effectiveness of repeated annual vaccination is still an active research topic. Therefore, we investigated the vaccine immunogenicity in two independent groups: previously vaccinated versus non-vaccinated individuals at three time points; prior vaccination, one week and three months post vaccination. The assessment enabled us to evaluate the elicited immune responses and the durability of the induced protection in both groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A research study was conducted to assess the immunogenicity of a single dose of Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) in 278 healthy adults aged between 32 and 66 years. Almost half of the participants, 140 (50·36%), received influenza vaccination at least once precursor to past influenza seasons. One blood sample was taken prior to vaccination for complete blood analysis and baseline immunogenicity assessment. The selected study participants received a single vaccine dose on the first day, and then followed up for three months. Two blood samples were taken after one week and three months post vaccination, respectively, for vaccine immunogenicity assessment. RESULTS Before vaccination, the seroprotection, defined as a hemagglutination-inhibiting titer of =>1:40, was detected for the three vaccine virus strains in 20 previously vaccinated participants (14·29%) [8·95%, 21·2%]. We compared the overall vaccine response for the three virus strains using a normalized response score calculated from linearly transformed titer measurements; the score before vaccination was 84% higher in the previously vaccinated group and the mean difference between the two groups was statistically significant. Three months post-vaccination, we didn't find a significant difference in vaccine responses; the number of fully seroprotected individuals became 48 (34·29%) [26·48%, 42·77%] in the previously vaccinated group and 59 (42·75%) [34·37%, 51·45%] in the non-vaccinated group. The calculated response score was almost equal in both groups and the mean difference was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a single dose of influenza vaccine is equally protective after three months for annually vaccinated adults and first-time vaccine receivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kawaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Meiko Takahashi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Setoh
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Tabara
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kristel Van Steen
- BIO3 - Laboratory for Systems Genetics, GIGA-R Medical Genomics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- BIO3 - Laboratory for Systems Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Leuven, KU, Belgium
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Pasteur International Unit at Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR2000, Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-borne Pathogens Unit, Paris, France
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Bodle J, Vandenberg K, Laurie K, Barr IG, Zhang Y, Rockman S. An ELISA-based assay for determining haemagglutinin potency in egg, cell, or recombinant protein derived influenza vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147028. [PMID: 37033922 PMCID: PMC10073703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current compendial assay for haemagglutinin antigen potency in influenza vaccine is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) which is time consuming and can lead to delays in release of vaccine. We previously described an alternate capture and detection enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) that utilizes sub-type specific, sub-clade cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are haemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) and correlate with SRID. The aim of this study is to determine the applicability of ELISA across current platforms for quantitation of seasonal quadrivalent vaccine. Methods A single mAb capture and detection ELISA was employed to quantitate hemagglutinin (HA) derived from different vaccine platforms and host organisms and compared to SRID and a polyclonal antibody based ELISA. Results We selected mAbs that displayed appropriate characteristics for a stability indicating potency assay which reacted to avian, insect and mammalian derived HA. Qualification of the homologous mAb assay against egg and cell derived HA demonstrated performance similar to that of the SRID however, superiority in sensitivity and specificity against strains from both influenza B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. Analysis of drifted strains across multiple seasons demonstrated continued utility of this approach, reducing the need to develop reagents each season. With modification of the assay, we were able to accurately measure HA from different platforms and process stages using a single calibrated reference standard. We demonstrated the accuracy of ELISA when testing vaccine formulations containing selected adjuvants at standard and higher concentrations. Accelerated stability analysis indicated a strong correlation in the rate of degradation between the homologous mAb ELISA and SRID but not with ELISA utilizing polyclonal antisera. Further, we demonstrated specificity was restricted to the trimeric and oligomeric forms of HA but not monomeric HA. Conclusion We believe this homologous mAb ELISA is a suitable replacement for the SRID compendial assay for HA antigen quantitation and stability assessment. Identification of suitable mAbs that are applicable across multiple vaccine platforms with extended sub-type reactivity across a number of influenza seasons, indicate that this assay has broad applicability, leading to earlier availability of seasonal and pandemic vaccines without frequent replacement of polyclonal antisera that is required with SRID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bodle
- Vaccine Product Development, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Jesse Bodle,
| | | | - Karen Laurie
- Vaccine Product Development, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian G. Barr
- Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, World Health Organisation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Vaccine Product Development, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Holly Springs, NC, United States
| | - Steven Rockman
- Vaccine Product Development, CSL Seqirus Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wang J, Sun Y, Liu S. Emerging antiviral therapies and drugs for the treatment of influenza. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:389-403. [PMID: 36396398 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2149734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both vaccines and antiviral drugs represent the mainstay for preventing and treating influenza. However, approved M2 ion channel inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, and various vaccines cannot meet therapeutic needs because of viral resistance. Thus, the discovery of new targets for the virus or host and the development of more effective inhibitors are essential to protect humans from the influenza virus. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the latest progress in vaccines and antiviral drug research to prevent and treat influenza, providing the foothold for developing novel antiviral inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Vaccines embody the most effective approach to preventing influenza virus infection, and recombinant protein vaccines show promising prospects in developing next-generation vaccines. Compounds targeting the viral components of RNA polymerase, hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein, and the modification of trusted neuraminidase inhibitors are future research directions for anti-influenza virus drugs. In addition, some host factors affect the replication of virus in vivo, which can be used to develop antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Yihang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou Guangdong China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou Guangdong China
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23
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Ursin RL, Dhakal S, Liu H, Jayaraman S, Park HS, Powell HR, Sherer ML, Littlefield KE, Fink AL, Ma Z, Mueller AL, Chen AP, Seddu K, Woldetsadik YA, Gearhart PJ, Larman HB, Maul RW, Pekosz A, Klein SL. Greater Breadth of Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Females than Males Is Mediated by Increased Antibody Diversity in Germinal Center B Cells. mBio 2022; 13:e0183922. [PMID: 35856618 PMCID: PMC9426573 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01839-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines induce greater antibody responses in females than males among both humans and mice. To test the breadth of protection, we used recombinant mouse-adapted A/California/2009 (maA/Cal/09) H1N1 viruses containing mutations at one (1M), two (2M), or three (3M) antigenic sites, in addition to a virus containing the 1M mutation and a substitution of the Ca2 antigenic site (Sub) with one derived from an H5 hemagglutinin (HA) to challenge mice of both sexes. Following maA/Cal/09 vaccination, females produced greater virus-specific, class-switched total IgG and IgG2c antibodies against the vaccine and all mutant viruses, and antibodies from females recognized a greater number of unique, linear HA epitopes than did antibodies from males. While females had greater neutralizing antibody titers against the vaccine virus, both sexes showed a lower neutralization capacity against mutant viruses. After virus challenge, vaccinated females had lower pulmonary virus titers and reduced morbidity than males for the 1M and 2M viruses, but not the Sub virus. Females generated greater numbers of germinal center (GC) B cells containing superior somatic hypermutation (SHM) frequencies than vaccinated males. Deletion of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (Aicda) eliminated female-biased immunity and protection against the 2M virus. Harnessing methods to improve GC B cell responses and frequencies of SHM, especially in males, should be considered in the development of universal influenza vaccines. IMPORTANCE Adult females develop greater antibody responses to influenza vaccines than males. We hypothesized that female-biased immunity and protection would be dependent on the extent of virus diversity as well as molecular mechanisms in B cells which constrain the breadth of epitope recognition. We developed a panel of mouse-adapted (ma) A/Cal/09 viruses that had mutations in the immunodominant hemagglutinin. Following vaccination against maA/Cal/09, females were better able to neutralize maA/Cal/09 than males, but neutralization of mutant maA/Cal/09 viruses was equally poor in both sexes, despite vaccinated females being better protected against these viruses. Vaccinated females benefited from the greater production of class-switched, somatically hypermutated antibodies generated in germinal center B cells, which increased recognition of more diverse maA/Cal/09 hemagglutinin antigen epitopes. Female-biased protection against influenza infection and disease after vaccination is driven by differential mechanisms in males versus females and should be considered in the design of novel vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sahana Jayaraman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harrison R. Powell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Morgan L. Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten E. Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley L. Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zexu Ma
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alice L. Mueller
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allison P. Chen
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kumba Seddu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yishak A. Woldetsadik
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia J. Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert W. Maul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L. Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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24
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Igyártó BZ. "Don't Look Up" Your Science-Herd Immunity or Herd Mentality? Microorganisms 2022; 10:1463. [PMID: 35889182 PMCID: PMC9316410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This analysis piece will attempt to examine some of the critical pandemic-related measures implemented in the United States from an immunological perspective and pinpoint caveats that should have been considered before their implementation. I also discuss alternative measures grounded in scientific data that were not thoroughly explored and likely could have helped fight the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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25
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A Virion-Based Combination Vaccine Protects against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Disease in Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0068922. [PMID: 35862698 PMCID: PMC9364787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00689-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to be highly effective; however, the breadth against emerging variants and the longevity of protection remains unclear. Postimmunization boosting has been shown to be beneficial for disease protection, and as new variants continue to emerge, periodic (and perhaps annual) vaccination will likely be recommended. New seasonal influenza virus vaccines currently need to be developed every year due to continual antigenic drift, an undertaking made possible by a robust global vaccine production and distribution infrastructure. To create a seasonal combination vaccine targeting both influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 that is also amenable to frequent reformulation, we have developed an influenza A virus (IAV) genetic platform that allows the incorporation of an immunogenic domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein onto IAV particles. Vaccination with this combination vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies and provided protection from lethal challenge with both pathogens in mice. This approach may allow the leveraging of established influenza vaccine infrastructure to generate a cost-effective and scalable seasonal vaccine solution for both influenza and coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants since the onset of the pandemic has highlighted the need for both periodic vaccination “boosts” and a platform that can be rapidly reformulated to manufacture new vaccines. In this work, we report an approach that can utilize current influenza vaccine manufacturing infrastructure to generate combination vaccines capable of protecting from both influenza virus- and SARS-CoV-2-induced disease. The production of a combined influenza/SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may represent a practical solution to boost immunity to these important respiratory viruses without the increased cost and administration burden of multiple independent vaccines.
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Nagashima K, Dzimianski JV, Han J, Abbadi N, Gingerich AD, Royer F, O'Rourke S, Sautto GA, Ross TM, Ward AB, DuBois RM, Mousa JJ. The Pre-Existing Human Antibody Repertoire to Computationally Optimized Influenza H1 Hemagglutinin Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:5-15. [PMID: 35697384 PMCID: PMC9246865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Computationally optimized broadly reactive Ag (COBRA) hemagglutinin (HA) immunogens have previously been generated for several influenza subtypes to improve vaccine-elicited Ab breadth. As nearly all individuals have pre-existing immunity to influenza viruses, influenza-specific memory B cells will likely be recalled upon COBRA HA vaccination. We determined the epitope specificity and repertoire characteristics of pre-existing human B cells to H1 COBRA HA Ags. Cross-reactivity between wild-type HA and H1 COBRA HA proteins P1, X6, and Y2 were observed for isolated mAbs. The mAbs bound five distinct epitopes on the pandemic A/California/04/2009 HA head and stem domains, and most mAbs had hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing activity against 2009 pandemic H1 strains. Two head-directed mAbs, CA09-26 and CA09-45, had hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing activity against a prepandemic H1 strain. One mAb, P1-05, targeted the stem region of H1 HA, but did not compete with a known stem-targeting H1 mAb. We determined that mAb P1-05 recognizes a recently discovered HA epitope, the anchor epitope, and we identified similar mAbs using B cell repertoire sequencing. In addition, the trimerization domain distance from HA was critical to recognition of this epitope by mAb P1-05, suggesting the importance of protein design for vaccine formulations. Overall, these data indicate that seasonally vaccinated individuals possess a population of functional H1 COBRA HA-reactive B cells that target head, central stalk, and anchor epitopes, and they demonstrate the importance of structure-based assessment of subunit protein vaccine candidates to ensure accessibility of optimal protein epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Nagashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - John V Dzimianski
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Nada Abbadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Aaron D Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Fredejah Royer
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sara O'Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Rebecca M DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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27
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Gomes KB, Allotey-Babington GL, D'Sa S, Kang SM, D'Souza MJ. Dendritic cell activation by a micro particulate based system containing the influenza matrix-2 protein virus-like particle (M2e VLP). Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121667. [PMID: 35304243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
M2e VLP was previously described as a vaccine that incorporates the extracellular region of the matrix 2 protein (M2e), which is highly conserved amongst all the strains of influenza. In this study, we analyzed activation status of dendritic cells (DCs) after exposure to M2e VLP, stimulating DCs with M2e VLP and co-culturing the stimulated DCs with T cells to observe innate and adaptive immune responses. The M2e VLP microparticle was prepared by encapsulating into a polymer matrix using the one-step spray drying method. Adjuvants Alhydrogel®, MPL-A® or AddavaxTM were used to enhance the DC stimulatory effects by the M2e VLP microparticle. The M2e VLP microparticle yield was found to be 92% and the encapsulation yield was around 84% with a size of approximately 2.78 μm. There was no short-term cytotoxicity found in DCs and macrophages with concentrations up to 1500 μg/mL of M2e VLP microparticle, however long-term exposure resulted in 25% decrease in viability of cells with concentrations more than or equal to 500 μg/mL. The M2e VLP microparticle vaccine with Alhydrogel® and MPL-A® induced high levels of TNFα in both DCs and macrophages. The high levels of MHC I, II, CD28, B7-1, ICAM-1, LFA-1 expression and IL-12 release in the M2e VLP microparticle group with Alhydrogel® suggests that the M2e VLP vaccine with this adjuvant activated T cells via the Th2 pathway. The increased expression of MHC I, II, CD40, CD154, ICAM-1 and LFA-1 on DCs and the release of IL-12 in the M2e VLP microparticle culture of DCs with MPL-A® demonstrated that the M2e VLP vaccine with this adjuvant activated T cells via the Th1 pathway. The decrease in fluorescence in the Alhydrogel® and MPL-A® group illustrates the proliferation of T cells took place following exposure of DCs to the M2e VLP microparticle with these adjuvants. The M2e VLP microparticle exhibited higher stimulatory responses of DCs than the M2e VLP in suspension. Furthermore, the presence of Alhydrogel® and MPL-A® enhanced the stimulatory effects of DCs by the M2e VLP microparticle (MP) vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Braz Gomes
- Mercer University, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | | | - Sucheta D'Sa
- Mercer University, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Mercer University, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Center for Drug Delivery Research, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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28
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Facciolà A, Visalli G, Laganà A, Di Pietro A. An Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050819. [PMID: 35632575 PMCID: PMC9147349 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen component. Adjuvants are essential elements that increase the efficacy of vaccination practises through many different actions, especially acting as carriers, depots, and stimulators of immune responses. For many years, few adjuvants have been included in vaccines, with aluminium salts being the most commonly used adjuvant. However, recent research has focused its attention on many different new compounds with effective adjuvant properties and improved safety. Modern technologies such as nanotechnologies and molecular biology have forcefully entered the production processes of both antigen and adjuvant components, thereby improving vaccine efficacy. Microparticles, emulsions, and immune stimulators are currently in the spotlight for their huge potential in vaccine production. Although studies have reported some potential side effects of vaccine adjuvants such as the recently recognised ASIA syndrome, the huge worth of vaccines remains unquestionable. Indeed, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccines, especially in regard to managing future potential pandemics. In this field, research into adjuvants could play a leading role in the production of increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Antonio Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Multi-Specialist Clinical Institute for Orthopaedic Trauma Care (COT), 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
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Abstract
Although the need for a universal influenza vaccine has long been recognized, only a handful of candidates have been identified so far, with even fewer advancing in the clinical pipeline. The 24–amino acid ectodomain of M2 protein (M2e) has been developed over the past two decades. However, M2e-based vaccine candidates have shortcomings, including the need for several administrations and the lack of sustained antibody titers over time. We report here a vaccine targeting strategy that has the potential to confer sustained and strong protection upon a single shot of a small amount of M2e antigen. The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of developing versatile, powerful platforms for the rapid deployment of vaccines against any incoming threat. Influenza, commonly referred to as “flu,” is a major global public health concern and a huge economic burden to societies. Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually to match circulating strains, resulting in low take-up rates and poor coverage due to inaccurate prediction. Broadly protective universal flu vaccines that do not need to be updated annually have therefore been pursued. The highly conserved 24–amino acid ectodomain of M2 protein (M2e) is a leading candidate, but its poor immunogenicity has been a major roadblock in its clinical development. Here, we report a targeting strategy that shuttles M2e to a specific dendritic cell subset (cDC1) by engineering a recombinant anti-Clec9A monoclonal antibody fused at each of its heavy chains with three copies of M2e. Single administration in mice of 2 µg of the Clec9A–M2e construct triggered an exceptionally sustained anti-M2e antibody response and resulted in a strong anamnestic protective response upon influenza challenge. Furthermore, and importantly, Clec9A–M2e immunization significantly boosted preexisting anti-M2e titers from prior flu exposure. Thus, the Clec9A-targeting strategy allows antigen and dose sparing, addressing the shortcomings of current M2e vaccine candidates. As the cDC1 subset exists in humans, translation to humans is an exciting and realistic avenue.
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Savina K, Sreekumar R, Soonu VK, Variyar EJ. Various vaccine platforms in the field of COVID-19. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:35. [PMID: 35284578 PMCID: PMC8899459 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the emergence of Corona virus Disease-2019, a novel worldwide health disaster is threatening the population. The WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic in December 2019, when it first surfaced in Hunan seafood market in Wuhan, South China, and quickly spread far and wide. Different corona virus variants are currently causing concern all across the world. Main body It has become critical for our scientists to develop a viable method to prevent infection or the pandemic from spreading globally. Antiviral medicines, oxygen therapy, and immune system stimulation are all used to treat the condition. SARS-CoV-2 undergoes mutation and due to evolutionary pressures, different mutant strains caused various symptoms in different geographical regions and the epidemic is spreading and becoming more fragile, posing a greater risk of mortality. Vaccines are tools to increase our immunity as a precaution, and increasing the global immunization rate can help improve the situation. Recent developments in the field of vaccine platforms are discussed here. Short conclusion Vaccines are of highest priority to control and eradicate the viral infectious disease COVID-19 more than any other protective solutions. A number of mutations have occurred and some variants such as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and it has now progressed to the new version Omicron, which is a variant of concern. Booster doses are anticipated to function as a barrier to the capacity of the most recent known variety, and more research is needed to determine how effective they will be. This page discusses various technologies employed in the field of COVID-19 vaccine, as well as potential barriers and recent developments in this field.
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31
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Strategies for fighting pandemic virus infections: Integration of virology and drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:361-378. [PMID: 35122872 PMCID: PMC8810279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have sometimes resulted in worldwide pandemics, with the influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being major participants. Long-term efforts have made it possible to control the influenza virus, but seasonal influenza continues to take many lives each year, and a pandemic influenza virus sometimes emerges. Although vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed, we are not yet able to coexist with the SARS-CoV-2. To overcome such viruses, it is necessary to obtain knowledge about international surveillance systems, virology, ecology and to determine that immune responses are effective. The information must then be transferred to drugs. Delivery systems would be expected to contribute to the rational development of drugs. In this review, virologist and drug delivery system (DDS) researchers discuss drug delivery strategies, especially the use of lipid-based nanocarriers, for fighting to respiratory virus infections.
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32
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Sun P, Su J, Wang X, Zhou M, Zhao Y, Gu H. Nucleic Acids for Potential Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1990-2008. [PMID: 35118863 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that severely affects the life quality of patients. Current therapeutics in clinic mainly focus on alleviating the development of RA or relieving the pain of patients. The emerging biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) require long-term treatment to achieve the expected efficacy. With the development of bionanotechnology, nucleic acids fulfill characters as therapeutics or nanocarriers and can therefore be alternatives to combat RA. This review summarizes the therapeutic RNAs developed through RNA interference (RNAi), nucleic acid aptamers, DNA nanostructures-based drug delivery systems, and nucleic acid vaccines for the applications in RA therapy and diagnosis. Furthermore, prospects of nucleic acids for RA therapy are intensively discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Jingjing Su
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Mo Zhou
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Hongzhou Gu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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33
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Qiao Y, Jin S, Nie J, Chang Y, Wang B, Guan S, Li Q, Shi Y, Kong W, Shan Y. Hemagglutinin-based DNA vaccines containing trimeric self-assembling nanoparticles confer protection against influenza. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:547-556. [PMID: 35040188 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6a1021-535r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to threaten public health, and currently available vaccines provide insufficient immunity against seasonal and pandemic influenza. The use of recombinant trimeric hemagglutinin (HA) as an Ag provides an attractive alternative to current influenza vaccines. Aiming to develop an effective vaccine with rapid production, robust immunogenicity, and high protective efficiency, a DNA vaccine was designed by fusing influenza virus HA with self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles, denoted as HA-F. This candidate vaccine was prepared and purified in a 293-6E cell eukaryotic expression system. After BALB/c mice were immunized with 100 μg of HA-F DNA 3 times, HA-F elicited significant HA-specific humoral immunity and T cell immune responses. The HA-F DNA vaccine also conferred protection in mice against a lethal infection of homologous A/17/California/2009/38 (H1N1) virus. These results suggest that the HA-F DNA vaccine is a competitive vaccine candidate and presents a promising vaccination approach against influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shenghui Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaotian Chang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Guan
- College of Food Engineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qinghan Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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34
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Sasaki E, Furuhata K, Mizukami T, Hamaguchi I. An investigation and assessment of the muscle damage and inflammation at injection site of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccines in guinea pigs. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:439-451. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Influenza Vaccine: An Engineering Vision from Virological Importance to Production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022; 27:714-738. [PMID: 36313971 PMCID: PMC9589582 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-022-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO) every year, millions of people are affected by flu. Flu is a disease caused by influenza viruses. For preventing this, seasonal influenza vaccinations are widely considered the most efficient way to protect against the negative effects of the flu. To date, there is no "one-size-fits-all" vaccine that can be effective all over the world to protect against all seasonal or pandemic influenza virus types. Because influenza virus transforms its genetic structure and it can emerges as immunogenically new (antigenic drift) which causes epidemics or new virus subtype (antigenic shift) which causes pandemics. As a result, annual revaccination or new subtype viral vaccine development is required. Currently, three types of vaccines (inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant) are approved in different countries. These can be named "conventional influenza vaccines" and their production are based on eggs or cell culture. Although, there is good effort to develop new influenza vaccines for broader and longer period of time protection. In this sense these candidate vaccines are called "universal influenza vaccines". In this article, after we mentioned the short history of flu then virus morphology and infection, we explained the diseases caused by the influenza virus in humans. Afterward, we explained in detail the production methods of available influenza vaccines, types of bioreactors used in cell culture based production, conventional and new vaccine types, and development strategies for better vaccines.
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36
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Universal influenza vaccine technologies and recombinant virosome production. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee ES, Shim YJ, Chathuranga WAG, Ahn YH, Yoon IJ, Yoo SS, Lee JS. CAvant® WO-60 as an Effective Immunological Adjuvant for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Vaccine. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:730700. [PMID: 34926633 PMCID: PMC8677964 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.730700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the immunogenicity of vaccines currently used in poultry, several pathogens, including avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), cause enormous economic losses to the global poultry industry. The efficacy of vaccines can be improved by the introduction of effective adjuvants. This study evaluated a novel water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant, CAvant® WO-60, which effectively enhanced both the immunogenicity of conserved influenza antigen sM2HA2 and inactivated whole H9N2 antigen (iH9N2). CAvant® WO-60 induced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice and provided 100% protection from challenge with 10 LD50 of A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005 (H5N2) and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004 (H9N2) AIV. Importantly, immunization of chickens with iH9N2 plus inactivated NDV LaSota (iNDV) bivalent inactivated vaccine emulsified in CAvant® WO-60 induced seroprotective levels of antigen-specific antibody responses. Taken together, these results suggested that CAvant® WO-60 is a promising adjuvant for poultry vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Seo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Jung Shim
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoo
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratory Co., Ltd., Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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38
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Meldgaard TS, Blengio F, Maffione D, Sammicheli C, Tavarini S, Nuti S, Kratzer R, Medini D, Siena E, Bertholet S. Single-Cell Analysis of Antigen-Specific CD8+ T-Cell Transcripts Reveals Profiles Specific to mRNA or Adjuvanted Protein Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757151. [PMID: 34777370 PMCID: PMC8586650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a key role in mediating protective immunity after immune challenges such as infection or vaccination. Several subsets of differentiated CD8+ T cells have been identified, however, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism that underlies T-cell differentiation is lacking. Conventional approaches to the study of immune responses are typically limited to the analysis of bulk groups of cells that mask the cells' heterogeneity (RNA-seq, microarray) and to the assessment of a relatively limited number of biomarkers that can be evaluated simultaneously at the population level (flow and mass cytometry). Single-cell analysis, on the other hand, represents a possible alternative that enables a deeper characterization of the underlying cellular heterogeneity. In this study, a murine model was used to characterize immunodominant hemagglutinin (HA533-541)-specific CD8+ T-cell responses to nucleic- and protein-based influenza vaccine candidates, using single-cell sorting followed by transcriptomic analysis. Investigation of single-cell gene expression profiles enabled the discovery of unique subsets of CD8+ T cells that co-expressed cytotoxic genes after vaccination. Moreover, this method enabled the characterization of antigen specific CD8+ T cells that were previously undetected. Single-cell transcriptome profiling has the potential to allow for qualitative discrimination of cells, which could lead to novel insights on biological pathways involved in cellular responses. This approach could be further validated and allow for more informed decision making in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Sundebo Meldgaard
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabiola Blengio
- Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Denise Maffione
- Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Sandra Nuti
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Research & Development, GSK, Siena, Italy
- Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
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Sabbaghi A, Malek M, Abdolahi S, Miri SM, Alizadeh L, Samadi M, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. A formulated poly (I:C)/CCL21 as an effective mucosal adjuvant for gamma-irradiated influenza vaccine. Virol J 2021; 18:201. [PMID: 34627297 PMCID: PMC8501930 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies on gamma-irradiated influenza A virus (γ-Flu) have revealed its superior efficacy for inducing homologous and heterologous virus-specific immunity. However, many inactivated vaccines, notably in nasal delivery, require adjuvants to increase the quality and magnitude of vaccine responses. METHODS To illustrate the impacts of co-administration of the gamma-irradiated H1N1 vaccine with poly (I:C) and recombinant murine CCL21, either alone or in combination with each other, as adjuvants on the vaccine potency, mice were inoculated intranasally 3 times at one-week interval with γ-Flu alone or with any of the three adjuvant combinations and then challenged with a high lethal dose (10 LD50) of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus. Virus-specific humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity, as well as cytokine profiles in the spleen (IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-4), and in the lung homogenates (IL-6 and IL-10) were measured by ELISA. The proliferative response of restimulated splenocytes was also determined by MTT assay. RESULTS The findings showed that the co-delivery of the γ-Flu vaccine and CCL21 or Poly (I:C) significantly increased the vaccine immunogenicity compared to the non-adjuvanted vaccine, associated with more potent protection following challenge infection. However, the mice given a combination of CCL21 with poly (I:C) had strong antibody- and cell-mediated immunity, which were considerably higher than responses of mice receiving the γ-Flu vaccine with each adjuvant separately. This combination also reduced inflammatory mediator levels (notably IL-10) in lung homogenate samples. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that adjuvantation with the CCL21 and poly (I:C) can successfully induce vigorous vaccine-mediated protection, suggesting a robust propensity for CCL21 plus poly (I:C) as a potent mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Sabbaghi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Malek
- Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Abdolahi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Alizadeh
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Samadi
- Department of Medical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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40
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Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
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41
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Miller LM, Bond KM, Draper BE, Jarrold MF. Characterization of Classical Vaccines by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11965-11972. [PMID: 34435777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines induce immunity by presenting disease antigens through several platforms ranging from individual protein subunits to whole viruses. Due to the large difference in antigen size, the analytical techniques employed for vaccine characterization are often platform-specific. A single, robust analytical technique capable of widespread, cross-platform use would be of great benefit and allow for comparisons across manufacturing processes. One method that spans the antigen mass range is charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS). CDMS is a single-ion approach where the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) and charge are measured simultaneously, allowing accurate mass distributions to be measured for heterogeneous analytes over a broad size range. In this work, CDMS was used to characterize the antigens from three classical multivalent vaccines, inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPOL), RotaTeq, and Gardasil-9, directly from commercial samples. For each vaccine, the antigen purity was inspected, and in the whole virus vaccines, empty virus particles were detected. For IPOL, information on the extent of formaldehyde cross-linking was obtained. RotaTeq shows a narrow peak at 61.06 MDa. This is at a slightly lower mass than expected for the double-layer particle, suggesting that around 10 pentonal trimers are missing. For Gardasil-9, buffer exchange of the vaccine resulted in very broad mass distributions. However, removal of the virus-like particles from the aluminum adjuvant using a displacement reaction generated a spectrum with narrow peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lohra M Miller
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin M Bond
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin E Draper
- Megadalton Solutions, 3750 E Bluebird Lane, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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42
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Regional differences in vaccine uptake and serological responses to vaccine and circulating strains of H1N1 viruses among patients with confirmed influenza. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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43
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Yokomizo S, Katagiri W, Maki Y, Sano T, Inoue K, Fukushi M, Atochin DN, Kushibiki T, Kawana A, Kimizuka Y, Kashiwagi S. Brief exposure of skin to near-infrared laser augments early vaccine responses. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:3187-3197. [PMID: 34868804 PMCID: PMC8635068 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid establishment of herd immunity with vaccination is effective to combat emerging infectious diseases. Although the incorporation of adjuvant and intradermal (ID) injection could augment early responses to the vaccine, the current chemical or biological adjuvants are inappropriate for this purpose with their side effects and high reactogenicity in the skin. Recently, a near-infrared (NIR) laser has been shown to augment the immune response to ID vaccination and could be alternatively used for mass vaccination programs. Here, we determined the effect of NIR laser as well as licensed chemical adjuvants on the immunogenicity 1, 2, and 4 weeks after ID influenza vaccination in mice. The NIR laser adjuvant augmented early antibody responses, while the widely used alum adjuvant induced significantly delayed responses. In addition, the oil-in-water and alum adjuvants, but not the NIR laser, elicited escalated TH2 responses with allergenic immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. The effect of the NIR laser was significantly suppressed in the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) knockout mice, suggesting a critical role of the cluster of differentiation 103+ (CD103)+ dendritic cells. The current preliminary study suggests that NIR laser adjuvant is an alternative strategy to chemical and biological agents to timely combat emerging infectious diseases. Moreover, its immunomodulatory property could be used to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy for allergy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yokomizo
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Katagiri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama 223-8522, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Maki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sano
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Inoue
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukushi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashi-Ogu, Arakawa 116-8551, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dmitriy N. Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown 02129, MA, USA
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawana
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
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Vzorov AN, Samokhvalov EI, Chebanenko VV, Scheblyakov DV, Gintsburg AL. Modification of the Spike Protein for Vaccines against Enveloped RNA Viruses. Mol Biol 2021; 55:538-547. [PMID: 34465926 PMCID: PMC8390073 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines work by inducing neutralizing antibodies that target the viral envelope. Enveloped RNA viruses have evolved mechanisms for surface glycoproteins to evade host immune responses, which exhibit substantial variability, even among different strains. Natural infection and vaccines using native forms of surface proteins may induce broadly neutralizing antibodies, yet with low and ineffective levels. Class I membrane-fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses, HIV-1, influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, yield a stable conformation (so-called "pre-fusion") in providing fusion between viral and host cell membranes. Modified viral surface proteins that are based on these features induce neutralizing antibodies with activity available against a broad spectrum of circulating strains and make it possible to overcome the difficulties associated with escape/variability of viral antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Vzorov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - E. I. Samokhvalov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. V. Chebanenko
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - D. V. Scheblyakov
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. L. Gintsburg
- Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
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45
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Liprandi ÁS, Liprandi MIS, Zaidel EJ, Aisenberg GM, Baranchuk A, Barbosa ECD, Sánchez GB, Alexander B, Zanetti FTL, Santi RL, Múnera-Echeverri AG, Perel P, Piskorz D, Ruiz-Mori CE, Saucedo J, Valdez O, Juanatey JRG, Piñeiro DJ, Pinto FJ, Quintana FSW. Influenza Vaccination for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Americas: Consensus document of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and the Word Heart Federation. Glob Heart 2021; 16:55. [PMID: 34381676 PMCID: PMC8344961 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular mortality is decreasing but remains the leading cause of death world-wide. Respiratory infections such as influenza significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Despite of proven benefits, influenza vaccination is not fully implemented, especially in Latin America. Objective The aim was to develop a regional consensus with recommendations regarding influenza vaccination and cardiovascular disease. Methods A multidisciplinary team composed by experts in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease from the Americas, convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) and the World Heart Federation (WHF), participated in the process and the formulation of statements. The modified RAND/UCLA methodology was used. This document was supported by a grant from the WHF. Results An extensive literature search was divided into seven questions, and a total of 23 conclusions and 29 recommendations were achieved. There was no disagreement among experts in the conclusions or recommendations. Conclusions There is a strong correlation between influenza and cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination is not only safe and a proven strategy to reduce cardiovascular events, but it is also cost saving. We found several barriers for its global implementation and potential strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sosa Liprandi
- School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, AR
- Cardiology Department, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, AR
- InterAmerican Society of Cardiology, AR
| | | | - Ezequiel José Zaidel
- Cardiology Department, Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires, AR
- Pharmacology Department, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, AR
| | - Gabriel M. Aisenberg
- University of Texas John P and Kathrine G McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Adrián Baranchuk
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, CA
| | - Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Sao Francisco-Santa Casa, Porto Alegre, BR
- Artery LatAm, LatinAmerican Society of Hypertension, BR
| | - Gabriela Borrayo Sánchez
- Cardiology Department, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexican National Association of Cardiologists, MX
| | - Bryce Alexander
- Division of Cardiology, Kingston Health Science Center, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, CA
| | | | - Ricardo López Santi
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de La Plata, Buenos Aires, AR
- Argentine Federation of Cardiology, AR
| | | | - Pablo Perel
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, GB
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH
| | - Daniel Piskorz
- Argentine Federation of Cardiology, AR
- Cardiology Department, British Hospital of Rosario, Santa Fe, AR
| | | | - Jorge Saucedo
- Cardiology Department, Froedtert Hospital and Medical College, Milwaukee, US
| | - Osiris Valdez
- Cardiology Department, Centro Médico Central Romana, La Romana, DO
- Central America Society of Hypertension, DO
| | - José Ramón González Juanatey
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spanish Society of Cardiology, ES
| | | | - Fausto J. Pinto
- World Heart Federation, Geneva, CH
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Santa María, PT
- University of Lisbon, PT
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46
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Borras E, McCartney MM, Thompson CH, Meagher RJ, Kenyon NJ, Schivo M, Davis CE. Exhaled breath biomarkers of influenza infection and influenza vaccination. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34343985 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac1a61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are considered a major public health threat, and breath metabolomics can provide new ways to detect and understand how specific viruses affect the human pulmonary system. In this pilot study, we characterized the metabolic composition of human breath for an early diagnosis and differentiation of influenza viral infection, as well as other types of upper respiratory viral infections. We first studied the non-specific effects of planned seasonal influenza vaccines on breath metabolites in healthy subjects after receiving the immunization. We then investigated changes in breath content from hospitalized patients with flu-like symptoms and confirmed upper respiratory viral infection. The exhaled breath was sampled using a custom-made breath condenser, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to quadruplole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-qTOF). All metabolomic data was analysed using both targeted and untargeted approaches to detect specific known biomarkers from inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as new molecules associated with specific infections. We were able to find clear differences between breath samples collected before and after flu vaccine administration, together with potential biomarkers that are related to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. Moreover, we were also able to discriminate samples from patients with flu-related symptoms that were diagnosed with confirmatory respiratory viral panels (RVP). RVP positive and negative differences were identified, as well as differences between specific viruses defined. These results provide very promising information for the further study of the effect of influenza A and other viruses in human systems by using a simple and non-invasive specimen like breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cai Hugo Thompson
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert J Meagher
- Sandia National Laboratories California, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California, 94551-0969, UNITED STATES
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Sacramento Medical Center, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 795187, USA, Sacramento, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Sacramento, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, USA, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
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47
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Redondo E, Rivero-Calle I, Mascarós E, Yuste JE, Fernández-Prada M, Ocaña D, Jimeno I, Gil A, Molina J, Díaz-Maroto JL, Linares M, Martinón-Torres F. [Vaccination against community acquired pneumonia in adults. Update 2021 of the position paper by Neumoexpertos en Prevención Group]. Semergen 2021; 47:411-425. [PMID: 34332864 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in adults. The aim of this study is to update the practical prevention guide for CAP through vaccination in Spain developed in 2016 and updated in 2018, based on available vaccines and evidence through bibliographic review and expert opinion. The arrival of COVID-19 as a new cause of CAP and the recent availability of safe and effective vaccines constitutes the most significant change. Vaccines against pneumococcus, influenza, pertussis and COVID-19 can help to reduce the burden of disease from CAP and its associated complications. The available evidence supports the priority indications established in this guide, and it would be advisable to try to achieve a widespread dissemination and implementation of these recommendations in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Redondo
- Medicina de Familia, Grupo de Actividades Preventivas y Salud Pública SEMERGEN, Centro de Salud Internacional, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - I Rivero-Calle
- Servicio de Pediatría, Sección de Pediatría Clínica, Infectológica y Traslacional, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España; Genética Vacunas e Infecciones Pediátricas (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
| | - E Mascarós
- Medicina de Familia, Departamento de Salud Hospital la Fe, Consultorio Auxiliar Arquitecto Tolsá, Valencia, España
| | - J E Yuste
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III y CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, España
| | - M Fernández-Prada
- Unidad de Vacunas, Servicio Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Vital Álvarez Buylla, Mieres, Asturias, España
| | - D Ocaña
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Atención Primaria Algeciras-Norte, Algeciras, Cádiz, España
| | - I Jimeno
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Salud Isla de Oza, Madrid, España
| | - A Gil
- Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, España
| | - J Molina
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Atención Primaria Francia, Fuenlabrada, Madrid, España
| | - J L Díaz-Maroto
- Medicina de Familia, Centro de Atención Primaria de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, España
| | - M Linares
- Medicina de Familia, Microbiología clínica, Miembro del Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de SEMERGEN. Fundación iO, España
| | - F Martinón-Torres
- Servicio de Pediatría, Sección de Pediatría Clínica, Infectológica y Traslacional, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España; Genética Vacunas e Infecciones Pediátricas (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
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48
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Schön K, Lepenies B, Goyette-Desjardins G. Impact of Protein Glycosylation on the Design of Viral Vaccines. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 175:319-354. [PMID: 32935143 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycans play crucial roles in various biological processes such as cell proliferation, cell-cell interactions, and immune responses. Since viruses co-opt cellular biosynthetic pathways, viral glycosylation mainly depends on the host cell glycosylation machinery. Consequently, several viruses exploit the cellular glycosylation pathway to their advantage. It was shown that viral glycosylation is strongly dependent on the host system selected for virus propagation and/or protein expression. Therefore, the use of different expression systems results in various glycoforms of viral glycoproteins that may differ in functional properties. These differences clearly illustrate that the choice of the expression system can be important, as the resulting glycosylation may influence immunological properties. In this review, we will first detail protein N- and O-glycosylation pathways and the resulting glycosylation patterns; we will then discuss different aspects of viral glycosylation in pathogenesis and in vaccine development; and finally, we will elaborate on how to harness viral glycosylation in order to optimize the design of viral vaccines. To this end, we will highlight specific examples to demonstrate how glycoengineering approaches and exploitation of different expression systems could pave the way towards better self-adjuvanted glycan-based viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Schön
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Guillaume Goyette-Desjardins
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
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49
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Pierce-Ruiz C, Santana WI, Sutton WJH, Fischler DA, Cooper HC, Marc LR, Barr JR, Williams TL. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins using isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Vaccine 2021; 39:5106-5115. [PMID: 34344552 PMCID: PMC8302847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and subsequent global outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 prompted our laboratory to launch efforts to develop methods for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection and quantification. We present an isotope dilution mass spectrometry method (IDMS) for rapid and accurate quantification of the primary antigens, spike and nucleocapsid proteins. This IDMS method utilizes liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze sample tryptic digests for detection and quantification of selected conserved peptides of SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. The IDMS method has the necessary attributes to be successfully utilized for accurate quantification in SARS-CoV-2 protein-based vaccines and as targets of rapid diagnostic tests. Absolute quantification was achieved by quantifying and averaging 5 peptides for spike protein (3 peptides in the S1 subunit and 2 peptides in the S2 subunit) and 4 peptides for nucleocapsid protein. The overall relative standard deviation of the method was 3.67% for spike protein and 5.11% for nucleocapsid protein. IDMS offers speed (5 h total analysis time), sensitivity (LOQ; 10 fmol/µL) and precision for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Pierce-Ruiz
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Wanda I Santana
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - William J H Sutton
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - David A Fischler
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Hans C Cooper
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Lidoshka R Marc
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - John R Barr
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Tracie L Williams
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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50
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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