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da Silva EL, Pedraça ES, Salgueiro AP, Gazzi RP, Nunes JS, Cavagni J, Martins MAT, Rados PV, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS, Frank LA, Visioli F. Efficacy and safety of a 0.05 % nanoencapsulated imiquimod hydrogel for the treatment of actinic cheilitis: Drug release analysis and clinical study. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 62:102779. [PMID: 39147219 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a lip disorder, with no standard treatment. Imiquimod (IMIQ) is an immunomodulator that treat precancerous lesions; however, its commercial form causes severe adverse effects. This study aimed to assess IMQ release from a chitosan hydrogel containing 0.05 % nanoencapsulated (NANO) imiquimod (IMIQ-0.05 %-NANO) and its efficacy in AC treatment. The hydrogels were prepared by incorporating chitosan into polymeric nanocapsules (NCimiq) loaded with IMQ, produced using the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method. IMQ release was evaluated using automated Franz Cells. A triple-blind randomized controlled trial (49 subjects) compared the efficacy of: IMIQ-0.05 %-NANO, 5 % free imiquimod (IMIQ-5 %), 0.05 % free imiquimod (IMIQ-0.05 %), and placebo hydrogel. The IMIQ-NANO-0.05 % and IMIQ-5 % groups exhibited significantly higher rates of clinical improvement (p < 0.05); however, the IMIQ-5 % group experienced more adverse effects (92.3 % of subjects) compared to other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in the studied sample, IMIQ-NANO-0.05 % was a safe and effective option to treat AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Liberato da Silva
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Erick Souza Pedraça
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur Pias Salgueiro
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Pletsch Gazzi
- Post-graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlia Silveira Nunes
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Cavagni
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Trevizani Martins
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Oral Medicine Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pantelis Varvaki Rados
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Post-graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Núcleo de Terapias Nanotecnológicas (NTnano), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Post-graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Núcleo de Terapias Nanotecnológicas (NTnano), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiza Abrahão Frank
- Post-graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Núcleo de Terapias Nanotecnológicas (NTnano), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Núcleo de Terapias Nanotecnológicas (NTnano), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Rezanejad Gatabi Z, Rahimnia SM, Morteza-Semnani K, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH, Saeedi M. Vitamin K (Menadione)-incorporated chitosan/alginate hydrogel as a novel product for periorbital hyperpigmentation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:967-988. [PMID: 38340313 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2024.2313825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The possibility of controlling periorbital hyperpigmentation disorders is one of the most important research goals in cosmetic preparations. In the current investigation, 1% vitamin K (Vit K) was incorporated into a Chitosan/alginate hydrogel which aimed to increase the dermal delivery and anti-pigmentation effect. The Vit K-hydrogel was evaluated using several different tests, including volume expansion/contraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV) absorbance spectroscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Vit K hydrogel's drug release profile showed a steady increase over time. Furthermore, the modified Vit K hydrogel formulations showed no harmful effects in an in vitro cytotoxicity study. The Vit K hydrogel was tested for dermal irritation on Wistar rats, and the hydrogel was found to be non-irritating. Furthermore, Vit K-hydrogel inhibited melanin formation (31.76 ± 1.14%) and was remarkably higher than free Vit K. In addition, Vit K-hydrogel inhibited L-dopa auto-oxidation to a greater extent (94.80 ± 2.41%) in comparison with Vit K solution (73.95 ± 1.62%). Vit K-hydrogel enhanced percutaneous transport of Vit K, according to in vitro percutaneous absorption findings, suggesting that this innovative formulation may provide new therapeutic options for periorbital hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezanejad Gatabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Irfan MM, Shah SU, Shah KU, Anton N, Idoux-Gillet Y, Conzatti G, Shah KU, Perennes E, Vandamme T. Impact of formulation design and lyophilisation on the physicochemical characteristics of finasteride nanosystems. J Microencapsul 2023; 40:106-123. [PMID: 36749573 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2023.2178537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental purpose of this study was to develop a stable lyophilised finasteride nanosystem (FNS-NS) for topical delivery. The FNS-NS was fabricated using an ultrasonication technique. The impact of two different cryoprotectants on the physicochemical characteristics of FNS-NS before and after lyophilisation was thoroughly investigated. The lyophilised FNS-NS had spherical shape with particle size lied between 188.6 nm ± 4.4 and 298.7 nm ± 4.7, low PDI values (0.26 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.02) and zeta potential ranging from -38.3 to +53.3 mV. The confocal laser microscopy depicted a comparatively higher cellular internalisation achieved for undecorated FNS-NS with respect to its chitosan-decorated counterpart. The lyophilised FNS-NS was stable for 90 days at proper storage conditions. The FNS-NS with 15% trehalose had appropriate physicochemical attributes that could be a promising carrier for topical delivery to treat androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Muhammad Irfan
- Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences (GCPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences (GCPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Nicolas Anton
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ysia Idoux-Gillet
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Conzatti
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences (GCPS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Elise Perennes
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universite de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM, Regenerative Nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Gatabi ZR, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, Rahimnia SM, Yazdian-Robati R, Hashemi SMH. Green preparation, characterization, evaluation of anti-melanogenesis effect and in vitro/ in vivo safety profile of kojic acid hydrogel as skin lightener formulation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:2270-2291. [PMID: 35856432 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The local treatment of kojic acid (KA) as a tyrosinase inhibitor results in inadequate skin absorption and a number of side effects. The current study aims to maximize KA skin delivery. To produce KA-hydrogel, 1% KA was injected into a Chitosan/alginate hydrogel. The impacts of biopolymer proportion on the KA-hydrogel preparations were investigated. Swelling analysis, weight loss analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV absorption spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to evaluate the KA-hydrogel. The swelling percentages of KA-hydrogel increased significantly after 4 h. After two weeks, up to 60% of the primary mass of the KA- hydrogel has been removed. By alternation in biopolymer proportion, the drug release profile of KA-hydrogel demonstrated a sustained pattern. According to the skin absorption experiment, KA-hydrogel had higher skin deposition (25.630 ± 3.350%) than KA-plain gel (5.170 ± 0.340%). Moreover, an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis for the modified KA-hydrogel preparations revealed no cytotoxic effects on HFF cell line (90%). Moreover, KA hydrogel had inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis and are comparable with KA. Furthermore, KA-hydrogel had higher inhibitory effect on L-dopa auto oxidation (94.84 ± 2.41%) in comparison KA solution (73.95 ± 3.28%). Also, the dermal irritation study on Wistar rat revealed that the hydrogel constituent used did not irritate the skin. These results revealed that the KA-hydrogel might be employed as KA local administration, thus opening up new prospects for the therapies of hyperpigmentation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezanejad Gatabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Majid Saeedi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Heamoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Katayoun Morteza-Semnani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mobin Rahimnia
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Rezvan Yazdian-Robati
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Hassan Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Dalei G, Das S. Polyacrylic acid-based drug delivery systems: A comprehensive review on the state-of-art. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan-Decorated Finasteride Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Skin Drug Delivery. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7792180. [PMID: 35971450 PMCID: PMC9375701 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7792180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride is considered the drug of choice for androgenic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia. The aim of the study was to formulate nanodrug carriers of finasteride with enhanced retentive properties in the skin. The finasteride was formulated as solid lipid nanoparticles that were decorated with different concentrations of chitosan for improved retentive properties. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were synthesized by “high-speed homogenization technique” using stearic acid as a solid lipid while PEG-6000 and Tween-80 were used as surfactants. The SLNs were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug release behavior. The mean particle size of SLNs was in the range of 10.10 nm to 144.2 nm. The PDI ranged from 0.244 to 0.412 while zeta potential was in the range of 8.9 mV to 62.6 mV. The drug entrapment efficiency in chitosan undecorated formulations was 48.3% while an increase in drug entrapment was observed in chitosan-decorated formulations (51.1% to 62%). The in vitro drug release studies of SLNs showed an extended drug release for 24 hours after 4 hours of initial burst release. The extended drug release was observed in chitosan-coated SLNs in comparison with uncoated nanoparticles. The permeation and retention study revealed higher retention of drug in the skin and low permeation with chitosan-decorated SLNs that ranged from 39.4 μg/cm2 to 13.2 μg/cm2. TEM images depicted spherical shape of SLNs. The stability study confirmed stable formulations in temperature range of 5°C and 40°C for three months. It is concluded from this study that the SLNs of finasteride were successfully formulated and chitosan decoration enhanced the drug retention in the skin layers. Therefore, these formulations could be used in androgenic alopecia and benign prostate hyperplasia to avoid the side effects, drug degradation, and prolonged use of drug with conventional oral therapy.
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Marena GD, Ramos MADS, Carvalho GC, Junior JAP, Resende FA, Corrêa I, Ono GYB, Sousa Araujo VH, Camargo BAF, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Natural product‐based nanomedicine applied to fungal infection treatment: A review of the last 4 years. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2710-2745. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Davi Marena
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Matheus Aparecido dos Santos Ramos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corrêa Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | | | | | - Ione Corrêa
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Gabriela Yuki Bressanim Ono
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Sousa Araujo
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Bruna Almeida Furquim Camargo
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Tais Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health University of Araraquara (UNIARA) Araraquara Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Araraquara Brazil
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Singh K, Biharee A, Vyas A, Thareja S, Jain AK. Recent Advancement of Polymersomes as Drug Delivery Carrier. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1621-1631. [PMID: 35418282 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220412103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomedical applications of polymersomes have been explored, including drug and gene delivery, insulin delivery, hemoglobin delivery, the delivery of anticancer agents, and various diagnostic purposes. OBJECTIVES Polymersomes, which are self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymers, have received a lot of attention in drug delivery approaches. This review represents the methods of preparation of polymersomes including thin-film rehydration, electroformation, double emulsion, gel-assisted rehydration, PAPYRUS method, and solvent injection methods including various therapeutic applications of polymersomes. METHODS Data we searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct through searching of keywords: Polymersomes, methods of preparation, amphiphilic block copolymers, anticancer drug delivery Results: Polymersomes provide both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug delivery to a targeted site with an increase in the stability of the formulation and reduce the cytotoxic side effects of drugs. CONCLUSION A wide range of biological applications, including drug and gene delivery, insulin delivery, hemoglobin delivery, delivery of anticancer agents as well as in various diagnostic purposes. Recently, polymersomes have been used more frequently because of their stability, reducing the encapsulated drug's leakage, site-specific drug delivery, and increasing the bioavailability of the drugs and different diagnostic purposes. The liposomes encapsulate only hydrophilic drugs, but polymersomes encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs in their cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
| | - Avadh Biharee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda- 15100 (Pb), India
| | - Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur- 492010(C.G.), India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda- 15100 (Pb), India
| | - Akhlesh Kumar Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur- 495 009 (C.G.), India
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Miguel SP, Loureiro J, Ribeiro MP, Coutinho P. Osmundea sp. macroalgal polysaccharide-based nanoparticles produced by flash nanocomplexation technique. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:9-18. [PMID: 35122803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The macroalgae-derived polysaccharides' biological potential has been explored due to their attractive intrinsic properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and their ability to conjugate with other compounds. In particular, in the drug delivery systems field, the anionic macroalgae polysaccharides have been combined with cationic compounds through ionotropic gelation and/or bulk mixing. However, these techniques did not assure reproducibility, and the stability of nanoparticles is undesired. To overcome these limitations, herein, the polysaccharide extracted from Osmundea sp. was used to produce nanoparticles through the flash nanocomplexation technique. This approach rapidly mixed the negative charge of macroalgae polysaccharide with a positive chitosan charge on a millisecond timescale. Further, diclofenac (an anti-inflammatory drug) was also incorporated into complex nanoparticles. Overall, the gathered data showed that hydrodynamic diameter nanoparticles values lower than 100 nm, presenting a narrow size distribution and stability. Also, the diclofenac exhibited a targeted and sustained release profile in simulating inflammatory conditions. Likewise, the nanoparticles showed excellent biological properties, evidencing their suitability to be used to treat inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia P Miguel
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Loureiro
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Maximiano P Ribeiro
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Paula Coutinho
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Centro de Potencial e Inovação em Recursos Naturais, Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Avenida Dr. Francisco de Sá Carneiro, No. 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Hosny KM, Rizg WY, Alhakamy NA, Alamoudi AJ, Mushtaq RY, Safhi AY. Utilization of nanotechnology and experimental design in development and optimization of Aloe vera gel loaded with Finasteride‒Garlic Oil‒Nanotransfersomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Tampucci S, Paganini V, Burgalassi S, Chetoni P, Monti D. Nanostructured Drug Delivery Systems for Targeting 5-α-Reductase Inhibitors to the Hair Follicle. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020286. [PMID: 35214018 PMCID: PMC8876829 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia is a multifactorial condition characterized by noticeable hair loss, affecting both men and women and representing a debilitating and chronic disorder that considerably affects the quality of life. Available topical treatments based on minoxidil or finasteride require repeated applications and are associated with a certain number of adverse effects. The challenges associated with current treatments pave the way for the research of new therapeutic strategies, more precise and selective, and capable of providing long-term results. In this context, the present review examines the new proposed formulation strategies to deliver 5-α-reductase inhibitors in order to obtain a targeted drug delivery, for improving drug retention at the site of action in the hair follicle, contemporaneously reducing drug systemic absorption, which is the cause of important adverse effects. In particular, the research will be focused on the several aspects that influence the performance of nanostructured drug delivery systems in creating a depot in the hair follicles, such as particle size, surface charge, excipients, and combined application with external stimuli (infrared radiation, mechanical massage, ultrasounds application).
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Parhi R, Sahoo SK, Das A. Applications of polysaccharides in topical and transdermal drug delivery: A recent update of literature. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anik Das
- GITAM Deemed to be University, India
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Hanck-Silva G, Minatti E. Polystyrene-b-poly (acrylic acid) nanovesicles coated by modified chitosans for encapsulation of minoxidil. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-9790202132e19106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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‘Sweet as a Nut’: Production and use of nanocapsules made of glycopolymer or polysaccharide shell. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zatorska-Płachta M, Łazarski G, Maziarz U, Foryś A, Trzebicka B, Wnuk D, Chołuj K, Karewicz A, Michalik M, Jamróz D, Kepczynski M. Encapsulation of Curcumin in Polystyrene-Based Nanoparticles-Drug Loading Capacity and Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12168-12178. [PMID: 34056370 PMCID: PMC8154162 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles made of amphiphilic block copolymers are commonly used in the preparation of nano-sized drug delivery systems. Poly(styrene)-block -poly(acrylic acid) (PS-PAA) copolymers have been proposed for drug delivery purposes; however, the drug loading capacity and cytotoxicity of PS-PAA nanoparticles are still not fully recognized. Herein, we investigated the accumulation of a model hydrophobic drug, curcumin, and its spatial distribution inside the PS-PAA nanoparticles. Experimental methods and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to understand the molecular structure of the PS core and how curcumin molecules interact and organize within the PS matrix. The hydrophobic core of the PS-PAA nanoparticles consists of adhering individually coiled polymeric chains and is compact enough to prevent post-incorporation of curcumin. However, the drug has a good affinity for the PS matrix and can be efficiently enclosed in the PS-PAA nanoparticles at the formation stage. At low concentrations, curcumin is evenly distributed in the PS core, while its aggregates were observed above ca. 2 wt %. The nanoparticles were found to have relatively low cytotoxicity to human skin fibroblasts, and the presence of curcumin further increased their biocompatibility. Our work provides a detailed description of the interactions between a hydrophobic drug and PS-PAA nanoparticles and information on the biocompatibility of these anionic nanostructures which may be relevant to the development of amphiphilic copolymer-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Łazarski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Urszula Maziarz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Aleksander Foryś
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish
Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish
Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Department
of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Karolina Chołuj
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Anna Karewicz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Marta Michalik
- Department
of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Dorota Jamróz
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- . Phone: +48 12 6862529
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
- . Phone: +48 12 6862532
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16
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Irfan MM, Shah SU, Khan IU, Munir MU, Khan NR, Shah KU, Rehman SU, Sohaib M, Basit HM, Mahmood S. Physicochemical Characterization of Finasteride Nanosystem for Enhanced Topical Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1207-1220. [PMID: 33623383 PMCID: PMC7896786 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s296793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current work aimed to formulate a novel chitosan-based finasteride nanosystem (FNS-NS) for skin delivery to optimize the drug availability in skin for a longer time and enhance ex vivo performance of finasteride against androgenic alopecia. METHODS Both undecorated and chitosan decorated FNS-NSs were synthesized by a high energy emulsification technique. All the prepared nanosystems were further subjected to physicochemical characterizations like pH, viscosity, encapsulation efficiency, surface morphology and in vitro drug release behavior. The influence of the nanosystem on the drug permeation and retention in rat skin was examined using Franz diffusion cell apparatus. RESULTS The droplet size of developed nanosystems ranged from 41 to 864 nm with a low polydispersity index. The zeta potential of the nanosystems was between -10 mV and +56 mV. This chitosan decorated nanosystem exhibited controlled drug release, ie about 78-97% in 24 h. Among all the nanosystems, our chitosan decorated formulation (F5) had low drug permeation (16.35 µg/cm2) and higher drug retention (10.81 µg/cm2). CONCLUSION The abovementioned results demonstrate satisfactory in vitro drug release, skin retention profiles and ex vivo performance with chitosan decorated FNS-NS (F5). This optimized formulation could increase drug availability in skin and could become a promising carrier for topical delivery to treat androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Shefaat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University Sakaka, Aljouf, 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nauman Rahim Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawlakot, AJK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohaib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saima Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
- Gomal Centre for Skin/Regenerative Medicine and Drug Delivery Research (GCSRDDR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, 29050, KPK, Pakistan
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17
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Rehman A, Jafari SM, Tong Q, Riaz T, Assadpour E, Aadil RM, Niazi S, Khan IM, Shehzad Q, Ali A, Khan S. Drug nanodelivery systems based on natural polysaccharides against different diseases. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102251. [PMID: 32949812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug nanodelivery systems (DNDSs) are fascinated cargos to achieve outstanding therapeutic results of various drugs or natural bioactive compounds owing to their unique structures. The efficiency of several pharmaceutical drugs or natural bioactive ingredients is restricted because of their week bioavailability, poor bioaccessibility and pharmacokinetics after orally pathways. In order to handle such constraints, usage of native/natural polysaccharides (NPLS) in fabrication of DNDSs has gained more popularity in the arena of nanotechnology for controlled drug delivery to enhance safety, biocompatibility, better retention time, bioavailability, lower toxicity and enhanced permeability. The main commonly used NPLS in nanoencapsulation systems include chitosan, pectin, alginates, cellulose, starches, and gums recognized as potential materials for fabrication of cargos. Herein, this review is centered on different polysaccharide-based nanocarriers including nanoemulsions, nanohydrogels, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles and nanofibers, which have already served as encouraging candidates for entrapment of therapeutic drugs as well as for their sustained controlled release. Furthermore, the current article explicitly offers comprehensive details regarding application of NPLS-based nanocarriers encapsulating several drugs intended for the handling of numerous disorders, including diabetes, cancer, HIV, malaria, cardiovascular and respiratory as well as skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Qunyi Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China.
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Niazi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Imran Mahmood Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Qayyum Shehzad
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Ahmad Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Sohail Khan
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Nutrition and Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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18
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Sousa F, Ferreira D, Reis S, Costa P. Current Insights on Antifungal Therapy: Novel Nanotechnology Approaches for Drug Delivery Systems and New Drugs from Natural Sources. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090248. [PMID: 32942693 PMCID: PMC7558771 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The high incidence of fungal infections has become a worrisome public health issue, having been aggravated by an increase in host predisposition factors. Despite all the drugs available on the market to treat these diseases, their efficiency is questionable, and their side effects cannot be neglected. Bearing that in mind, it is of upmost importance to synthetize new and innovative carriers for these medicines not only to fight emerging fungal infections but also to avert the increase in drug-resistant strains. Although it has revealed to be a difficult job, new nano-based drug delivery systems and even new cellular targets and compounds with antifungal potential are now being investigated. This article will provide a summary of the state-of-the-art strategies that have been studied in order to improve antifungal therapy and reduce adverse effects of conventional drugs. The bidirectional relationship between Mycology and Nanotechnology will be also explained. Furthermore, the article will focus on new compounds from the marine environment which have a proven antifungal potential and may act as platforms to discover drug-like characteristics, highlighting the challenges of the translation of these natural compounds into the clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (P.C.)
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19
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Afiune LAF, Ushirobira CY, Barbosa DPP, de Souza PEN, Leles MIG, Cunha-Filho M, Gelfuso GM, Soler MAG, Gratieri T. Novel iron oxide nanocarriers loading finasteride or dutasteride: Enhanced skin penetration for topical treatment of alopecia. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119709. [PMID: 32739394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, iron oxide nanoparticles, in the form of maghemite core coated with lauric acid (ION), were synthesized and loaded with finasteride (FIN) or dutasteride (DUT) as a novel drug delivery system for the topical treatment of alopecia. Additionally, developed formulations (FIN-ION and DUT-ION) were completely elaborated with components involved in the follicle metabolism, i.e., lauric acid, which acts as a 5α-reductase inhibitor, and iron which deficiency has been related to hair loss aggravation. Stability assessment conducted over the course of 90 days showed they are highly stable, with pH 7.4, constant EE% (>99%), and practically unchanged particle size and zeta potential. Besides drug distribution, the actual number of iron oxide nanoparticles, through a newly developed method using ferromagnetic resonance, was determined in each skin layer following permeation experiments. Despite the same donor concentration of colloids, nanoparticle distribution in the skin varied according to the loaded molecule. While DUT did not interfere with the nanoparticle natural tendency to accumulate within the hair follicle shafts, FIN presence hampered nanosystem interaction with the skin. Still, both formulations provided a higher skin drug penetration, compared to each respective control solution. Additionally, iron nanocarriers present a desirable visual characteristic, as the dark color aspect might instantly help disguise scarce hair follicle areas. These findings suggest the nanoformulations are highly promising for alopecia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana A F Afiune
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil; Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Camila Y Ushirobira
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Débora P P Barbosa
- Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria I G Leles
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goias, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria A G Soler
- Nanofilms and Nano Devices Laboratory, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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20
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Suchonwanit P, Iamsumang W, Leerunyakul K. Topical finasteride for the treatment of male androgenetic alopecia and female pattern hair loss: a review of the current literature. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 33:643-648. [PMID: 32538225 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1782324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a frequently encountered dermatological concern that impacts a patient's self-esteem and quality of life. Finasteride is a selective 5-alpha reductase inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of male AGA and the off-label use in female pattern hair loss (FPHL); however, its adverse effects may limit its use. Topical finasteride is a new formulation that aims to decrease complications caused by oral administration.Objective: This review assesses the pharmacology, current therapeutic use, and safety of topical finasteride for the treatment of AGA and FPHL.Methods: A PubMed search was conducted to include all English language articles on topical finasteride from January 1992 to January 2020.Results: A total of 33 articles including 28 topical finasteride related articles and five AGA related articles were included in this review. Multiple studies on topical finasteride as the treatment for male AGA and FPHL showed positive results with a favorable safety profile.Conclusions: Topical finasteride is a promising therapeutic option. We emphasize the importance of continued research for the establishment of a novel therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonkiat Suchonwanit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wimolsiri Iamsumang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanchana Leerunyakul
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Emerging era of “somes”: polymersomes as versatile drug delivery carrier for cancer diagnostics and therapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1171-1190. [PMID: 32504410 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, polymersomes have been widely investigated for the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer therapy. Polymersomes are stable polymeric vesicles, which are prepared using amphiphilic block polymers of different molecular weights. The use of high molecular weight amphiphilic copolymers allows for possible manipulation of membrane characteristics, which in turn enhances the efficiency of drug delivery. Polymersomes are more stable in comparison with liposomes and show less toxicity in vivo. Furthermore, their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, significant biocompatibility, robustness, high colloidal stability, and simple methods for ligands conjugation make polymersomes a promising candidate for therapeutic drug delivery in cancer therapy. This review is focused on current development in the application of polymersomes for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Graphical abstract.
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22
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Chitosan/carboxymethylcellulose-stabilized poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles as bio-based drug delivery carriers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116417. [PMID: 32564826 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) colloidal particles stabilized by complexes of two oppositely charged polysaccharides, chitosan (cationic, CS) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (anionic, NaCMC), were fabricated. Dichloromethane containing dissolved PLGA was first emulsified in an aqueous phase containing mixtures of CS and NaCMC. Evaporation of dichloromethane from the resulting emulsion led to CS/NaCMC-covered-PLGA particles. CS and NaCMC contents affected the short-term stability of PLGA particles and also their intrinsic characteristics. The particles displayed pH-dependent characteristic. Zeta potential varied from +54 to -50 mV when pH was varied from 3 to 10. CS/NaCMC-covered-PLGA particles showed colloidal stability, over a wider pH range as compared to CS-covered-PLGA particles. Curcumin, a model hydrophobic drug, was encapsulated into the particles up to 10 wt% of PLGA. The CS/NaCMC-covered-PLGA particles loaded with curcumin showed delayed release in mildly acidic conditions and faster release in neutral and basic conditions. Cytotoxicity experiments were carried out with human colorectal carcinoma cells.
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23
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Pervaiz F, Saleem M, Ashames A, Rehmani S, Qaiser R, Noreen S, Murtaza G. Development and ex-vivo skin permeation studies of finasteride–poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) and minoxidil–chitosan nanoparticulate systems. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911520913906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to improve the permeability of two drugs (finasteride and minoxidil) through the skin. Finasteride-loaded poly(lactic acid- co-glycolic acid) and minoxidil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation and ionic gelation method, respectively, and subsequently incorporated into semisolid Carbopol 940 gel. These fabricated nanoparticles were characterized for their pharmaceutical and chemical behavior. Nanoparticles were found a nearly spherical shape in the scanning electron microscopic studies and exhibited particle size in a range of 211–1012 nm. Finasteride- and minoxidil-loaded nanoparticles were optimized for relatively higher entrapment efficiency of 98% and 95%, respectively, by using the optimal concentration of polymers and stabilizers. All formulations were clear with smooth homogeneous texture and having pH values compatible with that of skin. This nanoparticulate system suspended in gel prolonged the release of drugs for up to 24 h and enhanced the drug permeability through the skin and retention of drug-loaded nanoparticles within the hair follicular routes. Therefore, these nanoparticles incorporated in the gel were found as a promising candidate for topical application in the treatment of alopecia by reducing the dosing frequency and adverse effects and as an effective strategy for improving the patient compliance toward therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Saleem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Akram Ashames
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rubina Qaiser
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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24
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Brey Gil VS, Brey Gil CS, Goulart GAC, Oréfice RL. Multi-drug hybrid delivery systems with distinct release profiles based on gelatin/collagen containing vesicles derived from block copolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:967-974. [PMID: 31401279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid delivery systems can release multiple drugs with different profiles and have several applications, including skin dressing. In this work, the co-solvent technique was used for the preparation of nanometric vesicles based on poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) block copolymer (BCPVs) containing adapalene (AD). The BCPVs were incorporated into collagen and gelatin matrices together with free AD and silver sulfadiazine (SSD). The AD content of BCPVs and their release capacity were analyzed by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The gelatin and collagen matrices were evaluated for their ability to release AD and SSD through an in vitro release study. The obtained results confirmed that the production of empty and AD-loaded BCPVs was viable. The degree of AD encapsulation in BCPVs was 9.0% and the in vitro test revealed a constant, slow, and prolonged release of AD content from AD-loaded BCPVs. The combination of free and encapsulated multiple drugs in hybrid delivery systems based on gelatin and collagen matrices was shown to act as a skin dressing that combined the progressive release of large amounts of drugs within the first hours of use (to restrict infection) with a more prolonged and slow release of AD to enhance skin healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane S Brey Gil
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila S Brey Gil
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gisele Assis Castro Goulart
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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25
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Kim JH, Na J, Bak DH, Lee BC, Lee E, Choi MJ, Ryu CH, Lee S, Mun SK, Park BC, Kim BJ, Lee HS. Development of finasteride polymer microspheres for systemic application in androgenic alopecia. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:2409-2419. [PMID: 30942390 PMCID: PMC6488187 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of finasteride for alleviating hair loss has been investigated, and it has been applied as an oral dose medication. However, due to the inconvenience of daily drug administration over long period of time, novel controllable finasteride delivery has been actively investigated. As a novel method of finasteride delivery, the development of finasteride‑loaded microspheres for subcutaneous administration is becoming increasingly pharmaceutically important. Therefore, the present study aimed to use finasteride‑loaded microspheres in a controlled manner in an attempt to overcome the limitations of the oral administration of finasteride and to cause fewer adverse effects. Finasteride‑loaded microspheres containing poly(lactic‑co‑glycolic acid) and finasteride at a ratio of 4:1 were prepared, and a testosterone‑induced androgenic alopecia mouse model was used. Following observation for 10 weeks, the percentage hair growth was 86.7% (total hair growth 60%, partial hair growth 26.7%) in the orally‑applied finasteride‑treated group as a positive control, and 93.3% (total hair growth 60%, partial hair growth 33.3%) in the finasteride‑loaded microspheres‑treated group. Serum dihydrotestosterone levels began to decrease at week 6 in the orally‑applied finasteride‑ and finasteride‑loaded microsphere‑treated groups. In addition, the finasteride‑loaded microspheres‑treated group exhibited similar follicular number, follicular length, anagen/telogen ratio and hair bulb diameter values to those of the orally‑applied finasteride‑treated group. Furthermore, the finasteride‑loaded microspheres increased the activities of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B and Wnt/β‑catenin in relation to hair follicle cell growth signaling in mouse skin, and suppressed the apoptosis of hair follicle cells by reducing the expression of transforming growth factor‑β2 and caspase‑3, which are indicators of apoptosis. In conclusion, the administration of a single injection of finasteride‑loaded microspheres was effective in treating testosterone‑induced alopecia. Furthermore, it led to equivalent hair growth effects when compared with orally‑applied finasteride, thus revealing the possibility of effective treatment via different routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hee Kim
- KNU‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Science Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungtae Na
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Bak
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Esther Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ji Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Ho Ryu
- Headquarter, Inventage Lab, Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13403, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangno Lee
- Headquarter, Inventage Lab, Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13403, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Kyun Mun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Cheol Park
- Department of Dermatology, Dankook Medical College, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- KNU‑Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, CMRI, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Science Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Thakur K, Sharma G, Singh B, Chhibber S, Katare OP. Nano-engineered lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles of fusidic acid: an investigative study on dermatokinetics profile and MRSA-infected burn wound model. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:748-763. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ahmad S, Minhas MU, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Khalid Q, Abdullah O. Synthesis and evaluation of topical hydrogel membranes; a novel approach to treat skin disorders. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:191. [PMID: 30539389 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to synthesize and evaluate chitosan-based topical cross-linked hydrogel membranes of mupirocin for new pharmaceutical controlled release application. These cross-linked structured membranes were synthesized by modification of free radical polymerization. Low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan is cross-linked with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with a crosslinker N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). Hydrogel membranes were characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, Swelling behavior, sol-gel analysis, in vitro percent drug release at different pH, permeation across skin, ex vivo drug deposition study, irritation study and in vivo antibacterial activity of mupirocin loaded hydrogels. Developed membranes were spherical, adhesive and have good elastic strength. FTIR confirmed the cross-linking and formation of new structure having appropriate characteristics needed for controlled release delivery system. Drug release through rabbit's skin was evaluated by Franz diffusion cell and up to 6329.61 µg/1.5 cm2 was permeated and drug deposition in skin revealed significant retention up to 1224 µg/1.5 cm2. Formulated membranes were nonirritant to the skin as validated by Draize patch test. In surgical wound model, LMW chitosan-based hydrogel membranes showed prolong efficacy against bacterial infection caused by S. aureus. Enhanced retention of drug in skin demonstrated the good potential of topical delivery for skin bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Qandeel Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Orva Abdullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Formulation of chloroaluminum phthalocyanine incorporated into PS-b-PAA diblock copolymer nanomicelles. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Youssef SF, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Elaboration of polymersomes versus conventional liposomes for improving oral bioavailability of the anticancer flutamide. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:3025-3036. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Flutamide is an outstanding anticancer drug with poor oral bioavailability. This is the first work to investigate the potential of polymersomes versus conventional liposomes to improve flutamide bioavailability. Materials & methods: Polymersomes were prepared by solvent-switching technique and successfully optimized with excellent nanometric size (143 nm) and ζ-potential (-33.4 mV). Physicochemical characterization, stability in gastrointestinal tract and in vivo oral pharmacokinetics in male Sprague–Dawely rats were performed. Results: A significantly higher stability in simulated intestinal fluid was demonstrated by polymersomes compared with liposomes. Great improvement in flutamide oral bioavailability in polymersomes compared with both liposomes and drug suspension was obtained. Conclusion: Polymersomes are promising nanoplatforms to overcome stability problems of liposomes and to improve flutamide oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams F Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Ahmad S, Minhas MU, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Abdullah O, Badshah SF. Preparation and Evaluation of Skin Wound Healing Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Membranes. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3199-3209. [PMID: 30171450 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1131-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to synthesize and characterize a new form of topical membranes as chitosan-based hydrogel membranes for bacterial skin infections. The polymeric membranes were synthesized by modification in free radical solution polymerization technique. High molecular weight (HMW) chitosan polymer was cross-linked with monomer 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) through cross-linker N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA). Mupirocin, an antibiotic, was used as model drug. The polymeric membranes were prepared in spherical form that found stable and elastic. Characterization of hydrogel membranes was performed by FTIR, SEM, DSC, TGA, swelling behavior, drug release, irritation study, and ex vivo drug permeation and deposition study. Structural and thermal studies confirmed the formation of new polymeric network with enhanced stability of hydrogel membranes. Permeation flux of drug from optimized formulation through rabbit's skin assessed by using Franz cell was up to 104.09 μg cm-2 h-1. Furthermore, hydrogel membrane has significant retention of drug in skin up to 2185 μg 1.5 cm-2. Draize patch test confirmed the synthesized hydrogels as non-irritant to skin. The preparation of a topical membrane with improved antibacterial activity within controlled release manner is desirable for the advancement and treatment of skin diseases.
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Ahmad S, Usman Minhas M, Ahmad M, Sohail M, Abdullah O, Khan KU. Topical hydrogel patches of vinyl monomers containing mupirocin for skin injuries: Synthesis and evaluation. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Abbottabad Pakistan
| | - Orva Abdullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Kifayat Ullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur; Bahawalpur Pakistan
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Ahmed OA, Rizq WY. Finasteride nano-transferosomal gel formula for management of androgenetic alopecia: ex vivo investigational approach. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2259-2265. [PMID: 30104862 PMCID: PMC6070339 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s171888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Finasteride (FIN) is known as type II 5α-reductase inhibitor, which has been approved for the treatment and prevention of androgenetic alopecia. Administration of FIN by oral route has led to undesirable systemic side effects that include mood disturbance, gynecomastia, decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculation disorder. The aim was to improve FIN delivery through skin layers and hair follicles that could possibly reduce its major side effects resulting from long-term oral administration for the treatment and prevention of male pattern baldness. Materials and methods FIN was formulated as nano-transferosomal (NTF) gel formulations (F1–3). The prepared formulations were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, particle size, ex vivo skin permeation, and kinetic modeling. In addition, visualization of NTF skin penetration using a fluorescence laser microscope was carried out for the selected formula (F2). Results and discussion The results showed that FIN encapsulation efficiency percentage was 69.72 ± 8.36, 89.43 ± 6.82, and 93.1 ± 1.93 for F1, F2, and F3, respectively. FIN-NTF average vesicle sizes were 299.6 ± 45.6, 171 ± 25.6, and 197.4 ± 29.1 nm for F1, F2, and F3, respectively. FIN-NTF formulations (F1–3) showed enhancement and improvement in the amount of FIN permeated compared with raw FIN gel formula. The NTF formula revealed uniform fluorescence (rhodamine) intensity across rat skin, which indicated improved delivery through skin layers compared with control gel formula. Conclusion These results indicated that NTF gel formula showed the ability to boost FIN delivery across skin layers and could be applied as an alternative for oral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Aa Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, .,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt,
| | - Waleed Y Rizq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,
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Rai VK, Mishra N, Yadav KS, Yadav NP. Nanoemulsion as pharmaceutical carrier for dermal and transdermal drug delivery: Formulation development, stability issues, basic considerations and applications. J Control Release 2017; 270:203-225. [PMID: 29199062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoemulsion in augmenting dermal and transdermal effectiveness of drugs has now well established. The development of nanoemulsion based semisolid dosage forms is an active area of present research. However, thickening or liquid-to-semisolid conversion of the nanoemulsions provides opportunities to the formulation scientist to explore novel means of solving instability issues during transformation. Extending knowledge about the explicit role of nature/magnitude of zeta potential, types of emulsifiers and selection of appropriate semisolid bases could place these versatile carriers from laboratory to industrial scale. This article reviews the progressive advancement in the delivery of medicament via nanoemulsion with special reference to the dermal and transdermal administration. It is attempted to explore the most suitable semi solid dosage form for the particular type of nanoemulsion (o/w, w/o and others) and effect of particle size and zeta potential on the delivery of drugs through dermal or transdermal route. Finally, this review also highlights the basic principles and fundamental considerations of nanoemulsion manufacture, application of nanoemulsion based semisolid dosage forms in the dermal/transdermal administration and basic considerations during the nanoemulsion absorption into and through skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Rai
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
| | - Kuldeep Singh Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, U.P., India.
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Granada A, Otsuka I, Caon T, Silva MAS, Soldi V, Borsali R. Novel hybrid block copolymer nanocarrier systems to load lipophilic drugs prepared by microphase inversion method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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In Vitro and In Vivo Skin Distribution of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Loaded Into Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3385-3394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wilson V, Siram K, Rajendran S, Sankar V. Development and evaluation of finasteride loaded ethosomes for targeting to the pilosebaceous unit. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1892-1901. [PMID: 29087225 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1396221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia, a major cause for baldness, is caused by the deposition of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at the androgen receptors present in the pilosebaceous unit (PSU). Finasteride (FIN) is a potent 5α-reductase inhibitor capable of preventing the conversion of testosterone to DHT. But, its oral administration in males causes infertility. An attempt was made to prepare ethosomes of FIN with a size range 100-300 nm to enhance its delivery to the PSU. Finasteride loaded ethosomes (FES) were prepared using an ultra-probe sonicator and characterized for its size, morphology, surface charge and entrapment efficiency. The ability of FES to permeate across rat skin and frontal scalp skin of human cadaver was also evaluated. The spherical shaped ethosomes of different batches were in the size range of 107.8 ± 2.50 to 220.4 ± 6.92 nm and showed good permeation across rat skin and frontal scalp skin of human cadaver when compared to the unencapsulated FIN. The results portrayed the ability of FES to permeate across the stratum corneum to reach the PSU of the hair follicle. Although additional use of permeation enhancer increases the permeation of FIN across the skin, its addition may not be a favourable option for the deposition of ethosomes in the PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinny Wilson
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , PSG College of Pharmacy , Coimbatore , India
| | - Karthik Siram
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , PSG College of Pharmacy , Coimbatore , India
| | - Selvakumar Rajendran
- b Nanobiotechnology Laboratory , PSG Institute of Advanced Studies , Coimbatore , India
| | - Veintramuthu Sankar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , PSG College of Pharmacy , Coimbatore , India
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Caon T, Mazzarino L, Simões CMO, Senna EL, Silva MAS. Lipid- and Polymer-Based Nanostructures for Cutaneous Delivery of Curcumin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:920-925. [PMID: 27230504 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that nanoencapsulation may overcome biopharmaceutical limitations of curcumin (CUR), but studies regarding the contribution of the vesicular nature of CUR-loaded nanoparticles on skin permeation are still scarce. Therefore, the effect of three colloidal systems (solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanoemulsion (NE), and polymeric nanoparticles (NP)) on the control of cutaneous permeation of CUR was investigated in porcine ear skin/Franz diffusion cells. Colloidal suspensions were designed to present a similar particle size (±170 nm), narrow size distribution (PdI < 0.2), and high entrapment efficiency (>99%). Zeta potential values were -0.13, -9.68 and -36.7 mV for the CUR-loaded NP, SLN and NE, respectively. Nanoencapsulation resulted in a cumulative amount of CUR in the more superficial layers of the skin. NP significantly enhanced the compound retention in the epidermis, which was approximately 2.49- and 3.32-fold more than SLN and NE, respectively. The CUR levels into the dermis were significantly increased after treatment with NE, which may be associated with repulsion phenomena in surface skin. Therefore, a more superficial or deeper action of CUR on the skin may be obtained depending on nanostructure type. While NPs are more effective in upper skin layers, NE should be prioritized when a dermal action for the CUR is required.
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Pelegrino MT, Weller RB, Chen X, Bernardes JS, Seabra AB. Chitosan nanoparticles for nitric oxide delivery in human skin. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:713-719. [PMID: 30108789 PMCID: PMC6072359 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00502k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticle-based transdermal delivery systems is a promising approach to efficiently carry and deliver therapeutic agents for dermal and systemic administration. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule that plays important roles in human skin such as the control of skin homeostasis, skin defense, control of dermal blood flow, and wound healing. In addition, human skin contains stores of NO derivatives that can be mobilized and release free NO upon UV irradiation with beneficial cardiovascular effects, for instance the control of blood pressure. In this work, the NO donor precursor glutathione (GSH) was encapsulated (encapsulation efficiency of 99.60%) into ultra-small chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) (hydrodynamic size of 30.65 ± 11.90 nm). GSH-CS NPs have a core-shell structure, as revealed by atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in which GSH is protected in the nanoparticle core. Nitrosation of GSH by nitrous acid led to the formation of the NO donor S-nitrosogluthathione (GSNO) into CS NPs. The GSNO release from the CS NPs followed a Fickian diffusion described by the Higuchi mathematical model. Topical application of GSNO-CS NPs in intact human skin significantly increased the levels of NO and its derivatives in the epidermis, as assayed by confocal microscopy, and this effect was further enhanced by skin irradiation with UV light. Therefore, NO-releasing CS NPs are suitable materials for transdermal NO delivery to local and/or systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pelegrino
- Exact and Earth Sciences Departament , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Rua São Nicolau, 210 , CEP 09913-030 , Diadema , SP , Brazil
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
| | - R B Weller
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - X Chen
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research , University of Edinburgh , Queen's Medical Research Institute , 47 Little France Crescent , Edinburgh , EH16 4TJ , UK
| | - J S Bernardes
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano) , National Center for Energy and Materials (CNPEM) , Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro, 10.000 , CEP 13083-970 , Campinas , SP , Brazil
| | - A B Seabra
- Center of Natural and Human Sciences , Universidade Federal do ABC , Av. dos Estados 5001 , CEP 09210-580 , Santo André , SP , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 11 4996 8374
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Karnaukhov VK, Lukyanova AA, Lukashina MI, Vorobeva ES, Afanasov IM. Тіе Modern treatment of androgenetic alopecia. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2017. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2017-93-1-21-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common reason for hair loss. Its frequency in Caucasian population is up to 80% in men and 42% in women. Current gold standard for AGA treatment includes minoxidil and/or finasteride. Both drugs have moderate treatment efficacy and can cause significant side effects. Minoxidil is the only option for treatment of AGA in women since finasteride has no efficacy. This review considers actual concepts of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and current treatment options of AGA with their limitations and shortcomings. Current state and perspectives of novel approaches to AGA treatment, potentially more effective and safe than minoxidil and finasteride, are described. The review discusses growth factors and cytokines, topical 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and antagonists, Wnt signaling activators and platelet-rich plasma injections.
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Yu N, Li G, Gao Y, Liu X, Ma S. Stimuli-sensitive hollow spheres from chitosan-graft-β-cyclodextrin for controlled drug release. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:971-977. [PMID: 27663551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, sensitive polymeric hollow spheres self-assembled from chitosan-grafted-β-cyclodextrin (CS-g-CD) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were prepared for controlled release of doxorubicin (DOX). The assemblies were formed by electrostatic interactions between positively charged amino group in CS-g-CD and negatively charged phosphate in TPP. The hollow spheres with diameters about 100nm were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and laser particle analyzer. The microspheres with hollow cavity were beneficial to improve the drug loading capacity for DOX with entrapment efficiency above 60%. The cumulative release of DOX from CS-g-CD/TPP hollow microspheres increased with the decrease of pH and the increase of temperature or ionic strength. At 37 °C and pH 5.2, the maximum drug release was above 90% with a continuous release rate. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests indicate that drug loaded hollow spheres exhibited evidently inhibition against cancer cells. These sensitive polymeric hollow spheres are expected to be used in biomedical field as potential carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guiying Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yurong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xunyong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Songmei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Ahmed OA, Hussein AK, Mady FM. Optimisation of microstructured biodegradable finasteride formulation for depot parenteral application. J Microencapsul 2016; 33:229-38. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2016.1144821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osama A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amal K. Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Fatma M. Mady
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Bellettini IC, Witt MA, Borsali R, Minatti E, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. PS-b-PAA nanovesicles coated by modified PEIs bearing hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Co-encapsulation of imiquimod and copaiba oil in novel nanostructured systems: promising formulations against skin carcinoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 79:36-43. [PMID: 26342772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two types of cutaneous-directed nanoparticles are proposed for the co-encapsulation of imiquimod (a drug approved for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma) and copaiba oil (oil that exhibits anti-proliferative properties). Nanostructured copaiba capsules (NCCImq) were prepared using the interfacial deposition method, and nanostructured Brazilian lipids (NBLImq) were prepared by high-pressure homogenization. The formulations exhibited average diameter, zeta potential, pH and drug content of approximately 200nm, -12mV, 6 and 1mgmL(-1), respectively. In addition, the formulations exhibited homogeneity regarding particle size, high encapsulation efficiency and stability. Both nanocarriers controlled imiquimod release, and NBLImq exhibited slower drug release (p < 0.05), likely due to increased interaction of the drug with the solid lipid (cupuaçu seed butter). The in vitro evaluation of the imiquimod-loaded nanocarriers was performed using healthy skin cells (keratinocytes, HaCaT); no alteration was observed, suggesting the biocompatibility of the nanocarriers. In addition, in vitro skin permeation/penetration using pig skin was performed, and NCCImq led to increased drug retention in the skin layers and reduced amounts of drug found in the receiver solution. Thus, NCCImq is considered the most promising nanoformulation for the treatment of skin carcinoma.
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Caon T, Campos CEM, Simões CMO, Silva MAS. Novel perspectives in the tuberculosis treatment: Administration of isoniazid through the skin. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:463-70. [PMID: 26319631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite its high efficacy in anti-tuberculosis therapy, the oral administration of isoniazid (INH) may lead to poor patient compliance due to hepatotoxicity events. In this context, the transdermal administration of INH was evaluated, for the first time, since this route avoids hepatic first pass effect. INH was applied to porcine skin in Franz diffusion chambers alone and with 5% menthol, limonene or Transcutol(®). Infrared and DSC analyses were selected for mechanistic studies. The transdermal absorption of INH was sufficient to ensure a systemic therapeutic effect. Menthol was not able to improve the absorption of INH, but it increased the drug accumulation in skin compared to the control (1.4-fold). Transcutol(®) reduced permeation flux of INH (2.2-fold) and also increased the amount of drug retained in skin (1.7-fold). Limonene was the most effective excipient since it increased permeation flux of INH (1.5-fold) and lag time was greatly shortened (2.8-fold). DSC and FTIR analyses of limonene-treated skin suggest higher degree of disorder in lipid bilayers. Transdermal delivery of INH was positively correlated with logP of chemical enhancers. INH can be efficiently delivered by skin route and specific excipients may be selected depending on intended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Caon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Maduro Campos
- Laboratório de Difração de Raios-X, Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Segatto Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia (PGFAR), Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Zhao Z, Gao Y, Wu C, Hao Y, Zhao Y, Xu J. Development of novel core-shell dual-mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the production of high bioavailable controlled-release fenofibrate tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:199-208. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1039018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhe Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China and
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China and
| | - Yanna Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China and
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China and
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China and
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Pei D, Li Y, Huang Q, Ren Q, Li F, Shi T. Quantum dots encapsulated glycopolymer vesicles: Synthesis, lectin recognition and photoluminescent properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 127:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dorrani M, Kaul M, Parhi A, LaVoie EJ, Pilch DS, Michniak-Kohn B. TXA497 as a topical antibacterial agent: Comparative antistaphylococcal, skin deposition, and skin permeation studies with mupirocin. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Pongjanyakul T. Skin deposition and permeation of finasteridein vitro: effects of propylene glycol, ethanol and sodium lauryl sulfate. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:984-991. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.954727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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