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Liu YN, Wu FY, Tian RY, Shi YX, Xu ZQ, Liu JY, Huang J, Xue FF, Liu BY, Liu GQ. The bHLH-zip transcription factor SREBP regulates triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms in the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lingzhi. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1. [PMID: 36596887 PMCID: PMC9810662 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are well recognized as important pharmacological components of the medicinal species belonging to the basidiomycete genus Ganoderma. However, transcription factors directly regulating the expression of GA biosynthesis genes remain poorly understood. Here, the genome of Ganoderma lingzhi is de novo sequenced. Using DNA affinity purification sequencing, we identify putative targets of the transcription factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), including the genes of triterpenoid synthesis and lipid metabolism. Interactions between SREBP and the targets are verified by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay. RNA-seq shows that SREBP targets, mevalonate kinase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthetase in mevalonate pathway, sterol isomerase and lanosterol 14-demethylase in ergosterol biosynthesis, are significantly upregulated in the SREBP overexpression (OE::SREBP) strain. In addition, 3 targets involved in glycerophospholipid/glycerolipid metabolism are upregulated. Then, the contents of mevalonic acid, lanosterol, ergosterol and 13 different GAs as well as a variety of lipids are significantly increased in this strain. Furthermore, the effects of SREBP overexpression on triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms are recovered when OE::SREBP strain are treated with exogenous fatostatin, a specific inhibitor of SREBP. Taken together, our genome-wide study clarify the role of SREBP in triterpenoid and lipid metabolisms of G. lingzhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nan Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Feng-Yuan Wu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ren-Yuan Tian
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Yi-Xin Shi
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Zi-Qi Xu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Ji-Ye Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Jia Huang
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Fei-Fei Xue
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Bi-Yang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,grid.440660.00000 0004 1761 0083International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004 China ,Microbial Variety Creation Center, Yuelushan Laboratory of Seed Industry, Changsha, 410004 China
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A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010024. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Ahmad MF, Wahab S, Ahmad FA, Ashraf SA, Abullais SS, Saad HH. Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Singh MP, Rai SN, Dubey SK, Pandey AT, Tabassum N, Chaturvedi VK, Singh NB. Biomolecules of mushroom: a recipe of human wellness. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:913-930. [PMID: 34412526 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1964431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Indian system of medicine - Ayurveda says "When diet is wrong, medicine is of no use. When diet is correct, medicine is of no use". In this context, mushroom constitutes one of the major resources for nutraceuticals. Biomolecules of mushrooms have attracted the attention of researchers around the globe due to their proven healthy attributes. They have a plenitude of health-giving properties and these range from immunomodulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, anti-HIV, antidiabetic, anticholesterolic to antiarthritic activities.Mushrooms contain both primary and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites provide energy while the secondary metabolite exhibits medicinal properties. Hence, the mushroom can be a recipe for human wellness and will play a significant role in fighting COVID-19 pandemics and other infectious diseases.The key findings suggested in this paper refer to the exploration of health and the healing traits of biomolecules of mushrooms. This article reviews the current status of the medicinal attributes of mushrooms and their biomolecules in different diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, reproductive diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The global malnutrition-related morbidity and mortality among children under five and lactating women presents a frightening picture and also a black spot on the human face. Malnutrition is responsible for more ill-health than any other cause. Mushrooms as a rich source of bioactive compounds can be claimed as "Best from the Waste" since they grow on the most abundant organic wastes of the Earth, the lignocellulosic substrate, and 'Best of the Rest' because they are excellent nutraceutical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nazish Tabassum
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | | | - Narsingh Bahadur Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kerezoudi EN, Mitsou EK, Gioti K, Terzi E, Avgousti I, Panagiotou A, Koutrotsios G, Zervakis GI, Mountzouris KC, Tenta R, Kyriacou A. Fermentation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum mushrooms and their extracts by the gut microbiota of healthy and osteopenic women: potential prebiotic effect and impact of mushroom fermentation products on human osteoblasts. Food Funct 2021; 12:1529-1546. [PMID: 33521800 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02581j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have highlighted the role of the gut microbiota and its several metabolites in maintaining bone health. Thus, gut microbiota manipulation, e.g., by prebiotics, might offer a plausible target in the fight against bone degenerative diseases. This study aimed (a) to investigate the in vitro prebiotic potential of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms in healthy and osteopenic women and (b) to explore the impact of mushroom fermentation products on human osteoblasts. G. lucidum LGAM 9720 and P. ostreatus IK 1123 lyophilized mushroom-powders (2% w/v) and their hot-water extracts (1% w/v) were fermented in a 24 h static batch culture model by using faecal inocula from healthy (n = 3) or osteopenic (n = 3) donors. Gut microbiota analysis (qPCR) and measurement of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were performed during fermentation, and 24 h-prebiotic indexes were calculated. Evaluation of the effects of fermentation products on bone metabolism parameters (OPG: osteoprotegerin; and RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand) in osteoblast cultures was also performed. Our data suggest that the origin of the gut microbiota inoculum plays a major role in the viability of osteoblasts. The treatments using P. ostreatus mushroom-powder and G. lucidum mushroom-extract had positive effects based on gut microbiota and SCFA analyses. Both mushrooms exhibited lower RANKL levels compared to controls, whereas their extracts tended to enhance the osteoblastic activity. In conclusion, mushrooms that are rich in beta-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects on bone physiology by alterations in the gut microbiota and/or SCFA production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evdokia K Mitsou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina Gioti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Eirini Terzi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Ifigeneia Avgousti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Georgios Koutrotsios
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Roxane Tenta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
| | - Adamantini Kyriacou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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Venturella G, Ferraro V, Cirlincione F, Gargano ML. Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020634. [PMID: 33435246 PMCID: PMC7826851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms have important health benefits and exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antiallergic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiviral, cytotoxic, immunomodulating, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, digestive, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and hypotensive activities. The growing interest in mycotherapy requires a strong commitment from the scientific community to expand clinical trials and to propose supplements of safe origin and genetic purity. Bioactive compounds of selected medicinal mushrooms and their effects and mechanisms in in vitro and in vivo clinical studies are reported in this review. Besides, we analyzed the therapeutic use and pharmacological activities of mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Venturella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, I-90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09123891234
| | - Valeria Ferraro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, I-90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Fortunato Cirlincione
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Bldg. 5, I-90128 Palermo, Italy; (V.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria Letizia Gargano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/A, I-70126 Bari, Italy;
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Ganoderic acid A is the effective ingredient of Ganoderma triterpenes in retarding renal cyst development in polycystic kidney disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:782-790. [PMID: 31911637 PMCID: PMC7468358 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common life-threatening monogenetic diseases characterized by progressive enlargement of fluid-filled renal cysts. Our previous study has shown that Ganoderma triterpenes (GT) retards PKD renal cyst development. In the present study we identified the effective ingredient of GT in suppression of kidney cyst development. Using an in vitro MDCK cystogenesis model, we identified ganoderic acid A (GA-A) as the most promising candidate among the 12 ganoderic acid (GA) monomers. We further showed that GA-A (6.25−100 μM) significantly inhibited cyst growth in MDCK cyst model and embryonic kidney cyst model in vitro, and the inhibitory effect was reversible. In kidney-specific Pkd1 knockout (kPKD) mice displaying severe cystic kidney disease, administration of GA-A (50 mg· kg−1 ·d−1, sc) significantly attenuated renal cyst development. In both MDCK cells and kidney of kPKD mice, we revealed that GA-A dose-dependently downregulated the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was also suppressed, suggesting a possible effect of GA-A on cell proliferation. These experimental data suggest that GA-A may be the main ingredient of GT as a potential therapeutic reagent for treating ADPKD.
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Yang Y, Yu T, Tang H, Ren Z, Li Q, Jia J, Chen H, Fu J, Ding S, Hao Q, Xu D, Song L, Sun B, Sun F, Pei J. Ganoderma lucidum Immune Modulator Protein rLZ-8 Could Prevent and Reverse Bone Loss in Glucocorticoids-Induced Osteoporosis Rat Model. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:731. [PMID: 32508652 PMCID: PMC7248554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune modulation has been recognized as an effective anti-osteoporosis strategy since the pivotal role of the RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling in bone metabolism and remodeling was discovered. To investigate the potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects of immune modulator protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) on osteoporosis, the osteoporosis animal model was established in Wistar rats by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (DEX), namely glucocorticoids-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) rat model. To investigate the potential preventive effect of rLZ-8 on GIOP, we co-treated the rats with DEX and rLZ-8 intraperitoneally during the GIOP modeling stage and analyze the bone mass measured by bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), as well as levels of phosphorus (Pi), calcium (Ca2+) and hydroxyproline (HOP) in femur of GIOP rats. Consistently, all results suggested that rLZ-8 could prevent bone loss in the femurs of GIOP rats. Through analyzing the trabeculae morphology and the trabeculae amount by H&E staining, we found rLZ-8 could also improve the structural deterioration in femurs of GIOP rats. In order to further verify the results and its mechanism obtained from bone analysis, multiple biomarkers, including minerals metabolism (Pi and Ca2+), bone formation markers (osteocalcin, ALP and IGF-1), bone resorption markers (TRACP5b, CTX-1 and HOP), cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), oxidative stress indicators (GSH-px, SOD and MDA) and hormone molecules (testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone) have been detected in serum or urine of rats. Results of these biomarkers in serum or urine confirmed rLZ-8’s protective effect in GIOP. Through analyzing the relative expression level of OPG and RANKL in femurs via western blot, we foundrLZ-8 could increase OPG/RANKL ratio which could impede osteoclastogenesis process. To test the potential therapeutic effect of rLZ-8 on successfully generated GIOP rats, we administrated rLZ-8 to rats for three weeks starting from the ending day of 7 weeks treatment of DEX. We found rLZ-8 could also reverse the bone loss in GIOP rats. Through the BWs and organ coefficient analysis, we found rLZ-8 has little toxicity to the rats. Our results suggested that rLZ-8 may be developed into promising anti-osteoporosis drug with both preventive and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihui Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianwen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengchen Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liping Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Wang X, Yamauchi K, Mitsunaga T. A review on osteoclast diseases and osteoclastogenesis inhibitors recently developed from natural resources. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104482. [PMID: 31954740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have been investigated as potential candidates of novel therapeutics and play a crucial role in advanced medicinal drugs. Natural resources, including local medicinal plants (especially folk medicinal plants), animals, bacteria, and fungi have been used for more than a century, and are precious gifts from nature, providing potential medicines with high safety. Osteoclast-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Paget's disease, osteoclastoma, and periprosthetic osteolysis, are currently the most common reasons for bone inflammation, pain and fractures, resulting in low quality of life. However, the curative effects of current therapeutic drugs for these osteoclast-related diseases are limited, and long-term treatment is needed. Further, in severe cases, surgical treatments are necessary, which may cause unaffordable expenses and subsequent influences such as neuralgia, mental stress, and even development of cancer. Thus, safer inhibitors and potential drugs with enhanced curative effects and quick relief are needed to treat patients with osteoclast diseases. This review aims to introduce the main osteoclast-related diseases and some of the recently developed naturally sourced inhibitors against osteoclastogenesis, also it is desired to attract people's attention on using widely available natural resources for the evolution of new types of osteoclast inhibitors with minimal or no side-effects upon long-term treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tohru Mitsunaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Geng X, Zhong D, Su L, Lin Z, Yang B. Preventive and therapeutic effect of Ganoderma lucidum on kidney injuries and diseases. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 87:257-276. [PMID: 32089235 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a well-known Chinese traditional medicine to improve health and to treat numerous diseases for over 2000 years in Asian countries. G. lucidum has the abundant chemical components such as triterpenes and polysaccharides, which have various biological activities including anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-liver disorders, anti-tumor growth and metastasis, etc. Recently, many lines of studies have elucidated the therapeutic effects of G. lucidum and its extractions on various acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) pathogenesis, including autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal proximal tubular cell oxidative damage and fibrotic process, renal ischemia reperfusion injury, cisplatin-induced renal injury, adriamycin-induced nephropathy, chronic proteinuric renal diseases, etc. Clinical researches also showed potent anti-renal disease bioactivities of G. lucidum. In this chapter, we review experimental and clinical researches and provide comprehensive insights into the renoprotective effects of G. lucidum. In recent years, renal diseases have gradually aroused attention on account of their booming prevalence worldwide and lack of effective therapies. Although the complicated pathogenesis of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD) have been intensively studied. The morbidity and mortality of AKI and CKD still rise continuously. Thanks to the conventional experience and the multi-target characteristics, natural products have been increasingly recognized as an alternative source for treating renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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11
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Ruan L, Jiang N, Guo F, Xu H, Zhang J, Sun J. The antiresoptive effects of recombinant Lingzhi-8 protein against retinoic acid-induced osteopenia. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Liang C, Tian D, Liu Y, Li H, Zhu J, Li M, Xin M, Xia J. Review of the molecular mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids: Ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 174:130-141. [PMID: 31035236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a multi-purpose plant medicine that is homologous to functional food. The most attractive properties of G. lucidum are its immunomodulatory and antitumour activities, which are mainly attributed to the following two major active components: G. lucidum polysaccharides and G. lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs). GLTs are effective as supplemental therapies and improve health when combined with other medications to treat hepatitis, fatigue syndrome, and prostate cancer. However, research investigating the mechanism and application of G. lucidum or GLTs in the treatment of diseases remains preliminary in terms of both the utilization efficacy and product type. This review offers comprehensive insight into the pharmacological activities of GLTs and their potential applications in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Specifically, 83 GLTs were selected, and their molecular structures and chemical formulas were described. We also describe 7 ganoderic acids that are currently at different stages of clinical trials (ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y). The related pharmacodynamic mechanisms and targeted signalling proteins were further analysed. Notably, the specific relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by ganoderic acid DM is summarized here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Danni Tian
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Han Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jialiang Zhu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, PR China.
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, PR China
| | - Juan Xia
- Laboratory of Hematologic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, PR China.
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Ren A, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu H, Jiang A, Zheng H, Zhao M. Shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the environmental regulation of secondary metabolite ganoderic acid in Ganoderma lucidum using physiological and genetic methods. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:43-48. [PMID: 30951869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of fungi are often produced at very low concentrations, and until recently the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis have been unclear. Ganoderma lucidum is a macrofungus that is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine or medicinal mushroom: ganoderic acid (GA) is one of the main active ingredients. Here, we review research from the last decade on which and how environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. These environmental factors are mainly three components: a single chemical/biological or biochemical signal, physical triggers, and nutritional conditions. Because G. lucidum is a non-model Basidiomycete, a combination of physiological and genetic research is needed to determine how those environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. The regulation of GA biosynthesis includes ROS, Ca2+, cAMP and phospholipid signaling, and cross-talk between different signaling pathways. The regulatory mechanisms for the synthesis of this secondary metabolite, from the perspective of physiology and genetics, in G. lucidum will provide ideas for studying the regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in other non-model species, especially those fungi with limitations in genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Ren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ailiang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- Jiangsu Alphay Bio-technology Co., Ltd./Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Nantong 226009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Tran PT, Dat NT, Dang NH, Van Cuong P, Lee S, Hwangbo C, Van Minh C, Lee JH. Ganomycin I from Ganoderma lucidum attenuates RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting MAPKs and NFATc1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:1-8. [PMID: 30668419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many bone-related diseases such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis are commonly associated with excessive activity of the osteoclast. Ganomycin I (GMI), a meroterpenoid isolated from Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possesses a variety of beneficial effects on human health. However, its impact and underlying mechanism on osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GMI on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in mouse BMMs and RAW264.7 cells. METHODS BMMs or RAW264.7 cells were treated with GMI followed by an evaluation of cell viability, RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, actin-ring formation, and resorption pits activity. Effects of GMI on RANKL-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs as well as the expression levels of NFATc1 and c-Fos were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Expression levels of osteoclast marker genes were evaluated by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-qPCR. RESULTS GMI significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreasing the number of osteoclasts, osteoclast actin-ring formation, and bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability. At molecular level, GMI inhibited the RANKL-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, as well as the expression levels of c-Fos and NFATc1, which are known to be crucial transcription factors for osteoclast formation. In addition, GMI decreased expression levels of osteoclastogenesis specific marker genes including c-Src, CtsK, TRAP, MMP-9, OSCAR, and DC-STAMP in RANKL-stimulated BMMs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that GMI can attenuate osteoclast formation by suppressing RANKL-mediated MAPKs and NFATc1 signaling pathways and the anti-osteoclastogenic activity of GMI may extend our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying biological activities and pharmacological use of G. lucidum as a traditional anti-osteoporotic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thao Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Tien Dat
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Dang
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Van Cuong
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Hwangbo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), PMBBRC, Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jeong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-Do 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Yang Y, Yang B. Anti-osteoporosis Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) by Inhibition of Osteoclastogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:263-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:334. [PMID: 30073119 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low fat content and a trans-isomer of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fibre content, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, sterols, eritadenine and chitosan. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods and drugs. They have outstanding attractive taste, aroma and nutritional value, so are considered as functional food, which means they are beneficial to the body not only in terms of nutrition but also for improved health. Medicinal mushrooms and their extract have a large number of bioactive components called secondary metabolites. The presence of polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharide-protein complexes content in mushroom extract have great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, hypocholesteremia, hepatoprotective nature along with anti-aging. The present review focuses on the comprehensive account of the medicinal properties of various medicinal mushrooms. This will further help the researchers to understand the metabolites and find other metabolites as well from the mushrooms which can be used for the potential development of the drugs to treat various life-threatening diseases.
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Rossi P, Difrancia R, Quagliariello V, Savino E, Tralongo P, Randazzo CL, Berretta M. B-glucans from Grifola frondosa and Ganoderma lucidum in breast cancer: an example of complementary and integrative medicine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24837-24856. [PMID: 29872510 PMCID: PMC5973856 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Culinary and medicinal mushrooms are widely used in Asian countries, both as dietary supplements and as nutraceutical foods. They have recently become popular in Europe, as well, for their nutritional and health benefits. In particular, epidemiological studies conducted in Asia suggest that mushroom intake, together with other phytotherapy substances, protects against cancer, specifically gastrointestinal (GI) and breast cancers. Most of the data come from in vitro studies and in vivo experimental animal models. Therefore, in order to translate the updated knowledge to clinical research (i.e., from bench to bedside) a systematic translational research program should be initiated. Future randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of G. frondosa and G. lucidum on conventional treatment outcomes are warranted. The purpose of this review was to describe the emerging mechanisms of action of the mushrooms' anticancer functions which makes their use in clinical practice so promising. Clinical effects of mycotherapy (specifically, the use of Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa) on long-term survival, tumor response, host immune functions, inflammation, and QoL in cancer patients were also addressed. Adverse events associated with mycotherapy were also investigated. Emerging data point to a potential role of G. lucidum for modulating the carcinogenic potential of GI microbiota, which suggests a new complementary and integrated approach to breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS - Foundation G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Savino
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano (PN), Italy
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Bryant JM, Bouchard M, Haque A. Anticancer Activity of Ganoderic Acid DM: Current Status and Future Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 29399381 PMCID: PMC5795599 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom that has a long history of medicinal use in the Far East countries as this mushroom is revered for its supposed miracle cures and life improving properties. Recently, this mushroom has come under scientific scrutiny to examine the possibility of finding biologically active compounds that may have an impact on human physiology. The main category of biologically active compounds produced in the G. lucidum, are the triterpenoids, which are known as Ganoderic Acids. In this review, we discuss one Ganoderic Acid in particular known as Ganoderic Acid-DM (GA-DM) that is extracted from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. We will discuss GA-DM as a potential therapeutic candidate for treating a number of diseases yet will focus on the potential to be used as an alternative or supplemental therapeutic agent in regards to various cancer types. The urge for this promising therapeutic agent is that GA-DM is capable of inducing cell death in cancer cells while exhibiting minimal toxicity to normal bystander cells. Furthermore, this review will look at GA-DM's ability to stimulate an immune response in the tumor environment to potentially provide long-term protection from the malignant tumors. We will also discuss the known routes of administration of GA-DM and pose the advantages and disadvantages of each route in a comparative manner. Finally, we will cover current status of the roles GA-DM may have as a therapeutic agent in respect to different cancer types as wells as discuss about its future perspective as a therapeutic candidate in other diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Matthew Bryant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Mollie Bouchard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Wang XL, Ding ZY, Liu GQ, Yang H, Zhou GY. Improved Production and Antitumor Properties of Triterpene Acids from Submerged Culture of Ganoderma lingzhi. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101395. [PMID: 27775633 PMCID: PMC6273529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpene acids (TAs) are the major bioactive constituents in the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lingzhi. However, fermentative production of TAs has not been optimized for commercial use, and whether the TAs isolated from G. lingzhi submerged culture mycelia possess antitumor activity needs to be further proven. In this study, enhanced TA yield and productivity were attained with G. lingzhi using response surface methodology. The interactions of three variables were studied using a Box-Benhnken design, namely initial pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and fermentation temperature. The optimum conditions were an initial pH of 5.9, 20.0% DO and 28.6 °C. These conditions resulted in a TA yield of 308.1 mg/L in a 5-L stirred bioreactor. Furthermore, the optimized conditions were then successfully scaled up to a production scale of 200 L, and maximum TA production and productivity of 295.3 mg/L and 49.2 mg/L/day were achieved, which represented 80.9% and 111.5% increases, respectively, compared with the non-optimized conditions. Additionally, the triterpene acid extract (TAE) from G. lingzhi mycelia was found to be cytotoxic to the SMMC-7721 and SW620 cell lines in vitro, and the TAE exhibited dose-dependent antitumor activity against the solid tumor sarcoma 180 in vivo. Chemical analysis revealed that the key active triterpene compounds, ganoderic acid T and ganoderic acid Me, predominated in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Zhong-Yang Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Hailong Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Guo-Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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20
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Misconstrued versatility of Ganoderma lucidum: a key player in multi-targeted cellular signaling. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:2789-804. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4709-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Ohyama Y, Matsushita H, Minami A, Kanazawa H, Suzuki T, Watanabe K, Wakatsuki A. Effect of the ethanol extract ofPleurotus eryngiion bone metabolism in ovariectomized rats. Climacteric 2014; 17:492-9. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.891197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and Ling Zhi-8 on osteogenesis: a comparative study using a rabbit sinus model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:1703.e1-1703.e10. [PMID: 24836420 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2014.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study evaluated the osteogenetic capability of Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8; a protein purified from traditional Chinese medicine [lingzhi]) compared with recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in a standardized bony defect using a rabbit sinus model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve male New Zealand white rabbits (18 to 24 weeks old, 3.3 to 3.8 kg) were included in the study. Implants of normal saline 0.1 mg, rhBMP-2 0.1 mg, and LZ-8 0.1 mg were each mixed with a uniform biodegradable polyurethane-based material (Nasopore). The implants were inserted in a standardized bony defect of the nasal bone created by a 2.5-mm trephine bur. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Volume computerized tomographic and histomorphometric examinations were used to evaluate the quantity and quality of regenerated bone. RESULTS At postoperative week 4, radiography showed that the new bone volume was significantly larger in the rhBMP-2 group compared with the LZ-8 group (P = .041) and the control group (P = .015). Histomorphometrically, better wound healing of the rhBMP-2 group was found during the healing phase compared with the other 2 groups. CONCLUSION The biomaterial implants using rhBMP-2 and LZ-8 had good biocompatibility and osteogenetic capabilities in the rabbit sinus model. Bone healing in rhBMP-2-treated defects was excellent and showed a significant difference compared with LZ-8. However, LZ-8-treated defects also exhibited bone regeneration, and this traditional Chinese medicine may possess osteogenic potential. Further investigations of the mechanism and application of this protein in osteogenesis are needed.
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Abstract
Ganoderma species is known as a functional mushroom used in many Asian countries. Triterpenoids, ganoderic acids, and lucidenic acids have been isolated from Ganoderma species (Ganodermataceae family), such as Ganoderma lucidum. Triterpenoids have been investigated for their biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antiosteoclastic differentiation activity, anti-HIV-1, hepatoprotection, antioxidation, antihypertension, cholesterol reduction, and antiaggregation functions. In this chapter, the sources, biosynthesis, biological functions (including cell cytotoxicity, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, anti-invasion, autophagy, anti-inflammation, antiosteoclastogenesis, antiasthma, and antihepatitis B activity), and pharmacokinetics of lucidenic acids and ganoderic acids are considered in detail here. This chapter briefly summarizes the multiple functions of lucidenic acids and ganoderic acids and their potential for fighting against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Lin Hsu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gow-Chin Yen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Hossain A, Radwan FFY, Doonan BP, God JM, Zhang L, Bell PD, Haque A. A possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis in generating an immune response in melanoma. Apoptosis 2013; 17:1066-78. [PMID: 22847295 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, responsible for the majority of skin cancer related deaths. Thus, the search for natural molecules which can effectively destroy tumors while promoting immune activation is essential for designing novel therapies against metastatic melanoma. Here, we report for the first time that a natural triterpenoid, Ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM), induces an orchestrated autophagic and apoptotic cell death, as well as enhanced immunological responses via increased HLA class II presentation in melanoma cells. Annexin V staining and flow cytometry showed that GA-DM treatment induced apoptosis of melanoma cells, which was supported by a detection of increased Bax proteins, co-localization and elevation of Apaf-1 and cytochrome c, and a subsequent cleavage of caspases 9 and 3. Furthermore, GA-DM treatment initiated a possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis as evidenced by increased levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 proteins, and their timely interplay with apoptotic and/or anti-apoptotic molecules in melanoma cells. Despite GA-DM's moderate cytotoxicity, viable cells expressed high levels of HLA class II proteins with improved antigen presentation and CD4+ T cell recognition. The antitumor efficacy of GA-DM was also investigated in vivo in murine B16 melanoma model, where GA-DM treatment slowed tumor formation with a significant reduction in tumor volume. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential of GA-DM as a natural chemo-immunotherapeutic capable of inducing a possible cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, as well as improved immune recognition for sustained melanoma tumor clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB-201, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Wu GS, Guo JJ, Bao JL, Li XW, Chen XP, Lu JJ, Wang YT. Anti-cancer properties of triterpenoids isolated from Ganoderma lucidum – a review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:981-92. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.805202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Sheng Wu
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jia-Jie Guo
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Bao
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Xi-Wen Li
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Chen
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- University of Macau, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences,
Macao, China
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Ren A, Li MJ, Shi L, Mu DS, Jiang AL, Han Q, Zhao MW. Profiling and quantifying differential gene transcription provide insights into ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum in response to methyl jasmonate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65027. [PMID: 23762280 PMCID: PMC3676390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom with traditional medicinal properties that has been widely used in China and other countries in Eastern Asia. Ganoderic acids (GA) produced by G. lucidum exhibit important pharmacological activities. Previous studies have demonstrated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a potent inducer of GA biosynthesis and the expression of genes involved in the GA biosynthesis pathway in G. lucidum. To further explore the mechanism of GA biosynthesis, cDNA-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) was used to identify genes that are differentially expressed in response to MeJA. Using 64 primer combinations, over 3910 transcriptionally derived fragments (TDFs) were obtained. Reliable sequence data were obtained for 390 of 458 selected TDFs. Ninety of these TDFs were annotated with known functions through BLASTX searching the GenBank database, and 12 annotated TDFs were assigned into secondary metabolic pathways by searching the KEGGPATHWAY database. Twenty-five TDFs were selected for qRT-PCR analysis to confirm the expression patterns observed with cDNA-AFLP. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with the altered patterns of gene expression revealed by the cDNA-AFLP technique. Additionally, the transcript levels of 10 genes were measured at the mycelium, primordia, and fruiting body developmental stages of G. lucidum. The greatest expression levels were reached during primordia for all of the genes except cytochrome b2 reached its highest expression level in the mycelium stage. This study not only identifies new candidate genes involved in the regulation of GA biosynthesis but also provides further insight into MeJA-induced gene expression and secondary metabolic response in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Ren
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jiao Li
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shi
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Da-Shuai Mu
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qin Han
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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Improving the fermentation production of the individual key triterpene ganoderic acid me by the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum in submerged culture. Molecules 2012; 17:12575-86. [PMID: 23095899 PMCID: PMC6269005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me, an important anti-tumor triterpene) yield was attained with the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum using response surface methodology (RSM). Interactions were studied with three variables, viz. glucose, peptone and culture time using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The CCD contains a total of 20 experiments with the first 14 experiments organized in a fractional factorial design, with the experimental trails from 15 to 20 involving the replications of the central points. A polynomial model, describing the relationships between the yield of GA-Me and the three factors in a second-order equation, was developed. The model predicted the maximum GA-Me yield of 11.9 mg·L−1 for glucose, peptone, culture time values of 44.4 g·L−1, 5.0 g·L−1, 437.1 h, respectively, and a maximum GA-Me yield of 12.4 mg·L−1 was obtained in the validation experiment, which represented a 129.6% increase in titre compared to that of the non-optimized conditions. In addition, 11.4 mg·L−1 of GA-Me was obtained in a 30-L agitated fermenter under the optimized conditions, suggesting the submerged culture conditions optimized in the present study were also suitable for GA-Me production on a large scale.
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Roupas P, Keogh J, Noakes M, Margetts C, Taylor P. The role of edible mushrooms in health: Evaluation of the evidence. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Yokoyama S, Bang TH, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Effect of Ergosterol Peroxide Isolated from Pleurotus eryngii. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergosterol peroxide was isolated from the ethanol extract of Pleurotus eryngii as an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation. This compound showed an inhibitory effect in a dose-dependent manner and an inhibition rate of up to 62% with low cytotoxicity, even at a concentration as low as 1.0 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Agro-enviromental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tran Hai Bang
- Department of Agro-enviromental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Hue College of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue. Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-enviromental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Kondo
- Department of Agro-enviromental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Ganoderic Acid in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2012. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.7171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Wu GS, Lu JJ, Guo JJ, Li YB, Tan W, Dang YY, Zhong ZF, Xu ZT, Chen XP, Wang YT. Ganoderic acid DM, a natural triterpenoid, induces DNA damage, G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:408-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ameri A. Ganoderic Acid in the treatment of prostate cancer. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2012; 7:85-6. [PMID: 24624160 PMCID: PMC3941845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulghani Ameri
- Department of Drug and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran,Corresponding author: Abdulghani Ameri, Department of Drug and Food Control, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6113738378, Fax: +98-6113738381.
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Liu GQ, Xiao HX, Wang XL, Zhao Y, Zhang YG, Ren GP. Stimulated production of triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum by an ether extract from the medicinal insect, Catharsius molossus, and identification of the key stimulating active components. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:87-97. [PMID: 21468633 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum was inoculated into the media with and without supplementation of medicinal insect extracts to screen stimulators from Chinese medicinal insects for mycelial growth and triterpenoids production in submerged fermentation. The methanol and ether extracts of the tested insects had no significant stimulatory effect on the mycelial biomass production (P > 0.05), and those of H. remigator and Mylabris phalerata markedly inhibited the mycelial growth. However, the ether extract of Catharsius molossus at a concentration of 200 mg l(-1) led to a significant increase in triterpenoids concentration from 231.7 ± 9.77 to 313.7 ± 10.6 mg l(-1) (P < 0.01). Analysis of fermentation kinetics of G. lucidum suggests that glucose concentration in the extract of C. molossus-added group decreased more quickly as compared to the control group from day 2 to day 7 of fermentation process, while the triterpenoids biosynthesis was promoted at the same culture period. However, the culture pH profile was not affected by the addition of the extract. Chemical study of the extract show that cis-9,10-methylenehexadecanoic acid (9,10-MEA) and hexadecanoic acid (especially 9,10-MEA) were the key active compounds of the extract responsible for the stimulatory effect on the triterpenoids production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 498 South Shaoshan Road, 410004, Changsha, China.
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Liu RM, Zhong JJ. Ganoderic acid Mf and S induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:349-355. [PMID: 21036023 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of a pair of positional isomer of ganoderic acids (GAs), namely ganoderic acid Mf (GA-Mf) and ganoderic acid S (GA-S) purified from the fermented mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum, on induction of cell apoptosis and the apoptotic pathway in HeLa cells were investigated. The results demonstrate that both isomers decreased cell population growth on various human carcinoma cell lines by MTT assay, while GA-Mf had better selectivity between normal and cancer cells. The flow cytometry analysis indicated that treatment of HeLa cells with GA-S caused cell cycle arrest in the S phase, while GA-Mf caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Compared with GA-S, GA-Mf had more potent increase in the number of early and late apoptotic cells. Treatment of HeLa cells with each isomer decreased the mitochondria membrane potential and caused the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol. In addition, stimulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity was observed. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was also increased in GA-treated HeLa cells. The results demonstrated that both isomers GA-Mf and GA-S induced apoptosis of human HeLa cells through a mitochondria mediated pathway, but they had the different cell cycle arrest specificity. The findings will be helpful to the development of useful cancer chemopreventive compounds from G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Zhou L, Shi P, Chen NH, Zhong JJ. Ganoderic acid Me induces apoptosis through mitochondria dysfunctions in human colon carcinoma cells. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2428-66. [PMID: 22069560 PMCID: PMC3153165 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine and diet has served mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer. In this review, we examine the potential of one group of compounds called triterpenes, derived from traditional medicine and diet for their ability to suppress inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. These triterpenes include avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide. This review thus supports the famous adage of Hippocrates, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
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Johnson BM, Doonan BP, Radwan FF, Haque A. Ganoderic Acid DM: An Alternative Agent for the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:78-85. [PMID: 24790681 DOI: 10.2174/1876822901003010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and accounts for significant morbidity and mortality in the western world. While traditional therapies are effective at clearing early stage cancer, they often fail to treat late stage metastatic disease. Thus, an effective therapy that targets prostate tumor growth and metastasis is desired for alleviating the disease and improving patient outcomes. Natural extracts have been the focus of recent investigation, particularly those with reduced cellular toxicity to healthy tissue. In this review, we discuss one potential candidate, ganoderic acid, an extract from the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom that has been tested in multiple cancer models. Interestingly, ganoderic acid DM (GA-DM) has shown toxicity to both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cells with reduced osteoclastogenesis in late stage metastatic disease. This review will discuss the current knowledge on this GA-DM extract and the potential benefit in treating advanced prostate cancer. We will also provide an overview on the targeted delivery of GA-DM through nanoparticles that would reduce bystander toxicity and improve the drug's effectiveness. An improved understanding of this drug and its uses will advance the field of natural chemotherapeutics, particularly in treating advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Bently P Doonan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Faisal F Radwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425
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Liu J, Shiono J, Tsuji Y, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Methyl Ganoderic Acid DM: A Selective Potent Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2174/1874847300902010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased osteoclastic bone resorption plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many bone diseases, and osteoclast inhibitors are the most widely used treatments for these diseases. Ganoderic acid DM, the main component of Ganoderma lucidum, has been known for its medicinal effects such as anti-androgen and anti-proliferative activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of ganoderic acid DM and its analog (methyl ganoderic acid DM and 7-oxo-methyl ganoderic acid Z) on osteoclastogenesis using RAW264 cell in vitro. Methyl ganoderic acid DM blocked osteoclastogenesis completely at 12.5 μM with low cytotoxicity less than 30%. On the other hands, ganoderic acid DM blocked osteoclastogenesis completely at the higher concentration of 50 μM, but 7-oxo-methyl ganoderic acid Z did not up to 100 μM. These results implicated the carbonyl group at C-3 is essentially for selective osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity, and methyl esters at C-26 should play an important role in enhancing its osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activity
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Liu J, Shiono J, Shimizu K, Yu H, Zhang C, Jin F, Kondo R. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2, not 20(S), is a selective osteoclastgenesis inhibitor without any cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3320-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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