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Swaminathan A, Borichevsky GM, Frampton CM, Day AS, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Gearry RB. Comparison of Fecal Calprotectin and Myeloperoxidase in Predicting Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024:izae032. [PMID: 38417068 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers have been proposed as surrogate treatment targets for the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, their relationship with IBD-related complications remains unclear. This study investigated the utility of neutrophil biomarkers fecal calprotectin (fCal) and fecal myeloperoxidase (fMPO) in predicting a complicated IBD course. METHODS Participants with IBD were followed for 24 months to assess for a complicated IBD course (incident corticosteroid use, medication escalation for clinical disease relapse, IBD-related hospitalizations/surgeries). Clinically active IBD was defined as Harvey-Bradshaw index >4 for Crohn's disease (CD) and simple clinical colitis activity index >5 for ulcerative colitis (UC). Area under the receiver-operating-characteristics curves (AUROC) and multivariable logistic regression assessed the performance of baseline symptom indices, fCal, and fMPO in predicting a complicated disease IBD course at 24 months. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-one participants were included (CD, n = 99; female, n = 90; median disease duration 13 years [interquartile range, 5-22]). Baseline fCal (250 μg/g; AUROC = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.84) and fMPO (12 μg/g; AUROC = 0.77; 95% CI, 0.70-0.84) predicted a complicated IBD course. Fecal calprotectin (adjusted OR = 7.85; 95% CI, 3.38-18.26) and fMPO (adjusted OR = 4.43; 95% CI, 2.03-9.64) were associated with this end point after adjustment for other baseline variables including clinical disease activity. C-reactive protein (CRP) was inferior to fecal biomarkers and clinical symptoms (pdifference < .05) at predicting a complicated IBD course. A combination of baseline CRP, fCal/fMPO, and clinical symptoms provided the greatest precision at identifying a complicated IBD course. CONCLUSIONS Fecal biomarkers are independent predictors of IBD-related outcomes and are useful adjuncts to routine clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swaminathan
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
| | - G M Borichevsky
- Mātai Hāora, Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C M Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A S Day
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M B Hampton
- Mātai Hāora, Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A J Kettle
- Mātai Hāora, Centre for Redox Biology and Medicine, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - R B Gearry
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Saravanakumar K, Park S, Vijayasarathy S, Swaminathan A, Sivasantosh S, Kim Y, Yoo G, Madhumitha H, MubarakAli D, Cho N. Cellular metabolism and health impacts of dichlorvos: Occurrence, detection, prevention, and remedial strategies-A review. Environ Res 2024; 242:117600. [PMID: 37939806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorvos (2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, [DDVP]) belongs to the class of organophosphates and is widely used as an insecticide in agriculture farming and post-harvest storage units. Extensive research has been conducted to assess the factors responsible for the presence of DDVP in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as the entire food chain. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of DDVP metabolites in the food chain and their toxicity to mammals. These studies emphasize that both immediate and chronic exposure to DDVP can disrupt the host's homeostasis, leading to multi-organ damage. Furthermore, as a potent carcinogen, DDVP can harm aquatic systems. Therefore, understanding the contamination of DDVP and its toxicological effects on both plants and mammals is vital for minimizing potential risks and enhancing safety in the future. This review aimed to comprehensively consolidate information about the distribution, ecological effects, and health impacts of DDVP, as well as its metabolism, detection, prevention, and remediation strategies. In summary, this study observes the distribution of DDVP contaminations in vegetables and fruits, resulting in significant toxicity to humans. Although several detection and bioremediation strategies are emerging, the improper application of DDVP and the alarming level of DDVP contamination in foods lead to human toxicity that requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - SeonJu Park
- Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sampathkumar Vijayasarathy
- The Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | | | - Yebon Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guijae Yoo
- Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hariharamohan Madhumitha
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
| | - Davoodbasha MubarakAli
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India.
| | - Namki Cho
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Siamwala J, Swaminathan A, Chatterjee S. Assessment of Endothelial Barrier Functions in Extra Embryonic Vasculature of Chick Embryo as an Alternative Model. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2711:185-197. [PMID: 37776458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3429-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability, a tightly regulated process, is a direct measure of angiogenic and immune responses in the endothelium altered in several acute and chronic diseases such as sepsis, high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), ischemia, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) endotheliitis. Both endogenous and exogenous factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and hormones may affect vascular permeability. The conventional tools available for the measurement of vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo based on collagen-coated Transwell and dye-based spectrophotometric methods are indirect measures of permeability. In this chapter, we present our live in ovo protocols based on dextran-Texas red and avian chorioallantoic membrane assay developed using custom-made equipment to assess leakiness of endothelial cell barrier both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we validate this assay using different stressors such as ischemia and hypoxia known to affect endothelial barrier properties by potentiating actin stress fiber disorganization and disrupting the cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Siamwala
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Providence, RI, USA.
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India
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4
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Stanley OR, Swaminathan A, Wojahn E, Ahmed ZM, Cullen KE. An Open-Source Tool for Automated Human-Level Circling Behavior Detection. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.30.540066. [PMID: 37398316 PMCID: PMC10312579 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.540066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying behavior and relating it to underlying biological states is of paramount importance in many life science fields. Although barriers to recording postural data have been reduced by progress in deep-learning-based computer vision tools for keypoint tracking, extracting specific behaviors from this data remains challenging. Manual behavior coding, the present gold standard, is labor-intensive and subject to intra- and inter-observer variability. Automatic methods are stymied by the difficulty of explicitly defining complex behaviors, even ones which appear obvious to the human eye. Here, we demonstrate an effective technique for detecting one such behavior, a form of locomotion characterized by stereotyped spinning, termed 'circling'. Though circling has an extensive history as a behavioral marker, at present there exists no standard automated detection method. Accordingly, we developed a technique to identify instances of the behavior by applying simple postprocessing to markerless keypoint data from videos of freely-exploring (Cib2-/-;Cib3-/-) mutant mice, a strain we previously found to exhibit circling. Our technique agrees with human consensus at the same level as do individual observers, and it achieves >90% accuracy in discriminating videos of wild type mice from videos of mutants. As using this technique requires no experience writing or modifying code, it also provides a convenient, noninvasive, quantitative tool for analyzing circling mouse models. Additionally, as our approach was agnostic to the underlying behavior, these results support the feasibility of algorithmically detecting specific, research-relevant behaviors using readily-interpretable parameters tuned on the basis of human consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O R Stanley
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - A Swaminathan
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - E Wojahn
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
| | - Z M Ahmed
- Depts. Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Ophthalmology; University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - K E Cullen
- Dept. Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University
- Depts. Neuroscience, Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University
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Jayakodi S, Senthilnathan R, Swaminathan A, Shanmugam VK, Shanmugam RK, Krishnan A, Ponnusamy VK, Tsai PC, Lin YC, Chen YH. Bio-inspired nanoparticles mediated from plant extract biomolecules and their therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125025. [PMID: 37245774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have gained recognition for diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy in fatal diseases. This review focuses on the benefits of green synthesis of bioinspired NPs using various plant extract (containing various biomolecules such as sugars, proteins, and other phytochemical compounds) and their therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Multiple factors including inflammation, mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte mutations, endothelial cell apoptosis, and administration of non-cardiac drugs, can trigger the cause of cardiac disorders. Furthermore, the interruption of reactive oxygen species (ROS) synchronization from mitochondria causes oxidative stress in the cardiac system, leading to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. NPs can decrease the interaction with biomolecules and prevent the incitement of ROS. Understanding this mechanism can pave the way for using green synthesized elemental NPs to reduce the risk of CVD. This review delivers information on the different methods, classifications, mechanisms and benefits of using NPs, as well as the formation and progression of CVDs and their effects on the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhoshkumar Jayakodi
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
| | - Raghul Senthilnathan
- Global Business School for Health, University College London, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- Clinical Virology, Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Venkat Kumar Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600077, India
| | - Anbarasu Krishnan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Saravanakumar K, Park S, Santosh SS, Ganeshalingam A, Thiripuranathar G, Sathiyaseelan A, Vijayasarathy S, Swaminathan A, Priya VV, Wang MH. Application of hyaluronic acid in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and nanomedicine: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2744-2760. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Horter S, Daftary A, Keam T, Bernays S, Bhanushali K, Chavan D, Denholm J, Furin J, Jaramillo E, Khan A, Lin YD, Lobo R, Loveday M, Majumdar SS, Mistry N, Patel H, Rane S, Swaminathan A, Triasih R, Venkatesan N, Viney K, du Cros P. Person-centred care in TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:784-787. [PMID: 34615573 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Horter
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Daftary
- Dahdaleh Institute of Global Health Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada, Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - T Keam
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Bernays
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - D Chavan
- Survivors Against TB, Mumbai, India
| | - J Denholm
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Jaramillo
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Khan
- Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y D Lin
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - M Loveday
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - S S Majumdar
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children´s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - N Mistry
- Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - H Patel
- Survivors Against TB, Mumbai, India
| | - S Rane
- Survivors Against TB, Mumbai, India
| | | | - R Triasih
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Department of Paediatric, Dr Sardjito Hospital/Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - N Venkatesan
- Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - K Viney
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P du Cros
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Swaminathan A, Kalyani KB, Sudhagar SK, Bhuvaneswari S, Nagalatha ST, Raj TLS, Sumantran VN, Chatterjee S. Nitric oxide mitigates thalidomide-induced abnormalities during germination and development of fennel seeds. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:893-901. [PMID: 34484681 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide causes teratogenic effects in several animal species and in humans. Accordingly, the World Health Organization banned thalidomide when mothers who took thalidomide during pregnancy delivered abnormal fetuses. After four decades, thalidomide underwent drug "re-purposing" since its antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory effects were therapeutic for multiple myeloma. There are no reports of thalidomide's effects on prokaryotes, but it showed teratogenic effects in Arabidopsis thaliana, an ancestor of the plant kingdom. This proof of concept study clearly shows that thalidomide caused a significant and reproducible decrease in germination rate, nitric oxide (NO) production, and chlorophyll content of fennel plantlets. Thalidomide also induced the formation of abnormal fennel plantlets with stunting, wrinkling, and curling of fennel shoots and leaves. Notably, quantitative analysis showed that thalidomide caused a 50% increase in the formation of abnormal fennel plantlets and that these negative effects of thalidomide showed a 2.50- to 4-fold decrease when fennel seeds were co-incubated with an NO donor (Spermine NoNoate) or a stable cGMP analog 8-bromo Guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Bromo-cGMP). This study is important because it confirms that thalidomide's negative effects on fennel seed germination and growth are mediated by attenuation of NO and disruption of NO signaling. This reproducible model of thalidomide-induced, NO-dependent damage in a plant system can be used to further investigate the molecular mechanisms of thalidomide action in plants. Importantly, this study establishes a link between the evolution of development of higher plants and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - Koneti Brahma Kalyani
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Sudhagar
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - Srinivasan Bhuvaneswari
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - S Thupali Nagalatha
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - T Leon Stephan Raj
- Department of Botany, St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli - 627002, India
| | - Venil N Sumantran
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Madras Institute of Technology Campus, Chrompet, Chennai-600044, India
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Swaminathan A, Balaguru UM, Manjunathan R, Bhuvaneswari S, Kasiviswanathan D, Sirishakalyani B, Nayak P, Chatterjee S. Live Imaging and Analysis of Vasoactive Properties of Drugs Using an in-ovo Chicken Embryo Model: Replacing and Reducing Animal Testing. Microsc Microanal 2019; 25:961-970. [PMID: 31072413 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vasodilation occurs as a result of the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells present in the walls of blood vessels. Various suitable models are available for the analysis of the vasoactive properties of drugs with therapeutic applications. But all these models have limitations, such as ethical issues and high cost. The purpose of this study is to develop an alternative model for studying the vasoactive properties of drugs using an in-ovo chicken embryo model. In the preliminary experiment, we used a well-known vasoconstrictor (adrenaline) and a vasodilator (spermine NoNoate) in the chick embryo area vasculosa and evaluated their concentration-response curve. Adrenaline (10 µM) and spermine NoNoate (10 µM) were administered in different arteries and veins and different positions of the right vitelline artery of the chick embryo. Results showed the middle of the vessel bed of the right vitelline artery having the best vasoactive effect compared to others. Finally, anti-hypertensive drugs, calcium channel blockers, and NOS agonists were administered in the chick embryo area vasculosa to validate the model. Results demonstrate that the chick embryo area vasculosa can be an alternative, robust, and unique in-ovo model for screening of anti-hypertensive drugs in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab,AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University,MIT Campus, Chennai,India
| | | | - Reji Manjunathan
- Vascular Biology Lab,AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University,MIT Campus, Chennai,India
| | | | | | - Bandi Sirishakalyani
- Department of Physiology,NRI Medical College & General Hospital,Andhra Pradesh,India
| | - Prasunpriya Nayak
- Department of Physiology,NRI Medical College & General Hospital,Andhra Pradesh,India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab,AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University,MIT Campus, Chennai,India
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Swaminathan A, Kasiviswanathan D, Balaguru UM, Kolluru GK, SuryaKumar G, Chatterjee S. Hypoxia perturbs endothelium by re-organizing cellular actin architecture: Nitric oxide offers limited protection. Tissue Cell 2018; 50:114-124. [PMID: 29429511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia causes structural changes in the endothelial cell (EC) monolayer that alter its permeability. There was a report earlier of impairment of nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelium. The intervention of NO in the altered cellular arrangements of actin cytoskeleton in endothelium for rectification of paracellular gaps in endothelium under hypoxia was observed. The present study demonstrates hypoxia inducing paracellular gaps in hypoxia-exposed blood capillaries in chick embryo extravascular model. Phalloidin staining confirmed significant polymerization of actin and unique cellular localization of the F-actin bands under hypoxia treatments. Addition of spermine NONOate (SPNO), a NO donor, or reoxygenation to endothelial monolayer attenuated hypoxia-mediated effects on endothelial permeability with partial recovery of endothelial integrity through actin remodeling. The present study indicates link of hypoxia-induced actin-associated cytoskeletal rearrangements and paracellular gaps in the endothelium with a low NO availability in the hypoxia milieu. The author concludes that NO confers protection against hypoxia-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling and endothelial leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Uma Maheswari Balaguru
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Geetha SuryaKumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, DIPAS, Delhi, India.
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, India; Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India.
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Grace Nirmala J, Evangeline Celsia S, Swaminathan A, Narendhirakannan RT, Chatterjee S. Cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death induced by Vitis vinifera peel and seed extracts in A431 skin cancer cells. Cytotechnology 2017; 70:537-554. [PMID: 28983752 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitis vinifera. L is one of the most widely consumed fruits in the world and are rich in antioxidant abundant polyphenols. The present study was carried out to assess the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of Vitis vinifera peel and seed extracts in an in vitro model using human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cell lines. Vitis vinifera peel and seed extracts were incubated with A431 cells to evaluate the antiproliferative, apoptotic effects and the morphological apoptotic changes induced by the extracts. Mitochondrial membrane potential was also measured after incubating the cells with extracts. At the inhibitory concentration (IC50), grape seed extract (111.11 µg/mL) and grape peel extract (319.14 µg/mL) were incubated for 24 h with A431 cells. Vitis vinifera peel and seed extracts were able to impart cytotoxic effects, induced apoptosis and apoptotic morphological changes in A431 cells significantly (p < 0.01) and this effect is associated with the interference with mitochondrial membrane potential. This reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential probably initiated the apoptotic cascade in the extracts treated cells. Vitis vinifera peel and seed phytochemicals can selectively target cancer cells and the phytochemicals that are occluded can serve as potential anticancer agents providing better efficacy in killing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grace Nirmala
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University (Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India
| | - S Evangeline Celsia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University (Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- AU-KBC Research Centre and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - R T Narendhirakannan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Karunya University (Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India.
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- AU-KBC Research Centre and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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Saran U, Mani KP, Balaguru UM, Swaminathan A, Nagarajan S, Dharmarajan AM, Chatterjee S. sFRP4 signalling of apoptosis and angiostasis uses nitric oxide-cGMP-permeability axis of endothelium. Nitric Oxide 2017; 66:30-42. [PMID: 28267592 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in endothelial functions such as cellular migration, vascular permeability and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from "pre-existing" ones is a carefully regulated process and essential during reproduction, development and wound healing. Previously our lab group reported that Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 4 (sFRP4) could inhibit angiogenesis in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. sFRP4 belongs to a family of secreted glycoproteins that function as antagonists of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. Although the pro-apoptotic role of sFRP4 is well discussed in literature, little is known in regards to its anti-angiogenic property. The objective of this study was to elucidate sFRP4 implications in NO biology of the endothelium. Results demonstrate that sFRP4 causes endothelial dysfunction by suppressing NO-cGMP signaling and elevating corresponding ROS levels. The imbalance between NO and ROS levels results in apoptosis and subsequent leakiness of endothelium as confirmed in vivo (Texas red/Annxin - CAM assay) and in vitro (Monolayer permeability assay) conditions. Furthermore utilizing peptides synthesized from the CRD domain of sFRP4, our results showed that while these peptides were able to cause endothelial dysfunctions, they did not cause apoptosis of the endothelial cells. Thereby confirming that sFRP4 can mediate its anti-angiogenic effect independent of its pro-apoptotic property. In conclusion, the current study reports that sFRP4-mediated anti-angiogenesis occurs as a result of impaired NO-cGMP signaling which in turn allow for elevation of redox levels and promotion of apoptosis of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttara Saran
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Krishna Priya Mani
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | | | - Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Shunmugam Nagarajan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Arun M Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India; Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India.
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Bronner Murrison L, Ananthakrishnan R, Swaminathan A, Auguesteen S, Krishnan N, Pai M, Dowdy DW. How do patients access the private sector in Chennai, India? An evaluation of delays in tuberculosis diagnosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2017; 20:544-51. [PMID: 26970166 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.15.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING The diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in India are characterized by heavy private-sector involvement. Delays in treatment remain poorly characterized among patients seeking care in the Indian private sector. OBJECTIVE To assess delays in TB diagnosis and treatment initiation among patients diagnosed in the private sector, and pathways to care in an urban setting. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey of 289 consecutive patients diagnosed with TB in the private sector and referred for anti-tuberculosis treatment through a public-private mix program in Chennai from January 2014 to February 2015. RESULTS Among 212 patients with pulmonary TB, 90% first contacted a formal private provider, and 78% were diagnosed by the first or second provider seen after a median of three visits per provider. Median total delay was 51 days (mean 68). Consulting an informal (rather than formally trained) provider first was associated with significant increases in total delay (absolute increase 22.8 days, 95%CI 6.2-39.5) and in the risk of prolonged delay >90 days (aRR 2.4, 95%CI 1.3-4.4). CONCLUSION Even among patients seeking care in the formal (vs. informal) private sector in Chennai, diagnostic delays are substantial. Novel strategies are required to engage private providers, who often serve as the first point of contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bronner Murrison
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Pai
- McGill International TB Centre & Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - D W Dowdy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gajalakshmi P, Majumder S, Viebahn CS, Swaminathan A, Yeoh GC, Chatterjee S. Interleukin-6 secreted by bipotential murine oval liver stem cells induces apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells by activating NF-κB-inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:263-272. [PMID: 28177770 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is now well recognized as the causative factor for increased mortality from complications associated with liver pathologies. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a critical role in the progression of liver fibrosis. Therefore, targeting these activated HSCs to prevent and (or) treat liver disease is a worthwhile approach to explore. In the present in vitro study, we investigated the use of bipotential murine oval liver cells (BMOL) in regulating the functions of activated HSCs to prevent progression of liver fibrosis. We used a conditioned medium-based approach to study the effect of BMOL cells on activated HSC survival and function. Our data showed that BMOL cells block the contraction of activated HSCs by inducing apoptosis of these cells. We demonstrated that BMOL cells secrete soluble factors, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which induced apoptosis of activated HSCs. Using both pharmacological and molecular inhibitor approaches, we further identified that IL-6-mediated activation of NF-κB-iNOS-NO-ROS signaling in activated HSCs plays a critical role in BMOL-cell-mediated apoptosis of activated HSCs. Thus, the present study provides an alternative cell-based therapeutic approach to treat liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syamantak Majumder
- b Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelia S Viebahn
- c Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- a Life Sciences Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - George C Yeoh
- c Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- a Life Sciences Division, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India.,d Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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15
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Balaguru UM, Sundaresan L, Manivannan J, Majunathan R, Mani K, Swaminathan A, Venkatesan S, Kasiviswanathan D, Chatterjee S. Disturbed flow mediated modulation of shear forces on endothelial plane: A proposed model for studying endothelium around atherosclerotic plaques. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27304. [PMID: 27255968 PMCID: PMC4891674 DOI: 10.1038/srep27304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed fluid flow or modulated shear stress is associated with vascular conditions such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and aneurysm. In vitro simulation of the fluid flow around the plaque micro-environment remains a challenging approach. Currently available models have limitations such as complications in protocols, high cost, incompetence of co-culture and not being suitable for massive expression studies. Hence, the present study aimed to develop a simple, versatile model based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Current observations of CFD have shown the regions of modulated shear stress by the disturbed fluid flow. To execute and validate the model in real sense, cell morphology, cytoskeletal arrangement, cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) profile, nitric oxide production and disturbed flow markers under the above condition were assessed. Endothelium at disturbed flow region which had been exposed to low shear stress and swirling flow pattern showed morphological and expression similarities with the pathological disturbed flow environment reported previously. Altogether, the proposed model can serve as a platform to simulate the real time micro-environment of disturbed flow associated with eccentric plaque shapes and the possibilities of studying its downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Balaguru
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | | | - Jeganathan Manivannan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Reji Majunathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnapriya Mani
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Suvro Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT campus of Anna University, Chennai, India.,Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
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16
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Swaminathan A, du Cros P, Seddon JA, Quinnell S, Bobokhojaev OI, Dusmatova Z, Achar J. Treating children for drug-resistant tuberculosis in Tajikistan with Group 5 medications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2016; 20:474-8. [DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.15.0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. A. Seddon
- † Manson Unit, MSF, London, ‡ Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S. Quinnell
- * Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - O. I. Bobokhojaev
- § National Tuberculosis Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Z. Dusmatova
- * Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Dushanbe, Tajikistan
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Azhar A, Khan MS, Swaminathan A, Naseem A, Chatterjee S, Jairajpuri MA. Oxidized antithrombin is a dual inhibitor of coagulation and angiogenesis: Importance of low heparin affinity. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:541-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Nanayakkara B, Jain S, Buirski G, Swaminathan A. An important emerging diagnosis: massive localised lymphoedema of the morbidly obese. Intern Med J 2015; 45:985-6. [PMID: 26332627 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Nanayakkara
- Acute and General Medicine Service, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - S Jain
- Anatomical Pathology, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - G Buirski
- Musculoskeletal Imaging Section, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - A Swaminathan
- Acute and General Medicine Service, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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19
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du Cros P, Swaminathan A, Bobokhojaev OI, Sharifovna ZD, Martin C, Herboczek K, Höhn C, Seddon JA. Challenges and solutions to implementing drug-resistant tuberculosis programmes for children in Central Asia. Public Health Action 2015; 5:99-102. [PMID: 26400377 DOI: 10.5588/pha.15.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for children with drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) tend to focus on individual patient care; there is little guidance for national tuberculosis programmes (NTPs) on how to plan, implement and integrate DR-TB services for children. In 2013, through the paediatric tuberculosis (TB) programme started by the Tajikistan Ministry of Health and Médecins Sans Frontières in 2011, 21 children became the first to be treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Tajikistan. We describe the challenges encountered in establishing the programme and the solutions to these challenges, and propose a framework to guide the implementation of paediatric DR-TB care. This framework could prove useful for other NTPs in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P du Cros
- Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, UK
| | | | - O I Bobokhojaev
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Z D Sharifovna
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | | | - K Herboczek
- Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, UK
| | - C Höhn
- MSF, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - J A Seddon
- Manson Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), London, UK ; Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK
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20
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Veeriah V, Saran U, Swaminathan A, Balaguru UM, Thangaraj P, Nagarajan S, Rajendran VK, Chatterjee S. Cadmium-induced embryopathy: nitric oxide rescues teratogenic effects of cadmium. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:90-104. [PMID: 25490952 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known heavy metal pollutant and teratogen, the mechanism behind Cd-mediated teratogenicity remains unknown. Previously, we have reported of the protective role of Nitric oxide (NO), a key signaling molecule in the embryonic developmental process, against Thalidomide-induced teratogenicity. The objective of this study was to obtain a mechanistic in-sight of the antiteratogenic potential of NO against Cd-mediated teratogenicity. To achieve this goal, we first studied the effect of Cd on the vasculature of developing embryos and then we investigated whether Cd mediated its effects by interfering with the redox regulation of NO signaling in the early development milieu. We used a chick embryonic model to determine the time and dose-dependent effects of Cd and NO recovery against Cd assault. The effects of Cd and NO recovery were assessed using various angiogenic assays. Redox and NO levels were also measured. Results demonstrated that exposure to Cd at early stage of development caused multiple birth defects in the chick embryos. Exposure to Cd suppressed endogenous NO levels and cGMP signaling, inhibiting angioblast activation and subsequently impairing yolk sac vascular development. Furthermore, Cd-induced superoxide and lipid peroxidation mediated activation of proapoptotic markers p21 and p53 in the developing embryo. Cd also caused the down-regulation of FOXO1, and up-regulation of FOXO3a and Caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. Addition of exogenous NO through a NO donor was able to blunt Cd-mediated effects and restore normal vascular and embryonic development. In conclusion, Cd-mediated teratogenicity occurs as a result of impaired NO-cGMP signaling, increased oxidative stress, and the activation of apoptotic pathways. Subsequent addition of exogenous NO through NO donor negated Cd-mediated effects and protected the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Veeriah
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Uttara Saran
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Akila Swaminathan
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Balaguru
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Pradeep Thangaraj
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Shunmugam Nagarajan
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Rajendran
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
| | - Suvro Chatterjee
- *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India *Vascular Biology Laboratory, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India and Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600044, India
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21
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Swaminathan A, Sridhara SRC, Sinha S, Nagarajan S, Balaguru UM, Siamwala JH, Rajendran S, Saran U, Chatterjee S. Nitrites derived from Foneiculum vulgare (fennel) seeds promotes vascular functions. J Food Sci 2013; 77:H273-9. [PMID: 23240972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.03000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that nitrites play an important role in the cardiovascular system. Fennel (Foneiculum vulgare) seeds are often used as mouth fresheners after a meal in both the Indian sub-continent and around the world. The present study aims to quantify the nitrite and nitrates in fennel seeds as well as elucidating the effect of fennel derived-nitrites on vascular functions. Results from our study show that fennel seeds contain significantly higher amount of nitrites when compared to other commonly used post-meal seeds. Furthermore our study confirmed the functional effects of fennel derived-nitrites using in vitro and ex vivo models that describe the promotion of angiogenesis, cell migration, and vasorelaxation. We also showed that chewing fennel seeds enhanced nitrite content of saliva. Thus our study indicates the potential role of fennel derived-nitrites on the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Swaminathan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna Univ., MIT Campus, Chennai, India
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22
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Nagarajan S, Rajendran S, Saran U, Priya MK, Swaminathan A, Siamwala JH, Sinha S, Veeriah V, Sonar P, Jadhav V, Jaffar Ali BM, Chatterjee S. Nitric oxide protects endothelium from cadmium mediated leakiness. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:495-506. [PMID: 23404577 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium targets the vascular endothelium causing endothelial dysfunction and leakiness of endothelial barrier. Nitric oxide plays a major role in mediating endothelial functions including angiogenesis, migration and permeability. The present study investigates the nitric oxide effects on cadmium induced endothelial leakiness. Results of ex vivo and in vitro permeability assays showed that even a sub-lethal dose of cadmium chloride (1 µM) was sufficient to induce leakiness of endothelial cells. Cadmium drastically altered the actin polymerisation pattern and membrane tension of these cells compared to controls. Addition of nitric oxide donor Spermine NONOate (SP) significantly blunted cadmium-mediated effects and recover endothelial cells integrity. Cadmium-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements and membrane leakiness are associated with the low nitric oxide availability and high reactive oxygen species generation. In brief, we show the protective role of nitric oxide against cadmium-mediated endothelial leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmugam Nagarajan
- Vascular Biology Lab, AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, MIT Campus, Chromepet, Chennai 600 044, India
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23
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Swaminathan A, Massasso D, Gotis-Graham I, Gosbell I. Fulminant methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus infection in a healthy adolescent, highlighting 'Panton-Valentine leucocidin syndrome'. Intern Med J 2006; 36:744-7. [PMID: 17040363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2006.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 14-year-old immunocompetent adolescent presented systemically unwell with left knee septic arthritis. Within several days, disseminated bone and soft tissue collections became evident, associated with deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary involvement. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, harbouring Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes. Aggressive antibiotic and surgical therapies eventually lead to recovery. Intrafamilial spread of the pathogenic isolate was shown by household screening. This presentation is consistent with 'PVL Syndrome' and is typical of severe S. aureus infection emerging in young populations globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swaminathan
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Complex Care and General Practice, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.
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Swaminathan A, Tzamaloukas AH, Clark DA, McLemore JL, McKinney DR, Crooks LA. Oliguric acute renal failure in mycosis fungoides with lymphomatous infiltrates in the kidneys. Int Urol Nephrol 2003; 33:149-55. [PMID: 12090323 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014482808036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the clinical picture of acute renal failure in patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and renal lymphomatous infiltrates. To analyze the pathogenesis of renal failure. METHODS Correlation of clinical picture, urinary findings, imaging reports and autopsy findings in two patients with long-standing MF who died with renal failure. CASE SUMMARIES Both subjects had sustained oliguria in the last 2 weeks. One patient had persistent hypotension, normal urinalysis, normal renal sonogram, and scarce interstitial lymphomatous infiltrates with preservation of renal parenchymal architecture. He was thought to have ischemic acute renal failure not directly linked to the lymphomatous infiltrates. The second patient developed hypertension one month prior to death, and had moderate proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, grossly enlarged kidneys with hypoechoic masses, and extensive replacement of the renal parenchyma by lymphomatous infiltrates. This picture is typical of renal failure secondary to lymphomatous replacement of the kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The development of oliguric renal failure in MF with renal lymphomatous infiltrates may have varying clinical and imaging manifestations and pathogeneses. Potentially reversible pathogenic mechanisms should be systematically investigated, particularly if the overall clinical picture is not characteristic of renal failure secondary to lymphomatous replacement of the parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swaminathan
- Medicine Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87108, USA
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25
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Hughes BA, Kumar G, Yuan Y, Swaminathan A, Yan D, Sharma A, Plumley L, Yang-Feng TL, Swaroop A. Cloning and functional expression of human retinal kir2.4, a pH-sensitive inwardly rectifying K(+) channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 279:C771-84. [PMID: 10942728 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.3.c771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel potassium channel genes expressed in the retina, we screened a human retina cDNA library with an EST sequence showing partial homology to inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel genes. The isolated cDNA yielded a 2,961-base pair sequence with the predicted open reading frame showing strong homology to the rat Kir2. 4 (rKir2.4). Northern analysis of mRNA from human and bovine tissues showed preferential expression of Kir2.4 in the neural retina. In situ hybridization to sections of monkey retina detected Kir2.4 transcript in most retinal neurons. Somatic hybridization analysis and dual-color in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes mapped Kir2.4 to human chromosome 19 q13.1-q13.3. Expression of human Kir2. 4 cRNA in Xenopus oocytes generated strong, inwardly rectifying K(+) currents that were enhanced by extracellular alkalinization. We conclude that human Kir2.4 encodes an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel that is preferentially expressed in the neural retina and that is sensitive to physiological changes in extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hughes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA.
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Bhargava A, Sen P, Swaminathan A, Ogbolu C, Chechko S, Stone F. Rapidly progressive necrotizing fasciitis and gangrene due to Clostridium difficile: case report. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:954-5. [PMID: 10880313 DOI: 10.1086/313825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of rapidly progressive necrotizing fascitis and gas gangrene due to Clostridium difficile that responded very well to surgical intervention is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhargava
- Department of Medicine, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ 08861, USA
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27
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Chase R, Doney A, Sivayogan S, Ariyaratne V, Satkunanayagam P, Swaminathan A. Mental health initiatives as peace initiatives in Sri Lankan schoolchildren affected by armed conflict. Med Confl Surviv 1999; 15:379-90; discussion 391-3. [PMID: 10605388 DOI: 10.1080/13623699908409479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Health Reach Sri Lanka project (1993-96) is described. It was a school-based assessment of children's exposure to war-related events and the presence of psychological distress, undertaken in six communities in parts of Sri Lanka variously affected by armed conflict. Its objectives, methods and results are presented. The research project aimed to raise national awareness of the psychosocial effects of armed conflict on children, using a community-development approach to local capacity building, based on the 'health initiative as peace initiative' model. As a follow-up to the study, a locally run programme, based on creative play and trauma-healing, was established, initially for the children involved in the study. This was later extended to other children in the district affected by armed conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chase
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Tata NV, Subbotina N, Burckart G, Swaminathan A, Gusev AI, Hercules DM, Venkataramanan R. Metabolism of tacrolimus (FK 506) in rat liver microsomes. Effect of rifampin and dexamethasone. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997; 96:107-10. [PMID: 9178371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of tacrolimus (TAC, FK 506) was investigated in the liver microsomes prepared from normal rats as well as rats treated with dexamethasone (DEX) and rifampin (RIF). The rate of tacrolimus metabolism was similar in control and RIF treated rat liver microsomes, whereas it significantly increased in microsomes obtained from dexamethasone treated rats. Seven different possible metabolites were identified in the microsomal preparations from rats treated with rifampin or dexamethasone whereas the microsomes from the control rats failed to produce the mono-demethylated and monohydroxylated metabolite of TAC (TAC+2, m/z = 805.5). There was an apparent difference in the amount of individual metabolites formed in different groups. This indicates quantitative differences in the induction of cytochrome P450 3A, an enzyme sub family known to be primarily responsible for tacrolimus metabolism. Lack of induction of tacrolimus metabolism by rifampin can be attributed to the lack of effect of rifampin in inducing cytochrome P450 3A in rats.
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Venkataramanan R, Swaminathan A, Prasad T, Jain A, Zuckerman S, Warty V, McMichael J, Lever J, Burckart G, Starzl T. Clinical pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 29:404-30. [PMID: 8787947 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-199529060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus, a novel macrocyclic lactone with potent immunosuppressive properties, is currently available as an intravenous formulation and as a capsule for oral use, although other formulations are under investigation. Tacrolimus concentrations in biological fluids have been measured using a number of methods, which are reviewed and compared in the present article. The development of a simple, specific and sensitive assay method for measuring concentrations of tacrolimus is limited by the low absorptivity of the drug, low plasma and blood concentrations, and the presence of metabolites and other drugs which may interfere with the determination of tacrolimus concentrations. Currently, most of the pharmacokinetic data available for tacrolimus are based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, which does not distinguish tacrolimus from its metabolites. The rate of absorption of tacrolimus is variable with peak blood or plasma concentrations being reached in 0.5 to 6 hours; approximately 25% of the oral dose is bioavailable. Tacrolimus is extensively bound to red blood cells, with a mean blood to plasma ratio of about 15; albumin and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein appear to primarily bind tacrolimus in plasma. Tacrolimus is completely metabolised prior to elimination. The mean disposition half-life is 12 hours and the total body clearance based on blood concentration is approximately 0.06 L/h/kg. The elimination of tacrolimus is decreased in the presence of liver impairment and in the presence of several drugs. Various factors that contribute to the large inter- and interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus are reviewed here. Because of this variability, the narrow therapeutic index of tacrolimus, and the potential for several drug interactions, monitoring of tacrolimus blood concentrations is useful for optimisation of therapy and dosage regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Frezza EE, Swaminathan A, Asrian A, Doria C, Bonet H, Irish W, Warty SV, Todo S, Starzl TE, Venkataramanan R. Water, sodium, potassium, and D-xylose absorption in canine small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 1994; 26:1661. [PMID: 8030077 PMCID: PMC2988434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E E Frezza
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15261
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Milazzo J, Mohit-Tabatabai MA, Hill GJ, Raina S, Swaminathan A, Cheung NK, Dasmahapatra K, Rush BF. Preoperative intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth and oropharynx. Cancer 1985; 56:1014-7. [PMID: 4016692 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19850901)56:5<1014::aid-cncr2820560506>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twelve patients with advanced locoregional (Stage III and IV) squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx underwent treatment with cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin, and 5-fluorouracil, given by intra-arterial infusion, as primary adjuvant therapy, in preparation for radiation therapy and surgery. Responses were observed during or immediately after infusion therapy in 8 of 12 (67%) of patients (1 complete response, 7 partial responses). Infusion chemotherapy was followed by radiation therapy alone in five patients and by radiation and surgery in six patients. The protocol was initiated in August 1981, and six patients are now free of their primary cancer, at 21 to 36 months, whereas six have died with disease. Arterial infusion of a combination of effective antineoplastic agents is a promising method for the preparation of selected patients for radiation therapy and surgery, as it is less likely to produce serious systemic toxicity and it requires a shorter period than systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Baskara Rajan G, Swaminathan A. Extra orbital venous varicosity: case report. Indian J Ophthalmol 1984; 32:177-8. [PMID: 6519734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Rush BF, Swaminathan A, Knightly JJ. Use of split thickness grafts in the repair of excisions of the oropharynx, base of the tongue, and larynx. Am J Surg 1974; 128:553-6. [PMID: 4608739 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(74)90274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Alankar K, Rickert RR, Lazaro EJ, Swaminathan A. Tuberculous perforation of the small intestine. Am J Gastroenterol 1974; 62:67-70. [PMID: 4212489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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