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Felli E, Nulan Y, Selicean S, Wang C, Gracia-Sancho J, Bosch J. Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Portal Hypertension. CURRENT HEPATOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 22:51-66. [PMID: 36908849 PMCID: PMC9988810 DOI: 10.1007/s11901-023-00598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Portal hypertension is responsible of the main complications of cirrhosis, which carries a high mortality. Recent treatments have improved prognosis, but this is still far from ideal. This paper reviews new potential therapeutic targets unveiled by advances of key pathophysiologic processes. Recent Findings Recent research highlighted the importance of suppressing etiologic factors and a safe lifestyle and outlined new mechanisms modulating portal pressure. These include intrahepatic abnormalities linked to inflammation, fibrogenesis, vascular occlusion, parenchymal extinction, and angiogenesis; impaired regeneration; increased hepatic vascular tone due to sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction with insufficient NO availability; and paracrine liver cell crosstalk. Moreover, pathways such as the gut-liver axis modulate splanchnic vasodilatation and systemic inflammation, exacerbate liver fibrosis, and are being targeted by therapy. We have summarized studies of new agents addressing these targets. Summary New agents, alone or in combination, allow acting in complementary mechanisms offering a more profound effect on portal hypertension while simultaneously limiting disease progression and favoring regression of fibrosis and of cirrhosis. Major changes in treatment paradigms are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Felli
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yelidousi Nulan
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research, Hepatology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, CIBEREHD, IDIBAPS Research Institute, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Basak M, Das K, Mahata T, Sengar AS, Verma SK, Biswas S, Bhadra K, Stewart A, Maity B. RGS7-ATF3-Tip60 Complex Promotes Hepatic Steatosis and Fibrosis by Directly Inducing TNFα. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:137-159. [PMID: 35521658 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have yet to be fully delineated and only a single drug, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist saroglitazar, has been approved. Here, we sought to investigate the role of Regulator of G Protein Signaling 7 (RGS7) in hyperlipidemia-dependent hepatic dysfunction. Results: RGS7 is elevated in the livers of NAFLD patients, particularly those with severe hepatic damage, pronounced insulin resistance, and high inflammation. In the liver, RGS7 forms a unique complex with transcription factor ATF3 and histone acetyltransferase Tip60, which is implicated in NAFLD. The removal of domains is necessary for ATF3/Tip60 binding compromises RGS7-dependent reactive oxygen species generation and cell death. Hepatic RGS7 knockdown (KD) prevented ATF3/Tip60 induction, and it provided protection against fibrotic remodeling and inflammation in high-fat diet-fed mice translating to improvements in liver function. Hyperlipidemia-dependent oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction were largely reversed in RGS7 KD mice. Interestingly, saroglitazar failed to prevent RGS7/ATF3 upregulation but it did partially restore Tip60 levels. RGS7 drives the release of particularly tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) from isolated hepatocytes, stellate cells and its depletion reverses steatosis, oxidative stress by direct TNFα exposure. Conversely, RGS7 overexpression in the liver is sufficient to trigger oxidative stress in hepatocytes that can be mitigated via TNFα inhibition. Innovation: We discovered a novel non-canonical function for an R7RGS protein, which usually functions to regulate G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. This is the first demonstration for a functional role of RGS7 outside the retina and central nervous system. Conclusion: RGS7 represents a potential novel target for the amelioration of NAFLD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 137-159.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kiran Das
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | - Sayan Biswas
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Kakali Bhadra
- Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Rodrigues SG, Mendoza YP, Bosch J. Investigational drugs in early clinical development for portal hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2022; 31:825-842. [PMID: 35758843 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2022.2095259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advanced chronic liver disease is considered a reversible condition after removal of the primary aetiological factor. This has led to a paradigm shift in which portal hypertension (PH) is a reversible complication of cirrhosis. The pharmacologic management of PH is centered on finding targets to modify the natural history of cirrhosis and PH. AREAS COVERED This paper offers an overview of the use of pharmacological strategies in early clinical development that modify PH. Papers included were selected from searching clinical trials sites and PubMed from the last 10 years. EXPERT OPINION A paradigm shift has generated a new concept of PH in cirrhosis as a reversible complication of a potentially curable disease. Decreasing portal pressure to prevent decompensation and further complications of cirrhosis that may lead liver transplantation or death is a goal. Therapeutic strategies also aspire achieve total or partial regression of fibrosis thus eliminating the need for treatment or screening of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana G Rodrigues
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yuly P Mendoza
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Health Sciences (GHS), University of Bern
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Shih YH, Peng CL, Chiang PF, Shieh MJ. Dual-Functional Polymeric Micelles Co-Loaded with Antineoplastic Drugs and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Combination Therapy in Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040768. [PMID: 35456602 PMCID: PMC9030189 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Sunitinib combined with SN-38 in polymeric micelles for antitumor efficacy in colorectal cancer. First, SN-38 and Sunitinib co-loaded micelles were developed and characterized. We studied cell viability and cellular uptake in HCT-116 cells. Then, subcutaneous HCT-116 xenograft tumors were used for ex vivo biodistribution, antitumor efficacy, and histochemical analysis studies. Results of cellular uptake and ex vivo biodistribution of SN-38/Sunitinib micelles showed the highest accumulation in tumors compared with other normal organs. In the antitumor effect studies, mice bearing HCT-116 tumors were smallest at day 28 after injection of SN-38/Sunitinib micelles, compared with other experiment groups (p < 0.01). As demonstrated by the results of inhibition on multi-receptors by Sunitinib, we confirmed that SN-38/Sunitinib co-loaded micelles to be a treatment modality that could inhibit VEGF and PDGF receptors and enhance the antitumor effect of SN-38 (p < 0.05). In summary, we consider that this micelle is a potential formulation for the combination of SN-38 and Sunitinib in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsia Shih
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan; (Y.-H.S.); (P.-F.C.)
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan; (Y.-H.S.); (P.-F.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.-L.P.); (M.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Fang Chiang
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan; (Y.-H.S.); (P.-F.C.)
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-L.P.); (M.-J.S.)
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Exploring the Gamut of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases for Their Promise in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121776. [PMID: 34944593 PMCID: PMC8698495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a predominant health concern affecting approximately a quarter of the world’s population. NAFLD is a spectrum of liver ailments arising from nascent lipid accumulation and leading to inflammation, fibrosis or even carcinogenesis. Despite its prevalence and severity, no targeted pharmacological intervention is approved to date. Thus, it is imperative to identify suitable drug targets critical to the development and progression of NAFLD. In this quest, a ray of hope is nestled within a group of proteins, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), as targets to contain or even reverse NAFLD. RTKs control numerous vital biological processes and their selective expression and activity in specific diseases have rendered them useful as drug targets. In this review, we discuss the recent advancements in characterizing the role of RTKs in NAFLD progression and qualify their suitability as pharmacological targets. Available data suggests inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, AXL, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 4 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor, and activation of cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 could pave the way for novel NAFLD therapeutics. Thus, it is important to characterize these RTKs for target validation and proof-of-concept through clinical trials.
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Mahata T, Sengar AS, Basak M, Das K, Pramanick A, Verma SK, Singh PK, Biswas S, Sarkar S, Saha S, Chatterjee S, Das M, Stewart A, Maity B. Hepatic Regulator of G Protein Signaling 6 (RGS6) drives non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by promoting oxidative stress and ATM-dependent cell death. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102105. [PMID: 34534913 PMCID: PMC8446788 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism(s) driving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally, have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify regulator of G protein signaling 6 (RGS6), up-regulated in the livers of NAFLD patients, as a critical mediator of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and cell death. Human patients with high hepatic RGS6 expression exhibited a corresponding high inflammatory burden, pronounced insulin resistance, and poor liver function. In mice, liver-specific RGS6 knockdown largely ameliorated high fat diet (HFD)-driven oxidative stress, fibrotic remodeling, inflammation, lipid deposition and cell death. RGS6 depletion allowed for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity restoring redox balance, improving fatty acid oxidation, and preventing loss of insulin receptor sensitivity in hepatocytes. RGS6 is both induced by ROS and increases ROS generation acting as a key amplification node to exacerbate oxidative stress. In liver, RGS6 forms a direct complex with ATM kinase supported by key aspartate residues in the RGS domain and is both necessary and sufficient to drive hyperlipidemia-dependent ATM phosphorylation. pATM and markers of DNA damage (γH2AX) were also elevated in livers from NAFLD patients particularly in samples with high RGS6 protein content. Unsurprisingly, RGS6 knockdown prevented ATM phosphorylation in livers from HFD-fed mice. Further, RGS6 mutants lacking the capacity for ATM binding fail to facilitate palmitic acid-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis underscoring the importance of the RGS6-ATM complex in hyperlipidemia-dependent cell death. Inhibition of RGS6, then, may provide a viable means to prevent or reverse liver damage by mitigating oxidative liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Mahata
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Sengar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Madhuri Basak
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Kiran Das
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Arnab Pramanick
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Verma
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Millers School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sayan Biswas
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, B.T. Road, Kamarhati, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700058, India
| | - Subhasish Sarkar
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, B.T. Road, Kamarhati, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700058, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226025, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University and Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus, Chennai, 600044, India
| | - Madhusudan Das
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
| | - Adele Stewart
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
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G protein β5-ATM complexes drive acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101965. [PMID: 33933881 PMCID: PMC8105674 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive ingestion of the common analgesic acetaminophen (APAP) leads to severe hepatotoxicity. Here we identify G protein β5 (Gβ5), elevated in livers from APAP overdose patients, as a critical regulator of cell death pathways and autophagic signaling in APAP-exposed liver. Liver-specific knockdown of Gβ5 in mice protected the liver from APAP-dependent fibrosis, cell loss, oxidative stress, and inflammation following either acute or chronic APAP administration. Conversely, overexpression of Gβ5 in liver was sufficient to drive hepatocyte dysfunction and loss. In hepatocytes, Gβ5 depletion ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction, allowed for maintenance of ATP generation and mitigated APAP-induced cell death. Further, Gβ5 knockdown also reversed impacts of APAP on kinase cascades (e.g. ATM/AMPK) signaling to mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master regulator of autophagy and, as a result, interrupted autophagic flux. Though canonically relegated to nuclear DNA repair pathways, ATM also functions in the cytoplasm to control cell death and autophagy. Indeed, we now show that Gβ5 forms a direct, stable complex with the FAT domain of ATM, important for autophosphorylation-dependent kinase activation. These data provide a viable explanation for these novel, G protein-independent actions of Gβ5 in liver. Thus, Gβ5 sits at a critical nexus in multiple pathological sequelae driving APAP-dependent liver damage.
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Zhao Z, Lin CY, Cheng K. siRNA- and miRNA-based therapeutics for liver fibrosis. Transl Res 2019; 214:17-29. [PMID: 31476281 PMCID: PMC6848786 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing process induced by chronic liver injuries, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and metal poisoning. The accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver is a key characteristic of liver fibrosis. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major producers of ECM and therefore play irreplaceably important roles during the progression of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrogenesis is highly correlated with the activation of HSCs, which is regulated by numerous profibrotic cytokines. Using RNA interference to downregulate these cytokines in activated HSCs is a promising strategy to reverse liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been exploited for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This review focuses on the current siRNA- and miRNA-based liver fibrosis treatment strategies by targeting activated HSCs in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
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Liu Z, Lin Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Li Q, Luo M, Liang R, Ye J. Molecular targeted and immune checkpoint therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2019; 38:447. [PMID: 31684985 PMCID: PMC6827249 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has changed markedly. Although sorafenib was used in clinical practice as the first molecular targeted agent in 2007, the SHARPE and Asian-Pacific trials demonstrated that sorafenib only improved overall survival (OS) by approximately 3 months in patients with advanced HCC compared with placebo. Molecular targeted agents were developed during the 10-year period from 2007 to 2016, but every test of these agents from phase II or phase III clinical trial failed due to a low response rate and high toxicity. In the 2 years after, 2017 through 2018, four successful novel drugs emerged from clinical trials for clinical use. As recommended by updated Barcelona Clinical Liver cancer (BCLC) treatment algorithms, lenvatinib is now feasible as an alternative to sorafenib as a first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Regorafenib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab are appropriate supplements for sorafenib as second-line treatment for patients with advanced HCC who are resistant, show progression or do not tolerate sorafenib. In addition, with promising outcomes in phase II trials, immune PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been applied for HCC treatment. Despite phase III trials for nivolumab and pembrolizumab, the primary endpoints of improved OS were not statistically significant, immune PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy remains to be further investigated. This review summarizes the development and progression of molecular targeted and immune-based checkpoint therapies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Liu
- School of Oncology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiazhou Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530021 People’s Republic of China
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Garbuzenko DV, Arefyev NO, Kazachkov EL. Antiangiogenic therapy for portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis: Current progress and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3738-3748. [PMID: 30197479 PMCID: PMC6127663 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i33.3738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing medicines for hemodynamic disorders that are characteristic of cirrhosis of the liver is a relevant problem in modern hepatology. The increase in hepatic vascular resistance to portal blood flow and subsequent hyperdynamic circulation underlie portal hypertension (PH) and promote its progression, despite the formation of portosystemic collaterals. Angiogenesis and vascular bed restructurization play an important role in PH pathogenesis as well. In this regard, strategic directions in the therapy for PH in cirrhosis include selectively decreasing hepatic vascular resistance while preserving or increasing portal blood flow, and correcting hyperdynamic circulation and pathological angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms of angiogenesis in PH and the methods of antiangiogenic therapy. The PubMed database, the Google Scholar retrieval system, and the reference lists from related articles were used to search for relevant publications. Articles corresponding to the aim of the review were selected for 2000-2017 using the keywords: “liver cirrhosis”, “portal hypertension”, “pathogenesis”, “angiogenesis”, and “antiangiogenic therapy”. Antiangiogenic therapy for PH was the inclusion criterion. In this review, we have described angiogenesis inhibitors and their mechanism of action in relation to PH. Although most of them were studied only in animal experiments, this selective therapy for abnormally growing newly formed vessels is pathogenetically reasonable to treat PH and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolay Olegovich Arefyev
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk 454092, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Leonidovich Kazachkov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk 454092, Russia
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Angiogenesis and Hepatic Fibrosis: Western and Chinese Medicine Therapies on the Road. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 24:713-720. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-3007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hao T, Chen J, Zhi S, Zhang Q, Chen G, Yu F. Comparison of bone marrow-vs. adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells for attenuating liver fibrosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5956-5964. [PMID: 29285145 PMCID: PMC5740792 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a potential novel method of treating liver fibrosis. To date, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) have not been analyzed with respect to their ability to combat liver fibrosis. The present study aimed to compare the capabilities of BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis. BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs were taken from male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were co-cultured with either BM-MSCs or AD-MSCs, and the effects of BM-MSCs or AD-MSCs on the proliferation, activation and apoptosis of HSCs were determined. The secretion of a selected group of cytokines by BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Using a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis animal model, the anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of BM-MSCs or AD-MSCs against liver fibrosis in vivo were evaluated. The morphological examination and analysis of specific surface markers confirmed the successful preparation of BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs. Furthermore, the proliferation, activation and apoptosis of HSCs were significantly inhibited by BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs, with statistically greater reductions achieved by AD-MSCs compared with BM-MSCs. Direct comparison of the secretion of selected cytokines by BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs revealed that significantly higher levels of nerve growth factor and transforming growth factor-β1 were secreted in the AD-MSC culture medium, whereas levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-10 did not differ significantly between AD-MSCs and BM-MSCs. In vivo studies using a CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model demonstrated that inflammatory activity and fibrosis staging scores were significantly lower in the MSC-treated groups compared with controls. Although AD-MSCs improved anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects compared with BM-MSCs, these differences were not significant. Thus, the current study demonstrated that BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs are similarly effective at attenuating liver fibrosis by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of HSCs, as well as promoting the apoptosis of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpao Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jingfeng Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoce Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Huang X, Wang W, Yuan H, Sun J, Li L, Wu X, Luo J, Gu Y. Sunitinib, a Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitor, Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 239:251-61. [PMID: 27439438 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.239.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and ultimately fatal disease, characterized by excessive accumulation of fibroblasts, extensive deposition of extracellular matrix, and destruction of alveolar architecture. IPF is associated with an epithelial-dependent fibroblast-activated process, termed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, there is still a lack of strategies to target EMT for the treatment of IPF. Sunitinib, a small-molecule multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, targets multiple kinases that may play an important role in developing pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we explored the therapeutic potential of sunitinib using a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Mice received intratracheal instillation of bleomycin (BLM). Then, the mice were intragastrically administrated with sunitinib or normal saline until the end of the experiment. Distinguished destruction of pulmonary architecture, conspicuous proliferation of fibroblasts and extensive deposition of collagen fibers were found in BLM mice. Sunitinib attenuated the pulmonary fibrosis and inhibited the accumulation of fibroblasts in the lung of BLM mice. To investigate if the inhibition of fibroblast accumulation in the lung by sunitinib was associated with EMT, we used human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEs) and W138 human lung fibroblasts. Sunitinib suppressed the degree of EMT induced by TGF-β, a profibrotic factor, in HBEs and the proliferation of WI38 fibroblasts. Moreover, sunitinib reduced the degree of phosphorylation of serine residues on Smad2/3 that was induced by TGF-β in HBEs. As EMT and accumulation of fibroblasts are critical for the development of pulmonary fibrosis, targeting multiple pro-fibrosis signaling pathways with sunitinib may be a novel strategy to treat pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
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Kong LJ, Li H, Du YJ, Pei FH, Hu Y, Zhao LL, Chen J. Vatalanib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, decreases hepatic fibrosis and sinusoidal capillarization in CCl4-induced fibrotic mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2604-2610. [PMID: 28447731 PMCID: PMC5428398 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various consequence arising from lung injury, hepatic fibrosis is the most severe. Decreasing the effects of hepatic fibrosis remains one of the primary therapeutic challenges in hepatology. Dysfunction of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells is considered to be one of the initial events that occur in liver injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling is involved in the progression of genotype changes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, vatalanib, on hepatic fibrosis and hepatic sinusoidal capillarization in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model of liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced in BALB/c mice using CCl4 by intraperitoneal injection for 6 weeks. The four experimental groups included a control, and three experimental groups involving administration of CCl4, vatalanib and a combination of the two. Histopathological staining and measuring live hydroxyproline content evaluated the extent of liver fibrosis. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 was detected by immunohistochemistry. Collagen type I, α-SMA, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) expression levels were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The average number of fenestrae per hepatic sinusoid was determined using transmission electron microscopy. Liver fibrosis scores and hydroxyproline content were decreased in both vatalanib groups. In addition, both doses of vatalanib decreased mRNA expression levels of hepatic α-SMA, TGF-β1, collagen-1, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2. Levels of α-SMA and CD34 protein were decreased in the vatalanib group compared with the CCl4 group. There were significant differences in the number of fenestrae per sinusoid between the groups. The present study identified that administration of vatalanib was associated with decreased liver fibrosis and hepatic sinusoidal capillarization in CCl4-induced mouse models, and is a potential compound for counteracting liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jian Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ju Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Pei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Liao-Liao Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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The Role of PDGFs and PDGFRs in Colorectal Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4708076. [PMID: 28163397 PMCID: PMC5259650 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4708076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Angiogenesis was reported as one important mechanism activated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumor microenvironment associated angiogenesis involves a large spectrum of signaling molecules and deciphering their role in colorectal carcinogenesis still represents a major challenge. The aim of our study is to point out the diagnosis and prediction role of PDGF family and their receptors in colorectal carcinogenesis. Material and Methods. A systematic search in Medline and PubMed for studies reporting the role of platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) in tumor biology related to CRC was made. Results. PDGFs are important growth factors for normal tissue growth and division, with an important role in blood vessel formation. PDGFs/PDGFRs signaling pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in angiogenesis mainly by targeting pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. High levels of PDGF-BB were reported in CRC patients compared to those with adenomas, while elevated levels of PDGFR α/β in the stroma of CRC patients were correlated with invasion and metastasis. Moreover, PDGF-AB and PDGF-C were correlated with early diagnosis, cancer grading, and metastatic disease. Conclusions. Both PDGFs and PDGFRs families play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis and could be considered to be investigated as useful biomarkers both for diagnosis and treatment of CRC.
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Gajalakshmi P, Majumder S, Viebahn CS, Swaminathan A, Yeoh GC, Chatterjee S. Interleukin-6 secreted by bipotential murine oval liver stem cells induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells by activating NF-κB-inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:263-272. [PMID: 28177770 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is now well recognized as the causative factor for increased mortality from complications associated with liver pathologies. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a critical role in the progression of liver fibrosis. Therefore, targeting these activated HSCs to prevent and (or) treat liver disease is a worthwhile approach to explore. In the present in vitro study, we investigated the use of bipotential murine oval liver cells (BMOL) in regulating the functions of activated HSCs to prevent progression of liver fibrosis. We used a conditioned medium-based approach to study the effect of BMOL cells on activated HSC survival and function. Our data showed that BMOL cells block the contraction of activated HSCs by inducing apoptosis of these cells. We demonstrated that BMOL cells secrete soluble factors, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which induced apoptosis of activated HSCs. Using both pharmacological and molecular inhibitor approaches, we further identified that IL-6-mediated activation of NF-κB-iNOS-NO-ROS signaling in activated HSCs plays a critical role in BMOL-cell-mediated apoptosis of activated HSCs. Thus, the present study provides an alternative cell-based therapeutic approach to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- b Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia S Viebahn
- c Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- a Life Sciences Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - George C Yeoh
- c Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- a Life Sciences Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India.,d Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Huang L, Lin J, Xiang S, Zhao K, Yu J, Zheng J, Xu D, Mak S, Hu S, Nirasha S, Wang C, Chen X, Zhang J, Xu S, Wei X, Zhang Z, Zhou D, Zhou W, Cui W, Han Y, Hu Z, Wang Q. Sunitinib, a Clinically Used Anticancer Drug, Is a Potent AChE Inhibitor and Attenuates Cognitive Impairments in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:1047-56. [PMID: 27046396 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is clinically used for the treatment of cancer. In this study, we found for the first time that sunitinib inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at submicromolar concentrations in vitro. In addition, sunitinib dramatically decreased the hippocampal and cortical activity of AChE in a time-dependent manner in mice. Molecular docking analysis further demonstrates that sunitinib might interact with both the catalytic anion and peripheral anionic sites within AChE, which is in accordance with enzymatic activity results showing that sunitinib inhibits AChE in a mixed pattern. Most importantly, we evaluated the effects of sunitinib on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice by using novel object recognition and Morris water maze tests. Surprisingly, sunitinib could attenuate cognitive impairments to a similar extent as donepezil, a marketed AChE inhibitor used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In summary, our results have shown that sunitinib could potently inhibit AChE and attenuate cognitive impairments in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Ningbo Kangning
Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315200, China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Siying Xiang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Kangrong Zhao
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiacheng Zheng
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Daping Xu
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese
Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese
Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shengquan Hu
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese
Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shehani Nirasha
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shujun Xu
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic, Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine & New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning
Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315200, China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department
of Applied Biology and Chemistry Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese
Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhenyu Hu
- Ningbo Kangning
Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315200, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo
Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key
Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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Park S, Kim JW, Kim JH, Lim CW, Kim B. Differential Roles of Angiogenesis in the Induction of Fibrogenesis and the Resolution of Fibrosis in Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:980-5. [PMID: 26133707 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing process that includes inflammation, deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, and pathological neovascularization. Angiogenesis, which is defined by the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is a complex and dynamic process under both physiological and pathological conditions. Although whether angiogenesis can induce or occur in parallel with the progression of hepatic fibrosis has not yet been determined, intrahepatic sinusoidal formation and remodeling are key features of liver fibrosis. Some recent evidence has suggested that experimental inhibition of angiogenesis ameliorates the development of liver fibrosis, while other recent studies indicate that neutralization or genetic ablation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in myeloid cells can delay tissue repair and fibrosis resolution in damaged liver. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge about the differential roles of angiogenesis in the induction of fibrogenesis and the resolution of fibrosis in damaged livers. Possible strategies for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surim Park
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine
(BK21 Plus Program), Chonbuk National University
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19
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Wang X, Wu X, Zhang A, Wang S, Hu C, Chen W, Shen Y, Tan R, Sun Y, Xu Q. Targeting the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β Interface with Destruxin A5 to Selectively Block PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ Signaling and Attenuate Liver Fibrosis. EBioMedicine 2016; 7:146-56. [PMID: 27322468 PMCID: PMC4909612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling plays very crucial roles in the process of many diseases such as liver fibrosis. However, drug candidates with selective affinities for PDGF-B/PDGFR-β remain deficient. Here, we identified a natural cyclopeptide termed destruxin A5 that effectively inhibits PDGF-BB-induced PDGFR-β signaling. Interestingly and importantly, the inhibitory mechanism is distinct from the mechanism of tyrosine kinase inhibitors because destruxin A5 does not have the ability to bind to the ATP-binding pocket of PDGFR-β. Using Biacore T200 technology, thermal shift technology, microscale thermophoresis technology and computational analysis, we confirmed that destruxin A5 selectively targets the PDGF-B/PDGFR-β interaction interface to block this signaling. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of destruxin A5 on PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling was verified using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models, in which the extent of liver fibrosis was effectively alleviated by destruxin A5. In summary, destruxin A5 may represent an efficacious and more selective inhibitor of PDGF-BB/PDGFR-ββ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China; Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Kus T, Aktas G, Sevinc A, Oktay C, Kalender ME, Camci C. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors improve parenchymal findings of liver cirrhosis in a patient exhibiting concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 4:290-292. [PMID: 26893877 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and renal cell cancer (RCC) are malignancies, which are chemotherapy resistant and fatal at the advanced stages. Previously developed tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used in the treatment of advanced stage disease. In the present case study, a patient using sunitinib for stage IV RCC presented with HCC following 2 years of treatment. A patient who exhibited Child-Pugh class C cirrhosis initially, exhibited a marked improvement of hepatocellular parenchyma findings following treatment with sunitinib. Sunitinib is suggested to have preventive effects on the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in vitro, via an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-platelet-derived growth factor mechanism. However, no clinical supportive study has been performed until now. Improvement of liver functions may be explained in this manner. Therefore, investigations are required with different doses of sunitinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors in order to evaluate the efficacy on treatment of cirrhosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulay Kus
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep TR-27310, Turkey
| | - Gokmen Aktas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep TR-27310, Turkey
| | - Alper Sevinc
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep TR-27310, Turkey
| | - Cemil Oktay
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya TR-07100, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Kalender
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep TR-27310, Turkey
| | - Celaletdin Camci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gaziantep Oncology Hospital, School of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep TR-27310, Turkey
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Qu K, Huang Z, Lin T, Liu S, Chang H, Yan Z, Zhang H, Liu C. New Insight into the Anti-liver Fibrosis Effect of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: From Molecular Target to Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:300. [PMID: 26834633 PMCID: PMC4716646 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) is a family of tyrosine protein kinases with important functions in the regulation of a broad variety of physiological cell processes. Overactivity of TK disturbs cellular homeostasis and has been linked to the development of certain diseases, including various fibrotic diseases. In regard to liver fibrosis, several TKs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor kinases, have been identified as central mediators in collagen production and potential targets for anti-liver fibrosis therapies. Given the essential role of TKs during liver fibrogenesis, multitargeted inhibitors of aberrant TK activity, including sorafenib, erlotinib, imatinib, sunitinib, nilotinib, brivanib and vatalanib, have been shown to have potential for treating liver fibrosis. Beneficial effects are observed by researchers of this field using these multitargeted TK inhibitors in preclinical animal models and in patients with liver fibrosis. The present review will briefly summarize the anti-liver fibrosis effects of multitargeted TK inhibitors and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Zichao Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Cancer HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Sinan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
| | - Hulin Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's HospitalXi'an, China
| | - Zhaoyong Yan
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Pain Treatment, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, China
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Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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23
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Wang L, Li ZS, Zhang HR. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4522-4528. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i28.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a frequently occurring disease worldwide. In China, the incidence of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis is high, and has increased year by year. The progression of chronic liver disease can lead to upper gastrointestinal bleeding, liver cancer and other malignant diseases, posing a serious threat to the health and quality of life of patients. Before progression to liver cirrhosis, choosing an effective treatment method can reverse the disease, improve the prognosis and reduce mortality. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the most popular seed cells in the development of new methods for treating cirrhosis. They can not only differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo, but also reduce the inflammatory response, inhibit cell apoptosis, improve liver function and so on. BMSCs are expected to be a new strategy for the treatment of liver cirrhosis and liver failure.
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Bocca C, Novo E, Miglietta A, Parola M. Angiogenesis and Fibrogenesis in Chronic Liver Diseases. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:477-488. [PMID: 28210697 PMCID: PMC5301407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis appears to be intrinsically associated with the fibrogenic progression of chronic liver diseases, which eventually leads to the development of cirrhosis and related complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Several laboratories have suggested that this association is relevant for chronic liver disease progression, with angiogenesis proposed to sustain fibrogenesis. This minireview offers a synthesis of relevant findings and opinions that have emerged in the last few years relating liver angiogenesis to fibrogenesis. We discuss liver angiogenesis in normal and pathophysiologic conditions with a focus on the role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors and assess the evidence supporting a clear relationship between angiogenesis and fibrogenesis. A section is dedicated to the critical interactions between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and either quiescent hepatic stellate cells or myofibroblast-like stellate cells. Finally, we introduce the unusual, dual (profibrogenic and proangiogenic) role of hepatic myofibroblasts and emerging evidence supporting a role for specific mediators like vasohibin and microparticles and microvesicles.
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Key Words
- ANGPTL3, angiopoietin-like-3 peptide
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Ang-1, angiopoietin-1
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CCR, chemokine receptor
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- ET-1, endothelin 1
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- HSC/MFs, myofibroblast-like cells from activated hepatic stellate cells
- Hh, Hedgehog
- Hypoxia
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- Liver Angiogenesis
- Liver Fibrogenesis
- MF, myofibroblast
- MP, microparticle
- Myofibroblasts
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NO, nitric oxide
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGF-R2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2
- eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio Parola
- Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Elshal M, Abu-Elsaad N, El-Karef A, Ibrahim TM. The multi-kinase inhibitor pazopanib targets hepatic stellate cell activation and apoptosis alleviating progression of liver fibrosis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1293-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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YOU QI, KONG LINGJIAN, LI FENGDONG, WANG HANGYU, LIU DIANGANG, PEI FENGHUA, SONG JITAO, XU JUN, CHEN JING. Human recombinant endostatin Endostar attenuates hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell capillarization in CCl4-induced fibrosis in mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:5594-600. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhao Y, Adjei AA. Targeting Angiogenesis in Cancer Therapy: Moving Beyond Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. Oncologist 2015; 20:660-73. [PMID: 26001391 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Angiogenesis, or the formation of new capillary blood vessels, occurs primarily during human development and reproduction; however, aberrant regulation of angiogenesis is also a fundamental process found in several pathologic conditions, including cancer. As a process required for invasion and metastasis, tumor angiogenesis constitutes an important point of control of cancer progression. Although not yet completely understood, the complex process of tumor angiogenesis involves highly regulated orchestration of multiple signaling pathways. The proangiogenic signaling molecule vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cognate receptor (VEGF receptor 2 [VEGFR-2]) play a central role in angiogenesis and often are highly expressed in human cancers, and initial clinical efforts to develop antiangiogenic treatments focused largely on inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR signaling. Such approaches, however, often lead to transient responses and further disease progression because angiogenesis is regulated by multiple pathways that are able to compensate for each other when single pathways are inhibited. The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and PDGF receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and FGF receptor (FGFR) pathways, for example, provide potential escape mechanisms from anti-VEGF/VEGFR therapy that could facilitate resumption of tumor growth. Accordingly, more recent treatments have focused on inhibiting multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. This comprehensive review discusses the limitations of inhibiting VEGF signaling alone as an antiangiogenic strategy, the importance of other angiogenic pathways including PDGF/PDGFR and FGF/FGFR, and the novel current and emerging agents that target multiple angiogenic pathways for the treatment of advanced solid tumors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Significant advances in cancer treatment have been achieved with the development of antiangiogenic agents, the majority of which have focused on inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. VEGF targeting alone, however, has not proven to be as efficacious as originally hoped, and it is increasingly clear that there are many interconnected and compensatory pathways that can overcome VEGF-targeted inhibition of angiogenesis. Maximizing the potential of antiangiogenic therapy is likely to require a broader therapeutic approach using a new generation of multitargeted antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Lu Y, Zheng S. Update on implications and mechanisms of angiogenesis in liver fibrosis. Hepatol Res 2015; 45:162-78. [PMID: 25196587 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis occurs as a compensatory response to the process of tissue repair in a wide range of chronic liver injures. It is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in liver tissues. As the pathogenesis progresses without effective management, it will lead to formation of liver fiber nodules and disruption of normal liver structure and function, finally culminating in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A new discovery shows that liver angiogenesis is strictly associated with, and may even favor fibrogenic progression of chronic liver diseases. Recent basic and clinical investigations also demonstrate that liver fibrogenesis is accompanied by pathological angiogenesis and sinusoidal remodeling, which critically determine the pathogenesis and prognosis of liver fibrosis. Inhibition of pathological angiogenesis is considered to be a new strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the process of angiogenesis, the relationships between angiogenesis and liver fibrosis, and on the molecular mechanisms of liver angiogenesis. On the other hand, it also presents the different strategies that have been used in experimental models to counteract excessive angiogenesis and the role of angiogenesis in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Chen J, Liu DG, Yang G, Kong LJ, Du YJ, Wang HY, Li FD, Pei FH, Song JT, Fan YJ, Liu AY, Wang XH, Li BX. Endostar, a novel human recombinant endostatin, attenuates liver fibrosis in CCl4-induced mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:998-1006. [PMID: 24872431 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214532595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreasing hepatic fibrosis remains one of the major therapeutic challenges in hepatology. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Endostar on both CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice and a hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line. Two main models were studied: (i) a liver fibrosis model was induced in BALB/c mice using CCl4 by intraperitoneal injection for six weeks. Six animal groups were studied: group 1: normal animals; group 2: CCl4-induced liver fibrosis; group 3: CCl4 + Endostar 20 mg/kg/d, six weeks; group 4: CCl4 + Endostar 10 mg/kg/d, six weeks; group 5: CCl4 + Endostar 20 mg/kg/d, four weeks; group 6: CCl4 + Endostar 10 mg/kg/d, four weeks corresponded to different Endostar doses and duration of administration. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by histopathological staining and liver hydroxyproline content. Expressions of collagen type I, α-smooth muscle actin ( α-SMA), TGF-β1 and VEGFR were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (ii) A liver cell model. HSC-T6 cells were cultured with or without Endostar for 12 h or 24 h. Expressions of collagen type I, α-SMA, and TGF-β1 were measured by real-time PCR. Collagen I and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) contents in cell supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. As compared to the group without Endostar, liver fibrosis scores and hydroxyproline content were decreased in both Endostar groups ( P < 0.05). Moreover, Endostar inhibited the hepatic expression of α-SMA, TGF-β1, Collagen-1, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 mRNA ( P < 0.05). In the HSC-T6 cell line model, Endostar profoundly inhibited the expression of α-SMA, Collagen-1, and TGF-β1 mRNA. Expressions of Collagen-1 and TGF-β1 protein were decreased in the Endostar group as compared to the normal controls in the supernatant of HSC-T6 cells ( P < 0.05). Endostar decreased both liver fibrosis in CCl4-induced mice and collagen synthesis in HSCs in vitro. Therefore, this recombinant human endostatin is a promising compound for counteracting liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Dian-Gang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, China
| | - Ling-Jian Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Ya-Ju Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Hang-Yu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Feng-Dong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Feng-Hua Pei
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Ji-Tao Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Yu-Jing Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Ai-Yun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
| | - Bao-Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, China
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Therapeutic potential of microRNA: a new target to treat intrahepatic portal hypertension? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:797898. [PMID: 24812632 DOI: 10.1155/2014/797898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic portal hypertension accounts for most of the morbidity and mortality encountered in patients with liver cirrhosis, due to increased portal inflow and intrahepatic vascular resistance. Most treatments have focused only on portal inflow or vascular resistance. However, miRNA multitarget regulation therapy may potentially intervene in these two processes for therapeutic benefit in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. This review presents an overview of the most recent knowledge of and future possibilities for the use of miRNA therapy. The benefits of this therapeutic modality--which is poorly applied in the clinical setting--are still uncertain. Increasing the knowledge and current understanding of the roles of miRNAs in the development of intrahepatic portal hypertension and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) functions, as well as their potential as novel drug targets, is critical.
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Everolimus is a potent inhibitor of activated hepatic stellate cell functions in vitro and in vivo, while demonstrating anti-angiogenic activities. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:775-84. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of everolimus for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas in the fibrotic liver by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and angiogenesis.
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32
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Mousa SA, Lin HY, Tang HY, Hercbergs A, Luidens MK, Davis PJ. Modulation of angiogenesis by thyroid hormone and hormone analogues: implications for cancer management. Angiogenesis 2014; 17:463-9. [PMID: 24458693 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acting via a cell surface receptor on integrin αvβ3, thyroid hormone is pro-angiogenic. Nongenomic mechanisms of actions of the hormone and hormone analogues at αvβ3 include modulation of activities of multiple vascular growth factor receptors and their ligands (vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor), as well as of angiogenic chemokines (CX3 family). Thyroid hormone also may increase activity of small molecules that support neovascularization (bradykinin, angiotensin II) and stimulate endothelial cell motility. Therapeutic angio-inhibition in the setting of cancer may be opposed by endogenous thyroid hormone, particularly when a single vascular growth factor is the treatment target. This may be a particular issue in management of aggressive or recurrent tumors. It is desirable to have access to chemotherapies that affect multiple steps in angiogenesis and to examine as alternatives in aggressive cancers the induction of subclinical hypothyroidism or use of antagonists of the αvβ3 thyroid hormone receptor that are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA,
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Ruan SJ, Wu LQ, Zhou F. Relationship between vascular endothelial growth factors and liver diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1191-1196. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i13.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors play an important role in the processes of cell differentiation and maturation. As a kind of multi-functional factor, they are closely related to the occurrence and progression of liver diseases. They can not only promote postoperative liver regeneration but also repress the propagation of chronic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis. In addition, they have a role in cancer diagnosis and treatment and graft rejection in liver transplantation. In this paper, we will give a brief introduction of vascular growth factors and their role in liver regeneration, cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver transplantation.
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