1
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Moll F, Bechtold-Peters K, Friess W. The silicone depletion in combination products induced by biologics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 203:114418. [PMID: 39079589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Silicone oil (SO) migration into the drug product of combination products for biopharmaceuticals during storage is a common challenge. As the inner barrel surface is depleted of SO the extrusion forces can increase compromising the container functionality. In this context we investigated the impact of different formulations on the increase in gliding forces in a spray-on siliconized pre-filled syringe upon storage at 2-8 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C for up to 6 months. We tested the formulation factors such as surfactant type, pH, and ionic strength in the presence of one monoclonal antibody (mAb) as well as compared three mAbs in one formulation. After 1 month at 40 °C, the extrusion forces were significantly increased due to SO detachment dependent on the fill medium. The storage at 40 °C enhanced the SO migration process but it could also be observed at lower storage temperatures. Regarding the formulation factors the tendency for SO migration was predominantly dependent on the presence and type of surfactant. Interestingly, when varying the mAb molecules, one of the proteins showed a rather stabilizing effect on the SO layer resulting into higher container stability. In contrast to the formulation factors, those different stability outcomes could not be explained by interfacial tension (IFT) measurements at the SO interface. Further characterization of the mAb molecules regarding interfacial rheology and conformational stability were not adequately able to explain the observed difference. Solely a hydrophobicity ranking of the molecules correlated to the stability outcome. Further investigations are needed to clarify the role of the protein in the SO detachment process and to understand the cause for the stabilization. However, the study clearly demonstrated that the protein itself plays a critical role in the SO detachment process and underlined the importance to include verum for container stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Moll
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Friess
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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2
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Kairys V, Baranauskiene L, Kazlauskiene M, Zubrienė A, Petrauskas V, Matulis D, Kazlauskas E. Recent advances in computational and experimental protein-ligand affinity determination techniques. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:649-670. [PMID: 38715415 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2349169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Modern drug discovery revolves around designing ligands that target the chosen biomolecule, typically proteins. For this, the evaluation of affinities of putative ligands is crucial. This has given rise to a multitude of dedicated computational and experimental methods that are constantly being developed and improved. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors reassess both the industry mainstays and the newest trends among the methods for protein - small-molecule affinity determination. They discuss both computational affinity predictions and experimental techniques, describing their basic principles, main limitations, and advantages. Together, this serves as initial guide to the currently most popular and cutting-edge ligand-binding assays employed in rational drug design. EXPERT OPINION The affinity determination methods continue to develop toward miniaturization, high-throughput, and in-cell application. Moreover, the availability of data analysis tools has been constantly increasing. Nevertheless, cross-verification of data using at least two different techniques and careful result interpretation remain of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lina Baranauskiene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Petrauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Egidijus Kazlauskas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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3
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Gooran N, Kopra K. Fluorescence-Based Protein Stability Monitoring-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1764. [PMID: 38339045 PMCID: PMC10855643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are large biomolecules with a specific structure that is composed of one or more long amino acid chains. Correct protein structures are directly linked to their correct function, and many environmental factors can have either positive or negative effects on this structure. Thus, there is a clear need for methods enabling the study of proteins, their correct folding, and components affecting protein stability. There is a significant number of label-free methods to study protein stability. In this review, we provide a general overview of these methods, but the main focus is on fluorescence-based low-instrument and -expertise-demand techniques. Different aspects related to thermal shift assays (TSAs), also called differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) or ThermoFluor, are introduced and compared to isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD). Finally, we discuss the challenges and comparative aspects related to these methods, as well as future opportunities and assay development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kari Kopra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland;
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4
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Mahran R, Vello N, Komulainen A, Malakoutikhah M, Härmä H, Kopra K. Isothermal chemical denaturation assay for monitoring protein stability and inhibitor interactions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20066. [PMID: 37973851 PMCID: PMC10654576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal shift assay (TSA) with altered temperature has been the most widely used method for monitoring protein stability for drug research. However, there is a pressing need for isothermal techniques as alternatives. This urgent demand arises from the limitations of TSA, which can sometimes provide misleading ranking of protein stability and fail to accurately reflect protein stability under physiological conditions. Although differential scanning fluorimetry has significantly improved throughput in comparison to differential scanning calorimetry and differential static light scattering throughput, all these methods exhibit moderate sensitivity. In contrast, current isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) techniques may not offer the same throughput capabilities as TSA, but it provides more precise information about protein stability and interactions. Unfortunately, ICD also suffers from limited sensitivity, typically in micromolar range. We have developed a novel method to overcome these challenges, namely throughput and sensitivity. The novel Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-Probe as an external probe is highly applicable to isothermal protein stability monitoring but also to conventional TSA. We have investigated ICD for multiple proteins with focus on KRASG12C with covalent inhibitors and three chemical denaturants performed at nanomolar protein concentration. Data showed corresponding inhibitor-induced stabilization of KRASG12C to those reported by nucleotide exchange assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Mahran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland.
| | - Niklas Vello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Anita Komulainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Kopra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500, Turku, Finland
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5
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Lisina S, Inam W, Huhtala M, Howaili F, Zhang H, Rosenholm JM. Nano Differential Scanning Fluorimetry as a Rapid Stability Assessment Tool in the Nanoformulation of Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051473. [PMID: 37242715 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and production of innovative protein-based therapeutics is a complex and challenging avenue. External conditions such as buffers, solvents, pH, salts, polymers, surfactants, and nanoparticles may affect the stability and integrity of proteins during formulation. In this study, poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were used as a carrier for the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). To protect the protein inside MSNs after loading, polymeric encapsulation with poly (sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) was used to seal the pores. Nano differential scanning fluorimetry (NanoDSF) was used to assess protein thermal stability during the formulation process. The MSN-PEI carrier matrix or conditions used did not destabilize the protein during loading, but the coating polymer NaPSS was incompatible with the NanoDSF technique due to autofluorescence. Thus, another pH-responsive polymer, spermine-modified acetylated dextran (SpAcDEX), was applied as a second coating after NaPSS. It possessed low autofluorescence and was successfully evaluated with the NanoDSF method. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to determine protein integrity in the case of interfering polymers such as NaPSS. Despite this limitation, NanoDSF was found to be a feasible and rapid tool to monitor protein stability during all steps needed to create a viable nanocarrier system for protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lisina
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Wali Inam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Huhtala
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fadak Howaili
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
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6
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Leandro P, Lino PR, Lopes R, Leandro J, Amaro MP, Sousa P, Vicente JB, Almeida AJ. Isothermal denaturation fluorimetry vs Differential scanning fluorimetry as tools for screening of stabilizers for protein freeze-drying: human phenylalanine hydroxylase as the case study. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:1-11. [PMID: 37011788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural maintenance of therapeutic proteins during formulation and/or storage is a critical aspect, particularly for multi-domain and/or multimeric proteins which usually exhibit intrinsic structural dynamics leading to aggregation with concomitant loss-of-function. Protein freeze-drying is a widely used technique to preserve protein structure and function during storage. To minimize chemical/physical stresses occurring during this process, protein stabilizers are usually included, their effect being strongly dependent on the target protein. Therefore, they should be screened for on a time-consuming case-by-case basis. Herein, differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and isothermal denaturation fluorimetry (ITDF) were employed to screen, among different classes of freeze-drying additives, for the most effective stabilizer of the model protein human phenylalanine hydroxylase (hPAH). Correlation studies among retrieved DSF and ITDF parameters with recovered enzyme amount and activity indicated ITDF as the most appropriate screening method. Biochemical and biophysical characterization of hPAH freeze-dried with ITDF-selected stabilizers and a long-term storage study (12 months, 5 ± 3 °C) showed that the selected compounds prevented protein aggregation and preserved hPAH structural and functional properties throughout time storage. Our results provide a solid basis towards the choice of ITDF as a high-throughput screening step for the identification of protein freeze-drying protectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Paulo R Lino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Lopes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Leandro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Amaro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa
- Sofarimex, Indústria Química e Farmacêutica SA, Av. das Indústrias, Alto de Colaride, 2735-521 Agualva, Portugal
| | - João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António J Almeida
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Son JW, Son JM, Hur KH, Lee W, Song I, Na DH. Application of isothermal chemical denaturation to early‐stage formulation development of fibrinogen. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woon Son
- GC Biopharma Yongin Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Mun Son
- GC Biopharma Yongin Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy Chung‐Ang University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ho Hur
- GC Biopharma Yongin Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy Chungbuk National University Cheongju South Korea
| | - Wonhwa Lee
- Department of Chemistry Sungkyunkwan University Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Im‐Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy Kyungpook National University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy Chung‐Ang University Seoul Republic of Korea
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8
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Conner CG, McAndrew J, Menegatti S, Velev OD. An accelerated antibody aggregation test based on time sequenced dynamic light scattering. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Wu HH, Crames M, Wei Y, Liu D, Gueneva-Boucheva K, Son I, Frego L, Han F, Kroe-Barrett R, Nixon A, Michael M. Effect of the ADCC-modulating mutations and the selection of human IgG isotypes on physicochemical properties of Fc. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2411-2421. [PMID: 35760121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies, particularly IgGs and Ig-based molecules, are a well-established and growing class of biotherapeutic drugs. In order to improve efficacy, potency and pharmacokinetics of these therapeutic drugs, pharmaceutical industries have investigated significantly in engineering fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of these drugs to optimize the interactions of these drugs and Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) in recent ten years. The biological function of the therapeutics with the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced double mutation (S239D/I332E) of isotype IgG1, the ADCC reduced double mutation (L234A/L235A) of isotype IgG1, and ADCC reduced isotype IgG4 has been well understood. However, limited information regarding the effect of these mutations or isotype difference on physicochemical properties (PCP), developability, and manufacturability of therapeutics bearing these different Fc regions is available. In this report, we systematically characterize the effects of the mutations and IgG4 isotype on conformation stability, colloidal stability, solubility, and storage stability at accelerated conditions in two buffer systems using six Fc variants. Our results provide a basis for selecting appropriate Fc region during development of IgG or Ig-based therapeutics and predicting effect of the mutations on CMC development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Maureen Crames
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yangjie Wei
- Amgen Inc., Drug Product Technologies, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kristina Gueneva-Boucheva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ikbae Son
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lee Frego
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rachel Kroe-Barrett
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Nixon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marlow Michael
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Innovation Unit, Biotherapeutics Discovery, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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10
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Kwan TOC, Kolek SA, Danson AE, Reis RI, Camacho IS, Shaw Stewart PD, Moraes I. Measuring Protein Aggregation and Stability Using High-Throughput Biophysical Approaches. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:890862. [PMID: 35651816 PMCID: PMC9149252 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.890862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-function relationships of biological macromolecules, in particular proteins, provide crucial insights for fundamental biochemistry, medical research and early drug discovery. However, production of recombinant proteins, either for structure determination, functional studies, or to be used as biopharmaceutical products, is often hampered by their instability and propensity to aggregate in solution in vitro. Protein samples of poor quality are often associated with reduced reproducibility as well as high research and production expenses. Several biophysical methods are available for measuring protein aggregation and stability. Yet, discovering and developing means to improve protein behaviour and structure-function integrity remains a demanding task. Here, we discuss workflows that are made possible by adapting established biophysical methods to high-throughput screening approaches. Rapid identification and optimisation of conditions that promote protein stability and reduce aggregation will support researchers and industry to maximise sample quality, stability and reproducibility, thereby reducing research and development time and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy E. Danson
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Rosana I. Reis
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick D. Shaw Stewart
- Douglas Instruments Ltd., Hungerford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patrick D. Shaw Stewart, ; Isabel Moraes,
| | - Isabel Moraes
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patrick D. Shaw Stewart, ; Isabel Moraes,
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11
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Catching Speedy Gonzales: Driving forces for protein film formation on silicone rubber tubing during pumping. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1577-1586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Stelzl A, Grabarek A, Schneid S, Jiskoot W, Menzen T, Winter G. Comparison of submicron particle counting methods with a heat stressed monoclonal antibody: Effect of electrolytes and implications on sample preparation. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1992-1999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Berner C, Menzen T, Winter G, Svilenov HL. Combining Unfolding Reversibility Studies and Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Select Aggregation-Resistant Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2242-2253. [PMID: 33928776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficient development of new therapeutic antibodies relies on developability assessment with biophysical and computational methods to find molecules with drug-like properties such as resistance to aggregation. Despite the many novel approaches to select well-behaved proteins, antibody aggregation during storage is still challenging to predict. For this reason, there is a high demand for methods that can identify aggregation-resistant antibodies. Here, we show that three straightforward techniques can select the aggregation-resistant antibodies from a dataset with 13 molecules. The ReFOLD assay provided information about the ability of the antibodies to refold to monomers after unfolding with chemical denaturants. Modulated scanning fluorimetry (MSF) yielded the temperatures that start causing irreversible unfolding of the proteins. Aggregation was the main reason for poor unfolding reversibility in both ReFOLD and MSF experiments. We therefore performed temperature ramps in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain partially unfolded antibody domains in silico and used CamSol to assess their aggregation potential. We compared the information from ReFOLD, MSF, and MD to size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) data that shows whether the antibodies aggregated during storage at 4, 25, and 40 °C. Contrary to the aggregation-prone molecules, the antibodies that were resistant to aggregation during storage at 40 °C shared three common features: (i) higher tendency to refold to monomers after unfolding with chemical denaturants, (ii) higher onset temperature of nonreversible unfolding, and (iii) unfolding of regions containing aggregation-prone sequences at higher temperatures in MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Berner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
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14
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme-Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7728-7734. [PMID: 33427354 PMCID: PMC8048563 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme for numerous biocatalytic pathways. While in nature, NAD+ is continuously regenerated from NADH by enzymes, all synthetic NAD+ regeneration strategies require a continuous supply of expensive reagents and generate byproducts, making these strategies unattractive. In contrast, we present an artificial enzyme combination that produces NAD+ from oxygen and water continuously; no additional organic substrates are required once a minimal amount pyruvate is supplied. Three enzymes, i.e., LDH, LOX, and CAT, are covalently encapsulated into a substrate-permeable silica nanoreactor by a mild fluoride-catalyzed sol-gel process. The enzymes retain their activity inside of the nanoreactors and are protected against proteolysis and heat. We successfully used NAD+ from the nanoreactors for the continuous production of NAD+ i) to sense glucose in artificial glucose metabolism, and ii) to reduce the non-oxygen binding methemoglobin to oxygen-binding hemoglobin. This latter conversion might be used for the treatment of Methemoglobinemia. We believe that this versatile tool will allow the design of artificial NAD+ -dependent metabolisms or NAD+ -mediated redox-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry GroupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversiteit TwentePO Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
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15
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Jo S, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Enzyme‐Loaded Nanoreactors Enable the Continuous Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Artificial Metabolisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong‐Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry Group MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Universiteit Twente PO Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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16
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Meyer RM, Berger L, Nerkamp J, Scheler S, Nehring S, Friess W. Identification of monoclonal antibody variants involved in aggregate formation – Part 1: Charge variants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 158:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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In Pursuit of Stability Enhancement of a Prostate Cancer Targeting Antibody Derived from a Transgenic Animal Platform. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9722. [PMID: 32546687 PMCID: PMC7298045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accelerated timelines necessitate the discovery of fully human antibodies as biotherapeutics using transgenic animals with a notion that such mAbs bypass humanization. A transgenic animal derived mAb (PCa75) targeted against a prostate cancer antigen had several ‘unusual residues’ (rare somatic hypermutations, rSHM, with positional frequency of <1%) that resulted in compromised biophysical properties (Tm = 61 °C and intrinsic stability ΔGu = 24.3 kJ/mol) and a sub-optimal immunogenicity profile. In our quest for quality medicine, we pursued antibody engineering strategies to enhance the stability of PCa75. PCa62, an engineered variant of PCa75, retained function while significantly improving the drug-like attributes of the molecule (Tm = 75 °C and intrinsic stability ΔGu = 63.5 kJ/mol). rSHM is rather prevalent, 18 out the 21 approved transgenic animal-derived antibodies have at least one ‘unusual residue’. Thus, engineering of rSHM remains critical to enhance the stability and minimize immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutics.
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Svilenov HL, Winter G. Formulations That Suppress Aggregation During Long-Term Storage of a Bispecific Antibody are Characterized by High Refoldability and Colloidal Stability. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2048-2058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Augustijn D, Kulakova A, Mahapatra S, Harris P, Rinnan Å. Isothermal Chemical Denaturation: Data Analysis, Error Detection, and Correction by PARAFAC2. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6958-6967. [PMID: 32323977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of a protein's conformational stability is a key step in the development of biotherapeutics, where protein unfolding leads to adverse properties, such as aggregation and loss of efficacy. Isothermal chemical denaturation (ICD) can be applied to determine chemical stability, aiming to identify the optimal solvent conditions, in terms of pH, salt concentration, and added excipients. For seven monoclonal antibodies, this study investigates the observed intrinsic protein fluorescence emission spectra as a function of denaturant concentration. Protein formulations are screened in two experimental series. We show how the peak shapes of folded and unfolded proteins are preserved under added salt (0-140 mM NaCl) and added excipients concentrations, as typically found in biotherapeutic formulations and that only minor effects in tryptophan fluorescence peak tailing are observed over a large pH range (5.5-9.0). The data of seven mAbs, where GuHCl was a suitable denaturant, are modeled using PARAFAC2. PARAFAC2, a linear decomposition method, is well suited for the data and yields robust, valid, and automated models that allow for the detection of erroneous measurements. Analysis of the errors show correlation with the well-based experimental setup, and differences in observed errors between the two experimental series. We additionally show a correction method for these outliers based on PARAFAC2 model scores, such that full transition curves can be retrieved, increasing the accuracy of any subsequent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillen Augustijn
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alina Kulakova
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sujata Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Åsmund Rinnan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Svilenov HL, Menzen T, Richter K, Winter G. Modulated Scanning Fluorimetry Can Quickly Assess Thermal Protein Unfolding Reversibility in Microvolume Samples. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2638-2647. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hristo L. Svilenov
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Binding of excipients is a poor predictor for aggregation kinetics of biopharmaceutical proteins. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 151:127-136. [PMID: 32283214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in formulation development of biopharmaceuticals is improving long-term storage stability, which is often achieved by addition of excipients to the final formulation. Finding the optimal excipient for a given protein is usually done using a trial-and-error approach, due to the lack of general understanding of how excipients work for a particular protein. Previously, preferential interactions (binding or exclusion) of excipients with proteins were postulated as a mechanism explaining diversity in the stabilisation effects. Weak preferential binding is however difficult to quantify experimentally, and the question remains whether the formulation process should seek excipients which preferentially bind with proteins, or not. Here, we apply solution NMR spectroscopy to comprehensively evaluate protein-excipient interactions between therapeutically relevant proteins and commonly used excipients. Additionally, we evaluate the effect of excipients on thermal and colloidal protein stability, on aggregation kinetics and protein storage stability at elevated temperatures. We show that there is a weak negative correlation between the strength of protein-excipient interactions and effect on enhancing protein thermal stability. We found that the overall protein-excipient binding per se can be a poor criterion for choosing excipients enhancing formulation stability. Experiments on a diverse set of excipients and test proteins reveal that while excipients affect all of the different aspects of protein stability, the effects are very much protein specific, and care must be taken to avoid apparent generalisations if a smaller dataset is being used.
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The Molecular Interaction Process. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Le Basle Y, Chennell P, Tokhadze N, Astier A, Sautou V. Physicochemical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:169-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Orthogonal Techniques to Study the Effect of pH, Sucrose, and Arginine Salts on Monoclonal Antibody Physical Stability and Aggregation During Long-Term Storage. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:584-594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Tosstorff A, Menzen T, Winter G. Exploring Chemical Space for New Substances to Stabilize a Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:301-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Applications of Differential Scanning Fluorometry and Related Technologies in Characterization of Protein-Ligand Interactions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2019; 2089:47-68. [PMID: 31773647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Differential scanning fluorometry (DSF) is an efficient and high-throughput method to analyze protein stability, as well as detect ligand interactions through perturbations of the protein's melting temperature. The method monitors protein unfolding by observing the fluorescence changes of a sample, whether through an environmentally sensitive fluorophore or by intrinsic protein fluorescence, while a temperature gradient is applied. Here, we describe in detail how to develop and optimize DSF assays to identify protein-ligand interactions while exploring different buffer and additive conditions. Analysis of the data and further applications of the method are also discussed.
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Tosstorff A, Svilenov H, Peters GH, Harris P, Winter G. Structure-based discovery of a new protein-aggregation breaking excipient. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 144:207-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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Jain D, Mahammad SS, Singh PP, Kodipyaka R. A review on parenteral delivery of peptides and proteins. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1403-1420. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1628770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divisha Jain
- Custom Pharma Services (CPS), Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - S. Shahe Mahammad
- Custom Pharma Services (CPS), Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Pirthi Pal Singh
- Custom Pharma Services (CPS), Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravinder Kodipyaka
- Custom Pharma Services (CPS), Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd, Hyderabad, India
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Kwan TOC, Reis R, Siligardi G, Hussain R, Cheruvara H, Moraes I. Selection of Biophysical Methods for Characterisation of Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2605. [PMID: 31137900 PMCID: PMC6566885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, there have been many developments and advances in the field of integral membrane protein research. As important pharmaceutical targets, it is paramount to understand the mechanisms of action that govern their structure-function relationships. However, the study of integral membrane proteins is still incredibly challenging, mostly due to their low expression and instability once extracted from the native biological membrane. Nevertheless, milligrams of pure, stable, and functional protein are always required for biochemical and structural studies. Many modern biophysical tools are available today that provide critical information regarding to the characterisation and behaviour of integral membrane proteins in solution. These biophysical approaches play an important role in both basic research and in early-stage drug discovery processes. In this review, it is not our objective to present a comprehensive list of all existing biophysical methods, but a selection of the most useful and easily applied to basic integral membrane protein research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan O C Kwan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Rosana Reis
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Harish Cheruvara
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.
| | - Isabel Moraes
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK.
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31
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Rapid sample-saving biophysical characterisation and long-term storage stability of liquid interferon alpha2a formulations: Is there a correlation? Int J Pharm 2019; 562:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Svilenov H, Winter G. The ReFOLD assay for protein formulation studies and prediction of protein aggregation during long-term storage. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 137:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Iyer LK, Phanse R, Xu M, Lan W, Krause ME, Bolgar M, Hart S. Pulse Proteolysis: An Orthogonal Tool for Protein Formulation Screening. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:842-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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34
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Floyd JA, Siska C, Clark RH, Kerwin BA, Shaver JM. Adapting the chemical unfolding assay for high-throughput protein screening using experimental and spectroscopic corrections. Anal Biochem 2018; 563:1-8. [PMID: 30236889 PMCID: PMC6226613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemical unfolding (denaturation) assay can be used to calculate the change in the Gibbs free energy of unfolding, ΔG, and inflection point of unfolding, to collectively inform on molecule stability. Here, we evaluated methods for calculating the ΔG across 23 monoclonal antibody sequence variants. These methods are based on how the measured output (intrinsic fluorescence intensity) is treated, including utilizing (a) a single wavelength, (b) a ratio of two wavelengths, (c) a ratio of a single wavelength to an area, and (d) a scatter correction plus a ratio of a single wavelength to an area. When applied to the variants, the three ratio methods showed comparable results, with a similar pooled standard deviation for the ΔG calculation, while the single-wavelength method is shown as inadequate for the data in this study. However, when light scattering is introduced to simulated data, only the scatter-correction area normalization method proves robust. Using this method, common plate-based spectrophotometers found in many laboratories can be used for high-throughput screening of mAb variants and formulation stability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alaina Floyd
- Just Biotherapeutics, Inc., 401 Terry Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics, Inc., 401 Terry Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rutilio H Clark
- Just Biotherapeutics, Inc., 401 Terry Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics, Inc., 401 Terry Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jeremy M Shaver
- Just Biotherapeutics, Inc., 401 Terry Ave N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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Svilenov H, Gentiluomo L, Friess W, Roessner D, Winter G. A New Approach to Study the Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibody Formulations—Dilution From a Denaturant. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3007-3013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Bergsdorf C, Wright SK. A Guide to Run Affinity Screens Using Differential Scanning Fluorimetry and Surface Plasmon Resonance Assays. Methods Enzymol 2018; 610:135-165. [PMID: 30390797 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, drug discovery has evolved from a pure phenotypic approach to an integrated target-based strategy. The implementation of high-throughput biochemical and cellular assays has enabled the screening of large compound libraries which has become an important and often times the main source of new chemical matter that serve as starting point for medicinal chemistry efforts. In addition, biophysical methods measuring the physical interaction (affinity) between a low molecular weight ligand and a target protein became an integral part of hit validation/optimization to rule out false positives due to assay artifacts. Recent advances in throughput, robustness, and sensitivity of biophysical affinity screening methods have broadened their application in hit identification and validation such that they can now complement classical functional readouts. As a result, new target classes can be accessed that have not been amenable to functional assays. In this chapter, two affinity screening methods, differential scanning fluorimetry and surface plasmon resonance, which are broadly utilized in both academia and pharmaceutical industry are discussed in respect to their use in hit identification and validation. These methods exemplify how assays which differ in complexity, throughput, and information content can support the hit identification/validation process. This chapter focuses on the practical aspects and caveats of these techniques in order to enable the reader to establish their own affinity-based screens in both formats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Kirk Wright
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
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