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Lopes BAEAJ, Toledo LT, Caldeira JLA, Rodrigues FAF, de Barros M, de Souza LFL, Gonzaga NF, Dos Santos MH, Silva-Júnior A, Moreira MAS. Synergism between molecules derived from Garcinia brasiliensis and antimicrobial drugs on field isolates of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1011-1015. [PMID: 38012513 PMCID: PMC10920607 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the smallest free-living bacteria found in nature; it has an extremely small genome and lacks a cell wall. It is the main etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a chronic respiratory disease with worldwide distribution that causes significant losses in swine production. Due to the great economic impact caused by EP, new strategies for treating and controlling this agent are researched. The objective of this study was to verify the anti-M. hyopneumoniae activity of compounds derived from Garcinia brasiliensis and the synergism with the main antimicrobials used in the treatment of EP; this is the first study assessing the synergism between bioactive molecules and antimicrobial compounds in vitro against isolates of M. hyopneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antimicrobials tiamulin, valnemulin, and enrofloxacin, as well as the bioactive compounds guttiferone-A (Gut-A), 7-epiculsone (7-Epic), copper 7-epiculsone (7-Epic-Cu), and benzophenone, were determined. Subsequently, the interactions of antibiotics with the compounds were evaluated using the checkerboard method. Three field M. hyopneumoniae isolates were used, and the J strain was used as a control. The MIC values of the antimicrobials compared to the field isolates were equal to and lower than those of the reference strain J. Among the compounds used, 7-Epic-Cu showed the lowest MIC value. Synergistic association was observed for Gut-A with tiamulin and valnemulin, whereas 7-Epic and 7-Epic-Cu showed synergistic action with enrofloxacin. No synergistic effect was observed for benzophenone. Despite being an initial study, the results suggest that these combinations hold promise for the treatment of infections caused by M. hyopneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mariana de Barros
- Department de Veterinary, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Sun Z, Li Y, Zhong R, Li R. Hypericum sampsonii Hance: a review of its botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity, and safety. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1247675. [PMID: 37795026 PMCID: PMC10546196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1247675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hypericum sampsonii Hance, also known as Yuanbao Cao in Chinese, is a traditional medicinal herb from the Guttiferae family and has been widely used in China to treat various conditions, including dysentery, enteritis, mastitis, scrofula, and contusion. Aim of the review: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activity and safety of H. sampsonii and to highlight its potential for medical application and drug development. Materials and methods: We searched several databases, i.e., Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, CBM, CNKI, Google Scholar, etc., for relevant information on H. sampsonii. Additionally, we also consulted some books on Chinese medicine. Results: To date, 227 secondary metabolites have been isolated from H. sampsonii, including polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), benzophenones, xanthones, flavonoids, naphthodianthrones, anthraquinones and aromatic compounds. These metabolites exhibit various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-depressant, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and anti-bacterial effects. PPAPs are considered the main active metabolites with rich biological activities. Despite being known as rich source of PPAPs, the full extent of H. sampsonii biological activities, including their potential as PDE4 inhibitors, remained unclear. Since, previous studies have mainly been based on structural identification of metabolites in H. sampsonii, and efficacy evaluations of these metabolites based on clinical applications of H. sampsonii lack sufficient data. However, current evidence suggest that PPAPs are the most likely material basis for efficacy. From the limited information available so far, there is no evidence of potential safety issues and the safety data are limited. Conclusion: Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety of H. sampsonii, a valuable medicinal plant in China with various pharmacological activities. Based on pharmacological studies, H. sampsonii shows potential for treating gastrointestinal and gynecological disorders as well as traumatic injuries, which aligns with traditional medicinal use due to the presence of PPAPs, benzophenones, xanthones, and flavonoids. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the pharmacological effects and elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms. In addition, pharmacological mechanisms and safety evaluation of PPAPs on animal models need to be clarified. Yet, further comprehensive studies are required to elucidate the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, safety evaluation, and quality standards of this plant. Takentogether, this review highlights the potential of H. sampsonii for medical application and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghua Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Yanzhen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Ran Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
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Long J, Mao Q, Peng Y, Liu L, Hong Y, Xiang H, Ma M, Zou H, Kuang J. Three New Benzophenone Derivatives from Selaginella tamariscina. Molecules 2023; 28:4582. [PMID: 37375139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Six compounds including three new benzophenones, selagibenzophenones D-F (1-3), two known selaginellins (4-5) and one known flavonoid (6), were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of new compounds were established by 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral analyses. Compound 1 represents the second example of diarylbenzophenone from natural sources. Compound 2 possesses an unusual biphenyl-bisbenzophenone structure. Their cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells and inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated. Compound 2 showed moderate inhibitory activity against HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells, and compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate inhibitory activity to HepG2 cells. Compounds 2 and 5 also exhibited inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Long
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qingqing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yujie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Honglin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Junwei Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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Peng X, Wang C, Hou Y, Tian J, Fan X, Li D, Hua H. Triterpene Derivatives from Garcinia oligantha and Their Anti-Cancer Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:192. [PMID: 36616321 PMCID: PMC9824146 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigations of leaves and twigs from Garcinia oligantha Merr. resulted in the isolation of five undescribed triterpene derivatives (1-5) and six known analogs (6-11). Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data and high-resolution mass spectra analyses. Compounds 1-11 were tested for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HepG-2, and MCF-7). Compounds 1, 2, 8, and 11 exhibited broad and significant cytotoxicity against the tested cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5.04 to 21.55 μM. Compounds 5 and 9 showed cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 with IC50 values ranging from 13.22 to 19.62 μM. The preliminary structure-activity relationship for the 11 isolated compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dahong Li
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.H.); Tel.: +86-4352-0738 (H.H.)
| | - Huiming Hua
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (H.H.); Tel.: +86-4352-0738 (H.H.)
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de Souza AA, de Andrade DM, Siqueira FDS, Di Iorio JF, Veloso MP, Coelho CDM, Viegas Junior C, Gontijo VS, Dos Santos MH, Meneghetti MCZ, Nader HB, Tersariol ILDS, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Judice WADS. Semysinthetic biflavonoid Morelloflavone-7,4',7″,3‴,4‴-penta-O-butanoyl is a more potent inhibitor of Proprotein Convertases Subtilisin/Kexin PC1/3 than Kex2 and Furin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:130016. [PMID: 34560176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garcinia brasiliensis is a species native to the Amazon forest. The white mucilaginous pulp is used in folk medicine as a wound healing agent and for peptic ulcer, urinary, and tumor disease treatments. The activity of the proprotein convertases (PCs) Subtilisin/Kex is associated with the development of viral, bacterial and fungal infections, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and neoplastic diseases. METHODS Morelloflavone (BF1) and semisynthetic biflavonoid (BF2, 3 and 4) from Garcinia brasiliensis were tested as inhibitor of PCs Kex2, PC1/3 and Furin, and determined IC50, Ki, human proinflammatory cytokines secretion in Caco-2 cells, mechanism of inhibition, and performed molecular docking studies. RESULTS Biflavonoids were more effective in the inhibition of neuroendocrine PC1/3 than mammalian Furin and fungal Kex2. BF1 presented a mixed inhibition mechanism for Kex2 and PC1, and competitive inhibition for Furin. BF4 has no good interaction with Kex2 and Furin since carboxypropyl groups results in steric hindrance to ligand-protein interactions. Carboxypropyl groups of BF4 promote steric hindrance with Kex2 and Furin, but effective in the affinity of PC1/3. BF4 was more efficient at inhibiting PCl/3 (IC50 = 1.13 μM and Ki = 0,59 μM, simple linear competitive mechanism of inhibition) than Kex2, Furin. Also, our results strongly suggested that BF4 also inhibits the endogenous cellular PC1/3 activity in Caco-2 cells, since PC1/3 inhibition by BF4 causes a large increase in IL-8 and IL-1β secretion in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS BF4 is a potent and selective inhibitor of PC1/3. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE BF4 is the best candidate for further clinical studies on inhibition of PC1/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Aparecida de Souza
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Martins de Andrade
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio da Silva Siqueira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fortes Di Iorio
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Paranho Veloso
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Simulação Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila de Morais Coelho
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Simulação Computacional, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Viegas Junior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37,133-840 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Química Medicinal, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 37,133-840 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cecília Zorél Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Bonciani Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivarne Luis Dos Santos Tersariol
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Alves de Souza Judice
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.
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Melo AMD, Almeida FLC, Cavalcante AMDM, Ikeda M, Barbi RCT, Costa BP, Ribani RH. Garcinia brasiliensis fruits and its by-products: Antioxidant activity, health effects and future food industry trends – A bibliometric review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Li WX, Xu WJ, Luo J, Yang L, Kong LY. Type B polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the roots of Hypericum beanii. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:385-390. [PMID: 33941343 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new type B polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) (1 and 2) and a known biogenetic precursor hyperbeanol Q (3) were isolated from the root extract of Hypericum beanii, a medicinal plant widespread in southwest China. Their chemical structures were elucidated by 1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS data analysis, and absolute configurations were determined through detailed electric circular dichroism (ECD) analysis including ECD exciton chirality, Mo2(OAc)4-induced ECD, and ECD comparison. Of these compounds, hyperbeone A (1) is a typical [3.3.1]-type B PPAP with an unusual C-1 geranyl side chain, and hyperberin C (2) possesses a rare bicyclo[5.3.1]hendecane core. Taking compound 3 as a starting point, a plausible biosynthetic pathway to the bicyclic type B frameworks of 1 and 2 was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Sukandar ER, Kaennakam S, Aree T, Nöst X, Rassamee K, Bauer R, Siripong P, Ersam T, Tip-Pyang S. Picrorhizones A-H, Polyprenylated Benzoylphloroglucinols from the Stem Bark of Garcinia picrorhiza. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:2102-2111. [PMID: 32627543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eight new polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives (1-8) and four known analogues (9-12) were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia picrorhiza. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data analysis (1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS), and the absolute configurations were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction combined with experimental and calculated ECD data. The new metabolites represent rare examples of benzoylphloroglucinols bearing a cyclobutyl-containing side chain. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic properties against five types of human cancer cells (KB, HeLa S3, MCF-7, Hep G2, and HT-29 cells) and their inhibitory activities against COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The cytotoxicity results showed that compound 6 was active against KB, HeLa S3, MCF-7, and Hep G2 cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 5.9 to 9.4 μM. Among the compounds tested for cyclooxygenase inhibition, compound 8 possessed the highest inhibitory effect toward COX-1 (35.2 ± 9.6% inhibition at 20 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Sukandar
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sutin Kaennakam
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Thammarat Aree
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Xuehong Nöst
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kitiya Rassamee
- Natural Products Research Section, Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4/1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pongpun Siripong
- Natural Products Research Section, Research Division, National Cancer Institute, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Taslim Ersam
- Natural Products and Synthesis Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS-Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
| | - Santi Tip-Pyang
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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A tetraprenylated benzophenone 7-epiclusianone induces cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition by modulating critical regulators of cell cycle in breast cancer cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104927. [PMID: 32634469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease and encompassing different types of tumor. Although advances in understanding of the molecular bases of breast cancer biology, the therapeutic proposals available still are not effective. In this scenario, the present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms associated to antitumor activity of 7-Epiclusianone (7-Epi), a tetraprenylated benzophenone, on luminal A (MCF-7) and claudin-low (Hs 578T) breast cancer cell lines. We found that 7-Epi efficiently inhibited cell proliferation and migration of these cells; however MCF-7 was slightly more responsive than Hs 578T. Cell cycle analysis showed accumulation of cells at G0/G1 phase with drastic reduction of S population in treated cultures. This effect was associated to downregulation of CDKN1A (p21) and cyclin E in both cell lines. In addition, 7-Epi reduced cyclin D1 and p-ERK expression levels in MCF-7 cell line. Cytotoxic effect of 7-Epi on breast cancer cell lines was associated to its ability to increase BAX/BCL-2 ratio. In conclusion, our findings showed that 7-Epi is a promising antitumor agent against breast cancer by modulating critical regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Martinez RM, Hohmann MS, Longhi-Balbinot DT, Zarpelon AC, Baracat MM, Georgetti SR, Vicentini FTMC, Sassonia RC, Verri WA, Casagrande R. Analgesic activity and mechanism of action of a Beta vulgaris dye enriched in betalains in inflammatory models in mice. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1663-1675. [PMID: 32141011 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates the pronounced anti-inflammatory activity of a beetroot (Beta vulgaris) dye enriched in betalains obtained using precipitation with ethanol. Herein, we expand upon our previous observations and demonstrate the analgesic and antioxidant effect of betalains. Betalains [10-1000 mg/kg; intraperitoneal route (i.p.)] diminished acetic acid- and PBQ-induced abdominal contortions, and the overt pain-like behaviour induced by complete Freund`s adjuvant (CFA) and formalin (intraplantar; i.pl.) injection. Moreover, betalains (100 mg/kg) administered by various routes [i.p. or subcutaneous (s.c.)] or as a post-treatment reduced carrageenin- or CFA-induced hyperalgesia. Mechanistically, betalains mitigated carrageenin-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, superoxide anion levels, and lipid peroxidation. Betalains also stopped the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and ferric reducing ability produced by carrageenin, as well as upregulated Nrf2 and Ho1 transcript expression in the plantar tissue of mice. Furthermore, betalains showed hydroxyl radical, 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTS+), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging ability and iron-chelating activity (bathophenantroline assay), and inhibited iron-independent and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation (LPO) in vitro. Finally, betalains-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages exhibited lower levels of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), and superoxide anion levels and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Therefore, this betalain-rich dye extracted using a novel precipitation approach presents prominent analgesic effect in varied models of pain by mechanisms targeting cytokines and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata M Martinez
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Hohmann
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela T Longhi-Balbinot
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana C Zarpelon
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Baracat
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra R Georgetti
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiana T M C Vicentini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Côrte Sassonia
- Centro de Ciências Integradas, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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11
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da Silva CA, Rosa IA, de Souza TC, Dos Santos MH. Evaluating four modes of extraction to analyze bioactive compounds in Garcinia brasiliensis (bacupari) by high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4073-4077. [PMID: 31983232 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1716344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The prior study of the extraction path is fundamental to optimize the required time and to define the most suitable solvent to extract and determine an analyte of interest in a complex sample. This study aimed to evaluate four extraction modes; solvent sequence in Soxhlet equipment (SES), and by maceration (SEM), direct extraction with ethanol by maceration (EEM), and in Soxhlet equipment (EES), and determine Garcinia brasiliensis bioactive compounds using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) method. Fukugetin, fukugetina-7''-O-β-D-glucoside, norathyriol, guttiferone A, and 7-epiclusianone were identified and quantified with authentic standards. Among all four modes applied to extract the main bioactive. From HPLC profile, it was observed that the highest levels of 7-epiclusianone (344.1 mg/g) and guttiferone A (142.8 mg/g) were found in the N-hexane fraction using SEM mode, whereas the highest levels of fukugetin (44.95 mg/g) and norathyriol (3.95 mg/g dry weight) in the ethyl acetate fraction using SES mode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isael A Rosa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Thiago C de Souza
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
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7- epi-Clusianone, a Multi-Targeting Natural Product with Potential Chemotherapeutic, Immune-Modulating, and Anti-Angiogenic Properties. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234415. [PMID: 31816878 PMCID: PMC6930650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies have changed the treatment of cancer, giving new hope to many patients in recent years. The shortcomings of targeted therapies including acquired resistance, limited susceptible patients, high cost, and high toxicities, have led to the necessity of combining these therapies with other targeted or chemotherapeutic treatments. Natural products are uniquely capable of synergizing with targeted and non-targeted anticancer regimens due to their ability to affect multiple cellular pathways simultaneously. Compounds which provide an additive effect to the often combined immune therapies and cytotoxic chemotherapies, are exceedingly rare. These compounds would however provide a strengthening bridge between the two treatment modalities, increasing their effectiveness and improving patient prognoses. In this study, 7-epi-clusianone was investigated for its anticancer properties. While previous studies have suggested clusianone and its conformational isomers, including 7-epi-clusianone, are chemotherapeutic, few cancer types have been demonstrated to exhibit sensitivity to these compounds and little is known about the mechanism. In this study, 7-epi-clusianone was shown to inhibit the growth of 60 cancer cell types and induce significant cell death in 25 cancer cell lines, while simultaneously modulating the immune system, inhibiting angiogenesis, and inhibiting cancer cell invasion, making it a promising lead compound for cancer drug discovery.
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Xu WJ, Tang PF, Lu WJ, Zhang YQ, Wang XB, Zhang H, Luo J, Kong LY. Hyperberins A and B, Type B Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Bicyclo[5.3.1]hendecane Core from Hypericum beanii. Org Lett 2019; 21:8558-8562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jia Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Bing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People’s Republic of China
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Elkhateeb A, El-Shabrawy M, Abdel-Rahman RF, Marzouk MM, El-Desoky AH, Abdel-Hameed ESS, Hussein SR. LC-MS-based metabolomic profiling of Lepidium coronopus water extract, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and chemosystematic significance. Med Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Cui H, Liu Y, Li J, Huang X, Yan T, Cao W, Liu H, Long Y, She Z. Diaporindenes A–D: Four Unusual 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indene Analogues with Anti-inflammatory Activities from the Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Diaporthe sp. SYSU-HQ3. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11804-11813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cui
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yena Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xishan Huang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tao Yan
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenhao Cao
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Hongju Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yuhua Long
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhigang She
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Bacupari peel extracts (Garcinia brasiliensis) reduces the biometry, lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis in obese rats. Food Res Int 2018; 114:169-177. [PMID: 30361013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of bacupari peel (EEB) on biometric measurements, hepatic lipogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese Wistar rats. Chemical analysis of the bacupari peel extract identified 7-epiclusianone as the major constituent (140.02 mg/g) followed by morelloflavone (35.86 mg/g). Animals treated with high fat diet plus EEB (BHFD) reduced body mass index (BMI), liver weight and hepatosomatic index in relation to the obese control. The food intake was similar between hyperlipid group (HFD) groups with or without EEB. However, the normal control group (AIN-93 M) presented higher food intake and lower final weight compared to the obese control (HFD). The PPAR-α, CPT-1a and the ADIPOR2 genes expressions, and the concentration of the PPAR-α and the adiponectin protein level increased in the BHFD group in relation to the obese control. The EEB promoted reduction of the SREBP-1c gene expression and the percentage of hepatic fat and the degree of steatosis in relation to HFD. It was concluded that EEB showed a protective effect on NAFLD, as it promoted a reduction in BMI, induced lipid oxidation, reduced lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis. Moreover, our results suggest an interaction that can lead to an agonist activity of the EEB to the PPAR-α receptor.
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Maia NL, de Barros M, de Oliveira LL, Cardoso SA, Dos Santos MH, Pieri FA, Ramalho TC, da Cunha EFF, Moreira MAS. Synergism of Plant Compound With Traditional Antimicrobials Against Streptococcus spp. Isolated From Bovine Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1203. [PMID: 29928266 PMCID: PMC5998740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that causes major losses in the dairy industry. Streptococcus spp. are among the main agents of this disease. Increased resistance to antibiotics is one of the causes of therapeutic failure. Plants, due to their broad chemodiversity, are an interesting source of new molecules with antibacterial activity. Using these compounds along with traditional antibiotics is a possible method for reversing resistance. The objective of this work was to determine the interactions between the activities of guttiferone-A and 7-epiclusianone, two active substances isolated from the fruits of Garcinia brasiliensis, and traditional antibiotics against Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis and known to be resistant to them. First, the MIC for the antibiotics and bioactive compounds was determined, followed by their activities, alone and in combination. Then, their cytotoxicity was measured in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Finally, molecular docking simulations were performed to elucidate molecular details of the interactions between β-lactamase and the compounds binding to it (clavulanic acid, ampicillin, 7-epiclusianone, and guttiferone-A). The bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin. Both antibiotics showed predominantly synergistic antibacterial activities in combination with guttiferone-A or 7-epiclusianone. These two active substances were not cytotoxic at synergistic concentrations and both showed strong binding to β-lactamase, which may explain the reversal of ampicillin resistance. These substances are promising for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha L Maia
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Barros
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Leandro L de Oliveira
- Immunochemistry and Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Silvia A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Dos Santos
- Synthesis of Agrochemicals Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Fabio A Pieri
- Department of Basic Life Sciences, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria A S Moreira
- Bacterial Disease Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Veloso CDC, Silva MBD, Megda MDO, Santos MHD, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC. Evaluation of anxiolytic-like effect of 7-epiclusianone isolated from Garcinia brasiliensis in mice. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yang XW, Grossman RB, Xu G. Research Progress of Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols. Chem Rev 2018; 118:3508-3558. [PMID: 29461053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) are a class of hybrid natural products sharing the mevalonate/methylerythritol phosphate and polyketide biosynthetic pathways and showing considerable structure and bioactivity diversity. This review discusses the progress of research into the chemistry and biological activity of 421 natural PPAPs in the past 11 years as well as in-depth studies of biological activities and total synthesis of some PPAPs isolated before 2006. We created an online database of all PPAPs known to date at http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/grossman/PPAPs . Two subclasses of biosynthetically related metabolites, spirocyclic PPAPs with octahydrospiro[cyclohexan-1,5'-indene]-2,4,6-trione core and complicated PPAPs produced by intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloadditions of MPAPs, are brought into the PPAP family. Some PPAPs' relative or absolute configurations are reassigned or critically discussed, and the confusing trivial names in PPAPs investigations are clarified. Pharmacologic studies have revealed a new molecular mechanism whereby hyperforin and its derivatives regulate neurotransmitter levels by activating TRPC6 as well as the antitumor mechanism of garcinol and its analogues. The antineoplastic potential of some type B PPAPs such as oblongifolin C and guttiferone K has increased significantly. As a result of the recent appearances of innovative synthetic methods and strategies, the total syntheses of 22 natural PPAPs including hyperforin, garcinol, and plukenetione A have been accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Robert B Grossman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506-0055 , United States
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , Kunming 650201 , People's Republic of China
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Marques HP, Barbosa S, Nogueira DA, Santos MH, Santos BR, Santos-Filho PR. Proteic and phenolics compounds contents in Bacupari callus cultured with glutamine and nitrogen sources. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:41-46. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.03416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract In this study was evaluated the influence of glutamine supplementation on the endogenous content of amino acids, proteins, total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Bacupari callus. The explants were inoculated in MS medium, MS with half concentration of the nitrogen salts (MS½) and nitrogen-free MS, supplemented with glutamine (5, 10, 30 and 60mM) named as Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 and Gln60. Amino acids and proteins were analyzed after 20, 80 and 140 days and the secondary metabolites on the 140th day. There was no difference in the amino acids on the 20th day. On the 80th day the treatments MS and MS½ presented the lowest levels. On the 140th day MS and MS½ presented the lowest amino acid concentration and Gln10 the highest. Concerning proteins, there was difference only on the 140th day, being the highest concentrations observed in Gln5, and the lowest in MS½ treatment. Total phenolics content was higher in the treatment Gln60 and lowest in MS. Treatments Gln5, Gln10, Gln30 and MS½ were statistically equal. For flavonoids, the highest values occurred in the treatments Gln30, Gln60 and MS½ and the lowest in Gln5, Gln10 and MS. Similarly, for the proanthocyanidins the highest concentrations were observed in treatment Gln60 and the lowest in Gln5 and MS. In conclusion, the treatment with 60mM of glutamine favors the protein accumulation and production of secondary metabolites in Bacupari callus.
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Antibacterial Activity of 7-Epiclusianone and Its Novel Copper Metal Complex on Streptococcus spp. Isolated from Bovine Mastitis and Their Cytotoxicity in MAC-T Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050823. [PMID: 28513553 PMCID: PMC6154111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary gland parenchyma that adversely affects bovine health and dairy production worldwide despite significant efforts to eradicate it. The aim of this work was to characterize the antimicrobial activity of 7-epiclusianone (7-epi), a compound extracted from the Rheedia brasiliensis fruit, its complex with copper against Streptococcus spp. isolated from bovine mastitis, and to assess their cytotoxicity to bovine mammary alveolar cells (MAC-T). The complex 7-epiclusianone-Cu (7-epi-Cu) was an amorphous green solid with optical activity. Its vibrational spectrum in the infrared region showed absorption bands in the high-frequency region, as well as bands that can be attributed to the unconjugated and conjugated stretching of the free ligand. The complex was anhydrous. One of the tested bacterial strains was not sensitive to the compounds, while the other three had MIC values of 7.8 µg mL-1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values between 15.6 and 31.3 µg mL-1. These two compounds are bacteriostatic, did not cause damage to the cell wall and, at sub-inhibitory concentrations, did not induce bacterial adhesion. The compounds were not cytotoxic. Based on these results, 7-epi and 7-epi-Cu exhibited desirable antimicrobial properties and could potentially be used in bovine mastitis treatment.
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Dias KST, de Paula CT, dos Santos T, Souza IN, Boni MS, Guimarães MJ, da Silva FM, Castro NG, Neves GA, Veloso CC, Coelho MM, de Melo ISF, Giusti FC, Giusti-Paiva A, da Silva ML, Dardenne LE, Guedes IA, Pruccoli L, Morroni F, Tarozzi A, Viegas C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel feruloyl-donepezil hybrids as potential multitarget drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:440-457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Moreira MEDC, Natal DIG, Toledo RCL, Ramirez NM, Ribeiro SMR, Benjamin LDA, de Oliveira LL, Rodrigues DA, Antônio JD, Veloso MP, Dos Santos MH, Martino HSD. Bacupari peel extracts ( Garcinia brasiliensis ) reduce high-fat diet-induced obesity in rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gonçalves CB, Marinho MV, Dias DF, Dos Santos MH, Martins FT, Doriguetto AC. Synthesis, characterization, and structural determination of copper(II) complexes with alkyl derivatives of hydroxybenzophenones. J COORD CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1280783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Henrique Dos Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Brazil
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da Cunha MG, Franchin M, de Paula-Eduardo LF, Freires IA, Beutler JA, de Alencar SM, Ikegaki M, Tabchoury CPM, Cunha TM, Rosalen PL. Anti-inflammatory and anti-biofilm properties of ent -nemorosone from Brazilian geopropolis. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Zhang H, Zheng D, Li HH, Wang H, Tan HS, Xu HX. Diagnostic filtering to screen polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Garcinia oblongifolia by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 912:85-96. [PMID: 26920776 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel multistage MS approach, insource collision-induced dissociation (CID) combined with Time Aligned Parallel (TAP) fragmentation, was established to study the fragmentation behavior of polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs), which could provide a more reliable fragmentation relationship between precursor and daughter ions. The diagnostic ions for different subtypes of PPAPs and their fragmentation behaviors have been summarized. Moreover, a new and reliable multidimensional analytical workflow that combines ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), data-independent mass spectrometry (MS(E)), and tandem MS with ion mobility (IM) has been optimized and established for the analysis of PPAPs in the plant Garcinia oblongifolia by diagnostic filtering. Diagnostic fragment ions were used to selectively screen PPAPs from extracts, whereas IM coupled to MS was used to maximize the peak capacity. Under the optimized UHPLC-IM-MS(E) and UHPLC-IM-MS/MS method, 140 PPAPs were detected from the crude extract of G. oblongifolia, and 10 of them were unambiguously identified by comparing them to the reference compounds. Among those PPAPs, 7 pairs of coeluting isobaric PPAPs that were indistinguishable by conventional UHPLC-HRMS alone, were further resolved using UHPLC-IM-MS. It is anticipated that the proposed method will be extended to the rapid screening and characterization of the other targeted or untargeted compounds, especially these coeluting isomers in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hao-Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Solution Center, Waters Technologies Ltd. (Shanghai), Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Sheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Abstract
Cathepsins are proteases found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, their catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Cathepsins have been identified as therapeutic targets in the search for new drugs against a number of human pathologies, including cancer, Alzheimer's, and osteoporosis. A number of natural products have been reported as selective inhibitors of some cathepsins. Chemical structure of natural products as inhibitors of cathepsins can be very diverse. Some peptidic natural products are inhibitors of the cysteine protease cathepsins such as E-64 isolated from Aspergillus, which is a cathepsin B inhibitor, or more recently the marine cyanobacterial metabolite gallinamide A which is a selective inhibitor of human cathepsin L. Also amino acid derivatives have been reported as inhibitors of cathepsin A. Other natural products include chalcone natural products possessing cytotoxic activities against prostate cancer cells and inhibiting cysteine cathepsins in vitro, antipain and its analogues isolated from Streptomyces as inhibitors of cathepsin K, and natural biflavones as novel inhibitors of cathepsins B and K. In this review we will report the most representative examples of natural products as inhibitors of cathepsins, especially the ones reported during the last decade.
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Sales L, Pezuk JA, Borges KS, Brassesco MS, Scrideli CA, Tone LG, Santos MHD, Ionta M, Oliveira JCD. Anticancer activity of 7-epiclusianone, a benzophenone from Garcinia brasiliensis, in glioblastoma. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:393. [PMID: 26518729 PMCID: PMC4628319 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system and one of the hardest tumors to treat. Consequently, the search for novel therapeutic options is imperative. 7-epiclusianone, a tetraprenylated benzophenone isolated from the epicarp of the native plant Garcinia brasiliensis, exhibits a range of biological activities but its prospect anticancer activity is underexplored. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of 7-epiclusianone on proliferation, clonogenic capacity, cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in two glioblastoma cell lines (U251MG and U138MG). METHODS Cell viability was measured by the MTS assay; for the clonogenic assay, colonies were stained with Giemsa and counted by direct visual inspection; For cell cycle analysis, cells were stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by cytometry; Cyclin A expression was determined by immunoblotting; Apoptotic cell death was determined by annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate labeling and Caspase-3 activity in living cells. RESULTS Viability of both cell lines was drastically inhibited; moreover, the colony formation capacity was significantly reduced, demonstrating long-term effects even after removal of the drug. 7-epiclusianone treatment at low concentrations also altered cell cycle progression, decreased the S and G2/M populations and at higher concentrations increased the number of cells at sub-G1, in concordance with the increase of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates for the first time the anticancer potential of 7-epiclusianone against glioblastoma cells, thus meriting its further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent.
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7-Epiclusianone, a Benzophenone Extracted from Garcinia brasiliensis (Clusiaceae), Induces Cell Cycle Arrest in G1/S Transition in A549 Cells. Molecules 2015; 20:12804-16. [PMID: 26184153 PMCID: PMC6332126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Disease stage is the most relevant factor influencing mortality. Unfortunately, most patients are still diagnosed at an advanced stage and their five-year survival rate is only 4%. Thus, it is relevant to identify novel drugs that can improve the treatment options for lung cancer. Natural products have been an important source for the discovery of new compounds with pharmacological potential including antineoplastic agents. We have previously isolated a prenylated benzophenone (7-epiclusianone) from Garcinia brasiliensis (Clusiaceae) that has several biological properties including antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines. In continuation with our studies, the present work aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved with antiproliferative activity of 7-epiclusianone in A549 cells. Our data showed that 7-epiclusianone reduced the viability of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 of 16.13 ± 1.12 μM). Cells were arrested in G1/S transition and apoptosis was induced. In addition, we observed morphological changes with cytoskeleton disorganization in consequence of the treatment. Taken together, the results showed that cell cycle arrest in G1/S transition is the main mechanism involved with antiproliferative activity of 7-epiclusianone. Our results are promising and open up the prospect of using this compound in further anticancer in vivo studies.
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Zhang H, Zhang DD, Lao YZ, Fu WW, Liang S, Yuan QH, Yang L, Xu HX. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory prenylated benzoylphloroglucinols and xanthones from the twigs of Garcinia esculenta. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1700-7. [PMID: 24960143 DOI: 10.1021/np5003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Five new prenylated benzoylphloroglucinol derivatives, garciesculentones A-E (1-5), a new xanthone, garciesculenxanthone A (6), and 15 known compounds were isolated from the petroleum ether extract and the EtOAc-soluble fraction of a 80% (v/v) EtOH extract of Garcinia esculenta. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis and mass spectrometry. Experimental and calculated ECD and a convenient modified Mosher's method were used to determine the absolute configurations. The cytotoxicity of these compounds were evaluated by MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) and against normal hepatic cells (HL-7702). In addition, these isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on interferon-γ plus lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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A systematic review for anti-inflammatory property of clusiaceae family: a preclinical approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:960258. [PMID: 24976853 PMCID: PMC4058220 DOI: 10.1155/2014/960258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Clusiaceae family (sensu lato) is extensively used in ethnomedicine for treating a number of disease conditions which include cancer, inflammation, and infection. The aim of this review is to report the pharmacological potential of plants of Clusiaceae family with the anti-inflammatory activity in animal experiments. Methods. A systematic review about experiments investigating anti-inflammatory activity of Clusiaceae family was carried out by searching bibliographic databases such as Medline, Scopus and Embase. In this update, the search terms were "anti-inflammatory agents," "Clusiaceae," and "animals, laboratory." Results. A total of 255 publications with plants this family were identified. From the initial 255 studies, a total of 21 studies were selected for the final analysis. Studies with genera Allanblackia, Clusia, Garcinia or Rheedia, and Hypericum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. The findings include a decrease of total leukocytes, a number of neutrophils, total protein concentration, granuloma formation, and paw or ear edema formation. Other interesting findings included decreased of the MPO activity, and inflammatory mediators such as NF- κ B and iNOS expression, PGE2 and Il-1 β levels and a decrease in chronic inflammation. Conclusion. The data reported suggests the anti-inflammatory effect potential of Clusiaceae family in animal experiments.
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Wang Y, Chen P, Tang C, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang H. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of extract and two isolated flavonoids of Carthamus tinctorius L. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:944-950. [PMID: 24333963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) has been long used both in the traditional system and folk medicine as an analgesic anti-inflammatory agent in China. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and two isolated kaempferol glycosides of Carthamus tinctorius L. to provide experimental evidence for its traditional use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antinociceptive effects of HE, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (K-3-R) and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (K-3-G) were assessed in mice using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test and cinnamaldehyde test. The anti-inflammatory effects of HE, K-3-R and K-3-G were determined in two animal models: carrageenan-induced paw edema and xylene-induced ear edema. RESULTS The HPLC analysis showed the presence of K-3-R and K-3-G in Carthamus tinctorius L. HE (500 and 1000mg/kg) as well as K-3-R and K-3-G (150, 300 and 600mg/kg) produced significant inhibition on nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. Oral treatment of HE, K-3-R and K-3-G at all doses significantly reduced both the nociceptive response and cinnamaldehyde-induced paw edema, effect that was superior to aspirin. In anti-inflammatory tests, HE and K-3-G significantly inhibited the paw edema during the both phases of carrageenan-induced inflammation while K-3-G suppressed the late phase inflammation only. HE (400 and 800mg/kg) and K-3-G (200, 400, 800mg/kg) produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of xylene-induced ear edema development. K-3-R only suppressed ear edema formation at a high dose (800mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Carthamus tinctorius L. extract possess remarkable antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities which may be due to K-3-R and K-3-G at least in part, supporting the folkloric usage of the plant to treat various inflammatory and pain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changyun Tang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yazhen Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Clusianone, a naturally occurring nemorosone regioisomer, uncouples rat liver mitochondria and induces HepG2 cell death. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 212:20-9. [PMID: 24491676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clusianone is a member of the polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol family of natural products; its cytotoxic mechanism is unknown. Clusianone is a structural isomer of nemorosone, which is a mitochondrial uncoupler and a well-known cytotoxic anti-cancer agent; thus, we addressed clusianone action at the mitochondria and its potential cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. In the HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cell line, clusianone induced mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, ATP depletion and phosphatidyl serine externalization; this later event is indicative of apoptosis induction. In isolated mitochondria from rat liver, clusianone promoted protonophoric mitochondrial uncoupling. This was evidenced by the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in resting respiration, an inhibition of Ca(2+) influx, stimulation of Ca(2+) efflux in Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondria, a decrease in ATP and NAD(P)H levels, generation of ROS, and swelling of valinomycin-treated organelles in hyposmotic potassium acetate media. The cytotoxic and uncoupling actions of clusianone were appreciably less than those of nemorosone, likely due to the presence of an intra-molecular hydrogen bond with the juxtaposed carbonyl group at the C15 position. Therefore, clusianone is capable of pharmacologically increasing the leakage of protons from the mitochondria and with favorable cytotoxicity in relation to nemorosone.
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Kumar S, Sharma S, Chattopadhyay SK. The potential health benefit of polyisoprenylated benzophenones from Garcinia and related genera: Ethnobotanical and therapeutic importance. Fitoterapia 2013; 89:86-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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de Souza Ferro JN, da Silva JP, Conserva LM, Barreto E. Leaf extract from Clusia nemorosa induces an antinociceptive effect in mice via a mechanism that is adrenergic systems dependent. Chin J Nat Med 2013; 11:385-90. [PMID: 23845547 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on the genus Clusia have shown anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of the leaf extracts, but its antinociceptive activity has never been characterized. In the present study, the antinociceptive activity of the hexane extract of the leaves of Clusia nemorosa G. Mey, called HECn, was examined. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests. All experiments were carried out on male Swiss mice. The extract (1-400 mg·kg(-1)), given by intraperitoneal route (i.p.) 1 h prior to testing, produced a dose-dependent inhibition on the number of abdominal writhings, with an ID50 of 62 mg·kg(-1). In addition, HECn was able to prevent the visceral pain induced by acetic acid in mice for at least 2 h. In the formalin test, HECn had no effect in the first phase, but produced an analgesic effect on the second phase with the inhibition of licking time. The HECn did not show a significant analgesic effect in the hot plate test. Pretreatment with yohimbine attenuated the antinociceptive effect induced by HECn in the writhing test. However, naloxone, atropine, or haloperidol did not affect antinociception induced by HECn in the writhing test. Together, these results indicate that the extract from the leaves of Clusia nemorosa produces antinociception in models of chemical pain through mechanisms that suggest participation of the adrenergic systems pathway.
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Moreira MEDC, Pereira RGFA, Dias DF, Gontijo VS, Vilela FC, de Moraes GDOI, Giusti-Paiva A, dos Santos MH. Anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of roasted and green Coffea arabica L. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Simão da Silva KAB, Klein-Junior LC, Cruz SM, Cáceres A, Quintão NLM, Monache FD, Cechinel-Filho V. Anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic evaluation of the condiment laurel (Litsea guatemalensis Mez.) and its chemical composition. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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