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McDonald AJ. Functional neuroanatomy of basal forebrain projections to the basolateral amygdala: Transmitters, receptors, and neuronal subpopulations. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25318. [PMID: 38491847 PMCID: PMC10948038 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The projections of the basal forebrain (BF) to the hippocampus and neocortex have been extensively studied and shown to be important for higher cognitive functions, including attention, learning, and memory. Much less is known about the BF projections to the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BNC), although the cholinergic innervation of this region by the BF is actually far more robust than that of cortical areas. This review will focus on light and electron microscopic tract-tracing and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies, many of which were published in the last decade, that have analyzed the relationship of BF inputs and their receptors to specific neuronal subtypes in the BNC in order to better understand the anatomical substrates of BF-BNC circuitry. The results indicate that BF inputs to the BNC mainly target the basolateral nucleus of the BNC (BL) and arise from cholinergic, GABAergic, and perhaps glutamatergic BF neurons. Cholinergic inputs mainly target dendrites and spines of pyramidal neurons (PNs) that express muscarinic receptors (MRs). MRs are also expressed by cholinergic axons, as well as cortical and thalamic axons that synapse with PN dendrites and spines. BF GABAergic axons to the BL also express MRs and mainly target BL interneurons that contain parvalbumin. It is suggested that BF-BL circuitry could be very important for generating rhythmic oscillations known to be critical for emotional learning. BF cholinergic inputs to the BNC might also contribute to memory formation by activating M1 receptors located on PN dendritic shafts and spines that also express NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Joseph McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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McDonald AJ. Functional neuroanatomy of monoaminergic systems in the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala: Neuronal targets, receptors, and circuits. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1409-1432. [PMID: 37166098 PMCID: PMC10524224 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses neuroanatomical aspects of the three main monoaminergic systems innervating the basolateral nuclear complex (BNC) of the amygdala (serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems). It mainly focuses on immunohistochemical (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) studies that have analyzed the relationship of specific monoaminergic inputs and their receptors to specific neuronal subtypes in the BNC in order to better understand the anatomical substrates of the monoaminergic modulation of BNC circuitry. First, light and electron microscopic IHC investigations identifying the main BNC neuronal subpopulations and characterizing their local circuitry, including connections with discrete PN compartments and other INs, are reviewed. Then, the relationships of each of the three monoaminergic systems to distinct PN and IN cell types, are examined in detail. For each system, the neuronal targets and their receptor expression are discussed. In addition, pertinent electrophysiological investigations are discussed. The last section of the review compares and contrasts various aspects of each of the three monoaminergic systems. It is concluded that the large number of different receptors, each with a distinct mode of action, expressed by distinct cell types with different connections and functions, should offer innumerable ways to subtlety regulate the activity of the BNC by therapeutic drugs in psychiatric diseases in which there are alterations of BNC monoaminergic modulatory systems, such as in anxiety disorders, depression, and drug addiction. It is suggested that an important area for future studies is to investigate how the three systems interact in concert at the neuronal and neuronal network levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Joseph McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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3
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Smith DM, Torregrossa MM. The ventral tegmental area dopamine to lateral amygdala projection supports cocaine cue associative learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554187. [PMID: 37662292 PMCID: PMC10473658 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Learning and memory mechanisms are critically involved in drug craving and relapse. Environmental cues paired with repeated drug use acquire incentive value such that exposure to the cues alone can trigger craving and relapse. The amygdala, particularly the lateral amygdala (LA), underlies cue-related learning processes that assign valence to environmental stimuli including drug-paired cues. Evidence suggests that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) projection to the LA participates in encoding reinforcing effects that act as a US in conditioned cue reward-seeking as DA released in the amygdala is important for emotional and behavioral functions. Here we used chemogenetics to manipulate these VTA DA inputs to the LA to determine the role of this projection for acquisition of drug-cue associations and reinstatement of drug-seeking. We found inhibiting DA input to the LA during cocaine self-administration slowed acquisition and weakened the ability of the previously cocaine-paired cue to elicit cocaine-seeking. Conversely, exciting the projection during self-administration boosted the salience of the cocaine-paired cue as indicated by enhanced responding during cue-induced reinstatement. Importantly, interfering with DA input to the LA had no impact on the ability of cocaine to elicit a place preference or induce reinstatement in response to a priming cocaine injection. Overall, we show that manipulation of projections underlying DA signaling in the LA may be useful for developing therapeutic interventions for substance use disorders.
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Chao YS, Parrilla-Carrero J, Eid M, Culver OP, Jackson TB, Lipat R, Taniguchi M, Jhou TC. Innate cocaine-seeking vulnerability arising from loss of serotonin-mediated aversive effects of cocaine in rats. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112404. [PMID: 37083325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake, thereby producing rewarding effects that are widely studied. However, cocaine also blocks serotonin uptake, which we show drives, in rats, individually variable aversive effects that depend on serotonin 2C receptors (5-HT2CRs) in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), a major GABAergic afferent to midbrain dopamine neurons. 5-HT2CRs produce depolarizing effects in RMTg neurons that are particularly strong in some rats, leading to aversive effects that reduce acquisition of and relapse to cocaine seeking. In contrast, 5-HT2CR signaling is largely lost after cocaine exposure in other rats, leading to reduced aversive effects and increased cocaine seeking. These results suggest a serotonergic biological marker of cocaine-seeking vulnerability that can be targeted to modulate drug seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying S Chao
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - Maya Eid
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Oliver P Culver
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tyler B Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rachel Lipat
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Makoto Taniguchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Thomas C Jhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Differential Regulation of Prelimbic and Thalamic Transmission to the Basolateral Amygdala by Acetylcholine Receptors. J Neurosci 2023; 43:722-735. [PMID: 36535767 PMCID: PMC9899087 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2545-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdalar anterior basolateral nucleus (BLa) plays a vital role in emotional behaviors. This region receives dense cholinergic projections from basal forebrain which are critical in regulating neuronal activity in BLa. Cholinergic signaling in BLa has also been shown to modulate afferent glutamatergic inputs to this region. However, these studies, which have used cholinergic agonists or prolonged optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic fibers, may not reflect the effect of physiological acetylcholine release in the BLa. To better understand these effects of acetylcholine, we have used electrophysiology and optogenetics in male and female mouse brain slices to examine cholinergic regulation of afferent BLa input from cortex and midline thalamic nuclei. Phasic ACh release evoked by single pulse stimulation of cholinergic terminals had a biphasic effect on transmission at cortical input, producing rapid nicotinic receptor-mediated facilitation followed by slower mAChR-mediated depression. In contrast, at this same input, sustained ACh elevation through application of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine suppressed glutamatergic transmission through mAChRs only. This suppression was not observed at midline thalamic nuclei inputs to BLa. In agreement with this pathway specificity, the mAChR agonist, muscarine more potently suppressed transmission at inputs from prelimbic cortex than thalamus. Muscarinic inhibition at prelimbic cortex input required presynaptic M4 mAChRs, while at thalamic input it depended on M3 mAChR-mediated stimulation of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Muscarinic inhibition at both pathways was frequency-dependent, allowing only high-frequency activity to pass. These findings demonstrate complex cholinergic regulation of afferent input to BLa that is pathway-specific and frequency-dependent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cholinergic modulation of the basolateral amygdala regulates formation of emotional memories, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show, using mouse brain slices, that ACh differentially regulates afferent transmission to the BLa from cortex and midline thalamic nuclei. Fast, phasic ACh release from a single optical stimulation biphasically regulates glutamatergic transmission at cortical inputs through nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, suggesting that cholinergic neuromodulation can serve precise, computational roles in the BLa. In contrast, sustained ACh elevation regulates cortical input through muscarinic receptors only. This muscarinic regulation is pathway-specific with cortical input inhibited more strongly than midline thalamic nuclei input. Specific targeting of these cholinergic receptors may thus provide a therapeutic strategy to bias amygdalar processing and regulate emotional memory.
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Peart DR, Andrade AK, Logan CN, Knackstedt LA, Murray JE. Regulation of Cocaine-related Behaviors by Estrogen and Progesterone. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Changes in the electrical activity of prefrontal neurons following methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference in the rat. PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.52547/phypha.26.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and a significant amount of research has been devoted to understand the factors that contribute to the development, loss of control, and persistence of compulsive addictive behaviors. In this review, we provide an overview of various theories of addiction to drugs of abuse and the neurobiology involved in elements of the addiction cycle. Specific focus is devoted to the role of the mesolimbic pathway in acute drug reinforcement and occasional drug use, the role of the mesocortical pathway and associated areas (e.g., the dorsal striatum) in escalation/dependence, and the contribution of these pathways and associated circuits to conditioned responses, drug craving, and loss of behavioral control that may underlie drug relapse. By enhancing the understanding of the neurobiological factors that mediate drug addiction, continued preclinical and clinical research will aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions that can serve as effective long-term treatment strategies for drug-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Feltenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Ronald E See
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
- Department of Psychology, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, California 93108, USA
| | - Rita A Fuchs
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Pullman, Washington 99164-7620, USA
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Lay BPP, Khoo SYS. Associative processes in addiction relapse models: A review of their Pavlovian and instrumental mechanisms, history, and terminology. NEUROANATOMY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.35430/nab.2021.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of relapse to drug-seeking have borrowed heavily from associative learning approaches. In studies of relapse-like behaviour, animals learn to self-administer drugs then receive a period of extinction during which they learn to inhibit the operant response. Several triggers can produce a recovery of responding which form the basis of a variety of models. These include the passage of time (spontaneous recovery), drug availability (rapid reacquisition), extinction of an alternative response (resurgence), context change (renewal), drug priming, stress, and cues (reinstatement). In most cases, the behavioural processes driving extinction and recovery in operant drug self-administration studies are similar to those in the Pavlovian and behavioural literature, such as context effects. However, reinstatement in addiction studies have several differences with Pavlovian reinstatement, which have emerged over several decades, in experimental procedures, associative mechanisms, and terminology. Interestingly, in cue-induced reinstatement, drug-paired cues that are present during acquisition are omitted during lever extinction. The unextinguished drug-paired cue may limit the model’s translational relevance to cue exposure therapy and renders its underlying associative mechanisms ambiguous. We review major behavioural theories that explain recovery phenomena, with a particular focus on cue-induced reinstatement because it is a widely used model in addiction. We argue that cue-induced reinstatement may be explained by a combination of behavioural processes, including reacquisition of conditioned reinforcement and Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer. While there are important differences between addiction studies and the behavioural literature in terminology and procedures, it is clear that understanding associative learning processes is essential for studying relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Po Pyn Lay
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology/Groupe de Recherche en Neurobiologie Comportementale, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shaun Yon-Seng Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bender BN, Torregrossa MM. Molecular and circuit mechanisms regulating cocaine memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3745-3768. [PMID: 32172301 PMCID: PMC7492456 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Risk of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders. Several types of learning and memory mechanisms are involved in substance use and have implications for relapse. Associative memories form between the effects of drugs and the surrounding environmental stimuli, and exposure to these stimuli during abstinence causes stress and triggers drug craving, which can lead to relapse. Understanding the neural underpinnings of how these associations are formed and maintained will inform future advances in treatment practices. A large body of research has expanded our knowledge of how associative memories are acquired and consolidated, how they are updated through reactivation and reconsolidation, and how competing extinction memories are formed. This review will focus on the vast literature examining the mechanisms of cocaine Pavlovian associative memories with an emphasis on the molecular memory mechanisms and circuits involved in the consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of these memories. Additional research elucidating the specific signaling pathways, mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the circuits involved in associative learning will reveal more distinctions between consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction learning that can be applied to the treatment of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Witt EA, Reissner KJ. The effects of nicotinamide on reinstatement to cocaine seeking in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:669-680. [PMID: 31811351 PMCID: PMC7039762 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Interventions for psychostimulant use disorders are of significant need. Nicotinamide (NAM) is a small molecule that can oppose cellular adaptations observed following cocaine exposure in the rodent self-administration and reinstatement model of addiction. In addition, utility of NAM against symptoms of withdrawal and vulnerability to relapse to cocaine use has been suggested by case studies and anecdotal reports. However, the empirical effects of NAM on drug-seeking behaviors have not been examined. OBJECTIVE The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of systemic NAM administration on reinstatement to cocaine seeking, using the rat self-administration/extinction/reinstatement model of cocaine addiction. METHODS Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer i.v. cocaine or food pellets for 2 hrs per day for 12 days, followed by 14-17 days of extinction, during which i.p. NAM injections (0-120 mg/kg) were given 30 minutes prior to each extinction or reinstatement session. Rats were tested on cue-, cocaine-, or food-primed reinstatement, as well as locomotor activity. RESULTS Chronic NAM administered throughout extinction dose dependently attenuated cue-primed reinstatement in male rats, but not female rats. In contrast, acute NAM given once prior to reinstatement had no effect on reinstatement. Chronic NAM had no effect on locomotor activity or reinstatement to food seeking. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of NAM against cue-primed reinstatement indicates that NAM may influence responsiveness to drug-associated cues, specifically in males. Future studies will examine the mechanism(s) by which NAM may exert this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Witt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, UNC Chapel Hill, CB 3270, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, UNC Chapel Hill, CB 3270, 235 E. Cameron Ave., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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12
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Shahan TA. Relapse: An introduction. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 113:8-14. [PMID: 31899818 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Olguin SL, Zimmerman A, Zhang H, Allan A, Caldwell KC, Brigman JL. Increased Maternal Care Rescues Altered Reinstatement Responding Following Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1949-1956. [PMID: 31318985 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) commonly include deficits in learning, memory, and executive control that can have a severe negative impact on quality of life across the life span. It is still unclear how prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects executive control processes, such as control over reward seeking, that lead to inappropriate behavior later in life. Learning and reinstatement of a previously learned response after extinction is a simple, well-validated measure of both acquisition of a rewarded instrumental response and sensitivity to reward and reward-associated cues. We investigated the effects of PAE on learning, extinction, and reinstatement of a simple instrumental response for food reward. Next, we assessed the effectiveness of an early intervention, communal nest (CN) housing, on increased reinstatement of an extinguished response seen after PAE. METHODS To assess the effects of PAE on control over reward seeking, we tested male and female PAE and saccharine (SAC) controls raised in a standard nest (SN) on the acquisition, extinction, and food reward-induced reinstatement of an instrumental response utilizing a touch screen-based paradigm. Next, in order to examine the effects of an early-life intervention on these behaviors, we tested PAE and SAC mice raised in a CN early-life environment on these behaviors. RESULTS PAE mice readily acquired and extinguished a simple touch response to a white square stimulus. However, PAE mice showed significantly increased and persistent reinstatement compared to controls. Increased maternal care via rearing in CN slowed acquisition and sped extinction learning and rescued the significantly increased reinstatement responding in PAE mice. CONCLUSIONS Together these results demonstrate that even moderate PAE is sufficient to alter control over reward seeking as measured by reinstatement. Importantly, an early-life intervention previously shown to improve cognitive outcomes in PAE mice was sufficient to ameliorate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Olguin
- Department of Neurosciences, (SLO, AZ, AA, KCC, JLB), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, (SLO, AA, KCC, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Amber Zimmerman
- Department of Neurosciences, (SLO, AZ, AA, KCC, JLB), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair and Recovery, (HZ, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Andrea Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, (SLO, AZ, AA, KCC, JLB), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, (SLO, AA, KCC, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kevin C Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, (SLO, AZ, AA, KCC, JLB), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, (SLO, AA, KCC, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, (SLO, AZ, AA, KCC, JLB), University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, (SLO, AA, KCC, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.,Center for Brain Repair and Recovery, (HZ, JLB), UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Milanesi LH, Rossato DR, Dias VT, Kronbauer M, D’avila LF, Somacal S, Duarte T, Duarte MMF, Emanuelli T, Burger ME. Mediterranean X Western based diets: Opposite influences on opioid reinstatement. Toxicol Lett 2019; 308:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Beayno A, El Hayek S, Noufi P, Tarabay Y, Shamseddeen W. The Role of Epigenetics in Addiction: Clinical Overview and Recent Updates. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:609-631. [PMID: 31273724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is an international public health problem. It is a polygenic disorder best understood by accounting for the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. A recent way of perceiving this interaction is through epigenetics, which help grasp the neurobiological changes that occur in addiction and explain its relapsing-remitting nature. It is now known that every cell has a different way of expressing its phenotype, despite a universal DNA sequence. This is particularly true in the central nervous system where environmental factors influence this expression. Three major epigenetic processes have been found to participate in the perpetuation of addiction by changing the state of the chromatin and the degree of gene transcription: histone acetylation and methylation, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs. In the animal model literature, substantial evidence exists about the role of these epigenetic changes in the different phases of substance use disorders. This book chapter is a non-systematic literature review of the recent publications tackling the topic of epigenetics in addiction. Even though this evidence remains scarce and relatively poorly systematized, it is a promising foundation for future research of molecules that target specific brain regions and their functions to address core behavioral changes seen in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Beayno
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samer El Hayek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Paul Noufi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Tarabay
- Faculty of Pedagogy, Lebanese University, New Rawda, Lebanon.,Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University, Louaize, Lebanon
| | - Wael Shamseddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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16
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Walker DM, Cates HM, Loh YHE, Purushothaman I, Ramakrishnan A, Cahill KM, Lardner CK, Godino A, Kronman HG, Rabkin J, Lorsch ZS, Mews P, Doyle MA, Feng J, Labonté B, Koo JW, Bagot RC, Logan RW, Seney ML, Calipari ES, Shen L, Nestler EJ. Cocaine Self-administration Alters Transcriptome-wide Responses in the Brain's Reward Circuitry. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:867-880. [PMID: 29861096 PMCID: PMC6202276 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global changes in gene expression underlying circuit and behavioral dysregulation associated with cocaine addiction remain incompletely understood. Here, we show how a history of cocaine self-administration (SA) reprograms transcriptome-wide responses throughout the brain's reward circuitry at baseline and in response to context and/or cocaine re-exposure after prolonged withdrawal (WD). METHODS We assigned male mice to one of six groups: saline/cocaine SA + 24-hour WD or saline/cocaine SA + 30-day WD + an acute saline/cocaine challenge within the previous drug-paired context. RNA sequencing was conducted on six interconnected brain reward regions. Using pattern analysis of gene expression and factor analysis of behavior, we identified genes that are strongly associated with addiction-related behaviors and uniquely altered by a history of cocaine SA. We then identified potential upstream regulators of these genes. RESULTS We focused on three patterns of gene expression that reflect responses to 1) acute cocaine, 2) context re-exposure, and 3) drug + context re-exposure. These patterns revealed region-specific regulation of gene expression. Further analysis revealed that each of these gene expression patterns correlated with an addiction index-a composite score of several addiction-like behaviors during cocaine SA-in a region-specific manner. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein and nuclear receptor families were identified as key upstream regulators of genes associated with such behaviors. CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive picture of transcriptome-wide regulation in the brain's reward circuitry by cocaine SA and prolonged WD provides new insight into the molecular basis of cocaine addiction, which will guide future studies of the key molecular pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena M Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hannah M Cates
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yong-Hwee E Loh
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kelly M Cahill
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Casey K Lardner
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Arthur Godino
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hope G Kronman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jacqui Rabkin
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Zachary S Lorsch
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Philipp Mews
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marie A Doyle
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jian Feng
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Benoit Labonté
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rosemary C Bagot
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Marianne L Seney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin S Calipari
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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17
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Rubio FJ, Quintana-Feliciano R, Warren BL, Li X, Witonsky KFR, Valle FSD, Selvam PV, Caprioli D, Venniro M, Bossert JM, Shaham Y, Hope BT. Prelimbic cortex is a common brain area activated during cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine and heroin seeking in a polydrug self-administration rat model. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:165-178. [PMID: 30307667 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many preclinical studies examined cue-induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in animal models, but most of these studies examined only one drug at a time. In human addicts, however, polydrug use of cocaine and heroin is common. We used a polydrug self-administration relapse model in rats to determine similarities and differences in brain areas activated during cue-induced reinstatement of heroin and cocaine seeking. We trained rats to lever press for cocaine (1.0 mg/kg per infusion, 3-hr/day, 18 day) or heroin (0.03 mg/kg per infusion) on alternating days (9 day for each drug); drug infusions were paired with either intermittent or continuous light cue. Next, the rats underwent extinction training followed by tests for cue-induced reinstatement where they were exposed to either heroin- or cocaine-associated cues. We observed cue-selective reinstatement of drug seeking: the heroin cue selectively reinstated heroin seeking and the cocaine cue selectively reinstated cocaine seeking. We used Fos immunohistochemistry to assess cue-induced neuronal activation in different subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Fos expression results indicated that only the prelimbic cortex (PL) was activated by both heroin and cocaine cues; in contrast, no significant cue-induced neuronal activation was observed in other brain areas. RNA in situ hybridization indicated that the proportion of glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in PL Fos-expressing cells was similar for the heroin and cocaine cue-activated neurons. Overall, the results indicate that PL may be a common brain area involved in both heroin and cocaine seeking during polydrug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Rubio
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard Quintana-Feliciano
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brandon L Warren
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xuan Li
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kailyn F R Witonsky
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank Soto Del Valle
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pooja V Selvam
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Venniro
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer M Bossert
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Neurobiology of Relapse Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Neuronal Ensembles in Addiction Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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Shahidi S, Komaki A, Sadeghian R, Soleimani Asl S. Effect of a 5-HT 1D receptor agonist on the reinstatement phase of the conditioned place preference test and hippocampal long-term potentiation in methamphetamine-treated rats. Brain Res 2018; 1698:151-160. [PMID: 30076792 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH)-seeking relapse is associated with memory and synaptic plasticity changes. Serotonin is a key neuromodulator in this process. While there is a known distribution of 5-HT1D receptors in reward and memory areas, such as the hippocampus, its physiological function is currently unknown. Here, we evaluated effect of a 5-HT1D receptor agonist, PNU142633, on the reinstatement of METH-seeking behavior and long-term potentiation. Rats were implanted with a cannula into lateral ventricle, then treated with saline or METH (5 mg/kg) during the acquisition phase of the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. On day 13 of the extinction phase, METH groups were divided into four groups: METH (0: saline, 1, or 2.5 (priming METH) mg/kg; i.p.) + vehicle (5 µl/rat) or a priming dose of METH (2.5 mg/kg; i.p.) + PNU (2 µg/5 µl; i.c.v.) and their preference scores were calculated on reinstatement day (day 14). Immediately following this, electrophysiology was performed to assay the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and population spike (PS) amplitude between groups. The results showed that CPP induction by METH gradually declined to extinction on days 12 and 13. A priming METH treatment significantly increased preference for the METH-paired chamber when compared with other groups, but pre-treatment with PNU significantly attenuated this effect. PS amplitude and fEPSP slopes in vehicle + priming METH rats were greater when compared with other groups. Furthermore, PNU attenuated the priming METH-induced increase in PS amplitude. These findings suggest that PNU can decrease synaptic transmission and prevent METH reinstatement in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Sara Soleimani Asl
- Anatomy Departments, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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19
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Overexpression of neuronal RNA-binding protein HuD increases reward induced reinstatement of an instrumental response. Neurosci Lett 2018; 683:119-124. [PMID: 29940328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal RNA-binding protein HuD is involved in synaptic plasticity and the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. Previously, we have shown that HuD is upregulated after both spatial and addiction-associated forms of learning, such as conditioned place preference. However, what role HuD plays in non-drug dependent learning and memory is not fully understood. In order to elucidate the role that HuD plays in non-drug appetitive behavior, we assessed mice over-expressing HuD (HuDOE) throughout the forebrain on the acquisition of an instrumental response for a non-sucrose food reward utilizing a touch-screen paradigm. Next, we examined whether HuD level would alter the extinction or reward-induced reinstatement of responding. We found that HuDOE acquired and extinguished the instrumental response at rates similar to control littermates with no significant alterations in secondary measures of motor behavior or motivation. However, HuDOE reinstated their responding for food reward at rates significantly higher than control animals after a brief presentation of reward. These results suggest that HuD positively regulates the reinstatement of natural reward seeking and supports the role of HuD in forms of learning and memory associated with seeking of appetitive rewards.
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20
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Dimet AL, Cisneros IE, Fox RG, Stutz SJ, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Dineley KT. A Protocol for Measuring Cue Reactivity in a Rat Model of Cocaine Use Disorder. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985329 DOI: 10.3791/55864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) follows a trajectory of repetitive self-administration during which previously neutral stimuli gain incentive value. Cue reactivity, the sensitivity to cues previously linked with the drug-taking experience, plays a prominent role in human craving during abstinence. Cue reactivity can be assessed as the attentional orientation toward drug-associated cues that is measurable as appetitive approach behavior in both preclinical and human studies. Herein describes an assessment of cue reactivity in rats trained to self-administer cocaine. Cocaine self-administration is paired with the presentation of discrete cues that act as conditioned reinforcers (i.e., house light, stimulus light, infusion pump sounds). Following a period of abstinence, lever presses in the cocaine self-administration context accompanied by the discrete cues previously paired with cocaine infusion are measured as cue reactivity. This model is useful to explore neurobiological mechanisms underlying cue reactivity processes as well as to assess pharmacotherapies to suppress cue reactivity and therefore, modify relapse vulnerability. Advantages of the model include its translational relevance, and its face and predictive validities. The primary limitation of the model is that the cue reactivity task can only be performed infrequently and must only be used in short duration (e.g., 1 hour), otherwise rats will begin to extinguish the pairing of the discrete cues with the cocaine stimulus. The model is extendable to any positively reinforcing stimulus paired with discrete cues; though particularly applicable to drugs of abuse, this model may hold future applications in fields such as obesity, where palatable food rewards can act as positively reinforcing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Dimet
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Irma E Cisneros
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Sonja J Stutz
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch; Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch;
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21
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Pelloux Y, Minier-Toribio A, Hoots JK, Bossert JM, Shaham Y. Opposite Effects of Basolateral Amygdala Inactivation on Context-Induced Relapse to Cocaine Seeking after Extinction versus Punishment. J Neurosci 2018; 38:51-59. [PMID: 29298908 PMCID: PMC5761436 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2521-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using the renewal procedure showed that basolateral amygdala (BLA) inactivation inhibits context-induced relapse to cocaine-seeking after extinction. Here, we determined whether BLA inactivation would also inhibit context-induced relapse after drug-reinforced responding is suppressed by punishment, an animal model of human relapse after self-imposed abstinence due to adverse consequences of drug use. We also determined the effect of central amygdala (CeA) inactivation on context-induced relapse.We trained rats to self-administer cocaine for 12 d (6 h/d) in Context A and then exposed them to either extinction or punishment training for 8 d in Context B. During punishment, 50% of cocaine-reinforced lever-presses produced an aversive footshock of increasing intensity (0.1-0.5 or 0.7 mA). We then tested the rats for relapse to cocaine seeking in the absence of cocaine or shock in Contexts A and B after BLA or CeA injections of vehicle or GABA agonists (muscimol-baclofen). We then retrained the rats for cocaine self-administration in Context A, repunished or re-extinguished lever pressing in Context B, and retested for relapse after BLA or CeA inactivation.BLA or CeA inactivation decreased context-induced relapse in Context A after extinction in Context B. BLA, but not CeA, inactivation increased context-induced relapse in Context A after punishment in Context B. BLA or CeA inactivation provoked relapse in Context B after punishment but not extinction. Results demonstrate that amygdala's role in relapse depends on the method used to achieve abstinence and highlights the importance of studying relapse under abstinence conditions that more closely mimic the human condition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Relapse to drug use during abstinence is often provoked by re-exposure to the drug self-administration environment or context. Studies using the established extinction-reinstatement rodent model of drug relapse have shown that inactivation of the basolateral amygdala inhibits context-induced drug relapse after extinction of the drug-reinforced responding. Here, we determined whether basolateral amygdala inactivation would also inhibit relapse after drug-reinforced responding is suppressed by punishment, a model of human relapse after self-imposed abstinence. Unexpectedly, we found that basolateral amygdala inactivation had opposite effects on relapse provoked by re-exposure to the drug self-administration environment after extinction versus punishment. Our results demonstrate that depending on the historical conditions that lead to abstinence, amygdala activity can either promote or inhibit relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pelloux
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Angelica Minier-Toribio
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jennifer K Hoots
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Jennifer M Bossert
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
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22
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Bernardi RE, Broccoli L, Hirth N, Justice NJ, Deussing JM, Hansson AC, Spanagel R. Dissociable Role of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor Subtype 1 on Dopaminergic and D1 Dopaminoceptive Neurons in Cocaine Seeking Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:221. [PMID: 29180955 PMCID: PMC5693884 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of many drugs of abuse, including cocaine, to mediate reinforcement and drug-seeking behaviors is in part mediated by the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system, in which CRH exerts its effects partly via the CRH receptor subtype 1 (CRHR1) in extra-hypothalamic areas. In fact, CRHR1 expressed in regions of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system have been demonstrated to modify cocaine-induced DA release and alter cocaine-mediated behaviors. Here we examined the role of neuronal selectivity of CRHR1 within the mesolimbic system on cocaine-induced behaviors. First we used a transgenic mouse line expressing GFP under the control of the Crhr1 promoter for double fluorescence immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the cellular location of CRHR1 in both dopaminergic and D1 dopaminoceptive neurons. We then studied cocaine sensitization, self-administration, and reinstatement in inducible CRHR1 knockouts using the CreERT2/loxP in either dopamine transporter (DAT)-containing neurons (DAT-Crhr1) or dopamine receptor 1 (D1)-containing neurons (D1-Crhr1). For sensitization testing, mice received five daily injections of cocaine (15 mg/kg IP). For self-administration, mice received eight daily 2 h cocaine (0.5 mg/kg per infusion) self-administration sessions followed by extinction and reinstatement testing. There were no differences in the acute or sensitized locomotor response to cocaine in DAT-Crhr1 or D1-Crhr1 mice and their respective controls. Furthermore, both DAT-Crhr1 and D1-Crhr1 mice reliably self-administered cocaine at the level of controls. However, DAT-Crhr1 mice demonstrated a significant increase in cue-induced reinstatement relative to controls, whereas D1-Crhr1 mice demonstrated a significant decrease in cue-induced reinstatement relative to controls. These data demonstrate the involvement of CRHR1 in cue-induced reinstatement following cocaine self-administration, and implicate a bi-directional role of CRHR1 for cocaine craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick E Bernardi
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Broccoli
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Natalie Hirth
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Justice
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Anita C Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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23
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McHugh MJ, Gu H, Yang Y, Adinoff B, Stein EA. Executive control network connectivity strength protects against relapse to cocaine use. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1790-1801. [PMID: 27600492 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is characterized by notoriously high relapse rates following treatment. Recent efforts to address poor treatment outcomes have turned to potential neural markers of relapse risk. Accordingly, the present study examined resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) within and between three large-scale cortical networks: the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN) and executive control network (ECN). All three have been implicated in relapse-related phenomena including craving, withdrawal and executive control deficits. Forty-five cocaine-dependent individuals and 22 healthy controls completed 6-min resting fMRI scans, The Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, Continuous Performance Test and Cocaine Craving Questionnaire. Cocaine-dependent individuals completed all measures in the final week of a residential treatment episode. Ten control and 9 abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals returned for 3-6 month follow-up scan visits. A group-level independent component analysis was employed to generate ECN, DMN and SN components. For individuals abstinent up to day 30 post-treatment (n = 21), we found enhanced pre-discharge rsFC between the left ECN and both the right ECN and SN as well as between the right ECN and left ECN. Left ECN rsFC effects remained elevated 3-6 months later among abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. Relapse was related to fewer years of education and more years smoking but no other demographic, clinical, treatment and neurocognitive characteristics. Findings suggest that interhemispheric ECN and ECN-SN connectivity strength may protect against relapse to cocaine use following treatment. These patterns of enhanced interhemispheric network connectivity may reflect a greater capacity to engage executive control processes when faced with opportunities to use cocaine post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J. McHugh
- Neuroimaging Research Branch; National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD USA
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health; Melbourne VIC Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch; National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch; National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Bryon Adinoff
- Department of Psychiatry; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas TX USA
- VA North Texas Health Care System; Dallas TX USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch; National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program; Baltimore MD USA
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24
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Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals a Novel Mechanism of CaMKIIα Regulation Inversely Induced by Cocaine Memory Extinction versus Reconsolidation. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7613-27. [PMID: 27445140 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1108-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Successful addiction treatment depends on maintaining long-term abstinence, making relapse prevention an essential therapeutic goal. However, exposure to environmental cues associated with drug use often thwarts abstinence efforts by triggering drug using memories that drive craving and relapse. We sought to develop a dual approach for weakening cocaine memories through phosphoproteomic identification of targets regulated in opposite directions by memory extinction compared with reconsolidation in male Sprague-Dawley rats that had been trained to self-administer cocaine paired with an audiovisual cue. We discovered a novel, inversely regulated, memory-dependent phosphorylation event on calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II α (CaMKIIα) at serine (S)331. Correspondingly, extinction-associated S331 phosphorylation inhibited CaMKIIα activity. Intra-basolateral amygdala inhibition of CaMKII promoted memory extinction and disrupted reconsolidation, leading to a reduction in subsequent cue-induced reinstatement. CaMKII inhibition had no effect if the memory was neither retrieved nor extinguished. Therefore, inhibition of CaMKII represents a novel mechanism for memory-based addiction treatment that leverages both extinction enhancement and reconsolidation disruption to reduce relapse-like behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Preventing relapse to drug use is an important goal for the successful treatment of addictive disorders. Relapse-prevention therapies attempt to interfere with drug-associated memories, but are often hindered by unintentional memory strengthening. In this study, we identify phosphorylation events that are bidirectionally regulated by the reconsolidation versus extinction of a cocaine-associated memory, including a novel site on CaMKIIα. Additionally, using a rodent model of addiction, we show that CaMKII inhibition in the amygdala can reduce relapse-like behavior. Together, our data supports the existence of mechanisms that can be used to enhance current strategies for addiction treatment.
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25
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Fole A, Miguéns M, Morales L, González-Martín C, Ambrosio E, Del Olmo N. Lewis and Fischer 344 rats as a model for genetic differences in spatial learning and memory: Cocaine effects. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:49-57. [PMID: 28263897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344) rats are considered a model of genetic vulnerability to drug addiction. We previously showed important differences in spatial learning and memory between them, but in contrast with previous experiments demonstrating cocaine-induced enhanced learning in Morris water maze (MWM) highly demanding tasks, the eight-arm radial maze (RAM) performance was not modified either in LEW or F344 rats after chronic cocaine treatment. In the present work, chronically cocaine-treated LEW and F344 adult rats have been evaluated in learning and memory performance using the Y-maze, two RAM protocols that differ in difficulty, and a reversal protocol that tests cognitive flexibility. After one of the RAM protocols, we quantified dendritic spine density in hippocampal CA1 neurons and compared it to animals treated with cocaine but not submitted to RAM. LEW cocaine treated rats showed a better performance in the Y maze than their saline counterparts, an effect that was not evident in the F344 strain. F344 rats significantly took more time to learn the RAM task and made a greater number of errors than LEW animals in both protocols tested, whereas cocaine treatment induced deleterious effects in learning and memory in the highly difficult protocol. Moreover, hippocampal spine density was cocaine-modulated in LEW animals whereas no effects were found in F344 rats. We propose that differences in addictive-like behavior between LEW and F344 rats could be related to differences in hippocampal learning and memory processes that could be on the basis of individual vulnerability to cocaine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fole
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Spain
| | - Miguel Miguéns
- Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
| | - Lidia Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Martín
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Spain
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain
| | - Nuria Del Olmo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, Spain.
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26
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Post-sensitization treatment with rimonabant blocks the expression of cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and c-Fos protein in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 156:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Chiamulera C, Ferrandi E, Benvegnù G, Ferraro S, Tommasi F, Maris B, Zandonai T, Bosi S. Virtual Reality for Neuroarchitecture: Cue Reactivity in Built Spaces. Front Psychol 2017; 8:185. [PMID: 28243216 PMCID: PMC5303754 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Chiamulera
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Ferrandi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Benvegnù
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Ferraro
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di VeronaVerona, Italy; Altair Robotics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Università di VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Francesco Tommasi
- Neuropsychopharmacology Lab, Sezione Farmacologia, Università di Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Bogdan Maris
- Altair Robotics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Università di Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas Zandonai
- Experimental Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - Sandra Bosi
- Italian League against Cancer (LILT) Reggio Emilia, Italy
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RETRACTED: Exploring the mechanism by which accumbal deep brain stimulation attenuates morphine-induced reinstatement through manganese-enhanced MRI and pharmacological intervention. Exp Neurol 2017; 290:29-40. [PMID: 28038985 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors.
The authors have requested to retract this paper as the corresponding author had not sought the prior agreement of his co-authors to submit the paper for publication.
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Harricharan R, Abboussi O, Daniels WM. Addiction: A dysregulation of satiety and inflammatory processes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:65-91. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Childs JE, DeLeon J, Nickel E, Kroener S. Vagus nerve stimulation reduces cocaine seeking and alters plasticity in the extinction network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 24:35-42. [PMID: 27980074 PMCID: PMC5159656 DOI: 10.1101/lm.043539.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse cause changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated regions that impair inhibitory control over drug-seeking. Breaking the contingencies between drug-associated cues and the delivery of the reward during extinction learning reduces rates of relapse. Here we used vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) to induce targeted synaptic plasticity to facilitate extinction of appetitive behaviors and to reduce relapse. Rats self-administered cocaine and were given VNS during extinction. Relapse to drug-seeking was assessed in a cued reinstatement session. We used immunohistochemistry to measure changes in the expression of the phosphorylated transcription factor cAMP response-element binding protein (pCREB) in the PFC and the basolateral amygdala (BLA), which regulate cue learning and extinction. In vivo recordings of evoked field potentials measured drug- and VNS-induced changes in metaplasticity in the pathway from the PFC to the BLA. VNS-treated rats showed improved rates of extinction and reduced reinstatement. Following reinstatement, pCREB levels were reduced in the IL and BLA of VNS-treated rats. Evoked responses in the BLA were greatly reduced in VNS-treated rats, and these rats were also resistant to the induction of LTD. Taken together, these results show that VNS facilitates extinction and reduces reinstatement. Changes in the pathway between the PFC and the amygdala may contribute to these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Childs
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jaime DeLeon
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Emily Nickel
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Sven Kroener
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Pitchers KK, Wood TR, Skrzynski CJ, Robinson TE, Sarter M. The ability for cocaine and cocaine-associated cues to compete for attention. Behav Brain Res 2016; 320:302-315. [PMID: 27890441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, reward cues, including drug cues in individuals experiencing addiction, are especially effective in biasing attention towards them, so much so they can disrupt ongoing task performance. It is not known, however, whether this happens in rats. To address this question, we developed a behavioral paradigm to assess the capacity of an auditory drug (cocaine) cue to evoke cocaine-seeking behavior, thus distracting thirsty rats from performing a well-learned sustained attention task (SAT) to obtain a water reward. First, it was determined that an auditory cocaine cue (tone-CS) reinstated drug-seeking equally in sign-trackers (STs) and goal-trackers (GTs), which otherwise vary in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to a localizable drug cue. Next, we tested the ability of an auditory cocaine cue to disrupt performance on the SAT in STs and GTs. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously using an Intermittent Access self-administration procedure known to produce a progressive increase in motivation for cocaine, escalation of intake, and strong discriminative stimulus control over drug-seeking behavior. When presented alone, the auditory discriminative stimulus elicited cocaine-seeking behavior while rats were performing the SAT, but it was not sufficiently disruptive to impair SAT performance. In contrast, if cocaine was available in the presence of the cue, or when administered non-contingently, SAT performance was severely disrupted. We suggest that performance on a relatively automatic, stimulus-driven task, such as the basic version of the SAT used here, may be difficult to disrupt with a drug cue alone. A task that requires more top-down cognitive control may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle K Pitchers
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Taylor R Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Cari J Skrzynski
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Terry E Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin Sarter
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Gass JT, McGonigal JT, Chandler LJ. Deficits in the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure are attenuated with positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:198-205. [PMID: 27725153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by periods of heavy alcohol consumption and unsuccessful attempts at abstinence. Relapse is one of the most problematic aspects in the treatment of alcoholism and is triggered by ethanol-associated cues. Extinction-based cue exposure therapies have proven ineffective in the treatment of alcoholism. However, positive allosteric modulation of mGlu5 with CDPPB enhances the extinction learning of alcohol-seeking behavior. The current study investigated the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the extinction of ethanol-seeking behavior. Adult Wistar rats were trained to self-administer alcohol with a light/tone stimulus serving as the alcohol cue. After training, one group of rats was exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) daily for a period of 2 weeks to induce ethanol dependence. Control rats were exposed to air for the same period of time. Both groups were then retrained to self-administer ethanol and subsequently tested for changes in extinction learning. CIE exposed rats consumed more ethanol compared to their pre-CIE levels and to control rats. During extinction training, CIE rats responded significantly more on the previously active lever and required more sessions to reach extinction criteria compared to control rats. Treatment with CDPPB facilitated extinction in control rats and attenuated the increased resistance to extinction in CIE-exposed rats. These results demonstrate that chronic ethanol exposure not only alters ethanol intake, but also the extinction of ethanol-seeking behaviors. The ability to attenuate deficits through modulation of mGlu5 provides a potential target for pharmacological manipulation that could ultimately reduce relapse in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Gass
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - J T McGonigal
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - L J Chandler
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President St, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
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Hanlon CA, Dowdle LT, Jones JL. Biomarkers for Success: Using Neuroimaging to Predict Relapse and Develop Brain Stimulation Treatments for Cocaine-Dependent Individuals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 129:125-56. [PMID: 27503451 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine dependence is one of the most difficult substance use disorders to treat. While the powerful effects of cocaine use on behavior were documented in the 19th century, it was not until the late 20th century that we realized cocaine use was affecting brain tissue and function. Following a brief introduction (Section 1), this chapter will summarize our current knowledge regarding alterations in neural circuit function typically observed in chronic cocaine users (Section 2) and highlight an emerging body of literature which suggests that pretreatment limbic circuit activity may be a reliable predictor of clinical outcomes among individuals seeking treatment for cocaine (Section 3). Finally, as the field of addiction research strives to translate this neuroimaging data into something clinically meaningful, we will highlight several new brain stimulation approaches which utilize functional brain imaging data to design noninvasive brain stimulation interventions for individuals seeking treatment for substance dependence disorders (Section 4).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Hanlon
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| | - L T Dowdle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - J L Jones
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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Barker DJ, Simmons SJ, West MO. Ultrasonic Vocalizations as a Measure of Affect in Preclinical Models of Drug Abuse: A Review of Current Findings. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 13:193-210. [PMID: 26411762 PMCID: PMC4598431 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13999150318113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review describes ways in which ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) have been used in studies of substance abuse. Accordingly, studies are reviewed which demonstrate roles for affective processing in response to the presentation of drug-related cues, experimenter- and self-administered drug, drug withdrawal, and during tests of relapse/reinstatement. The review focuses on data collected from studies using cocaine and amphetamine, where a large body of evidence has been collected. Data suggest that USVs capture animals’ initial positive reactions to psychostimulant administration and are capable of identifying individual differences in affective responding. Moreover, USVs have been used to demonstrate that positive affect becomes sensitized to psychostimulants over acute exposure before eventually exhibiting signs of tolerance. In the drug-dependent animal, a mixture of USVs suggesting positive and negative affect is observed, illustrating mixed responses to psychostimulants. This mixture is predominantly characterized by an initial bout of positive affect followed by an opponent negative emotional state, mirroring affective responses observed in human addicts. During drug withdrawal, USVs demonstrate the presence of negative affective withdrawal symptoms. Finally, it has been shown that drug-paired cues produce a learned, positive anticipatory response during training, and that presentation of drug-paired cues following abstinence produces both positive affect and reinstatement behavior. Thus, USVs are a useful tool for obtaining an objective measurement of affective states in animal models of substance abuse and can increase the information extracted from drug administration studies. USVs enable detection of subtle differences in a behavioral response that might otherwise be missed using traditional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Barker
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Neuronal Networks Section, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224.
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Cavallo JS, Ruiz NA, de Wit H. Extinction of Conditioned Responses to Methamphetamine-Associated Stimuli in Healthy Humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2489-502. [PMID: 27113223 PMCID: PMC4909474 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4297-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Contextual stimuli present during drug experiences become associated with the drug through Pavlovian conditioning and are thought to sustain drug-seeking behavior. Thus, extinction of conditioned responses is an important target for treatment. To date, acquisition and extinction to drug-paired cues have been studied in animal models or drug-dependent individuals, but rarely in non-drug users. OBJECTIVE We have recently developed a procedure to study acquisition of conditioned responses after single doses of methamphetamine (MA) in healthy volunteers. Here, we examined extinction of these responses and their persistence after conditioning. METHODS Healthy adults (18-35 years; N = 20) received two pairings of audio-visual stimuli with MA (20 mg oral) or placebo. Responses to stimuli were assessed before and after conditioning, using three tasks: behavioral preference, attentional bias, and subjective "liking." RESULTS Subjects exhibited behavioral preference for the drug-paired stimuli at the first post-conditioning test, but this declined rapidly on subsequent extinction tests. They also exhibited a bias to initially look towards the drug-paired stimuli at the first post-test session, but not thereafter. Subjects who experienced more positive subjective drug effects during conditioning exhibited a smaller decline in preference during the extinction phase. Further, longer inter-session intervals during the extinction phase were associated with less extinction of the behavioral preference measure. CONCLUSIONS Conditioned responses after two pairings with MA extinguish quickly, and are influenced by both subjective drug effects and the extinction interval. Characterizing and refining this conditioning procedure will aid in understanding the acquisition and extinction processes of drug-related conditioned responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Cavallo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Ruiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC3077, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Mantsch JR, Baker DA, Funk D, Lê AD, Shaham Y. Stress-Induced Reinstatement of Drug Seeking: 20 Years of Progress. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:335-56. [PMID: 25976297 PMCID: PMC4677117 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here, we first discuss the generality of stress-induced reinstatement to different drugs of abuse, different stressors, and different behavioral procedures. We also discuss neuropharmacological mechanisms, and brain areas and circuits controlling stress-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. We conclude by discussing results from translational human laboratory studies and clinical trials that were inspired by results from rat studies on stress-induced reinstatement. Our main conclusions are (1) The phenomenon of stress-induced reinstatement, first shown with an intermittent footshock stressor in rats trained to self-administer heroin, generalizes to other abused drugs, including cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and alcohol, and is also observed in the conditioned place preference model in rats and mice. This phenomenon, however, is stressor specific and not all stressors induce reinstatement of drug seeking. (2) Neuropharmacological studies indicate the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate, kappa/dynorphin, and several other peptide and neurotransmitter systems in stress-induced reinstatement. Neuropharmacology and circuitry studies indicate the involvement of CRF and noradrenaline transmission in bed nucleus of stria terminalis and central amygdala, and dopamine, CRF, kappa/dynorphin, and glutamate transmission in other components of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system (ventral tegmental area, medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and nucleus accumbens). (3) Translational human laboratory studies and a recent clinical trial study show the efficacy of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in decreasing stress-induced drug craving and stress-induced initial heroin lapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Mantsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Douglas Funk
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anh D Lê
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, NIDA-NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Venniro M, Caprioli D, Shaham Y. Animal models of drug relapse and craving: From drug priming-induced reinstatement to incubation of craving after voluntary abstinence. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 224:25-52. [PMID: 26822352 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High rates of relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of drug addiction. In abstinent drug users, drug relapse is often precipitated by acute exposure to the self-administered drug, drug-associated cues, stress, as well as by short-term and protracted withdrawal symptoms. In this review, we discuss different animal models that have been used to study behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms of these relapse-related phenomena. In the first part, we discuss relapse models in which abstinence is achieved through extinction training, including the established reinstatement model, as well as the reacquisition and resurgence models. In the second part, we discuss recent animal models in which drug relapse is assessed after either forced abstinence (e.g., the incubation of drug craving model) or voluntary (self-imposed) abstinence achieved either by introducing adverse consequences to ongoing drug self-administration (e.g., punishment) or by an alternative nondrug reward using a discrete choice (drug vs. palatable food) procedure. We conclude by briefly discussing the potential implications of the recent developments of animal models of drug relapse after voluntary abstinence to the development of medications for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Venniro
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Zhu X, Sun W, Li X, Tan S, Zhang X. Effects of spatial memory on morphine CPP and locomotor sensitization in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:187-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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d-amphetamine withdrawal-induced decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in sprague-dawley rats are reversed by treatment with ketamine. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:7-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Addy NA, Nunes EJ, Wickham RJ. Muscarinic, but not nicotinic, acetylcholine receptor blockade in the ventral tegmental area attenuates cue-induced sucrose-seeking. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:372-376. [PMID: 26026787 PMCID: PMC4497829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is known to play a role in cue-mediated reward-seeking for natural rewards and drugs of abuse. Specifically, cholinergic and glutamatergic receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been shown to regulate cue-induced drug-seeking. However, the potential role of these VTA receptors in regulating cue-induced reward seeking for natural rewards is unknown. Here, we examined whether blockade of VTA acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) would alter cue-induced sucrose seeking in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects underwent 10 days of sucrose self-administration training (fixed ratio 1 schedule) followed by 7 days of forced abstinence. On withdrawal day 7, rats received bilateral VTA infusion of vehicle, the muscarinic AChR antagonist scopolamine (2.4 or 24 μg/side), the nicotinic AChR antagonist mecamylamine (3 or 30 μg/side), or the NMDAR antagonist AP-5 (0.1 or 1 μg/side) immediately prior to examination of cue-induced sucrose-seeking. Scopolamine infusion led to robust attenuation, but did not completely block, sucrose-seeking behavior. In contrast, VTA administration of mecamylamine or AP-5 did not alter cue-induced sucrose-seeking. Together, the data suggest that VTA muscarinic AChRs, but not nicotinic AChRs nor NMDARs, facilitate the ability of food-associated cues to drive seeking behavior for a food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii A Addy
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Robert J Wickham
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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McCreary AC, Müller CP, Filip M. Psychostimulants: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 120:41-83. [PMID: 26070753 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorder, and particularly psychostimulant use disorder, has considerable socioeconomic burden globally. The psychostimulants include several chemical classes, being derivatives of benzoylecgonine, phenethylamine, phenylpropanolamine, or aminoaryloxazoline. Psychostimulant drugs activate the brain reward pathways of the mesoaccumbal system, and continued use leads to persistent neuroplastic and dysfunctional changes of a variety of structures involved in learning and memory, habit-forming learning, salience attribution, and inhibitory control. There are a variety of neurochemical and neurobehavioral changes in psychostimulant addiction, for example, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic (5-HT-ergic), and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) changes have all noted. In this chapter, we will review pharmacological changes associated with psychostimulant use and abuse in humans and animals, and on the basis of the best characterized and most widely abused psychostimulants (amphetamines, cocaine) discuss why use transitions into abuse and review basic science and clinical strategies that might assist in treating psychostimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Filip M, Frankowska M, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Suder A, Szumiec Ł, Mierzejewski P, Bienkowski P, Przegaliński E, Cryan JF. GABAB receptors as a therapeutic strategy in substance use disorders: Focus on positive allosteric modulators. Neuropharmacology 2015; 88:36-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bertz JW, Chen J, Woods JH. Effects of pramipexole on the acquisition of responding with opioid-conditioned reinforcement in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:209-21. [PMID: 24985891 PMCID: PMC4282623 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D3 receptor-preferring ligands may be able to modify the conditioned reinforcing effects of drug-associated stimuli. In evaluating the effects of these compounds, it is important to clarify the extent to which responding depends on (1) conditioned reinforcement vs. other behavioral mechanisms and (2) dopamine D3 vs. D2 receptor activity. OBJECTIVES To use behaviorally stringent new-response acquisition procedures to characterize the effects of the D3-preferring agonist, pramipexole, on the conditioned reinforcing effects of a stimulus paired with the opioid agonist, remifentanil. METHODS First, in Pavlovian conditioning (PAV) sessions, rats received response-independent IV injections of remifentanil and presentations of a light-noise stimulus. In separate groups, injections and stimuli either always co-occurred ("paired PAV") or occurred with no consistent relationship ("random PAV" control). Next, in instrumental acquisition (ACQ) sessions, all animals could respond in two nose-poke manipulanda: an active nose-poke, which produced the stimulus alone, or an inactive nose-poke. Pramipexole was injected SC prior to ACQ sessions with or without pretreatments of the D3-preferring antagonist, SB-277011A, or the D2-preferring antagonist, L-741,626. RESULTS After paired PAV, but not random PAV, rats acquired nose-poke responding during ACQ (i.e., active > inactive). Pramipexole dose-dependently increased active responding without changing inactive responding. Pramipexole-induced increases in responding were blocked by pretreatment with L-741,626, but not SB-277011A. CONCLUSIONS Pramipexole specifically enhanced remifentanil-conditioned reinforcement: active responding was selectively increased only after the stimulus was paired with remifentanil. Although pramipexole is D3-preferring, the antagonist effects obtained presently suggest an important role for the D2 receptor in opioid-conditioned reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah W. Bertz
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianyong Chen
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James H. Woods
- University of Michigan Medical School, Departments of Pharmacology, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Effects of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist CP809101 in the amygdala on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior and anxiety-like behavior. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1751-62. [PMID: 24984080 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) agonists attenuate reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. These receptors are found throughout the limbic system, including the basolateral amygdala (BlA), which is involved in forming associations between emotional stimuli and environmental cues, and the central amygdala (CeA), which is implicated in the expression of conditioned responding to emotional stimuli. This study investigated whether 5-HT2CRs in the amygdala are involved in cue and cocaine-primed reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, i.v.) which that was paired with light and tone cues, and then subsequently they underwent daily extinction training. Rats then received bilateral microinfusions of the 5-HT2CR agonist CP809101 (0.01-1.0 μg/0.2 μl/side) into either the BlA or CeA prior to tests for cue or cocaine-primed (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reinstatement. Rats were also tested for CP809101 effects on anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Surprisingly, intra-BlA CP809101 had no effect on cue reinstatement, though it did increase anxiety-like behavior on the EPM. Intra-CeA infusions of CP809101 attenuated cocaine-primed reinstatement, an effect that was prevented with concurrent administration of the 5-HT2CR antagonist SB242084 (0.1 μg/0.2 μl/side). CP809101 had no effect on cue reinstatement or anxiety-like behavior on the EPM. These findings suggest that 5-HT2CRs in the BlA modulate anxiety, whereas those in the CeA modulate incentive motivational effects induced by cocaine priming injections.
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Xu J, Kober H, Wang X, DeVito EE, Carroll KM, Potenza MN. Hippocampal volume mediates the relationship between measures of pre-treatment cocaine use and within-treatment cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 143:74-80. [PMID: 25115748 PMCID: PMC4165405 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data suggest that the amygdala and hippocampus contribute to cocaine seeking and use, particularly following exposure to cocaine-related cues and contexts. Furthermore, indices of pre-treatment cocaine-use severity have been shown to correlate with treatment outcome in cocaine-dependent patients. METHODS The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between amygdalar and hippocampal volumes and cocaine use before and during treatment. High-resolution magnetic-resonance brain images were obtained from 23 cocaine-dependent patients prior to treatment and 54 healthy comparison individuals. Automated segmentation of the amygdala and hippocampus images was performed in FreeSurfer. Cocaine-dependent patients subsequently received behavioral therapy alone or combined with contingency management as part of a treatment trial, and cocaine-use indices (self-report, urine toxicology) were collected. RESULTS Comparison participants and cocaine-dependent patients did not show significant difference in amygdalar and hippocampal volumes at pre-treatment. Within the patient group, greater hippocampal volumes were correlated with more days of cocaine use before treatment and with poorer treatment outcome as indexed by shorter durations of continuous abstinence from cocaine and lower percentages of cocaine-negative urine samples during treatment. Mediation analysis indicated that pre-treatment hippocampal volumes mediated the relationships between pre-treatment cocaine use and treatment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a significant correlation between hippocampal volume and pre-treatment cocaine-use severity and treatment response suggests that hippocampal volume should be considered when developing individualized treatments for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States.
| | - Hedy Kober
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Medical Center, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Elise E. DeVito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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Perry CJ, Zbukvic I, Kim JH, Lawrence AJ. Role of cues and contexts on drug-seeking behaviour. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4636-72. [PMID: 24749941 PMCID: PMC4209936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are powerful mediators of craving and relapse in substance-abuse disorders. This review examined how animal models have been used to investigate the cognitive mechanisms through which cues are able to affect drug-seeking behaviour. We address how animal models can describe the way drug-associated cues come to facilitate the development and persistence of drug taking, as well as how these cues are critical to the tendency to relapse that characterizes substance-abuse disorders. Drug-associated cues acquire properties of conditioned reinforcement, incentive motivation and discriminative control, which allow them to influence drug-seeking behaviour. Using these models, researchers have been able to investigate the pharmacology subserving the behavioural impact of environmental stimuli, some of which we highlight. Subsequently, we examine whether the impact of drug-associated stimuli can be attenuated via a process of extinction, and how this question is addressed in the laboratory. We discuss how preclinical research has been translated into behavioural therapies targeting substance abuse, as well as highlight potential developments to therapies that might produce more enduring changes in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina J Perry
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabel Zbukvic
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Behavioural Neuroscience Division, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, Vic., Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, Vic., Australia
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Ma YY, Lee BR, Wang X, Guo C, Liu L, Cui R, Lan Y, Balcita-Pedicino JJ, Wolf ME, Sesack SR, Shaham Y, Schlüter OM, Huang YH, Dong Y. Bidirectional modulation of incubation of cocaine craving by silent synapse-based remodeling of prefrontal cortex to accumbens projections. Neuron 2014; 83:1453-67. [PMID: 25199705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) contribute to cocaine relapse. Here we show that silent synapse-based remodeling of the two major mPFC-to-NAc projections differentially regulated the progressive increase in cue-induced cocaine seeking after withdrawal (incubation of cocaine craving). Specifically, cocaine self-administration in rats generated AMPA receptor-silent glutamatergic synapses within both infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic mPFC (PrL) to NAc projections, measured after 1 day of withdrawal. After 45 days of withdrawal, IL-to-NAc silent synapses became unsilenced/matured by recruiting calcium-permeable (CP) AMPARs, whereas PrL-to-NAc silent synapses matured by recruiting non-CP-AMPARs, resulting in differential remodeling of these projections. Optogenetic reversal of silent synapse-based remodeling of IL-to-NAc and PrL-to-NAc projections potentiated and inhibited, respectively, incubation of cocaine craving on withdrawal day 45. Thus, pro- and antirelapse circuitry remodeling is induced in parallel after cocaine self-administration. These results may provide substrates for utilizing endogenous antirelapse mechanisms to reduce cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ying Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Brian R Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Xiusong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Changyong Guo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Life Science, Northeastern Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- School of Life Science, Northeastern Normal University, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Marina E Wolf
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Susan R Sesack
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Oliver M Schlüter
- Molecular Neurobiology and Cluster of Excellence "Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain," European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yanhua H Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Incubation of methamphetamine and palatable food craving after punishment-induced abstinence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2008-16. [PMID: 24584329 PMCID: PMC4059911 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In a rat model of drug craving and relapse, cue-induced drug seeking progressively increases after withdrawal from methamphetamine and other drugs, a phenomenon termed 'incubation of drug craving'. However, current experimental procedures used to study incubation of drug craving do not incorporate negative consequences of drug use, which is a common factor promoting abstinence in humans. Here, we studied whether incubation of methamphetamine craving is observed after suppression of drug seeking by adverse consequences (punishment). We trained rats to self-administer methamphetamine or palatable food for 9 h per day for 14 days; reward delivery was paired with a tone-light cue. Subsequently, for one group within each reward type, 50% of the lever-presses were punished by mild footshock for 9-10 days, whereas for the other group lever-presses were not punished. Shock intensity was gradually increased over time. Next, we assessed cue-induced reward seeking in 1-h extinction sessions on withdrawal days 2 and 21. Response-contingent punishment suppressed extended-access methamphetamine or food self-administration; surprisingly, food-trained rats showed greater resistance to punishment than methamphetamine-trained rats. During the relapse tests, both punished and unpunished methamphetamine- and food-trained rats showed significantly higher cue-induced reward seeking on withdrawal day 21 than on day 2. These results demonstrate that incubation of both methamphetamine and food craving occur after punishment-induced suppression of methamphetamine or palatable food self-administration. Our procedure can be used to investigate mechanisms of relapse to drug and palatable food seeking under conditions that more closely approximate the human condition.
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Gass JT, Trantham-Davidson H, Kassab AS, Glen WB, Olive MF, Chandler LJ. Enhancement of extinction learning attenuates ethanol-seeking behavior and alters plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2014; 34:7562-74. [PMID: 24872560 PMCID: PMC4035518 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5616-12.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which relapse is often initiated by exposure to drug-related cues. The present study examined the effects of mGluR5 activation on extinction of ethanol-cue-maintained responding, relapse-like behavior, and neuronal plasticity. Rats were trained to self-administer ethanol and then exposed to extinction training during which they were administered either vehicle or the mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator 3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) or CDPPB. CDPPB treatment reduced active lever responding during extinction, decreased the total number of extinction sessions required to meet criteria, and attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of ethanol seeking. CDPPB facilitation of extinction was blocked by the local infusion of the mGluR5 antagonist 3-((2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl) pyridine into the infralimbic (IfL) cortex, but had no effect when infused into the prelimbic (PrL) cortex. Analysis of dendritic spines revealed alterations in structural plasticity, whereas electrophysiological recordings demonstrated differential alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PrL and IfL cortex. Extinction was associated with increased amplitude of evoked synaptic PrL and IfL NMDA currents but reduced amplitude of PrL AMPA currents. Treatment with CDPPB prevented the extinction-induced enhancement of NMDA currents in PrL without affecting NMDA currents in the IfL. Whereas CDPPB treatment did not alter the amplitude of PrL or IfL AMPA currents, it did promote the expression of IfL calcium-permeable GluR2-lacking receptors in both abstinence- and extinction-trained rats, but had no effect in ethanol-naive rats. These results confirm changes in the PrL and IfL cortex in glutamatergic neurotransmission during extinction learning and demonstrate that manipulation of mGluR5 facilitates extinction of ethanol cues in association with neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gass
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - Heather Trantham-Davidson
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - Amanda S Kassab
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - William B Glen
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
| | - M Foster Olive
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - L Judson Chandler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, and
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50
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Dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens following methamphetamine self-administration and during reinstatement in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:811-22. [PMID: 23995583 PMCID: PMC3924513 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (meth) addicts often exhibit enduring cognitive and neural deficits that likely contribute to persistent drug seeking and the high rates of relapse. These deficits may be related to changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its glutamatergic projections to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis in the PFC and NAc in rats following either meth self-administration or yoked-saline control histories to assess baseline glutamate (GLU) levels, or reinstatement-evoked GLU and dopamine (DA) efflux in both regions simultaneously under cue-induced, meth-primed, or combined cues+meth reinstatement conditions. Our results show that meth self-administration (1) reduced basal GLU levels in both the dmPFC and NAc, (2) concurrently increased dmPFC and NAc GLU efflux during reinstatement, and (3) increased DA efflux in the dmPFC, but not in the NAc, under all reinstatement conditions when compared with yoked-saline controls. These data demonstrate for the first time that a history of psychostimulant self-administration alters GLU homeostasis not only in the NAc, but also in the dmPFC, its primary GLU projection source. Furthermore, combined cues+meth-primed reinstatement conditions produced the most pronounced increases in mPFC and NAc extracellular GLU, suggesting that the cue and meth prime conditions are additive in promoting reinstatement. Finally, increased efflux of DA in the dmPFC, but not in the NAc, across reinstatement conditions suggests that DA release in the dmPFC may be an important mediator of drug seeking initiated by multiple relapse triggers.
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