Biopharmaceutical characterization of nanocrystalline solid dispersion of coenzyme Q10 prepared with cold wet-milling system

Bioavailability enhancement of coenzyme Q10: An update of novel approaches

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential, lipid-soluble vitamin involved in electron transport in the oxidoreductive reactions of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Structurally, the quinone ring is connected to an isoprenoid moiety, which has a high molecular weight. Over the years, coenzyme Q10 has become relevant in the treatment of several diseases, like neurodegenerative disorders, coronary diseases, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and others. According to studies, CoQ10 supplementation might be beneficial in the treatment of CoQ10 deficiencies and disorders associated with oxidative stress. However, the water-insoluble nature of CoQ10 is a major hindrance to successful supplementation. So far, many advancements in CoQ10 bioavailability enhancement have been developed using novel drug carriers such as solid dispersion, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, self-emulsifying drug systems, or various innovative approaches (CoQ10 complexation with proteins). This article aims to provide an update on methods to improve CoQ10 solubility and bioavailability.

Reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanomaterials for the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases

With increasing proportion of the elderly in the population, age-related diseases (ARD) lead to a considerable healthcare burden to society. Prevention and treatment of ARD can decrease the negative impact of aging and the burden of disease. The aging rate is closely associated with the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-mediated oxidative stress in aging triggers aging-related changes through lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and DNA oxidation. Antioxidants can control autoxidation by scavenging free radicals or inhibiting their formation, thereby reducing oxidative stress. Benefiting from significant advances in nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials with ROS-scavenging capabilities have been developed. ROS-scavenging nanomaterials can be divided into two categories: nanomaterials as carriers for delivering ROS-scavenging drugs, and nanomaterials themselves with ROS-scavenging activity. This study summarizes the current advances in ROS-scavenging nanomaterials for prevention and treatment of ARD, highlights the potential mechanisms of the nanomaterials used and discusses the challenges and prospects for their applications.

Nanocrystals in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals by topical delivery

The main issues with local delivery of cosmetics are their high sensitivity and limited drug loading of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Nanocrystal technology offers consumers cutting-edge and effective products and exhibits enormous development potential in the beauty business as a new delivery method to address the issue of low solubility and low permeability of sensitive chemicals. In this review, we described the processes for making NCs, along with the impacts of loading and the uses of different carriers. Among them, nanocrystalline loaded gel and emulsion are widely used and may further improve the stability of the system. Then, we introduced the beauty efficacy of drug NCs from five aspects: anti-inflammation and acne, anti-bacterial, lightening and freckle removal, anti-aging as well as UV protection. Following that, we presented the current scenario about stability and safety. Finally, the challenges and vacancy were discussed along with the potential uses of NCs in the cosmetics industry. This review serves as a resource for the advancement of nanocrystal technology in the cosmetics sector.

Enhancing solubility and bioavailability of coenzyme Q10: formulation of solid dispersions using Soluplus® as a carrier

Improving the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble compounds have been a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, binary amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ₁₀), a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) II compound and Soluplus^® were prepared to enhance the solubility and pharmacokinetic properties compared to crystalline CoQ₁₀. SDs were prepared with different ratios of CoQ₁₀ and Soluplus^® (1:3, 1:5, and 1:7) using spray drying technology, and the physicochemical properties of the SDs were evaluated. X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy suggested the conversion of the crystalline form of CoQ₁₀ to a binary amorphous system in the SDs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed no potential interactions between CoQ₁₀ and Soluplus^®. The solubility of the optimal SD formulation (SD 1:7) was approximately 9000-fold higher than that of crystalline CoQ_10, and the increment was Soluplus^® concentration dependent. As a result, optimized SD 1:7 also showed significantly enhanced dissolution rate where maximum drug release was observed within 30 min in two different dissolution media. Moreover, in contrast to crystalline CoQ_10, CoQ₁₀ SDs showed improved pharmacokinetic parameters. Thus, the SD 1:7 formulation is expected to improve biopharmaceutical properties and therapeutic efficacy of CoQ₁₀.

Nanomedicine against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are the two most rampant neurodegenerative disorders worldwide. Existing treatments have a limited effect on the pathophysiology but are unable to fully arrest the progression of the disease. This is due to the inability of these therapeutic molecules to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier. We discuss how nanotechnology has enabled researchers to develop novel and efficient nano-therapeutics against these diseases. The development of nanotized drug delivery systems has permitted an efficient, site-targeted, and controlled release of drugs in the brain, thereby presenting a revolutionary therapeutic approach. Nanoparticles are also being thoroughly studied and exploited for their role in the efficient and precise diagnosis of neurodegenerative conditions. We summarize the role of different nano-carriers and RNAi-conjugated nanoparticle-based therapeutics for their efficacy in pre-clinical studies. We also discuss the challenges underlying the use of nanomedicine with a focus on their route of administration, concentration, metabolism, and any toxic effects for successful therapeutics in these diseases.

Nano-sized Solid Dispersions for Improving the Bioavailability of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs

It has been well established that solid dispersions have a high potential to increase the release rate of poorly water-soluble drugs, resulting in high drug bioavailability. Solid dispersions have been vigorously investigated with various practical approaches in recent decades. Improvements in wettability, molecular interactions and drugs being held in an amorphous state in solid dispersions are the main mechanisms underlying the high drug release rate. Moreover, the synergistic effect of incorporating nanotechnology in solid dispersions is expected to lead to an advanced drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs. However, to date, there is still a lack of reviews providing outlooks on the nano-sized solid dispersions that have been substantially investigated for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In the current review, we aim to overview key advantages and approaches for producing nano-sized solid dispersions. The classification of key strategies in developing nano-sized solid dispersions will advance the creation of even more efficient solid dispersions, which will translate into clinical studies.

Legume proteins are smart carriers to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds and probiotic bacteria: A review

Encapsulation is a promising technological process enabling the protection of bioactive compounds against harsh storage, processing, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions. Legume proteins (LPs) are unique carriers that can efficiently encapsulate these unstable and highly reactive ingredients. Stable LPs-based microcapsules loaded with active ingredients can thus develop to be embedded into processed functional foods. The recent advances in micro- and nanoencapsulation process of an extensive span of bioactive health-promoting probiotics and chemical compounds such as marine and plant fatty acid-rich oils, carotenoid pigments, vitamins, flavors, essential oils, phenolic and anthocyanin-rich extracts, iron, and phytase by LPs as single wall materials were highlighted. A technical summary of the use of single LP-based carriers in designing innovative delivery systems for natural bioactive molecules and probiotics was made. The encapsulation mechanisms, encapsulation efficiency, physicochemical and thermal stability, as well as the release and absorption behavior of bioactives were comprehensively discussed. Protein isolates and concentrates of soy and pea were the most common LPs to encapsulate nutraceuticals and probiotics. The microencapsulation of probiotics using LPs improved bacteria survivability, storage stability, and tolerance in the in vitro GIT conditions. Moreover, homogenization and high-pressure pretreatments as well as enzymatic cross-linking of LPs significantly modify their structure and functionality to better encapsulate the bioactive core materials. LPs can be attractive delivery devices for the controlled release and increased bioaccessibility of the main food-grade bioactives.

Evaluation of photostability and phototoxicity of esterified derivatives of ubiquinol-10 and their application as prodrugs of reduced coenzyme Q10 for topical administration

Ubiquinol-10 (UqH-10), the fully reduced form of ubiquinone-10 (Uq-10, coenzyme Q₁₀ ), is an antioxidant and is involved in energy production. However, physicochemical disadvantages, such as rapid oxidation, water-insolubility, photoinstability, and phototoxicity, limit its application. We previously reported that UqH-10 1,4-bis-N,N-dimethylglycinate improved the oxidation susceptibility and poor bioavailability of UqH-10 in rats. Herein, we evaluated the photochemical properties of UqH-esterified derivatives (N,N-dimethylglycinate, hemi-succinate, ethylsuccinate, and hemi-glutarate). Photostability was examined by irradiation using artificial sunlight and monochromatic light. The concentration of each compound was determined using LC-MS/MS. Phototoxicity was assessed by singlet oxygen and superoxide assays. Delivery of UqH-10 via UqH-esters to the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line was determined using LC-MS/MS. UqH-esters showed higher photostability to artificial sunlight than Uq-10 and UqH-10. Uq-10 and UqH-10 were rapidly degraded by monochromatic light at 279 nm, whereas UqH-esters were more stable. UVA and/or UVB irradiation generated high levels of singlet oxygen and superoxide in Uq-10, whereas UqH-esters were unreactive. Additionally, UqH-esters effectively delivered UqH-10 to HaCaT cells following efficient uptake in their ester forms and ester bond hydrolysis in the cells. In conclusion, UqH-ester derivatives exhibit higher photostability and lower phototoxicity compared with Uq-10 and UqH-10.

Bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 supplements depends on carrier lipids and solubilization

OBJECTIVES

Bioavailability of supplements with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ₁₀) in humans seems to depend on the excipients of formulations and on physiological characteristics of the individuals. The aim of this study was to determine which factors presented in CoQ₁₀ supplements affect the different response to CoQ₁₀ in humans.

METHODS

We tested seven different supplement formulations containing 100 mg of CoQ₁₀ in 14 young, healthy individuals. Bioavailability was measured as area under the curve of plasma CoQ₁₀ levels over 48 h after ingestion of a single dose. Measurements were repeated in the same group of 14 volunteers in a double-blind crossover design with a minimum of 4 wk washout between intakes.

RESULTS

Bioavailability of the formulations showed large differences that were statistically significant. The two best absorbable formulations were soft-gel capsules containing ubiquinone (oxidized CoQ₁₀) or ubiquinol (reduced CoQ₁₀). The matrix used to dissolve CoQ₁₀ and the proportion and addition of preservatives such as vitamin C affected the bioavailability of CoQ₁₀. Although control measurements documented that all formulations contained 100 mg of either CoQ₁₀ or ubiquinol, some of the participants showed high and others lower capacity to reach high increase of CoQ₁₀ in blood, indicating the participation of individual unknown physiological factors.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the importance of individually adapted selection of best formulations to reach the highest bioavailability of CoQ₁₀ in humans.

Supersaturable Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Krill Oil with Improved Oral Absorption and Hypotriglyceridemic Function

This study aimed to develop a supersaturable self-emulsifying drug delivery system (S-SEDDS) of krill oil (KO), a rich source of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), to improve its hypotriglyceridemic function. S-SEDDS of KO (KO/S-SEDDS) was prepared by the addition of lysolecithin, glycerin, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Self-emulsifying drug delivery system of KO (KO/SEDDS) and KO with HPMC (KO/HPMC) were also prepared for comparison purposes. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of KO samples were characterized, and the hypotriglyceridemic function of KO/S-SEDDS was evaluated. Micronized droplets in KO/SEDDS and KO/S-SEDDS with a mean diameter of ca. 270 nm could be observed in comparison to KO and KO/HPMC. Both KO/HPMC and KO/S-SEDDS tended to enhance the dissolution behavior of KO, and the S-SEDDS formulation improved the dissolution behavior of KO as a result of micronized droplets and the addition of HPMC. KO/S-SEDDS (60 mg of EPA/kg) improved the oral absorption of KO based on the pharmacokinetic profiling of EPA, and repeated oral administration of KO/S-SEDDS (250 mg of KO kg^-1 day^-1) for 7 days had a potent hypotriglyceridemic effect on rats with corn-oil-induced hypertriglyceridemia compared to orally administered KO. On the basis of these findings, the S-SEDDS approach might be an efficacious dosage option to enhance the nutraceutical properties of KO.

PEGylated Solanesol for Oral Delivery of Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is widely used in preventive or curative treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, CoQ₁₀ exhibits an extremely low solubility in aqueous medium as well as a poor oral bioavailability. Therefore, solanesyl poly(ethylene glycol) succinate (SPGS) and CoQ₁₀ were formulated as CoQ₁₀-SPGS micelles with a high content of CoQ₁₀ to improve the bioavailability of CoQ₁₀ in rat. Findings indicate that, in the CoQ₁₀-SPGS micelles, SPGS is self-assembled into stable nanosized micelles with a CoQ₁₀ loading capacity of more than 39%. The CoQ₁₀-SPGS micelles exhibit an enhanced photostability upon exposure to simulated sunlight. In vivo experiments demonstrate that, as compared to that of the coarse suspensions of CoQ₁₀, there was three-fold enhancement of oral bioavailability for CoQ₁₀-loaded SPGS micelles depending on varying molecular weight of SPGS. In the encapsulation of CoQ₁₀ by SPGS micelles, the self-assembled nanocarriers with strong muco-adhesive properties lead to increases in the solubility and oral absorption of lipophilic CoQ₁₀ nanoparticles.

Ginger Extract-Loaded Solid Dispersion System with Enhanced Oral Absorption and Antihypothermic Action

The aim of this study is to enhance the antihypothermic action of ginger extract (GE) employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach. The prepared SD of GE (GE/SD) was characterized in terms of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The antihypothermic action of GE samples was evaluated in a rat model of hypothermia. GE/SD exhibited improved dissolution behavior of the major active ingredients in GE, 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G), with levels of dissolution 12- and 31-fold higher than that of GE, respectively. Even after storage under accelerated conditions, limited degradations of 6G and 8G were observed in GE/SD, although 6G and 8G were slightly degraded in GE. After oral administration of GE (300 mg/kg) and GE/SD (100 mg of GE/kg), the relative bioavailabilities of 6G and 8G in GE/SD were 5.0- and 5.8-fold higher than those in GE, respectively. Orally administered GE/SD (30 mg of GE/kg) inhibited ethanol-evoked hypothermia because of improved oral absorption of 6G and 8G. From these observations, the SD approach might be efficacious for enhancing the nutraceutical potentials of GE.

Development of a novel nanoparticle formulation of thymoquinone with a cold wet-milling system and its pharmacokinetic analysis

The present study aimed to develop a nanoparticle (NP) formulation of thymoquinone (TQ), a potent anti-oxidant chemical, with use of a cold wet-milling (CWM) system to improve its dissolution behavior and pharmacokinetic properties. The NP formulation of TQ (TQ/CWM) was prepared by CWM system, and its physicochemical properties were characterized in terms of particle size distribution, morphology, crystallinity, and dissolution. The photochemical properties of TQ were also examined upon UV/VIS absorption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and photostability. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in rats. Application of the CWM system to TQ led to successful development of nano-sized TQ. The mean diameter of TQ in TQ/CWM was calculated to be 143nm, and TQ particles in TQ/CWM were found to be amorphous. There was a marked improvement in dissolution rate compared with TQ. TQ showed significant generation of singlet oxygen and superoxide upon exposure to simulated sunlight, suggesting its high photoreactivity, and solid samples such as TQ and TQ/CWM exhibited higher photostability than TQ solution. In comparison with TQ, enhanced TQ exposure was observed with a ca. 6-fold increase of oral bioavailability, and the Tmax was shown to be a quarter. From these findings, the NP approach employing the CWM system might be a promising dosage option for improving the nutraceutical values of TQ.

Formulation development and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of antioxidant coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CQ10) is known as an endogenous cellular antioxidant, naturally found in every cell of the human body and plays an important role in maintaining human health. It is widely used as a nutritional supplement and pharmaceutical drug for various disorders like diabetes mellitus, carcinomas, neurodegenerative disorders etc. However, CQ10 is practically insoluble even in the presence of 5 % sodium lauryl sulfate in water and poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The present research is aimed to formulate and evaluate self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of CQ10 primarily to improve its aqueous solubility, dissolution velocity as well as hepatoprotective activity and thus enhancing its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical values. Robustness to dilution, thermodynamic stability study, droplet size analysis and drug release were adopted to optimize liquid SNEDDS. Droplet size of the SNEDDS was found to be size less than 200 nm and appeared round in shape without aggregation under transmission electron microscopy examination. Liquid SNEDDS were adsorbed on porous carrier to get solid SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS). S-SNEDDS gave rapid (>90 %) drug release within 30 min while pure drug was not practically dissolved within 1 h. In vivo hepatoprotective activity showed that S-SNEDDS achieved the most liver protection as compared to the pure drug. Further S-SNEDDS was successfully converted to self nanoemulsifying mouth dissolving tablet. The enhanced solubility, dissolution velocity as well as hepatoprotective activity of CQ10, unravels the potential of S-SNEDDS as suitable carrier for enhancing nutraceutical and pharmaceutical values of CQ10.