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Bácsi A, Ágics B, Pázmándi K, Kocsis B, Sándor V, Bertók L, Bruckner G, Sipka S. Radiation-Detoxified Form of Endotoxin Effectively Activates Th 1 Responses and Attenuates Ragweed-Induced Th 2-Type Airway Inflammation in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1581. [PMID: 38338861 PMCID: PMC10855154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Urbanization with reduced microbial exposure is associated with an increased burden of asthma and atopic symptoms. Conversely, environmental exposure to endotoxins in childhood can protect against the development of allergies. Our study aimed to investigate whether the renaturation of the indoor environment with aerosolized radiation-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (RD-LPS) has a preventative effect against the development of ragweed-induced Th2-type airway inflammation. To explore this, cages of six-week-old BALB/c mice were treated daily with aerosolized native LPS (N-LPS) or RD-LPS. After a 10-week treatment period, mice were sensitized and challenged with ragweed pollen extract, and inflammatory cell infiltration into the airways was observed. As dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the polarization of T-cell responses, in our in vitro experiments, the effects of N-LPS and RD-LPS were compared on human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Mice in RD-LPS-rich milieu developed significantly less allergic airway inflammation than mice in N-LPS-rich or common environments. The results of our in vitro experiments demonstrate that RD-LPS-exposed moDCs have a higher Th1-polarizing capacity than moDCs exposed to N-LPS. Consequently, we suppose that the aerosolized, non-toxic RD-LPS applied in early life for the renaturation of urban indoors may be suitable for the prevention of Th2-mediated allergies in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
| | - Beatrix Ágics
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (A.B.); (B.Á.); (K.P.)
| | - Béla Kocsis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Viktor Sándor
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Lóránd Bertók
- National Research Directorate for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, H-1221 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Geza Bruckner
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Sándor Sipka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Tu F, Pan L, Wu W, Cai Y, Li J, Wang X, Lai X, Chen Z, Ye L, Wang S. Recombinant GM-CSF enhances the bactericidal ability of PMNs by increasing intracellular IL-1β and improves the prognosis of secondary Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:443-458. [PMID: 37490847 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) via interleukin (IL)-1β to improve the prognosis of secondary infection in sepsis. The latter stage of sepsis is prone to induce immunosuppression, resulting in secondary fatal infections. Recombinant GM-CSF has become a way for sepsis-induced immunosuppression due to its immunomodulatory effect. However, the functional impact of GM-CSF on PMNs in sepsis remains obscure. This study aimed to study the role of recombinant GM-CSF on the bactericidal ability of PMNs in septic mice, assessing its effect on the prognosis of secondary pneumonia, and explore the mechanism of recombinant GM-CSF by intervening PMNs in patients with sepsis. The C57BL/6J sepsis mouse model was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Recombinant murine GM-CSF (rmGM-CSF) was used in vivo when mice developed immunosuppression, which was characterized by abnormal bactericidal function of PMNs in peripheral blood. rmGM-CSF improved the prognosis of secondary pneumonia and reversed the function of PMNs. PMNs isolated by Percoll from septic patients were treated by recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) in vitro. The expression of CD11b, reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap release in PMNs were enhanced by rhGM-CSF treatments. Whole-transcriptomic sequencing of mouse PMNs indicated that recombinant GM-CSF increased the expression of Il1b gene in PMNs. Blocking and inhibiting IL-1β release effectively counteracted the enhancing effect of GM-CSF on the bactericidal function of PMNs. rmGM-CSF enhances the bactericidal function of PMNs in vivo and improves the prognosis of secondary pneumonia in septic mice, and recombinant GM-CSF increases IL-1β precursor reserves, which, if stimulated, can rapidly enhance the bactericidal capacity of PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuquan Tu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Wenwei Wu
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanhua Cai
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Jinggang Li
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xuechun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaolin Lai
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Luya Ye
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Shaoyuan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
- Union Clinical Medical Colleges, Fujian Medical University, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
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3
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Mazzio E, Barnes A, Badisa R, Council S, Soliman KFA. Plants against cancer: the immune-boosting herbal microbiome: not of the plant, but in the plant. Basic concepts, introduction, and future resource for vaccine adjuvant discovery. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1180084. [PMID: 37588095 PMCID: PMC10426289 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1180084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of microorganism communities (MOCs) comprised of bacteria, fungi, archaea, algae, protozoa, viruses, and the like, are ubiquitous in all living tissue, including plant and animal. MOCs play a significant role in establishing innate and acquired immunity, thereby influencing susceptibility and resistance to disease. This understanding has fostered substantial advancements in several fields such as agriculture, food science/safety, and the development of vaccines/adjuvants, which rely on administering inactivated-attenuated MOC pathogens. Historical evidence dating back to the 1800s, including reports by Drs Busch, Coley, and Fehleisen, suggested that acute febrile infection in response to "specific microbes" could trigger spontaneous tumor remission in humans. This discovery led to the purposeful administration of the same attenuated strains, known as "Coley's toxin," marking the onset of the first microbial (pathogen) associated molecular pattern (MAMPs or PAMPs)-based tumor immunotherapy, used clinically for over four decades. Today, these same MAMPS are consumed orally by billions of consumers around the globe, through "specific" mediums (immune boosting "herbal supplements") as carriers of highly concentrated MOCs accrued in roots, barks, hulls, sea algae, and seeds. The American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) mandates microbial reduction in botanical product processing but does not necessitate the removal of dead MAMP laden microbial debris, which we ingest. Moreover, while existing research has focused on the immune-modulating role of plant phytochemicals, the actual immune-boosting properties might instead reside solely in the plant's MOC MAMP laden biomass. This assertion is logical, considering that antigenic immune-provoking epitopes, not phytochemicals, are known to stimulate immune response. This review explores a neglected area of research regarding the immune-boosting effects of the herbal microbiome - a presence which is indirectly corroborated by various peripheral fields of study and poses a fundamental question: Given that food safety focuses on the elimination of harmful pathogens and crop science acknowledges the existence of plant microbiomes, what precisely are the immune effects of ingesting MAMPs of diverse structural composition and concentration, and where are these distributed in our botanicals? We will discuss the topic of concentrated edible MAMPs as acid and thermally stable motifs found in specific herbs and how these would activate cognate pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) in the upper gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), including Peyer's patches and the lamina propria, to boost antibody titers, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, NK activity, hematopoiesis, and facilitating M2 to M1 macrophage phenotype transition in a similar manner as vaccines. This new knowledge could pave the way for developing bioreactor-grown/heat-inactivated MOC therapies to boost human immunity against infections and improve tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mazzio
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Ramesh Badisa
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Stevie Council
- John Gnabre Science Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- Divison of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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4
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Fadanni GP, Calixto JB. Recent progress and prospects for anti-cytokine therapy in preclinical and clinical acute lung injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:13-25. [PMID: 37481378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous cause of respiratory failure that has a rapid onset, a high mortality rate, and for which there is no effective pharmacological treatment. Current evidence supports a critical role of excessive inflammation in ARDS, resulting in several cytokines, cytokine receptors, and proteins within their downstream signalling pathways being putative therapeutic targets. However, unsuccessful trials of anti-inflammatory drugs have thus far hindered progress in the field. In recent years, the prospects of precision medicine and therapeutic targeting of cytokines coevolving into effective treatments have gained notoriety. There is an optimistic and growing understanding of ARDS subphenotypes as well as advances in treatment strategies and clinical trial design. Furthermore, large trials of anti-cytokine drugs in patients with COVID-19 have provided an unprecedented amount of information that could pave the way for therapeutic breakthroughs. While current clinical and nonclinical ARDS research suggest relatively limited potential in monotherapy with anti-cytokine drugs, combination therapy has emerged as an appealing strategy and may provide new perspectives on finding safe and effective treatments. Accurate evaluation of these drugs, however, also relies on well-founded experimental research and the implementation of biomarker-guided stratification in future trials. In this review, we provide an overview of anti-cytokine therapy for acute lung injury and ARDS, highlighting the current preclinical and clinical evidence for targeting the main cytokines individually and the therapeutic prospects for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Pasetto Fadanni
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Calixto
- Centre of Innovation and Preclinical Studies (CIEnP), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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5
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Eloutify YT, El-Shiekh RA, Ibrahim KM, Hamed AR, Al-Karmalawy AA, Shokry AA, Ahmed YH, Avula B, Katragunta K, Khan IA, Meselhy MR. Bioactive fraction from Plumeria obtusa L. attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice and inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages: LC/QToF-MS and molecular docking. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:859-875. [PMID: 36773191 PMCID: PMC10140140 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract (TE) of Plumeria obtusa L. (aerial parts) and its fractions were evaluated in vitro, and active fraction was evaluated in vivo. Among tested extracts, dichloromethane fraction (DCM-F) exhibited the strongest inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The effect of DCM-F on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice was studied. The animals were divided into five groups (n = 7) randomly; Gp I: negative control, GP II: positive control (LPS group), GP III: standard (dexamethasone, 2 mg/kg b.wt), GP IV and V: DCM-F (100 mg/kg), and DEM-F (200 mg/kg), respectively. DCM-F at a dose of 200 mg/kg suppressed the ability of LPS to increase the levels of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), as measured by ELISA. In addition, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was reduced (determined by immunohistochemistry) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased while that of catalase was restored to the normal values. Furthermore, the histopathological scores of inflammation induced by LPS were reduced. Twenty-two compounds were tentatively identified in DCM-F using LC/ESI-QToF with iridoids, phenolic derivatives and flavonoids as major constituents. Identified compounds were subjected to two different molecular docking processes against iNOS and prostaglandin E synthase-1 target receptors. Notably, protoplumericin A and 13-O-coumaroyl plumeride were the most promising members compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor in each case. These findings suggested that DCM-F attenuates the LPS-induced ALI in experimental animals through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra T Eloutify
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Khaled Meselhy Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department and Biology Unit, Central Lab for the Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St, Giza, 12622, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Aya A Shokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H Ahmed
- Cytology and Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Kumar Katragunta
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Meselhy R Meselhy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Khadangi F, Tremblay-Pitre S, Dufour-Mailhot A, Rojas-Ruiz AB, Boucher M, Henry C, Fereydoonzad L, Brunet D, Robichaud A, Bossé Y. Sensitive physiological readouts to evaluate countermeasures for lipopolysaccharide-induced lung alterations in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L107-L120. [PMID: 35670484 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00073.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, studies investigating the physiological alterations caused by an acute bout of inflammation induced by exposing the lung to lipopolysaccharide have yielded inconsistent results. This can be attributed to small effects and/or a lack of fitted physiological testing. Herein, a comprehensive investigation of lung mechanics was conducted in 270 male C57BL/6 mice at 24, 48 or 96 h after an intranasal exposure to saline or lipopolysaccharide at either 1 or 3 mg/kg (30 mice per group). Traditional techniques that probe the lung using small-amplitude perturbations (i.e., oscillometry) were used, together with less conventional and new techniques that probe the lung using maneuvers of large amplitudes. The latter include a partial and a full-range pressure-volume maneuvers to measure quasi-static elastance, compliance, total lung volume, vital capacity and residual volume. The results demonstrate that lung mechanics assessed by oscillometry was only slightly affected by lipopolysaccharide, confirming previous findings. In contradistinction, lipopolysaccharide markedly altered mechanics when the lung was probed with maneuvers of large amplitudes. With the dose of 3 mg/kg at the peak of inflammation (48 h post-exposure), lipopolysaccharide increased quasi-static elastance by 26.7% (p<0.0001), and decreased compliance by 34.5% (p<0.0001). It also decreased lung volumes, including total lung capacity, vital capacity and residual volume by 33.3%, 30.5% and 43.3%, respectively (all p<0.0001). These newly reported physiological alterations represent sensitive outcomes to efficiently evaluate countermeasures (e.g., drugs) in the context of several lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khadangi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay-Pitre
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Dufour-Mailhot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrés Bruno Rojas-Ruiz
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Magali Boucher
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cyndi Henry
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - David Brunet
- SCIREQ - Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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7
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Criner GJ, Lang FM, Gottlieb RL, Mathews KS, Wang TS, Rice TW, Madduri D, Bellam S, Jeanfreau R, Case AH, Glassberg MK, Lyon GM, Ahmad K, Mendelson R, DiMaio JM, Tran MP, Spak CW, Abbasi JA, Davis SG, Ghamande S, Shen S, Sherman L, Lowry S. Anti-Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Monoclonal Antibody Gimsilumab for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 205:1290-1299. [PMID: 35290169 PMCID: PMC9873114 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202108-1859oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) has emerged as a promising target against the hyperactive host immune response associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Objectives: We sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of gimsilumab, an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of hospitalized patients with elevated inflammatory markers and hypoxemia secondary to COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, BREATHE (Better Respiratory Education and Treatment Help Empower), at 21 locations in the United States. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive two doses of intravenous gimsilumab or placebo 1 week apart. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality rate at Day 43. Key secondary outcomes were ventilator-free survival rate, ventilator-free days, and time to hospital discharge. Enrollment was halted early for futility based on an interim analysis. Measurements and Main Results: Of the planned 270 patients, 225 were randomized and dosed; 44.9% of patients were Hispanic or Latino. The gimsilumab and placebo groups experienced an all-cause mortality rate at Day 43 of 28.3% and 23.2%, respectively (adjusted difference = 5% vs. placebo; 95% confidence interval [-6 to 17]; P = 0.377). Overall mortality rates at 24 weeks were similar across the treatment arms. The key secondary endpoints demonstrated no significant differences between groups. Despite the high background use of corticosteroids and anticoagulants, adverse events were generally balanced between treatment groups. Conclusions: Gimsilumab did not improve mortality or other key clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and evidence of systemic inflammation. The utility of anti-GM-CSF therapy for COVID-19 remains unclear. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04351243).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard J. Criner
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederick M. Lang
- Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Kinevant Sciences, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Robert L. Gottlieb
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;,Baylor Scott & White The Heart Hospital–Plano, Plano, Texas;,Baylor Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Tisha S. Wang
- University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Todd W. Rice
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Shashi Bellam
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | | | - Marilyn K. Glassberg
- University of Arizona College of Medicine/Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | - MaryAnn P. Tran
- Baylor Scott & White Medical Center–Round Rock, Round Rock, Texas
| | - Cedric W. Spak
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas;,Texas Centers for Infectious Disease Associates, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jamil A. Abbasi
- Baylor Scott & White All Saints Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | | | | | - Steven Shen
- Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Kinevant Sciences, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Sumitovant Biopharma, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Sherman
- Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Kinevant Sciences, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Roivant Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Simon Lowry
- Roivant Sciences, New York, New York;,Kinevant Sciences, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Roivant Sciences, New York, New York
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8
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Shokry AA, El-Shiekh RA, Kamel G, Bakr AF, Ramadan A. Bioactive phenolics fraction of Hedera helix L. (Common Ivy Leaf) standardized extract ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury in the mouse model through the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09477. [PMID: 35647334 PMCID: PMC9130539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedera helix L. (family Araliaceae) is classified as a conventional plant used as a medicinal product in the cure and prevention of upper respiratory tract inflammation and infection due to its secretolytic and broncholytic effects. Our research was conducted to authenticate the anti-inflammatory effect of ivy leaves extract in the prevention of acute lung injury (ALI) caused by intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). In-vitro antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant were evaluated, in addition to the in-vivo acute lung inflammation model induced by LPS in mice. The animals were divided into seven groups randomly (each group containing 10 mice): control negative (saline only), control positive (LPS group), standard (Dexamethasone 2 mg/kg), ethanolic ivy leaves extract (EIE, 100 mg/kg), ethanolic ivy leaves extract (EIE, 200 mg/kg), saponin rich fraction (SRF, 100 mg/kg) and phenolic rich fraction (PRF, 100 mg/kg). Right lungs were homogenized to determine the levels of SOD, MDA, catalase, IL-10, TNF-α, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2, and MPO. Left lungs were excised for histopathology and histomorphometry. Immunohistochemistry of Cox-2 and TNF-α levels were measured. Additionally, Western blotting was used to determine the levels of phosphorylated MAPK. Also, the ethanolic extract was also standardized through HPLC analysis for its content of rutin.The data showed that the oral supplementation with EIE, 200 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the pro-inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress biomarkers induced by LPS. Interestingly, the phenolics showed promising activity, therefore they are responsible for the action. In conclusion, the standardized ivy leaf extract could be advised for acute lung injury for its antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Ivy leaf is a traditional perennial edible herb used as an anti-inflammatory agent for respiratory disorders. The plant significantly reduced the serum oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines in the in-vivo acute lung inflammation model induced by LPS. Also, it had antimicrobial activity. Phenolics not saponins are responsible for the activity of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A. Shokry
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Riham A. El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Gehan Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa F. Bakr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amer Ramadan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
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9
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Gao XY, Liu GC, Zhang JX, Wang LH, Xu C, Yan ZA, Wang A, Su YF, Lee JJ, Piao GC, Yuan HD. Pharmacological Properties of Ginsenoside Re. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:754191. [PMID: 35462899 PMCID: PMC9019721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.754191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely “pharmacology,” “pharmacokinetics,” and “toxicology,” in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | | | | | - Ling-He Wang
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zi-An Yan
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Fei Su
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Jung-Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
| | - Hai-Dan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
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10
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Akbarpour M, Lecuona E, Chiu SF, Wu Q, Querrey M, Fernandez R, Núñez-Santana FL, Sun H, Ravi S, Kurihara C, Walter JM, Joshi N, Ren Z, Roberts SC, Hauser A, Kreisel D, Li W, Chandel NS, Misharin AV, Mohanakumar T, Budinger GRS, Bharat A. Residual endotoxin induces primary graft dysfunction through ischemia/reperfusion-primed alveolar macrophages. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4456-4469. [PMID: 32692317 DOI: 10.1172/jci135838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of antibiotics, bacterial pneumonias in donors strongly predispose to the fatal syndrome of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplantation. We report that bacterial endotoxin persists in human donor lungs after pathogen is cleared with antibiotics and is associated with neutrophil infiltration and PGD. In mouse models, depletion of tissue-resident alveolar macrophages (TRAMs) attenuated neutrophil recruitment in response to endotoxin as shown by compartmental staining and intravital imaging. Bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that neutrophils were recruited by TRAM through activation of TLR4 in a MyD88-dependent manner. Intriguingly, low levels of endotoxin, insufficient to cause donor lung injury, promoted TRAM-dependent production of CXCL2, increased neutrophil recruitment, and led to PGD, which was independent of donor NCMs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased in human donor lungs starting from the warm-ischemia phase and were associated with increased transcription and translocation to the plasma membrane of TLR4 in donor TRAMs. Consistently, scavenging ROS or inhibiting their production to prevent TLR4 transcription/translocation or blockade of TLR4 or coreceptor CD14 on donor TRAMs prevented neutrophil recruitment in response to endotoxin and ameliorated PGD. Our studies demonstrate that residual endotoxin after successful treatment of donor bacterial pneumonia promotes PGD through ischemia/reperfusion-primed donor TRAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nikita Joshi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | - Scott C Roberts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alan Hauser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and.,Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery and.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ankit Bharat
- Division of Thoracic Surgery.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
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11
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Morris G, Bortolasci CC, Puri BK, Olive L, Marx W, O'Neil A, Athan E, Carvalho A, Maes M, Walder K, Berk M. Preventing the development of severe COVID-19 by modifying immunothrombosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118617. [PMID: 33096114 PMCID: PMC7574725 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significant morbidity and high levels of mortality. This paper describes the processes involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 from the initial infection and subsequent destruction of type II alveolar epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2 and culminating in the development of ARDS. MAIN BODY The activation of alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages leads to the release of large quantities of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and their translocation into the pulmonary vasculature. The presence of these inflammatory mediators in the vascular compartment leads to the activation of vascular endothelial cells platelets and neutrophils and the subsequent formation of platelet neutrophil complexes. These complexes in concert with activated endothelial cells interact to create a state of immunothrombosis. The consequence of immunothrombosis include hypercoagulation, accelerating inflammation, fibrin deposition, migration of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) producing neutrophils into the alveolar apace, activation of the NLRP3 inflammazome, increased alveolar macrophage destruction and massive tissue damage by pyroptosis and necroptosis Therapeutic combinations aimed at ameliorating immunothrombosis and preventing the development of severe COVID-19 are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eugene Athan
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andre Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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12
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Morris G, Athan E, Walder K, Bortolasci CC, O'Neil A, Marx W, Berk M, Carvalho AF, Maes M, Puri BK. Can endolysosomal deacidification and inhibition of autophagy prevent severe COVID-19? Life Sci 2020; 262:118541. [PMID: 33035581 PMCID: PMC7537668 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The possibility is examined that immunomodulatory pharmacotherapy may be clinically useful in managing the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), known to result from infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. The dominant route of cell entry of the coronavirus is via phagocytosis, with ensconcement in endosomes thereafter proceeding via the endosomal pathway, involving transfer from early (EEs) to late endosomes (LEs) and ultimately into lysosomes via endolysosomal fusion. EE to LE transportation is a rate-limiting step for coronaviruses. Hence inhibition or dysregulation of endosomal trafficking could potentially inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. Furthermore, the acidic luminal pH of the endolysosomal system is critical for the activity of numerous pH-sensitive hydrolytic enzymes. Golgi sub-compartments and Golgi-derived secretory vesicles also depend on being mildly acidic for optimal function and structure. Activation of endosomal toll-like receptors by viral RNA can upregulate inflammatory mediators and contribute to a systemic inflammatory cytokine storm, associated with a worsened clinical outcome in COVID-19. Such endosomal toll-like receptors could be inhibited by the use of pharmacological agents which increase endosomal pH, thereby reducing the activity of acid-dependent endosomal proteases required for their activity and/or assembly, leading to suppression of antigen-presenting cell activity, decreased autoantibody secretion, decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activity and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It is also noteworthy that SARS-CoV-2 inhibits autophagy, predisposing infected cells to apoptosis. It is therefore also suggested that further pharmacological inhibition of autophagy might encourage the apoptotic clearance of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eugene Athan
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Department of Infectious Disease, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara C. Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wolf Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, the Department of Psychiatry, the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - André F. Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basant K. Puri
- C.A.R., Cambridge, UK,Corresponding author at: Level 1, Block A, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
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13
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Lee KMC, Achuthan AA, Hamilton JA. GM-CSF: A Promising Target in Inflammation and Autoimmunity. Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:225-240. [PMID: 33150139 PMCID: PMC7605919 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s262566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was firstly identified as being able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow progenitors into granulocytes and macrophages. Much preclinical data have indicated that GM-CSF has a wide range of functions across different tissues in its action on myeloid cells, and GM-CSF deletion/depletion approaches indicate its potential as an important therapeutic target in several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, for example, rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we discuss briefly the biology of GM-CSF, raise some current issues and questions pertaining to this biology, summarize the results from preclinical models of a range of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and list the latest clinical trials evaluating GM-CSF blockade in such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Adrian A Achuthan
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3050, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Lang FM, Lee KMC, Teijaro JR, Becher B, Hamilton JA. GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:507-514. [PMID: 32576980 PMCID: PMC7309428 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a myelopoietic growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in alveolar macrophage homeostasis, lung inflammation and immunological disease. Both administration and inhibition of GM-CSF are currently being therapeutically tested in COVID-19 clinical trials. This Perspective discusses the pleiotropic biology of GM-CSF and the scientific merits behind these contrasting approaches. Recombinant granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as well as antibodies targeted at GM-CSF or its receptor are being tested in clinical trials for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This Perspective introduces the pleiotropic functions of GM-CSF and explores the rationale behind these different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin M-C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Lu F, Yang H, Lin SD, Zhao L, Jiang C, Chen ZB, Liu YY, Kan YJ, Hu J, Pang WS. Cyclic Peptide Extracts Derived From Pseudostellaria heterophylla Ameliorates COPD via Regulation of the TLR4/MyD88 Pathway Proteins. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:850. [PMID: 32581806 PMCID: PMC7296098 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have explored the method of extraction and purification of cyclic-peptide extract (CPE) from Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax. (Taizishen, TZS), characterized the structure about cyclic-peptide compounds and investigated the biological activity of CPE attenuating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in rats. The CPE from TZS was obtained by ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, hot water extraction, and alcohol-precipitation. Cyclic-peptide structures were distinguished using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Rats were induced by solid combustibles smoke (SCS) for the COPD model, and the anti-COPD activity of CPE was detected using lung airway resistance and dynamic lung compliance, as well as pulmonary tissue hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The relevant inflammatory cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CPE obtained from TZS contained 12 cyclic-peptide constituents; the purity was up to 92.94%. CPE (200, 400, or 500 mg/kg/day) was given to SCS-induced COPD model rats orally for 15 days. The results showed that in rats given CPE (400 mg/kg/day) there was a sharp fall in lung airway resistance but a rise in dynamic lung compliance. The image analysis of lung tissue sections suggested that CPE could decrease the degree of alveolar destruction (p <0.05), alleviate lung inflammation, increase alveolar space, and improve the infiltration of inflammatory cells. CPE was found to reduce the levels of TNF-α, but increase IL-10, adjusting multiple cytokines in rat serum; the TLR4 mRNA, MyD88 mRNA and AP-1 mRNA levels, the expressing levels of p-JNK, p-p38 and p-TAK1 protein were significantly down regulated in rat alveolar macrophages. CPE intervention could improve the pulmonary ventilation function on COPD rats, which may be related to its effect in inhibiting the abnormal activation of the TLR4-MyD88-JNK/p38 pathway. This is the first report that the CPE of TZS lessens the severity of COPD episodes. The new preparation process of CPEs implements the anticipated goal, which is to refine CPE and actualize quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Si-Ding Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Chen
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Kan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Traditional Chinese Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Sakuma M, Khan MAS, Yasuhara S, Martyn JA, Palaniyar N. Mechanism of pulmonary immunosuppression: extrapulmonary burn injury suppresses bacterial endotoxin-induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. FASEB J 2019; 33:13602-13616. [PMID: 31577450 PMCID: PMC6894048 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901098r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary immunosuppression often occurs after burn injury (BI). However, the reasons for BI-induced pulmonary immunosuppression are not clearly understood. Neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis) are important components of a robust pulmonary immune response, and we hypothesized that pulmonary inflammation and NETosis are defective after BI. To test this hypothesis, we established a mouse model with intranasal LPS instillation in the presence or absence of BI (15% of body surface burn) and determined the degree of immune cell infiltration, NETosis, and the cytokine levels in the airways and blood on d 2. Presence of LPS recruited monocytes and large numbers of neutrophils to the airways and induced NETosis (citrullinated histone H3, DNA, myeloperoxidase). By contrast, BI significantly reduced LPS-mediated leukocyte recruitment and NETosis. This BI-induced immunosuppression is attributable to the reduction of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) and CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1α). BI also suppressed LPS-induced increase in IL-17A, IL-17C, and IL-17E/IL-25 levels in the airways. Therefore, BI-mediated reduction in leukocyte recruitment and NETosis in the lungs are attributable to these cytokines. Regulating the levels of some of these key cytokines represents a potential therapeutic option for mitigating BI-mediated pulmonary immunosuppression.-Sakuma, M., Khan, M. A. S., Yasuhara, S., Martyn, J. A., Palaniyar, N. Mechanism of pulmonary immunosuppression: extrapulmonary burn injury suppresses bacterial endotoxin-induced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sakuma
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospitals for Children–Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohammed A. S. Khan
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospitals for Children–Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shingo Yasuhara
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospitals for Children–Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeevendra A. Martyn
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospitals for Children–Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nades Palaniyar
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Hospitals for Children–Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Todd EM, Ramani R, Szasz TP, Morley SC. Inhaled GM-CSF in neonatal mice provides durable protection against bacterial pneumonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3387. [PMID: 31453341 PMCID: PMC6693910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia poses profound health threats to preterm infants. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) eliminate inhaled pathogens while maintaining surfactant homeostasis. As AM development only occurs perinatally, therapies that accelerate AM maturation in preterms may improve outcomes. We tested therapeutic rescue of AM development in mice lacking the actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL), which exhibit impaired AM development and increased susceptibility to pneumococcal lung infection. Airway administration of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to LPL-/- neonates augmented AM production. Airway administration distinguishes the delivery route from prior human infant trials. Adult LPL-/- animals that received neonatal GM-CSF were protected from experimental pneumococcal challenge. No detrimental effects on surfactant metabolism or alveolarization were observed. Airway recombinant GM-CSF administration thus shows therapeutic promise to accelerate neonatal pulmonary immunity, protecting against bacterial pneumonia.
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18
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George T, Chakraborty M, Giembycz MA, Newton R. A bronchoprotective role for Rgs2 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide-induced airways inflammation. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:40. [PMID: 30305828 PMCID: PMC6166284 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma exacerbations are associated with the recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs. These cells release proteases and mediators, many of which act at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple via Gq to promote bronchoconstriction and inflammation. Common asthma therapeutics up-regulate expression of the regulator of G protein signalling (RGS), RGS2. As RGS2 reduces signaling from Gq-coupled GPCRs, we have defined role(s) for this GTPase-activating protein in an acute neutrophilic model of lung inflammation. Methods Wild type and Rgs2−/− C57Bl6 mice were exposed to nebulized lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lung function (respiratory system resistance and compliance) was measured using a SCIREQ flexivent small animal ventilator. Lung inflammation was assessed by histochemistry, cell counting and by cytokine and chemokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Results Lipopolysaccharide inhalation induced transient airways hyperreactivity (AHR) and neutrophilic lung inflammation. While AHR and inflammation was greatest 3 h post-LPS exposure, BAL neutrophils persisted for 24 h. At 3 h post-LPS inhalation, multiple inflammatory cytokines (CSF2, CSF3, IL6, TNF) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2) were highly expressed in the BAL fluid, prior to declining by 24 h. Compared to wild type counterparts, Rgs2−/− mice developed significantly greater airflow resistance in response to inhaled methacholine (MCh) at 3 h post-LPS exposure. At 24 h post-LPS exposure, when lung function was recovering in the wild type animals, MCh-induced resistance was increased, and compliance decreased, in Rgs2−/− mice. Thus, Rgs2−/− mice show AHR and stiffer lungs 24 h post-LPS exposure. Histological markers of inflammation, total and differential cell counts, and major cytokine and chemokine expression in BAL fluid were similar between wild type and Rgs2−/− mice. However, 3 and 24 h post-LPS exposure, IL12B expression was significantly elevated in BAL fluid from Rgs2−/− mice compared to wild type animals. Conclusions While Rgs2 is bronchoprotective in acute neutrophilic inflammation, no clear anti-inflammatory effect was apparent. Nevertheless, elevated IL12B expression in Rgs2−/− animals raises the possibility that RGS2 could dampen Th1 responses. These findings indicate that up-regulation of RGS2, as occurs in response to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists, may be beneficial in acute neutrophilic exacerbations of airway disease, including asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13223-018-0266-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tresa George
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mainak Chakraborty
- 2Immunology Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Mark A Giembycz
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
| | - Robert Newton
- 1Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6 Canada
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19
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Benmerzoug S, Marinho FV, Rose S, Mackowiak C, Gosset D, Sedda D, Poisson E, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Jacobs M, Garcia I, Ryffel B, Quesniaux VFJ. GM-CSF targeted immunomodulation affects host response to M. tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8652. [PMID: 29872095 PMCID: PMC5988704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host directed immunomodulation represents potential new adjuvant therapies in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis. Major cytokines like TNFα exert a multifold role in host control of mycobacterial infections. GM-CSF and its receptor are over-expressed during acute M. tuberculosis infection and we asked how GM-CSF neutralization might affect host response, both in immunocompetent and in immunocompromised TNFα-deficient mice. GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies, at a dose effectively preventing acute lung inflammation, did not affect M. tuberculosis bacterial burden, but increased the number of granuloma in wild-type mice. We next assessed whether GM-CSF neutralization might affect the control of M. tuberculosis by isoniazid/rifampicin chemotherapy. GM-CSF neutralization compromised the bacterial control under sub-optimal isoniazid/rifampicin treatment in TNFα-deficient mice, leading to exacerbated lung inflammation with necrotic granulomatous structures and high numbers of intracellular M. tuberculosis bacilli. In vitro, GM-CSF neutralization promoted M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype in M. bovis BCG infected macrophages, with reduced mycobactericidal NO production and higher intracellular M. bovis BCG burden. Thus, GM-CSF pathway overexpression during acute M. tuberculosis infection contributes to an efficient M1 response, and interfering with GM-CSF pathway in the course of infection may impair the host inflammatory response against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulayman Benmerzoug
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Fabio Vitarelli Marinho
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stéphanie Rose
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - David Gosset
- P@CYFIC Plateform, Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS UPR4301, Orleans, France
| | - Delphine Sedda
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | - Emeline Poisson
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
| | | | | | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and the Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Valerie F J Quesniaux
- CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France.
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), University of Orleans, Orleans, France.
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20
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Arebro J, Ekstedt S, Hjalmarsson E, Winqvist O, Kumlien Georén S, Cardell LO. A possible role for neutrophils in allergic rhinitis revealed after cellular subclassification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43568. [PMID: 28272395 PMCID: PMC5341103 DOI: 10.1038/srep43568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A re-examination of former concepts is required to meet today’s medical challenges in allergic rhinitis. Previously, neutrophils have been treated as a relatively homogenous cell population found in the nose both when the patient is suffering at the height of the allergic season as well as when the patient report no symptoms. However, new data indicates that neutrophils can be divided into different subsets with diverse roles in inflammation. We showed increased levels of neutrophils in peripheral blood, nasal biopsies and nasal lavage fluid (NAL) from allergic patients during the pollen season compared to healthy controls. A closer examination revealed that the activated subset of neutrophils, CD16high CD62Ldim, outweighed the normal form CD16high CD62Lhigh in nasal tissue among these patients. This skewed distribution was not seen in controls. The normal subset prevailed in peripheral blood from patients as well as controls, whereas CD16high CD62Ldim and CD16dim CD62Ldim subsets, the latter considered “end state” neutrophils before apoptosis, were elevated in NAL. Functional in vitro experiments revealed that activated neutrophils exhibit a T cell priming capacity and an ability to enhance eosinophil migration. Activated neutrophils may thus contribute to allergic inflammation seen in allergic rhinitis by priming T cells and attracting eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Arebro
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandra Ekstedt
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Hjalmarsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Translational Immunology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Jose S, Madan R. Neutrophil-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infections. Anaerobe 2016; 41:85-90. [PMID: 27063896 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in the western world. C. difficile infections are a major healthcare burden with approximately 500,000 new cases every year and an estimated annual cost of nearly $1 billion in the U.S. Furthermore, the infections are no longer restricted to health care facilities, and recent studies indicate spread of C. difficile infection to the community as well. The clinical spectrum of C. difficile infection ranges from asymptomatic colonization to severe diarrhea, fulminant colitis and death. This spectrum results from a complex interplay between bacterial virulence factors, the colonic microbiome and the host inflammatory response. The overall vigor of host inflammatory response is believed to be an important determinant of C. difficile disease severity, and a more robust immune response is associated with worse outcomes. Neutrophils are the primary cells that respond to C. difficile invasion and neutrophilic inflammation is the hallmark of C. difficile-associated disease. In this review, we will focus on the role of neutrophils (infiltration to infected tissue, pathogen clearance and resolution of inflammation) in the immuno-pathogenesis of C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsmon Jose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rajat Madan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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22
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McDermott AJ, Frank CR, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, Young VB, Huffnagle GB. Role of GM-CSF in the inflammatory cytokine network that regulates neutrophil influx into the colonic mucosa during Clostridium difficile infection in mice. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:476-84. [PMID: 25045999 PMCID: PMC5915364 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice results in acute colitis characterized by severe intestinal histopathology, robust neutrophil influx, and increased expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, including GM-CSF. We utilized a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against GM-CSF in a murine model to study the role of GM-CSF during acute C. difficile colitis. Cefoperazone-treated mice were challenged with C. difficile (strain 630) spores. Expression of GM-CSF was significantly increased in animals challenged with C. difficile. Treatment with an anti-GM-CSF mAb did not alter C. difficile colonization levels, weight loss, or expression of IL-22 and RegIIIγ. However, expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, as well as iNOS, was significantly reduced following anti-GM-CSF treatment. Expression of the neutrophil chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, but not the chemokines CCL2, CCL4, CXCL9, and CXCL10, was significantly reduced by anti-GM-CSF treatment. Consistent with a decrease in neutrophil-attractant chemokine expression, there were fewer neutrophils in histology sections and a reduction in the expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a tissue anti-protease that protects against damage by secreted neutrophil elastase. These data indicate that GM-CSF plays a role in the inflammatory signaling network that drives neutrophil recruitment in response to C. difficile infection but does not appear to play a role in clearance of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McDermott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Charles R Frank
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Nicole R Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Roderick A McDonald
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Vincent B Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA,Division of Infectious Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA,Correspondence to: Gary B Huffnagle;
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23
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Caramori G, Adcock IM, Di Stefano A, Chung KF. Cytokine inhibition in the treatment of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014; 9:397-412. [PMID: 24812504 PMCID: PMC4010626 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s42544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play an important part in many pathobiological processes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including the chronic inflammatory process, emphysema, and altered innate immune response. Proinflammatory cytokines of potential importance include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, IL-32, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β. The current objectives of COPD treatment are to reduce symptoms, and to prevent and reduce the number of exacerbations. While current treatments achieve these goals to a certain extent, preventing the decline in lung function is not currently achievable. In addition, reversal of corticosteroid insensitivity and control of the fibrotic process while reducing the emphysematous process could also be controlled by specific cytokines. The abnormal pathobiological process of COPD may contribute to these fundamental characteristics of COPD, and therefore targeting cytokines involved may be a fruitful endeavor. Although there has been much work that has implicated various cytokines as potentially playing an important role in COPD, there have been very few studies that have examined the effect of specific cytokine blockade in COPD. The two largest studies that have been reported in the literature involve the use of blocking antibody to TNFα and CXCL8 (IL-8), and neither has provided benefit. Blocking the actions of CXCL8 through its CXCR2 receptor blockade was not successful either. Studies of antibodies against IL-17, IL-18, IL-1β, and TSLP are currently either being undertaken or planned. There is a need to carefully phenotype COPD and discover good biomarkers of drug efficacy for each specific target. Specific groups of COPD patients should be targeted with specific anticytokine therapy if there is evidence of high expression of that cytokine and there are features of the clinical expression of COPD that will respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-correlate (CEMICEF; formerly Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell’Apparato Cardio-Respiratorio, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Veruno, Italy
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Diseases Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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24
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Xiang Y, Kogel U, Gebel S, Peck MJ, Peitsch MC, Akmaev VR, Hoeng J. Discovery of Emphysema Relevant Molecular Networks from an A/J Mouse Inhalation Study Using Reverse Engineering and Forward Simulation (REFS™). GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:45-61. [PMID: 24596455 PMCID: PMC3937248 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder caused by extended exposure of the airways to noxious stimuli, principally cigarette smoke (CS). The mechanisms through which COPD develops are not fully understood, though it is believed that the disease process includes a genetic component, as not all smokers develop COPD. To investigate the mechanisms that lead to the development of COPD/emphysema, we measured whole genome gene expression and several COPD-relevant biological endpoints in mouse lung tissue after exposure to two CS doses for various lengths of time. A novel and powerful method, Reverse Engineering and Forward Simulation (REFS™), was employed to identify key molecular drivers by integrating the gene expression data and four measured COPD-relevant endpoints (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, MMP-9 levels, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels and lung weight). An ensemble of molecular networks was generated using REFS™, and simulations showed that it could successfully recover the measured experimental data for gene expression and COPD-relevant endpoints. The ensemble of networks was then employed to simulate thousands of in silico gene knockdown experiments. Thirty-three molecular key drivers for the above four COPD-relevant endpoints were therefore identified, with the majority shown to be enriched in inflammation and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Kogel
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Köln, Germany
| | - Michael J Peck
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris Research and Development, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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25
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Jung KH, Haam KK, Park S, Kim Y, Lee SR, Lee G, Kim M, Hong M, Shin M, Jung S, Bae H. The standardized herbal formula, PM014, ameliorated cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:219. [PMID: 24010767 PMCID: PMC3847199 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of PM014 on cigarette smoke induced lung disease in the murine animal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 2 weeks to induce COPD-like lung inflammation. Two hours prior to cigarette smoke exposure, the treatment group was administered PM014 via an oral injection. To investigate the effects of PM014, we assessed PM014 functions in vivo, including immune cell infiltration, cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and histopathological changes in the lung. The efficacy of PM014 was compared with that of the recently developed anti-COPD drug, roflumilast. RESULTS PM014 substantially inhibited immune cell infiltration (neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) into the airway. In addition, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 were decreased in the BAL fluid of PM014-treated mice compared to cigarette smoke stimulated mice. These changes were more prominent than roflumilast treated mice. The expression of PAS-positive cells in the bronchial layer was also significantly reduced in both PM014 and roflumilast treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that PM014 exerts strong therapeutic effects against CS induced, COPD-like lung inflammation. Therefore, this herbal medicine may represent a novel therapeutic agent for lung inflammation in general, as well as a specific agent for COPD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Keun Haam
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngeun Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ryel Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunhyeog Lee
- Central Research Institute, Hanlim Pharm. Co. Ltd., 1007 Yoobang Dong, Yongin, Kyounggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Miran Kim
- Central Research Institute, Hanlim Pharm. Co. Ltd., 1007 Yoobang Dong, Yongin, Kyounggi Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moochang Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungki Jung
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory System, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoekidong, Dongdaemoonku, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Fogli LK, Sundrud MS, Goel S, Bajwa S, Jensen K, Derudder E, Sun A, Coffre M, Uyttenhove C, Van Snick J, Schmidt-Supprian M, Rao A, Grunig G, Durbin J, Casola S, Casola SS, Rajewsky K, Koralov SB. T cell-derived IL-17 mediates epithelial changes in the airway and drives pulmonary neutrophilia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3100-11. [PMID: 23966625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a proinflammatory subset of effector T cells that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Their production of the cytokine IL-17 is known to induce local recruitment of neutrophils, but the direct impact of IL-17 on the lung epithelium is poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel mouse model of spontaneous IL-17-driven lung inflammation that exhibits many similarities to asthma in humans. We have found that STAT3 hyperactivity in T lymphocytes causes an expansion of Th17 cells, which home preferentially to the lungs. IL-17 secretion then leads to neutrophil infiltration and lung epithelial changes, in turn leading to a chronic inflammatory state with increased mucus production and decreased lung function. We used this model to investigate the effects of IL-17 activity on airway epithelium and identified CXCL5 and MIP-2 as important factors in neutrophil recruitment. The neutralization of IL-17 greatly reduces pulmonary neutrophilia, underscoring a key role for IL-17 in promoting chronic airway inflammation. These findings emphasize the role of IL-17 in mediating neutrophil-driven pulmonary inflammation and highlight a new mouse model that may be used for the development of novel therapies targeting Th17 cells in asthma and other chronic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Fogli
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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27
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Palicz Z, Jenes Á, Gáll T, Miszti-Blasius K, Kollár S, Kovács I, Emri M, Márián T, Leiter É, Pócsi I, Csősz É, Kalló G, Hegedűs C, Virág L, Csernoch L, Szentesi P. In vivo application of a small molecular weight antifungal protein of Penicillium chrysogenum (PAF). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 269:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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28
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Cameron EJ, McSharry C, Chaudhuri R, Farrow S, Thomson NC. Long-term macrolide treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases: risks, benefits and future developments. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:1302-12. [PMID: 22925316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics were discovered over 50 years ago and following their use as antimicrobials it became apparent that this group of antibiotics also possessed anti-inflammatory properties. Subsequent clinical trials showed benefits of macrolides as long-term adjuncts in the treatment of a spectrum of chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases, particularly diffuse panbronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, post-transplant bronchiolitis obliterans and more recently chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The evidence for efficacy of macrolides in the long-term treatment of chronic asthma and bronchiectasis is less well established. The mechanism(s) of action of macrolides in the treatment of these diseases remains unexplained, but may be due to their antibacterial and/or anti-inflammatory actions, which include reductions in interleukin-8 production, neutrophil migration and/or function. Macrolides have additional potentially beneficial properties including anti-viral actions and an ability to restore corticosteroid sensitivity. The increased prescribing of macrolides for long-term treatment could result in the development of microbial resistance and adverse drug effects. New macrolides have been developed which do not possess any antimicrobial activity and hence lack the ability to produce microbial resistance, but which still retain immunomodulatory effects. Potentially novel macrolides may overcome a significant barrier to the use of this type of drug for the long-term treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Cameron
- Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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29
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Kariya S, Okano M, Higaki T, Makihara S, Haruna T, Eguchi M, Nishizaki K. Neutralizing antibody against granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits inflammatory response in experimental otitis media. Laryngoscope 2012; 123:1514-8. [PMID: 23172593 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is important in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disease. We hypothesized that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plays a pivotal role in middle ear inflammation and that neutralization of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor would inhibit neutrophil migration into the middle ear and production of inflammatory mediators. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment. METHODS We used transtympanic administration of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of gram-negative bacteria, into mice to induce an experimental otitis media. Control mice received injection of phosphate-buffered saline into the middle ear cavity. Mice were systemically treated with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody or control immunoglobulin G via intraperitoneal injection 2 hours before transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline. Middle ear effusions were collected. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in middle ear effusions were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic examination of the middle ear was also performed. RESULTS Transtympanic injection of lipopolysaccharide upregulated levels of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-1β, TNF-α, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in the middle ear. Concentrations of cytokines and chemokines were significantly decreased in mice injected with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the middle ear cavity induced by lipopolysaccharide was also significantly reduced by neutralization of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSIONS Systemic injection of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibody inhibits the middle ear inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Our findings suggest that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor may offer a novel therapeutic target for the management of intractable otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kariya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Sugamata R, Dobashi H, Nagao T, Yamamoto KI, Nakajima N, Sato Y, Aratani Y, Oshima M, Sata T, Kobayashi K, Kawachi S, Nakayama T, Suzuki K. Contribution of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase in the early phase of fulminant acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by influenza virus infection. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:171-82. [PMID: 22211924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by influenza virus infection remains unknown, we can only improve on existing therapeutic interventions. To approach the subject, we investigated immunological etiology focused on cytokines and an acute lung damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS by using a PR-8 (A/H1N1)-infected mouse model. The infected mouse showed fulminant severe pneumonia with leukocyte infiltration, claudin alteration on tight junctions, and formation of hyaline membranes. In addition to interferon (IFN)-α, plenty of keratinocyte-derived chemokines (KC), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were significantly released into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the model. We focused on neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) as a potent tissue damage factor and examined its contribution in influenza pneumonia by using mice genetically lacking in MPO. The absence of MPO reduced inflammatory damage with suppression of leakage of total BALF proteins associated with alteration of claudins in the lung. MPO(-/-) mice also suppressed viral load in the lung. The present study suggests that MPO-mediated OCl(-) generation affects claudin molecules and leads to protein leakage and viral spread as a damage factor in influenza-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sugamata
- Inflammation Program, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Bae H, Kim R, Kim Y, Lee E, Jin Kim H, Pyo Jang Y, Jung SK, Kim J. Effects of Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Schizandraceae) on lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:41-47. [PMID: 22543173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Schisandra chinensis Baillon (Sc), an anti-inflammatory herb that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, is frequently used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a water extract of Sc to prevent airway inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lung alveolar epithelial-derived A549 cells were stimulated with to interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ (IL-1β, TNF-α, and INF-γ; cytokine mixture; CM) and treated with Sc extracts. They were then evaluated using nitric oxide (NO), IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) secretions. In the in vivo study, BALB/c mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce acute airway inflammation. After this challenge, the mice were treated with Sc extracts (10, 50 and 100mg/kg) by oral administration, and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were counted. IL-6 and TNF-α secretions were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lung tissues of the LPS treated mice were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histological examination. RESULTS In the A549 cells, Sc extracts dose-dependently and significantly inhibited CM-induced NO production and reduced IL-8 and MCP-1 secretions. Sc extracts efficiently suppressed neutrophil and macrophage infiltrations of lung tissues and increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels in BAL fluid in LPS-instilled BALB/c mice. In addition, Sc extracts treatment inhibited pathologic progress in the lung tissues, as confirmed by H&E staining. These findings indicate that Sc extracts could be potentially useful for the treatment of acute lung inflammation and acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, #1 Hoeki-dong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Herbal Formula, PM014, Attenuates Lung Inflammation in a Murine Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:769830. [PMID: 22778777 PMCID: PMC3384970 DOI: 10.1155/2012/769830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by airway obstruction, leads to, as the two major forms of COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of herbal formula, PM014, in a murine model of COPD. Balb/c mice were treated once with each herb extract in PM014 or PM014 mixture via an oral injection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or elastase/LPS were administrated to the mice to induce a disease that resembles COPD. PM014 treatment significantly attenuated the increased accumulation of immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to control mice. In addition, the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BALF were decreased in the PM014 mice. Furthermore, histological analysis demonstrated that PM014 attenuated the hazardous effects of lung inflammation. These data suggest that PM014 exerts beneficial effects against forms of COPD such as lung inflammation.
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Sodium caseinate induces mouse granulopoiesis. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:367-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Dietary plasma proteins attenuate the innate immunity response in a mouse model of acute lung injury. Br J Nutr 2011; 107:867-75. [PMID: 21906407 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511003655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether oral plasma protein supplements affect the innate immune response in a model of acute lung inflammation. Mice were fed diets supplemented with 8 % spray-dried plasma (SDP) or 2 % plasma Ig concentrate (IC) from day 19 (weaning) until day 34. The mice were challenged with intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at day 33 (and killed 24 h later for cytokine and leucocyte analyses) or at day 34 (and killed 6 h later for cytokine determinations). In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), LPS increased the number of leucocytes by twenty-sevenfold, an effect that was partly prevented by both SDP and IC, and by twentyfold the percentage of activated monocytes, which was partly prevented by SDP. In the lung tissue, LPS increased the infiltrated leucocytes, and this effect was prevented in part by SDP. In unchallenged mice, both SDP and IC diets reduced the percentage of resident neutrophils and monocytes (P < 0·05). In the blood, both SDP and IC completely prevented LPS-dependent monocyte activation (CD14⁺; P < 0·05). LPS dramatically increased the concentration of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4) in BALF. The acute response of cytokine production was reduced by 20-80 % by both SDP and IC. For chemokines, plasma supplements had no effect on LPS-induced CXCL1 expression but significantly reduced CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 production (P < 0·05). The results support the view that dietary plasma proteins can be used to attenuate endotoxin-associated lung inflammation.
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Lee H, Lee D, Kim Y, Lee G, Kim SJ, Jung S, Jung H, Bae H. Lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation is inhibited by Lonicera japonica. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Inhibition of the MAP kinase ERK protects from lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1827-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Geraets L, Haegens A, Brauers K, Haydock JA, Vernooy JH, Wouters EF, Bast A, Hageman GJ. Inhibition of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation by specific flavonoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:598-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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