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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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2
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Tonev D, Momchilova A. Oxidative Stress and the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Certain Exogenous and Endogenous Nrf2 Activators and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17223. [PMID: 38139050 PMCID: PMC10743556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that, in genetically susceptible subjects, T lymphocytes undergo activation in the peripheral compartment, pass through the BBB, and cause damage in the CNS. They produce pro-inflammatory cytokines; induce cytotoxic activities in microglia and astrocytes with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and other highly reactive radicals; activate B cells and macrophages and stimulate the complement system. Inflammation and neurodegeneration are involved from the very beginning of the disease. They can both be affected by oxidative stress (OS) with different emphases depending on the time course of MS. Thus, OS initiates and supports inflammatory processes in the active phase, while in the chronic phase it supports neurodegenerative processes. A still unresolved issue in overcoming OS-induced lesions in MS is the insufficient endogenous activation of the Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which under normal conditions plays an essential role in mitochondria protection, OS, neuroinflammation, and degeneration. Thus, the search for approaches aiming to elevate endogenous Nrf2 activation is capable of protecting the brain against oxidative damage. However, exogenous Nrf2 activators themselves are not without drawbacks, necessitating the search for new non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches to modulate OS. The purpose of the present review is to provide some relevant preclinical and clinical examples, focusing on certain exogenous and endogenous Nrf2 activators and the modulation of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The increased plasma levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in response to TPE treatment of MS patients suggest their antioxidant potential for endogenous Nrf2 enhancement via NGF/TrkA/PI3K/Akt and NGF/p75NTR/ceramide-PKCζ/CK2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Tonev
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital “Tzaritza Yoanna—ISUL”, Medical University of Sofia, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albena Momchilova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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3
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Colucci P, Giannaccini M, Baggiani M, Kennedy BN, Dente L, Raffa V, Gabellini C. Neuroprotective Nanoparticles Targeting the Retina: A Polymeric Platform for Ocular Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041096. [PMID: 37111581 PMCID: PMC10144786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye represents a major challenge to counteract vision loss. This work focuses on the development of a polymer-based nanocarrier, specifically designed for targeting the posterior eye. Polyacrylamide nanoparticles (ANPs) were synthesised and characterised, and their high binding efficiency was exploited to gain both ocular targeting and neuroprotective capabilities, through conjugation with peanut agglutinin (ANP:PNA) and neurotrophin nerve growth factor (ANP:PNA:NGF). The neuroprotective activity of ANP:PNA:NGF was assessed in an oxidative stress-induced retinal degeneration model using the teleost zebrafish. Upon nanoformulation, NGF improved the visual function of zebrafish larvae after the intravitreal injection of hydrogen peroxide, accompanied by a reduction in the number of apoptotic cells in the retina. Additionally, ANP:PNA:NGF counteracted the impairment of visual behaviour in zebrafish larvae exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Collectively, these data suggest that our polymeric drug delivery system represents a promising strategy for implementing targeted treatment against retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Colucci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Matteo Baggiani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luciana Dente
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Dang TK, Hong SM, Dao VT, Nguyen DT, Nguyen KV, Nguyen HT, Ullah S, Tran HT, Kim SY. Neuroprotective effects of total alkaloids fraction of Huperzia serrata on scopolamine-induced neurodegenerative animals. Phytother Res 2023; 37:140-150. [PMID: 36065796 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Huperzia serrata contains Huperzine A (HupA)-an alkaloid used to treat cognitive dysfunction. In this study, we used the total alkaloids (HsAE) to investigate their potential in managing cognitive impairment in comparison with HupA. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay. In the cellular study, the cell viability and level of ACh of SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated after pretreated with HsAE and scopolamine. For in vivo assay, mice were pre-treated with HsAE, and HupA and undergone scopolamine injection for cognitive impairment. The behavioral tests including the Y-maze and Morris water maze test and the AChE activity, the SOD, CAT, MDA level in the hippocampus and cortex were evaluated. HsAE showed significant scavenging properties on DPPH radicals. HsAE was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, and can rescue these cells upon scopolamine treatment. Intriguingly, HsAE showed the neuroprotection against scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Moreover, HsAE decreased AChE activity, MDA level, increased antioxidative enzyme activity in the hippocampus as well as cortex of mice, which was relatively better than that of HupA. These findings suggested that HsAE may significantly protect the neurons of mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment connected to AChE depletion and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Kim Dang
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Seong-Min Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vui Thi Dao
- Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Khanh Van Nguyen
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai Thanh Nguyen
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sana Ullah
- Department of Agro-environmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiep Tuan Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Disease-Modifying Activity of Huperzine A on Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from Preclinical Studies on Rodent Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315238. [PMID: 36499562 PMCID: PMC9738397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor isolated from the Chinese herb Huperzia Serrata, has been used as a dietary supplement in the United States and a drug in China for therapeutic intervention on Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to determine whether Huperzine A exerts disease-modifying activity through systematic analysis of preclinical studies on rodent AD models. (2) Methods: Sixteen preclinical studies were included based on specific criteria, and the methodological qualities were analyzed by SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Some outcomes were meta-analyzed: latencies and time spent in quadrant of Morris water maze, soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) level measured by ELISA in the cortex and hippocampus, Aβ plaque numbers measured by immunohistochemistry in hippocampus, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and AChE activity. Finally, the mechanisms of Huperzine A on AD models were summarized. (3) Conclusions: The outcomes showed that Huperzine A displayed AChE inhibition, ChAT activity enhancement, memory improvement, and Aβ decreasing activity, indicating the disease-modifying effect of Huperzine A. However, due to the uneven methodological quality, the results need to be rationally viewed, and extensively repeated.
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A Synopsis of Multitarget Potential Therapeutic Effects of Huperzine A in Diverse Pathologies-Emphasis on Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1166-1182. [PMID: 35122609 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Numerous challenges are confronted when it comes to the recognition of therapeutic agents for treating complex neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The perplexing pathogenicity of AD embodies cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial disruption along with vicious production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating oxidative stress. In this frame of reference, drugs with multi target components could prove more advantageous to counter complex pathological mechanisms that are responsible for AD progression. For as much as, medicinal plant based pharmaco-therapies are emerging as potential candidates for AD treatment keeping the efficacy and safety parameters in terms of toxicity and side effects into consideration. Huperzine A (Hup A) is a purified alkaloid compound extracted from a club moss called Huperzia serrata. Several studies have reported both cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of this compound on AD with significant neuroprotective properties. The present review convenes cumulative demonstrations of neuroprotection provided by Hup A in in vitro, in vivo, and human studies in various pathologies. The underlying molecular mechanisms of its actions have also been discussed. However, more profound evidence would certainly promote the therapeutic implementation of this drug thus furnishing decisive insights into AD therapeutics and various other pathologies along with preventive and curative management.
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Callizot N, Campanari ML, Rouvière L, Jacquemot G, Henriques A, Garayev E, Poindron P. Huperzia serrata Extract 'NSP01' With Neuroprotective Effects-Potential Synergies of Huperzine A and Polyphenols. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:681532. [PMID: 34526893 PMCID: PMC8435632 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.681532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Trevis is widely used in traditional asiatic medicine to treat many central disorders including, schizophrenia, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The major alkaloid, Huperzine A (HA), of H. serrata is a well-known competitive reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with neuroprotective effects. Inspired by the tradition, we developed a green one-step method using microwave assisted extraction to generate an extract of H. serrata, called NSP01. This green extract conserves original neuropharmacological activity and chemical profile of traditional extract. The neuroprotective activity of NSP01 is based on a precise combination of three major constituents: HA and two phenolic acids, caffeic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA). We show that CA and FA potentiate HA-mediated neuroprotective activity. Importantly, the combination of HA with CA and FA does not potentiate the AChE inhibitory property of HA which is responsible for its adverse side effects. Collectively, these experimental findings demonstrated that NSP01, is a very promising plant extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Callizot
- Neuro-Sys SAS, Neuro-Pharmacology Department, Gardanne, France
| | - ML Campanari
- Neuro-Sys SAS, Neuro-Pharmacology Department, Gardanne, France
| | - L Rouvière
- Neuro-Sys SAS, Neuro-Pharmacology Department, Gardanne, France
| | | | - A. Henriques
- Neuro-Sys SAS, Neuro-Pharmacology Department, Gardanne, France
| | | | - P. Poindron
- Neuro-Sys SAS, Neuro-Pharmacology Department, Gardanne, France
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8
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Kropf E, Fahnestock M. Effects of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species on TrkA Expression and Signalling: Implications for proNGF in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081983. [PMID: 34440751 PMCID: PMC8392605 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its precursor form, proNGF, are critical for neuronal survival and cognitive function. In the brain, proNGF is the only detectable form of NGF. Dysregulation of proNGF in the brain is implicated in age-related memory loss and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is characterized by early and progressive degeneration of the basal forebrain, an area critical for learning, memory, and attention. Learning and memory deficits in AD are associated with loss of proNGF survival signalling and impaired retrograde transport of proNGF to the basal forebrain. ProNGF transport and signalling may be impaired by the increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) observed in the aged and AD brain. The current literature suggests that ROS/RNS nitrate proNGF and reduce the expression of the proNGF receptor tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA), disrupting its downstream survival signalling. ROS/RNS-induced reductions in TrkA expression reduce cell viability, as proNGF loses its neurotrophic function in the absence of TrkA and instead generates apoptotic signalling via the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. ROS/RNS also interfere with kinesin and dynein motor functions, causing transport deficits. ROS/RNS-induced deficits in microtubule motor function and TrkA expression and signalling may contribute to the vulnerability of the basal forebrain in AD. Antioxidant treatments may be beneficial in restoring proNGF signalling and axonal transport and reducing basal forebrain neurodegeneration and related deficits in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kropf
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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9
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Xia N, Gao Z, Hu H, Li D, Zhang C, Mei X, Wu C. Nerve growth factor loaded macrophage-derived nanovesicles for inhibiting neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord injury. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:276-288. [PMID: 34167336 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an extremely destructive central nervous system lesion. Studies have shown that NGF can promote nerve regeneration after SCI. However, it cannot produce the desired effect due to its stability in the body and is difficulty in passing through the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we prepared nanovesicles derived from macrophage membrane encapsulating NGF (NGF-NVs) as a drug carrier for the treatment of SCI. Cell experiments showed that NGF-NVs were effectively taken up by PC12 cells and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. In vivo imaging experiments, a large quantity of NGF was delivered to the injured site with the aid of the good targeting of NVs. In animal experiments, NGF-NVs improved the survival of neurons by significantly activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and had good behavioral and histological recovery effects after SCI. Therefore, NVs are a potential drug delivery vector for SCI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xia
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhanshan Gao
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hengshuo Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning province, China
| | - Daoyong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning province, China
| | - Chuanjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning province, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning province, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Pharmacy School, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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10
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Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Al Mamun A, Behl T, Mansouri RA, Aloqbi AA, Perveen A, Hafeez A, Ashraf GM. Exploring Potential of Alkaloidal Phytochemicals Targeting Neuroinflammatory Signaling of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:357-366. [PMID: 32473620 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200531151004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is marked by cognitive dysfunctions and the existence of neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been observed that a persistent immune response in the brain has appeared as another neuropathological hallmark in AD. The sustained activation of the microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, and other immune cells has been shown to aggravate both tau and amyloid pathology and may consider as a connection in the AD pathogenesis. However, the basic mechanisms that link immune responses in the pathogenesis of AD are unclear until now since the process of neuroinflammation can have either a harmful or favorable effect on AD, according to the phase of the disease. Numerous researches recommend that nutritional fruits, as well as vegetables, possess neurodefensive properties against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation and aging. Moreover, these effects are controlled by diverse phytochemical compounds that are found in plants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, as well as other beneficial actions. In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat the neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rasha A Mansouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Abdul Hafeez
- Glocal School of Pharmacy, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Sahib S, Sharma A, Menon PK, Muresanu DF, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Bryukhovetskiy I, Tian ZR, Patnaik R, Buzoianu AD, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Cerebrolysin enhances spinal cord conduction and reduces blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown, edema formation, immediate early gene expression and cord pathology after injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:397-438. [PMID: 33223040 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord evoked potentials (SCEP) are good indicators of spinal cord function in health and disease. Disturbances in SCEP amplitudes and latencies during spinal cord monitoring predict spinal cord pathology following trauma. Treatment with neuroprotective agents preserves SCEP and reduces cord pathology after injury. The possibility that cerebrolysin, a balanced composition of neurotrophic factors improves spinal cord conduction, attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption, edema formation, and cord pathology was examined in spinal cord injury (SCI). SCEP is recorded from epidural space over rat spinal cord T9 and T12 segments after peripheral nerves stimulation. SCEP consists of a small positive peak (MPP), followed by a prominent negative peak (MNP) that is stable before SCI. A longitudinal incision (2mm deep and 5mm long) into the right dorsal horn (T10 and T11 segments) resulted in an immediate long-lasting depression of the rostral MNP with an increase in the latencies. Pretreatment with either cerebrolysin (CBL 5mL/kg, i.v. 30min before) alone or TiO2 nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin (NWCBL 2.5mL/kg, i.v.) prevented the loss of MNP amplitude and even enhanced further from the pre-injury level after SCI without affecting latencies. At 5h, SCI induced edema, BSCB breakdown, and cell injuries were significantly reduced by CBL and NWCBL pretreatment. Interestingly this effect on SCEP and cord pathology was still prominent when the NWCBL was delivered 2min after SCI. Moreover, expressions of c-fos and c-jun genes that are prominent at 5h in untreated SCI are also considerably reduced by CBL and NWCBL treatment. These results are the first to show that CBL and NWCBL enhanced SCEP activity and thwarted the development of cord pathology after SCI. Furthermore, NWCBL in low doses has superior neuroprotective effects on SCEP and cord pathology, not reported earlier. The functional significance and future clinical potential of CBL and NWCBL in SCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Preeti K Menon
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Igor Bryukhovetskiy
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Nourbakhsh F, Read MI, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Boosting the autophagy-lysosomal pathway by phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic strategy against Alzheimer's disease. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2360-2281. [PMID: 32894821 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle in eukaryotic cells, which has basic pattern recognition for nutrient-dependent signal transduction. In Alzheimer's disease, the already declining autophagy-lysosomal function is exacerbated by an increased need for clearance of damaged proteins and organelles in aged cells. Recent evidence suggests that numerous diseases are linked to impaired autophagy upstream of lysosomes. In this way, a comprehensive survey on the pathophysiology of the disease seems necessary. Hence, in the first section of this review, we will discuss the ultimate findings in lysosomal signaling functions and how they affect cellular metabolism and trafficking under neurodegenerative conditions, specifically Alzheimer's disease. In the second section, we focus on how natural products and their derivatives are involved in the regulation of inflammation and lysosomal dysfunction pathways, including how these should be considered a crucial target for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Morgayn I Read
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Otago School of Medical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
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Li X, Zhan Z, Zhang J, Zhou F, An L. β-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Aβ-Induced Downregulation of TrkA Expression by Inhibiting HDAC1/3 in SH-SY5Y Cells. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317519883496. [PMID: 31648544 PMCID: PMC10624091 DOI: 10.1177/1533317519883496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) plays an important role in the protection of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study was designed to investigate whether β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), an endogenous histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, upregulates the expression of TrkA by affecting histone acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid β-protein (Aβ). The results showed that BHB ameliorated the reduction of cell vitality and downregulation of TrkA expression induced by Aβ. Furthermore, BHB inhibited the upregulation of HDAC1/2/3 expression and downregulation of histone acetylation (Ace-H3K9 and Ace-H4K12) levels in Aβ-treated cells. The expression of TrkA was upregulated in HDAC1- or 3-silenced SH-SY5Y cells. However, there was no significant difference in TrkA expression between the HDAC2 knockdown and control cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that BHB protects against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. The underlying mechanism of the effect may be associated with the upregulation of TrkA expression by inhibiting HDAC1/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jingzhu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li An
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ke JP, Dai WT, Zheng WJ, Wu HY, Hua F, Hu FL, Chu GX, Bao GH. Two Pairs of Isomerically New Phenylpropanoidated Epicatechin Gallates with Neuroprotective Effects on H 2O 2-Injured SH-SY5Y Cells from Zijuan Green Tea and Their Changes in Fresh Tea Leaves Collected from Different Months and Final Product. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4831-4838. [PMID: 30969762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zijuan tea ( Camellia sinensis var. assamica), an anthocyanin-rich cultivar with purple leaves, is a valuable material for manufacturing tea with unique color and flavor. In this paper, four new phenylpropanoid substituted epicatechin gallates (pECGs), Zijuanins A-D (1-4), were isolated from Zijuan green tea by different column chromatography. Their structures were identified by extensive high resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and experimental and calculated circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analyses. Detection of the changes in fresh tea leaves collected from April to September and the final processed product by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-HRMS suggested that production of compounds 1 and 2 may be enhanced by the processing procedure of Zijuan green tea. Additionally, 1-4 were proposed to be synthesized through interaction between the abundant secondary metabolite ECG and phenolic acids from tea leaves by two key steps of phenol-dienone tautomerism. 1 and 2 showed impressive activity in protecting SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-induced damage at the concentration of 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ping Ke
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Wen-Ting Dai
- Department of Pharmacy , The Second People's Hospital of Hefei , Hefei 230011 , China
| | - Wen-Jun Zheng
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Hao-Yue Wu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Fang Hua
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Feng-Lin Hu
- Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi , Anhui Agricultural University , 130 West Changjiang Road , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Gang-Xiu Chu
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
| | - Guan-Hu Bao
- Natural Products Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui Province 230036 , China
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Lima JA, Hamerski L. Alkaloids as Potential Multi-Target Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64183-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Zhang T, Yu J, Huang Z, Wang G, Zhang R. Electroacupuncture improves neurogenic bladder dysfunction through activation of NGF/TrkA signaling in a rat model. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9900-9905. [PMID: 30592331 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of electroacupuncture on the morphological change of the bladder tissue and the protein expression levels of NGF, TrkA, p-TrkA, AKT, and p-AKT in the bladder tissue of rats with neurogenic bladder after suprasacral spinal cord injury and to preliminarily explore its partial mechanism of action. METHODS Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, electroacupuncture group, model/siNGF group, and electroacupuncture/siNGF group according to random number table method with 16 rats in each group. Eighty Neurogenic bladder models after suprasacral spinal cord injury were established by adopting a modified spinal cord transection method. Electroacupuncture intervention was conducted on the 19th day after modeling. The bladder function was detected by bladder weight, urine output, serum BUN, and urine protein. After treatment for 7 consecutive days, the rats were killed and the bladder tissues were removed rapidly for microscopic observation of morphological change after hematoxylin and eosin stain and for determination of the protein expression levels of NGF, TrkA, p-TrkA, AKT, and p-AKT via Western blot analysis. The transcription of NGF was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After treatment, compared with the blank group, the bladder weight of model and electroacupuncture groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the bladder weight of the electroacupuncture group was decreased (P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine output of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine output of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the serum BUN of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the serum BUN of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine protein of the model group was increased ( P < 0.05). Compared with the blank group, the urine protein of the electroacupuncture group was increased ( P > 0.05). The expression of NGF, p-TrkA, and p-AKT in the model and electroacupuncture groups was obviously higher than that in the blank group ( P < 0.05). The expression of NGF, p-TrkA, and p-AKT in the electroacupuncture group was higher than that in the model group. The expression of TrkA and AKT were unchanged in blank, model, and electroacupuncture groups ( P > 0.05). After tail vein injection with siNGF lentivirus, the expression of NGF in the model/siNGF group and electroacupuncture/siNGF group was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). And the protein level of p-AKT and p-TrkA was significantly lower than that of the model and electroacupuncture groups ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Sacral electroacupuncture therapy can improve the expression of both NGF/TrkA signaling and AKT signaling in the local nerve of the damaged spinal cord, inhibit apoptosis of the damaged spinal cord, protect nerve cells, and promote the recovery of the damaged nerve. At the same time, electroacupuncture can promote the coordination of micturition reflex and improve neurogenic bladder function after the spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runhe Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Pohl F, Kong Thoo Lin P. The Potential Use of Plant Natural Products and Plant Extracts with Antioxidant Properties for the Prevention/Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Vitro, In Vivo and Clinical Trials. Molecules 2018; 23:E3283. [PMID: 30544977 PMCID: PMC6321248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease, present a major health issue and financial burden for health care systems around the world. The impact of these diseases will further increase over the next decades due to increasing life expectancies. No cure is currently available for the treatment of these conditions; only drugs, which merely alleviate the symptoms. Oxidative stress has long been associated with neurodegeneration, whether as a cause or as part of the downstream results caused by other factors. Thus, the use of antioxidants to counter cellular oxidative stress within the nervous system has been suggested as a potential treatment option for neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant research has focused on the potential use of natural antioxidants to target oxidative stress. However, clinical trial results have lacked success for the treatment of patients with neurological disorders. The knowledge that natural extracts show other positive molecular activities in addition to antioxidant activity, however, has led to further research of natural extracts for their potential use as prevention or treatment/management of neurodegenerative diseases. This review will cover several in vitro and in vivo research studies, as well as clinical trials, and highlight the potential of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Pohl
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
| | - Paul Kong Thoo Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Shal B, Ding W, Ali H, Kim YS, Khan S. Anti-neuroinflammatory Potential of Natural Products in Attenuation of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 29896105 PMCID: PMC5986949 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with dementia and cognitive impairment most common in elderly population. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed by numerous researcher, although, exact mechanism is not yet elucidated. Several studies have been indicated that neuroinflammation associated with deposition of amyloid- beta (Aβ) in brain is a major hallmark toward the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. So, there is a need to unravel the link of inflammatory process in neurodegeneration. Increased microglial activation, expression of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) participate in inflammatory process of AD. This review mainly concentrates on involvement of neuroinflammation and the molecular mechanisms adapted by various natural compounds, phytochemicals and herbal formulations in various signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection. Currently, pharmacologically active natural products, having anti-neuroinflammatory potential are being focused which makes them potential candidate to cure AD. A number of preclinical and clinical trials have been done on nutritional and botanical agents. Analysis of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phytochemicals such as terpenoids, phenolic derivatives, alkaloids, glycosides, and steroidal saponins displays therapeutic potential toward amelioration and prevention of devastating neurodegeneration observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Shal
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rizhao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Rizhao, China
| | - Hussain Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yeong S Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Algarni AS, Hargreaves AJ, Dickenson JM. Activation of transglutaminase 2 by nerve growth factor in differentiating neuroblastoma cells: A role in cell survival and neurite outgrowth. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 820:113-129. [PMID: 29242118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NGF (nerve growth factor) and tissue transglutaminase (TG2) play important roles in neurite outgrowth and modulation of neuronal cell survival. In this study, we investigated the regulation of TG2 transamidase activity by NGF in retinoic acid-induced differentiating mouse N2a and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. TG2 transamidase activity was determined using an amine incorporation and a peptide cross linking assay. In situ TG2 activity was assessed by visualising the incorporation of biotin-X-cadaverine using confocal microscopy. The role of TG2 in NGF-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth was investigated by monitoring hypoxia-induced cell death and appearance of axonal-like processes, respectively. The amine incorporation and protein crosslinking activity of TG2 increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with NGF in N2a and SH-SY5Y cells. NGF mediated increases in TG2 activity were abolished by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON (Z-ZON-Val-Pro-Leu-OMe; Benzyloxycarbonyl-(6-Diazo-5-oxonorleucinyl)-l-valinyl-l-prolinyl-l-leucinmethylester) and R283 (1,3,dimethyl-2[2-oxo-propyl]thio)imidazole chloride) and by pharmacological inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (PKB) and protein kinase C (PKC), and removal of extracellular Ca2+. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated NGF induced in situ TG2 activity. TG2 inhibition blocked NGF-induced attenuation of hypoxia-induced cell death and neurite outgrowth in both cell lines. Together, these results demonstrate that NGF stimulates TG2 transamidase activity via a ERK1/2, PKB and PKC-dependent pathway in differentiating mouse N2a and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, NGF-induced cytoprotection and neurite outgrowth are dependent upon TG2. These results suggest a novel and important role of TG2 in the cellular functions of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanood S Algarni
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - John M Dickenson
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
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Scipioni M, Kay G, Megson I, Kong Thoo Lin P. Novel vanillin derivatives: Synthesis, anti-oxidant, DNA and cellular protection properties. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:745-754. [PMID: 29220795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been the subject of intense research interest mainly due to their beneficial properties associated with human health and wellbeing. Phenolic molecules, such as naturally occurring Resveratrol and Vanillin, are well known for their anti-oxidant properties, providing a starting point for the development of new antioxidants. Here we report, for the first time, the synthesis of a number of new vanillin through the reductive amination reaction between vanillin and a selection of amines. All the compounds synthesised, exhibited strong antioxidant properties in DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays, with compounds 1b and 2c being the most active. The latter also demonstrated the ability to protect plasmid DNA from oxidative damage in the presence of the radical initiator AAPH. At cellular level, neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were protected from oxidative damage (H2O2, 400 μM) with both 1b and 2c. The presence of a tertiary amino group, along with the number of vanillin moieties in the molecule contribute for the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the delocalization of the electron pair of the nitrogen and the presence of an electron donating substituent to enhance the antioxidant properties of this new class of compounds. In our opinion, vanillin derivatives 1b and 2c described in this work can provide a viable platform for the development of antioxidant based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scipioni
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Graeme Kay
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ian Megson
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, UHI, Inverness, UK
| | - Paul Kong Thoo Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK.
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Venkatesan R, Shim WS, Yeo EJ, Kim SY. Lactucopicrin potentiates neuritogenesis and neurotrophic effects by regulating Ca 2+/CaMKII/ATF1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 198:174-183. [PMID: 28011163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNO-PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lactucopicrin is one of constitutes in Cichorium intybus L, which is commonly known as chicory in worldwide. It has been used for traditional usage such as antianalgesics, antidepressants and antihyperglycemics AIM OF STUDY: We investigated the neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin in in vitro and examined for the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHOD To verify the neuroprotective effect of lactucopicrin, we investigated the inhibitory AChE activity, neurite outgrowth-related downstream signaling in murine neuroblastoma N2a and neurotrophins secretion in rat C6 glioma cells. RESULTS Lactucopicrin inhibited the AChE activity and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels with a substantial rise in muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 (CHRM1) expression in N2a cells. Moreover, lactucopicrin actively promoted neurite outgrowth via Ca2+-mediated activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-II (CaMKII). It further activates transcription factor 1 (ATF1) along with modulating the levels of tropomyosin receptor kinase A, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, AKT, and synaptophysin 1 in N2a cells. Additionally, the levels of neurotrophins including NGF, BDNF, and NT3 were increased by treatment of lactucopicrin in C6 cells. The effects of lactucopicrin on NGF secretion and neuritogenesis were maintained even in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, indicating that lactucopicrin exerts its effect on neuritogenesis in a PI3K-independent manner. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the natural compound lactucopicrin may be a promising neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotective candidate for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Venkatesan
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Vanta Bioscience, K3, 11th Cross Street, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Gummidipundi 601201, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Ju Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University College of Medicine, Hambakmoero 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 21565, Republic of Korea; Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Sreenivasmurthy SG, Liu JY, Song JX, Yang CB, Malampati S, Wang ZY, Huang YY, Li M. Neurogenic Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Promising Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020272. [PMID: 28134846 PMCID: PMC5343808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis plays a critical role in the formation of new neurons during learning and memory development. Attenuation of neurogenesis in the brain is one of the primary causes of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and, conversely, modulating the process of hippocampal neurogenesis benefit patients with AD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), particularly herbal medicine, has been in use for thousands of years in Asia and many regions of the world for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of neurotrophic factors, signal transducing factors, epigenetic modulators and neurotransmitters in neurogenesis, and we also discuss the functions of several Chinese herbs and their active molecules in activating multiple pathways involved in neurogenesis. TCM herbs target pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog and receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, leading to activation of a signaling cascade that ultimately enhances the transcription of several important genes necessary for neurogenesis. Given these pathway activating effects, the use of TCM herbs could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Gopalkrishnashetty Sreenivasmurthy
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chuan-Bin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Sandeep Malampati
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying-Yu Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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Repeated pre-training sleep restriction in adolescent rats impaired spatial performance. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s41105-016-0080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lu J, Li YH, Zhan X, Li G, Chen Z, Chen X. The protective effect of qiancao naomaitong mixture on neuronal damage and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2304-2311. [PMID: 26987389 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1155627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Qiancao Naomaitong Mixture (QNM) is mainly used to treat ischemic stroke patients in the clinic. Objective This study evaluates the protective effect of QNM on neuronal damage in vitro, and clarifies the underlying mechanism against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in vivo. Materials and methods Activity assay of caspase 3 (C-3) and caspase 8 (C-8) were measured with microplate reader and cell apoptosis was investigated. Cerebral I/R injury was induced by MCAO model. QNM groups were given at 0.27, 0.54 and 1.08 mL/100 g body weight. The weight ratio of cerebral infarction tissue was obtained. The cytokine levels in serum and brain tissue were measured using ELISA. Results Compared with the OGD group (C-3: 29.69 ± 5.63, C-8: 74.05 ± 6.86), 100 mg/mL QNM (C-3: 19.80 ± 2.62, C-8: 48.94 ± 6.41) and 200 mg/mL QNM (C-3: 16.28 ± 4.55, C-8: 41.08 ± 4.05) treatments decreased C-3 and C-8 activities significantly, and inhibited apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. The weight ratios of cerebral tissues in low, medium and high dose groups were 17.33 ± 5.1%, 17.78 ± 5.4% and 14.25 ± 4.2%, respectively, significantly lower than in control group. QNM also improved the cytokine levels in serum and brain tissue. In addition, histological examination indicated that dense neuropil and largely surviving neurons were seen in treated rats. Conclusion QNM exerted protective effect by inhibiting the cell apoptosis in vitro. The protective mechanisms of QNM were associated with its properties of anti-apoptosis and antioxidation as well as improved neuronal nutrition in I/R rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- a Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yi-Hang Li
- b Yunnan Branch , Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Jinghong , PR China
| | - Xia Zhan
- c School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Guang Li
- b Yunnan Branch , Institute of Medicinal Plant, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Jinghong , PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- a Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- a Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , PR China
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Libro R, Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Natural Phytochemicals in the Treatment and Prevention of Dementia: An Overview. Molecules 2016; 21:518. [PMID: 27110749 PMCID: PMC6274085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The word dementia describes a class of heterogeneous diseases which etiopathogenetic mechanisms are not well understood. There are different types of dementia, among which, Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are the more common. Currently approved pharmacological treatments for most forms of dementia seem to act only on symptoms without having profound disease-modifying effects. Thus, alternative strategies capable of preventing the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations are urgently required. In particular, the attention of researchers has been focused on phytochemical compounds that have shown antioxidative, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties and that could represent important resources in the discovery of drug candidates against dementia. In this review, we summarize the neuroprotective effects of the main phytochemicals belonging to the polyphenol, isothiocyanate, alkaloid and cannabinoid families in the prevention and treatment of the most common kinds of dementia. We believe that natural phytochemicals may represent a promising sources of alternative medicine, at least in association with therapies approved to date for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaliana Libro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sabrina Giacoppo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Thangavelu Soundara Rajan
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Huperzine A Alleviates Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity in Hippocampal HT22 Cells via Activating BDNF/TrkB-Dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:915-925. [PMID: 26440805 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative glutamate toxicity is involved in diverse neurological disorders including epilepsy and ischemic stroke. Our present work aimed to assess protective effects of huperzine A (HupA) against oxidative glutamate toxicity in a mouse-derived hippocampal HT22 cells and explore its potential mechanisms. Cell survival and cell injury were analyzed by MTT method and LDH release assay, respectively. The production of ROS was measured by detection kits. Protein expressions of BDNF, phosphor-TrkB (p-TrkB), TrkB, phosphor-Akt (p-Akt), Akt, phosphor-mTOR (p-mTOR), mTOR, phosphor-p70s6 (p-p70s6) kinase, p70s6 kinase, Bcl-2, Bax, and β-actin were assayed via Western blot analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the contents of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). Our findings illustrated 10 μM HupA for 24 h significantly protected HT22 from cellular damage and suppressed the generation of ROS. Additionally, after treating with LY294002 or wortmannin [the selective inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)], HupA dramatically prevented the down-regulations of p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-p70s6 kinase in HT22 cells under oxidative toxicity. Furthermore, it was observed that the protein levels of BDNF and p-TrkB were evidently enhanced after co-treatment with HupA and glutamate in HT22 cells. The elevations of p-Akt and p-mTOR were abrogated under toxic conditions after blockade of TrkB by TrkB IgG. Cellular apoptosis was significantly suppressed (decreased caspase-3 activity and enhanced Bcl-2 protein level) after HupA treatment. It was concluded that HupA attenuated oxidative glutamate toxicity in murine hippocampal HT22 cells via activating BDNF/TrkB-dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Zhao HY, Wu J, Zhu JJ, Xiao ZC, He CC, Shi HX, Li XK, Yang SL, Xiao J. Research Advances in Tissue Engineering Materials for Sustained Release of Growth Factors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:808202. [PMID: 26347885 PMCID: PMC4548067 DOI: 10.1155/2015/808202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are a class of cytokines that stimulate cell growth and are widely used in clinical practice, such as wound healing, revascularization, bone repair, and nervous system disease. However, free growth factors have a short half-life and are instable in vivo. Therefore, the search of excellent carriers to enhance sustained release of growth factors in vivo has become an area of intense research interest. The development of controlled-release systems that protect the recombinant growth factors from enzymatic degradation and provide sustained delivery at the injury site during healing should enhance the growth factor's application in tissue regeneration. Thus, this study reviews current research on commonly used carriers for sustained release of growth factors and their sustained release effects for preservation of their bioactivity and their accomplishment in tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-yang Zhao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jing-jing Zhu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ze-cong Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chao-chao He
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hong-xue Shi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiao-kun Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shu-lin Yang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness associated with dementia and is most prevalent among the elderly population. Current medications can only treat symptoms. Alkaloids are structurally diverse and have been an important source of therapeutics for various brain disorders. Two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD, galantamine and rivastigmine, are in fact alkaloids. In addition, clinical trials of four other extensively studied alkaloids-huperzine A, caffeine, nicotine, and indomethacin-have been conducted but do not convincingly demonstrate their clinical efficacy for AD. Interestingly, rhynchophylline, a known neuroprotective alkaloid, was recently discovered by in silico screening as an inhibitor of EphA4, a novel target for AD. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, current treatment strategies, and therapeutic potential of several selected plant alkaloids in AD, highlighting their various drug targets and the key supportive preclinical and clinical studies. Future research should include more rigorous clinical studies of the most promising alkaloids, the further development of recently discovered candidate alkaloids, and the continual search for new alkaloids for relevant drug targets. It remains promising that an alkaloid drug candidate could significantly affect the progression of AD in addition to providing symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pong Ng
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terry Cho Tsun Or
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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Venkatesan R, Ji E, Kim SY. Phytochemicals that regulate neurodegenerative disease by targeting neurotrophins: a comprehensive review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:814068. [PMID: 26075266 PMCID: PMC4446472 DOI: 10.1155/2015/814068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive dementia and deterioration of cognitive function, is an unsolved social and medical problem. Age, nutrition, and toxins are the most common causes of AD. However, currently no credible treatment is available for AD. Traditional herbs and phytochemicals may delay its onset and slow its progression and also allow recovery by targeting multiple pathological causes by antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiamyloidogenic properties. They also regulate mitochondrial stress, apoptotic factors, free radical scavenging system, and neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophins such as BDNF, NGF, NT3, and NT4/5 play a vital role in neuronal and nonneuronal responses to AD. Neurotrophins depletion accelerates the progression of AD and therefore, replacing such neurotrophins may be a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disease. Here, we review the phytochemicals that mediate the signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection specifically neurotrophin-mediated activation of Trk receptors and members of p75(NTR) superfamily. We focus on representative phenolic derivatives, iridoid glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroidal saponins as regulators of neurotrophin-mediated neuroprotection. Although these phytochemicals have attracted attention owing to their in vitro neurotrophin potentiating activity, their in vivo and clinical efficacy trials has yet to be established. Therefore, further research is necessary to prove the neuroprotective effects in preclinical models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Venkatesan
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, No. 191, Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, No. 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
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Sinha A, Tamboli RS, Seth B, Kanhed AM, Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Nair S, Giridhar R, Chaturvedi RK, Yadav MR. Neuroprotective Role of Novel Triazine Derivatives by Activating Wnt/β Catenin Signaling Pathway in Rodent Models of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:638-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nerve growth factor improves functional recovery by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in rats with spinal cord injury. J Transl Med 2014; 12:130. [PMID: 24884850 PMCID: PMC4039547 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis plays a major role in various diseases, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Nerve growth factor (NGF) show neuroprotective effect and improve the recovery of SCI, but the relations of ER stress-induced apoptosis and the NGF therapeutic effect in SCI still unclear. Methods Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats’s vertebral column was exposed and a laminectomy was done at T9 vertebrae and moderate contusion injuries were performed using a vascular clip. NGF stock solution was diluted with 0.9% NaCl and administered intravenously at a dose of 20 μg/kg/day after SCI and then once per day until they were executed. Subsequently, the rats were executed at 1d, 3 d, 7d and 14d. The locomotor activities of SCI model rats were tested by the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale, inclined plane test and footprint analysis. In addition, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of ER-stress related proteins including CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 both in vivo and in vitro. The level of cell apoptosis was determined by TUNEL in vivo and Flow cytometry in vitro. Relative downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2were also analyzed with or without inhibitors in vitro. Results Our results demonstrated that ER stress-induced apoptosis was involved in the injury of SCI model rats. NGF administration improved the motor function recovery and increased the neurons survival in the spinal cord lesions of the model rats. NGF decreases neuron apoptosis which measured by TUNEL and inhibits the activation of caspase-3 cascade. The ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12 are inhibited by NGF treatment. Meanwhile, NGF administration also increased expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43). The administration of NGF activated downstream signals Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 in ER stress cell model in vitro. Conclusion The neuroprotective role of NGF in the recovery of SCI is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals, also suggested a new trend of NGF translational drug development in the central neural system injuries which involved in the regulation of chronic ER stress.
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Mao XY, Cao DF, Li X, Yin JY, Wang ZB, Zhang Y, Mao CX, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. Huperzine A ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7667-83. [PMID: 24857910 PMCID: PMC4057698 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to probe the effects of Huperzine A (HupA) on diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) using a streptozotocin (STZ)-injected rat model. Diabetic rats were treated with HupA (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) for seven weeks. Memory functions were evaluated by the water maze test. Nissl staining was selected for detecting neuronal loss. Protein and mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were analyzed by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. The activities of choline acetylase (ChAT), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), NF-κB p65 unit, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and caspase-3 were measured using corresponding kits. After seven weeks, diabetic rats exhibited remarkable reductions in: body weight, percentage of time spent in target quadrant, number of times crossing the platform, ChAT and BDNF levels, SOD, GSH-Px and CAT accompanied with increases in neuronal damage, plasma glucose levels, escape latency, mean path length, AChE, MDA level as well as CAT, NF-κB p65 unit, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and caspase-3 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Supplementation with HupA significantly and dose-dependently reversed the corresponding values in diabetes. It is concluded that HupA ameliorates DACD via modulating BDNF, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Dan-Feng Cao
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Chen-Xue Mao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Turkez H, Togar B, Di Stefano A, Taspınar N, Sozio P. Protective effects of cyclosativene on H2O 2-induced injury in cultured rat primary cerebral cortex cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:299-309. [PMID: 24493068 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes have attracted much interest with respect to their protective effect against oxidative damage that may be the cause of many diseases including several neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Our previous unpublished work suggested that cyclosativene (CSV), a tetracyclic sesquiterpene, has antioxidant and anticarcinogenic features. However, little is known about the effects of CSV on oxidative stress induced neurotoxicity. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure for 6 h to model oxidative stress. Therefore, this experimental design allowed us to explore the neuroprotective potential of CSV in H2O2-induced toxicity in new-born rat cerebral cortex cell cultures for the first time. For this aim, MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) parameters were used to evaluate oxidative changes. In addition to determining of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) levels, the single cell gel electrophoresis (or Comet assay) was also performed for measuring the resistance of neuronal DNA to H2O2-induced challenge. Our results showed that survival and TAC levels of the cells decreased, while TOS, 8-OH-dG levels and the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage (Comet assay) increased in the H2O2 alone treated cultures. But pre-treatment of CSV suppressed the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress which were increased by H2O2. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that CSV as a natural product with an antioxidant capacity in mitigating oxidative injuries in the field of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophic natural products: chemistry and biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:956-87. [PMID: 24353244 PMCID: PMC3945720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophe Naturstoffe - ihre Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang L, Cao H, Wen J, Xu M. Green tea polyphenol (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances the inhibitory effect of huperzine A on acetylcholinesterase by increasing the affinity with serum albumin. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 12:142-8. [DOI: 10.1179/147683009x423283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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The Role of Neurotransmitters in Protection against Amyloid- β Toxicity by KiSS-1 Overexpression in SH-SY5Y Neurons. ISRN NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 2013:253210. [PMID: 24967306 PMCID: PMC4045539 DOI: 10.1155/2013/253210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the kisspeptin (KP) and kissorphin (KSO) peptides have neuroprotective actions against the Alzheimer's amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. Overexpression of the human KiSS-1 gene that codes for KP and KSO peptides in SH-SY5Y neurons has also been shown to inhibit Aβ neurotoxicity. The in vivo actions of KP include activation of neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems. The present study used antagonists of KP, neuropeptide FF (NPFF), opioids, oxytocin, estrogen, adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors plus inhibitors of catalase, cyclooxygenase, nitric oxide synthase, and the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade to characterize the KiSS-1 gene overexpression neuroprotection against Aβ cell model. The results showed that KiSS-1 overexpression is neuroprotective against Aβ and the action appears to involve the KP or KSO peptide products of KiSS-1 processing. The mechanism of neuroprotection does not involve the activation of the KP or NPFF receptors. Opioids play a role in the toxicity of Aβ in the KiSS-1 overexpression system and opioid antagonists naloxone or naltrexone inhibited Aβ toxicity. The mechanism of KiSS-1 overexpression induced protection against Aβ appears to have an oxytocin plus a cyclooxygenase dependent component, with the oxytocin antagonist atosiban and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor SC-560 both enhancing the toxicity of Aβ.
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Huperzine A promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2013; 1506:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Oguntayo S, Doctor BP, Nambiar MP. A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 203:120-4. [PMID: 23123250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropathologic mechanisms after exposure to lethal doses of nerve agent are complex and involve multiple biochemical pathways. Effective treatment requires drugs that can simultaneously protect by reversible binding to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and blocking cascades of seizure related brain damage, inflammation, neuronal degeneration as well as promoting induction of neuroregeneration. [-]-Huperzine A ([-]-Hup A), is a naturally occurring potent reversible AChE inhibitor that penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It also has several neuroprotective effects including modification of beta-amyloid peptide, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and induction and regulation of nerve growth factor. Toxicities at higher doses restrict the neuroporotective ability of [-]-Hup A for treatment. The synthetic stereoisomer, [+]-Hup A, is less toxic due to poor AChE inhibition and is suitable for both pre-/post-exposure treatments of nerve agent toxicity. [+]-Hup A block the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizure in rats, reduce excitatory amino acid induced neurotoxicity and also prevent soman induced toxicity with minimum performance decrement. Unique combinations of two stereo-isomers of Hup A may provide an excellent pre/post-treatment drug for the nerve agent induced seizure/status epilepticus. We investigated a combination of [+]-Hup A with a small dose of [-]-Hup A ([+] and [-]-Hup A) against soman toxicity. Our data showed that pretreatment with a combination [+] and [-]-Hup A significantly increased the survival rate and reduced behavioral abnormalities after exposure to 1.2 × LD(50) soman compared to [+]-Hup A in guinea pigs. In addition, [+] and [-]-Hup A pretreatment inhibited the development of high power of EEG better than [+]-Hup A pretreatment alone. These data suggest that a combination of [+] and [-]-Hup A offers better protection than [+]-Hup A and serves as a potent medical countermeasure against lethal dose nerve agent toxicity in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Abstract
Huperzine A, an active Lycopodium alkaloid extracted from traditional Chinese herb, is a potent, selective and reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor and has been widely used in China for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accordingly, some new mechanisms of action for huperzine A have been discovered over the past decades. In addition to its AChE inhibitory effect, potent multifaceted neuroprotective effect through activating cholinergic system and directly acting on mitochondria have been explored. Moreover, in order to maximize the efficacy and safety of huperzine A therapy, great efforts have been made to optimize drug delivery system. In the present article, an attempt is made to discuss the current progress and future perspective for huperzine A therapy in AD.
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Guo W, Liu S, Peng J, Wei X, Sun Y, Qiu Y, Gao G, Wang P, Xu Y. Examining the interactome of huperzine A by magnetic biopanning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37098. [PMID: 22615909 PMCID: PMC3353884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine plant Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), and was found to have multiple neuroprotective effects. In addition to being a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it was thought to act through other mechanisms such as antioxidation, antiapoptosis, etc. However, the molecular targets involved with these mechanisms were not identified. In this study, we attempted to exam the interactome of Huperzine A using a cDNA phage display library and also mammalian brain tissue extracts. The drugs were chemically linked on the surface of magnetic particles and the interactive phages or proteins were collected and analyzed. Among the various cDNA expressing phages selected, one was identified to encode the mitochondria NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. Specific bindings between the drug and the target phages and target proteins were confirmed. Another enriched phage clone was identified as mitochondria ATP synthase, which was also panned out from the proteome of mouse brain tissue lysate. These data indicated the possible involvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain matrix enzymes in Huperzine A's pharmacological effects. Such involvement had been suggested by previous studies based on enzyme activity changes. Our data supported the new mechanism. Overall we demonstrated the feasibility of using magnetic biopanning as a simple and viable method for investigating the complex molecular mechanisms of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Peng
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangsheng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Singh S, Swarnkar S, Goswami P, Nath C. Astrocytes and microglia: responses to neuropathological conditions. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:589-97. [PMID: 21827229 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.598981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activated astrocytes and microglia, hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases release different factors like array of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, anti-oxidants, and neurotrophic factors during neurodegeneration which further contribute to neuronal death as well as in survival mechanisms. Astrocytes act as double-edged sword exerting both detrimental and neuroprotective effects while microglial cells are attributed more in neurodegenerative mechanisms. The dual and insufficient knowledge about the precise role of glia in neurodegeneration showed the need for further investigations and thorough review of the function of glia in neurodegeneration. In this review, we consolidate and categorize the glia-released factors which contribute in degenerative and protective mechanisms during neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Toxicology Division, Central Drug Research Institute-CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, India.
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[+]-Huperzine A Protects Against Soman Toxicity in Guinea Pigs. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2381-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Szypuła WJ, Kiss AK, Pietrosiuk A, Świst M, Danikiewicz W, Olszowska O. Determination of huperzine a inHuperzia selagoplants from wild population and obtained inin vitroculture by high-performance liquid chromatography using a chaotropic mobile phase. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.23.2011.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Huperzine A activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhances the nonamyloidogenic pathway in an Alzheimer transgenic mouse model. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1073-89. [PMID: 21289607 PMCID: PMC3077275 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA) is a reversible and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and it has multiple targets when used for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. In this study, we searched for new mechanisms by which HupA could activate Wnt signaling and reduce amyloidosis in AD brain. A nasal gel containing HupA was prepared. No obvious toxicity of intranasal administration of HupA was found in mice. HupA was administered intranasally to β-amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein and presenilin-1 double-transgenic mice for 4 months. We observed an increase in ADAM10 and a decrease in BACE1 and APP695 protein levels and, subsequently, a reduction in Aβ levels and Aβ burden were present in HupA-treated mouse brain, suggesting that HupA enhances the nonamyloidogenic APP cleavage pathway. Importantly, our results further showed that HupA inhibited GSK3α/β activity, and enhanced the β-catenin level in the transgenic mouse brain and in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing Swedish mutation APP, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of HupA is not related simply to its AChE inhibition and antioxidation, but also involves other mechanisms, including targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in AD brain.
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Involvement of ERK1/2 Pathway in Neuroprotection by Salidroside Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 40:321-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK. The regulatory role of nerve growth factor and its receptor system in fibroblast-like synovial cells. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 38:207-15. [PMID: 19177265 DOI: 10.1080/03009740802448866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigating the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors (NGF-R) in inflammatory diseases is an active field of research. Inflammatory diseases of the joint are the commonest cause of human morbidity but very little is known about the effect of NGF on synovial tissue biology. Here we have studied NGF/NGF-R and their functional significance on cultured fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLS) collected from the synovial tissue of five healthy subjects. METHODS NGF/NGF-R expression was determined in the basal condition and after stimulation with tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Proliferation studies were performed by cell count, hexosaminidase assay, and the MTT assay. The synovial fluid (SF) NGF level was studied by ELISA in 12 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 14 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 10 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. RESULTS FACS studies showed that unstimulated FLS expressed low levels of NGF and the high-affinity NGF-tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA, and TNFalpha and IL-1beta increased NGF and TrkA expression in FLS. NGF (100 ng/mL) increased FLS proliferation by 400% compared to the control (medium only). The NGF level was significantly higher in the PsA group (365.5+/-85.2 pg/mL) than in the RA (120+/-35 pg/mL) and OA groups (30+/-6 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of NGF/TrkA in proinflammatory cytokine-activated FLS, the mitogenic effect of NGF on FLS, and the increased NGF level in SF of inflammatory arthritis suggest that there is cross-talk between NGF/NGF-R and FLS. These results also suggest that dysregulated production of NGF may lead to synovial cell proliferation and thus could influence the inflammatory and proliferative cascades of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Raychaudhuri
- VA Medical Center Sacramento, Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Davis, CA, USA.
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Gardiner J, Barton D, Overall R, Marc J. Neurotrophic support and oxidative stress: converging effects in the normal and diseased nervous system. Neuroscientist 2009; 15:47-61. [PMID: 19218230 DOI: 10.1177/1073858408325269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and loss of neurotrophic support play major roles in the development of various diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In disorders of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, oxidative stress appears inextricably linked to the loss of neurotrophic support. A similar situation is seen in the peripheral nervous system in diseases of olfaction, hearing, and vision. Neurotrophic factors act to up-regulate antioxidant enzymes and promote the expression of antioxidant proteins. On the other hand, oxidative stress can cause down-regulation of neurotrophic factors. We propose that normal functioning of the nervous systems involves a positive feedback loop between antioxidant processes and neurotrophic support. Breakdown of this feedback loop in disease states leads to increased oxidative stress and reduced neurotrophic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gardiner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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Pan J, Wang Q, Shao Q, Cheng Y, Qu H. Development and Validation of a Column-Switching LC–ESI–MS Assay for Determination of Huperzine A in Rat Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Lin YC, Huang YC, Chen SC, Liaw CC, Kuo SC, Huang LJ, Gean PW. Neuroprotective Effects of Ugonin K on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Death in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:923-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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