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Tian L, Andrews C, Yan Q, Yang JJ. Molecular regulation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)-mediated signaling. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2024; 10:167-194. [PMID: 39027195 PMCID: PMC11252437 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a family C G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis by sensing small concentration changes of extracellular Ca2+, Mg2+, amino acids (e.g., L-Trp and L-Phe), small peptides, anions (e.g., HCO3 - and PO4 3-), and pH. CaSR-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling regulates a diverse set of cellular processes including gene transcription, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, muscle contraction, and neuronal transmission. Dysfunction of CaSR with mutations results in diseases such as autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. CaSR also influences calciotropic disorders, such as osteoporosis, and noncalciotropic disorders, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. This study first reviews recent advances in biochemical and structural determination of the framework of CaSR and its interaction sites with natural ligands, as well as exogenous positive allosteric modulators and negative allosteric modulators. The establishment of the first CaSR protein-protein interactome network revealed 94 novel players involved in protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, trafficking, cell surface expression, endocytosis, degradation, and signaling pathways. The roles of these proteins in Ca2+-dependent cellular physiological processes and in CaSR-dependent cellular signaling provide new insights into the molecular basis of diseases caused by CaSR mutations and dysregulated CaSR activity caused by its protein interactors and facilitate the design of therapeutic agents that target CaSR and other family C G-protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Corey Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Qiuyun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Jenny J. Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Advanced Translational Imaging FacilityGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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2
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Zhou Z, Feng D, Yang Y, Gao P, Wang L, Wu Z. Pan-cancer analysis reveals the prognostic gene CASR suppresses tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal clear cell carcinoma. Cell Calcium 2023; 116:102803. [PMID: 37804688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), primarily found in the parathyroid gland and other tissues, plays a crucial role in sensing and regulating extracellular calcium, which was also aberrantly expressed in human tumors. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis of CASR in pan-cancer has yet to be conducted. To gain a better understanding of CASR in pan-cancer, data profiles on CASR cancers were collected from TCGA database. The expression level, clinical significance, prognostic value, and potential mechanisms of CASR in pan-cancer were analyzed via multiple public databases. The functional assays were conducted using human kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) cell lines, clinical samples, and nude mice. Our research revealed that the abnormal expression of CASR was found in a variety of tumors. The expression and mutation of CASR were significantly associated with tumor prognosis and stage. Pathway analyses suggested that CASR was involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. Besides, CASR expression was correlated with immune inhibitory genes and immunotherapy in cancers. Particularly in KIRC, we established that CASR mRNA and protein levels were downregulated in clinical samples and cell lines. Moreover, a Cox regression analysis revealed that CASR was an independent prognostic factor in both TCGA-KIRC samples and clinical samples from our center. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that blocking CASR with lentivirus could suppress tumor growth and invasion, and EMT progress in KIRC cells. In summary, our study provides a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of CASR in pan-cancer, offering deeper insights into its function and the EMT mechanism in KIRC, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Dexiang Feng
- Department of Urology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
| | - Lujia Wang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| | - Zhong Wu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Institute of Urology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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3
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Busic-Pavlek I, Dumic-Cule I, Kovacevic L, Milosevic M, Delimar P, Korsa L, Marusic Z, Prutki M. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11678. [PMID: 37511437 PMCID: PMC10380606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of calcium in the body. Altered signaling through the CaSR has been linked to the development of various tumors, such as colorectal and breast tumors. This retrospective study enrolled 79 patients who underwent surgical removal of invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) to explore the expression of the CaSR in breast cancer. The patients were categorized based on age, tumor size, hormone receptor status, HER2 status, Ki-67 proliferation index, tumor grade, and TNM staging. Immunohistochemistry was conducted on core needle biopsy samples to assess CaSR expression. The results revealed a positive correlation between CaSR expression and tumor size, regardless of the tumor surrogate subtype (p = 0.001). The expression of ER exhibited a negative correlation with CaSR expression (p = 0.033). In contrast, a positive correlation was observed between CaSR expression and the presence of HER2 receptors (p = 0.002). Increased CaSR expression was significantly associated with lymph node involvement and the presence of distant metastasis (p = 0.001 and p = 0.038, respectively). CaSR values were significantly higher in the patients with increased Ki-67 (p = 0.042). Collectively, higher CaSR expression in breast cancer could suggest a poor prognosis and treatment outcome regardless of the breast cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Busic-Pavlek
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivo Dumic-Cule
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Nursing, University North, 104 Brigade 3, 42000 Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Lucija Kovacevic
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Milosevic
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational and Sports Medicine, Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Rockfellerova 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Delimar
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Korsa
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zlatko Marusic
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Prutki
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Kispaticeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Clemenceau A, Chang SL, Hanna M, Durocher F, Diorio C. Association between vitamin D and calcium intakes, breast microcalcifications, breast tissue age-related lobular involution and breast density. Menopause 2022; 29:1404-1415. [PMID: 36219808 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demystify the potential role of vitamin D and calcium intakes in breast carcinogenesis, we explored the association between these two nutrients and three biomarkers of breast cancer risk: the presence of microcalcifications, age-related lobular involution and breast density. METHODS A total of 82 premenopausal and 79 postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer completed a food frequency questionnaire to assess their total vitamin D and calcium intakes. Presence of microcalcifications was determined by reviewing pathology reports. Age-related lobular involution was assessed in nontumoral breast tissue on hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides and percent breast density was assessed by a computer-assisted method. Multivariate generalized linear models were used to evaluate associations between quartiles of vitamin D and calcium intakes and the biomarkers of breast cancer risk. RESULTS Increasing quartiles of vitamin D intake were inversely associated with the presence of microcalcifications (fourth quartile [Q4] prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.55; Ptrend = 0.021) and breast density (Q4-Q1 = -7.7%; Ptrend = 0.023) in postmenopausal women, and positively associated with age-related lobular involution in women with microcalcifications (Q4 PR = 1.62; Ptrend = 0.036). Increasing quartiles of calcium intake were inversely associated with microcalcifications among all (Q4 PR = 0.44), premenopausal (Q4 PR = 0.37) and postmenopausal women (Q4 PR = 0.38; Ptrend < 0.014 for all). It was also inversely associated with breast density in women without microcalcification (Q4-Q1 = -8.3%; Ptrend = 0.047), but positively associated with breast density in women with microcalcifications (Q4-Q1 = 10.0%; Ptrend = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the association between vitamin D and calcium intakes and breast cancer risk factors could be influenced by the presence of microcalcifications.
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Filip-Psurska B, Zachary H, Strzykalska A, Wietrzyk J. Vitamin D, Th17 Lymphocytes, and Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153649. [PMID: 35954312 PMCID: PMC9367508 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effect of vitamin D3 on the development of breast cancer (favorable, ineffective, or even unfavorable) depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. The immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D may be unfavorable in case of breast cancer progression. The effect of vitamin D on Th17 cells may depend on disease type and patients’ age. Our goal was to summarize the data available and to find indications of vitamin D treatment failure or success. Therefore, in this review, we present data describing the effects of vitamin D3 on Th17 cells, mainly in breast cancer. Abstract Vitamin D3, which is well known to maintain calcium homeostasis, plays an important role in various cellular processes. It regulates the proliferation and differentiation of several normal cells, including immune and neoplastic cells, influences the cell cycle, and stimulates cell maturation and apoptosis through a mechanism dependent on the vitamin D receptor. The involvement of vitamin D3 in breast cancer development has been observed in numerous clinical studies. However, not all studies support the protective effect of vitamin D3 against the development of this condition. Furthermore, animal studies have revealed that calcitriol or its analogs may stimulate tumor growth or metastasis in some breast cancer models. It has been postulated that the effect of vitamin D3 on T helper (Th) 17 lymphocytes is one of the mechanisms promoting metastasis in these murine models. Herein we present a literature review on the existing data according to the interplay between vitamin D, Th17 cell and breast cancer. We also discuss the effects of this vitamin on Th17 lymphocytes in various disease entities known to date, due to the scarcity of scientific data on Th17 lymphocytes and breast cancer. The presented data indicate that the effect of vitamin D3 on breast cancer development depends on many factors, such as age, menopausal status, or obesity. According to that, more extensive clinical trials and studies are needed to assess the importance of vitamin D in breast cancer, especially when no correlations seem to be obvious.
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Orduña-Castillo LB, Del-Río-Robles JE, García-Jiménez I, Zavala-Barrera C, Beltrán-Navarro YM, Hidalgo-Moyle JJ, Ramírez-Rangel I, Hernández-Bedolla MA, Reyes-Ibarra AP, Valadez-Sánchez M, Vázquez-Prado J, Reyes-Cruz G. Calcium sensing receptor stimulates breast cancer cell migration via the Gβγ-AKT-mTORC2 signaling pathway. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:239-252. [PMID: 34854057 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium sensing receptor, a pleiotropic G protein coupled receptor, activates secretory pathways in cancer cells and putatively exacerbates their metastatic behavior. Here, we show that various CaSR mutants, identified in breast cancer patients, differ in their ability to stimulate Rac, a small Rho GTPase linked to cytoskeletal reorganization and cell protrusion, but are similarly active on the mitogenic ERK pathway. To investigate how CaSR activates Rac and drives cell migration, we used invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We revealed, by pharmacological and knockdown strategies, that CaSR activates Rac and cell migration via the Gβγ-PI3K-mTORC2 pathway. These findings further support current efforts to validate CaSR as a relevant therapeutic target in metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennis Beatriz Orduña-Castillo
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Eduardo Del-Río-Robles
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irving García-Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Zavala-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Joseline Janai Hidalgo-Moyle
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Marco A Hernández-Bedolla
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.,Licenciatura en Enfermería, Escuela Superior de Huejutla, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo, México
| | - Alma P Reyes-Ibarra
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Valadez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Cyrus K, Wang Q, Sharawi Z, Noguchi G, Kaushal M, Chang T, Rydzewski W, Yeguech W, Gibrel F, Psaltis JB, Haddad BR, Martin MB. Role of calcium in hormone-independent and -resistant breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1817-1827. [PMID: 34289100 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors fail to respond to or become resistant to hormonal therapy. Although the mechanisms responsible for hormone resistance are not completely understood, resistance is associated with alterations in ERα; overexpression of proteins that interact with the receptor; and hormone-independent activation of the receptor by growth factor signal transduction pathways. Our previous studies show that in estrogen dependent breast cancer cells, activation of the epidermal growth factor signaling pathway increases intracellular calcium which binds to and activates ERα through sites in the ligand-binding domain of the receptor and that treatment with extracellular calcium increases the concentration of intracellular calcium which activates ERα and induces hormone-independent cell growth. The present study asked whether overexpression of calcium channels contributes to the hormone-independent and -resistant phenotype of breast cancer cells and whether clinically used calcium channel blockers reverse hormone independence and resistance. The results show that hormone-independent and -resistant cells overexpress calcium channels, have high concentrations of intracellular calcium, overexpress estrogen responsive genes and, as expected, grow in the absence of estradiol and that treatment with calcium channel blockers decreased the concentration of intracellular calcium, the expression of estrogen responsive genes and cell growth. More importantly, in hormone-resistant cells, treatment that combined a calcium channel blocker with an antiestrogen reversed resistance to the antiestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedra Cyrus
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Zeina Sharawi
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Glyn Noguchi
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mudit Kaushal
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William Rydzewski
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - William Yeguech
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Fatima Gibrel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John B Psaltis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bassem R Haddad
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Tuffour A, Kosiba AA, Zhang Y, Peprah FA, Gu J, Shi H. Role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in cancer metastasis to bone: Identifying a potential therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188528. [PMID: 33640382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide due to its ability to evade immune surveillance and metastasize from its origin to a secondary point of contact. Though several treatment techniques have been developed to suppress or manage cancer spread, a strategy for total control over the disease continues to evade researchers. In considering ways to control or prevent cancer from metastasizing to the bone, we analyze the impact of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), whose primary role is to maintain calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in cellular and systemic physiological processes. CaSR is a pleiotropic receptor capable of enhancing the proliferation of some cancers such as breast, lung, prostate and kidney cancers at its primary site(s) and stimulating bone metastasis, while exerting a suppressive effect in others such as colon cancer. The activity of CaSR not only increases cancer cell proliferation, migration and suppression of apoptosis in the organs indicated, but also increases the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and epiregulin, which induce osteolytic activity and osteoblastic suppression. In addition, released cytokines and Ca2+ from bone resorption are critical factors that further promote cancer proliferation. In this review, we seek to highlight previous viewpoints on CaSR, discuss its role in a new context, and consider its potential clinical application in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tuffour
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | | | - Yao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Frank Addai Peprah
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
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Alharbi A, Zhang Y, Parrington J. Deciphering the Role of Ca 2+ Signalling in Cancer Metastasis: From the Bench to the Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E179. [PMID: 33430230 PMCID: PMC7825727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortalities. Metastasis is a complex, multi-process phenomenon, and a hallmark of cancer. Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous secondary messenger, and it has become evident that Ca2+ signalling plays a vital role in cancer. Ca2+ homeostasis is dysregulated in physiological processes related to tumour metastasis and progression-including cellular adhesion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, motility, and invasion. In this review, we looked at the role of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ signalling pathways in processes that contribute to metastasis at the local level and also their effects on cancer metastasis globally, as well as at underlying molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Spatiotemporal Ca2+ homeostasis, in terms of oscillations or waves, is crucial for hindering tumour progression and metastasis. They are a limited number of clinical trials investigating treating patients with advanced stages of various cancer types. Ca2+ signalling may serve as a novel hallmark of cancer due to the versatility of Ca2+ signals in cells, which suggests that the modulation of specific upstream/downstream targets may be a therapeutic approach to treat cancer, particularly in patients with metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
| | - John Parrington
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK;
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Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) in breast and prostate cancers: Preliminary results exploring the potential role of calcium receptors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224414. [PMID: 32931488 PMCID: PMC7491733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedures To preliminary assess the relationship between Manganese Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MEMRI) and the expression of calcium receptors in human prostate and breast cancer animal models. Methods NOD/SCID mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and prostate PC3 cancer cells to develop orthotopic or pseudometastatic cancer animal models. Mice were studied on a clinical 3T scanner by using a prototype birdcage coil before and after intravenous injection of MnCl2. Assessment of receptor’s status was carried out after the MR images acquisition by immunohistochemistry on excised tumours. Results Manganese contrast enhancement in breast or prostate cancer animal models well correlated with CaSR expression (p<0.01), whereas TRPV6 expression levels appeared not relevant to the Mn uptake. Conclusion Our preliminary results suggest that MEMRI appears an efficient tool to characterize human breast and prostate cancer animal models in the presence of different expression level of calcium receptors.
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11
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Bery F, Cancel M, Chantôme A, Guibon R, Bruyère F, Rozet F, Mahéo K, Fromont G. The Calcium-Sensing Receptor is A Marker and Potential Driver of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040860. [PMID: 32252342 PMCID: PMC7226072 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa) remain mostly uncharacterized. Since a deregulated calcium homeostasis has been reported in neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), we explored herein the link between NE differentiation and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). CaSR expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry-together with NE markers-on tissue microarrays containing samples of normal prostate, localized PCa, metastatic castration resistant PCa (MCRPC) and NEPC. In prostate tissues, we observed a strong association between CaSR and chromogranin expression. Both markers were strongly expressed in all cases of NEPC and co-expression was confirmed by double immunostaining. In MCRPC, the expression of CaSR was significantly associated with shorter overall survival. The involvement of CaSR in NE differentiation was evaluated in PCa cell lines. Inhibition of CaSR led to decrease the expression of neuronal (NSE, βtubulinIII) and NE (chromogranin, synaptophysin) markers in the NE PCa cell line NCI-H660. A decrease of neuronal and NE markers was also observed in siCaSR-transfected PC3 and 22RV1 cells, respectively, whereas CaSR activation increased both NSE and synaptophysin expression in PC3 cells. These results strongly suggest that CaSR is a marker and a driver of NE differentiation in PCa and emphasize the potential of CaSR directed therapy for NEPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Bery
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Mathilde Cancel
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Oncology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Chantôme
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Roseline Guibon
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Franck Bruyère
- Department of Urology, CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France;
| | - François Rozet
- Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Department of Urology, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Karine Mahéo
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Inserm N2C UMR1069 “Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer” Université de Tours, CEDEX 1, F-37032 Tours, France; (F.B.); (M.C.); (A.C.); (R.G.); (K.M.)
- Department of Pathology CHRU Bretonneau, CEDEX 9, F-37044 Tours, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-47-47-82-72
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12
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Dal Prà I, Armato U, Chiarini A. Family C G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Implications. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1282. [PMID: 31719824 PMCID: PMC6826475 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), particularly its sporadic or late-onset form (SAD/LOAD), is the most prevalent (96–98% of cases) neurodegenerative dementia in aged people. AD’s neuropathology hallmarks are intrabrain accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβs) and of hyperphosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) proteins, diffuse neuroinflammation, and progressive death of neurons and oligodendrocytes. Mounting evidences suggest that family C G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include γ-aminobutyric acid B receptors (GABABRs), metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1-8), and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), are involved in many neurotransmitter systems that dysfunction in AD. This review updates the available knowledge about the roles of GPCRs, particularly but not exclusively those expressed by brain astrocytes, in SAD/LOAD onset and progression, taking stock of their respective mechanisms of action and of their potential as anti-AD therapeutic targets. In particular, GABABRs prevent Aβs synthesis and neuronal hyperexcitability and group I mGluRs play important pathogenetic roles in transgenic AD-model animals. Moreover, the specific binding of Aβs to the CaSRs of human cortical astrocytes and neurons cultured in vitro engenders a pathological signaling that crucially promotes the surplus synthesis and release of Aβs and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins, and also of nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and proinflammatory agents. Concurrently, Aβs•CaSR signaling hinders the release of soluble (s)APP-α peptide, a neurotrophic agent and GABABR1a agonist. Altogether these effects progressively kill human cortical neurons in vitro and likely also in vivo. Several CaSR’s negative allosteric modulators suppress all the noxious effects elicited by Aβs•CaSR signaling in human cortical astrocytes and neurons thus safeguarding neurons’ viability in vitro and raising hopes about their potential therapeutic benefits in AD patients. Further basic and clinical investigations on these hot topics are needed taking always heed that activation of the several brain family C GPCRs may elicit divergent upshots according to the models studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dal Prà
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Armato
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Chiarini
- Human Histology and Embryology Unit, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
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13
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Capiod T, Barry Delongchamps N, Pigat N, Souberbielle JC, Goffin V. Do dietary calcium and vitamin D matter in men with prostate cancer? Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:453-461. [PMID: 29765146 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) is an attractive alternative to immediate treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Thus, the identification of environmental factors that promote the progression of indolent disease towards aggressive stages is critical to optimize clinical management. Epidemiological studies suggest that calcium-rich diets contribute to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and that vitamin D reduces this risk. However, the potential effect of these nutrients on the progression of early-stage prostate tumours is uncertain, as studies in this setting are scarce and have not provided unambiguous conclusions. By contrast, the results of a preclinical study from our own group demonstrate that a diet high in calcium dose-dependently accelerated the progression of early-stage prostate tumours and that dietary vitamin D prevented this effect. The extent to which the conclusions of preclinical and epidemiological studies support a role for calcium and vitamin D and the relevance of monitoring and adjustment of calcium and/or vitamin D intake in patients on AS require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Capiod
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barry Delongchamps
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Urology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Physiology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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14
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Hannan FM, Kallay E, Chang W, Brandi ML, Thakker RV. The calcium-sensing receptor in physiology and in calcitropic and noncalcitropic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2018; 15:33-51. [PMID: 30443043 PMCID: PMC6535143 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a dimeric family C G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed in calcitropic tissues such as the parathyroid glands and the kidneys and signals via G proteins and β-arrestin. The CaSR has a pivotal role in bone and mineral metabolism, as it regulates parathyroid hormone secretion, urinary Ca2+ excretion, skeletal development and lactation. The importance of the CaSR for these calcitropic processes is highlighted by loss-of-function and gain-of-function CaSR mutations that cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia, respectively, and also by the fact that alterations in parathyroid CaSR expression contribute to the pathogenesis of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Moreover, the CaSR is an established therapeutic target for hyperparathyroid disorders. The CaSR is also expressed in organs not involved in Ca2+ homeostasis: it has noncalcitropic roles in lung and neuronal development, vascular tone, gastrointestinal nutrient sensing, wound healing and secretion of insulin and enteroendocrine hormones. Furthermore, the abnormal expression or function of the CaSR is implicated in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, as well as in asthma, and the CaSR is reported to protect against colorectal cancer and neuroblastoma but increase the malignant potential of prostate and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadil M Hannan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Iamartino L, Elajnaf T, Kallay E, Schepelmann M. Calcium-sensing receptor in colorectal inflammation and cancer: Current insights and future perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4119-4131. [PMID: 30271078 PMCID: PMC6158479 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is best known for its action in the parathyroid gland and kidneys where it controls body calcium homeostasis. However, the CaSR has different roles in the gastrointestinal tract, where it is ubiquitously expressed. In the colon, the CaSR is involved in controlling multiple mechanisms, including fluid transport, inflammation, cell proliferation and differentiation. Although the expression pattern and functions of the CaSR in the colonic microenvironment are far from being completely understood, evidence has been accumulating that the CaSR might play a protective role against both colonic inflammation and colorectal cancer. For example, CaSR agonists such as dipeptides have been suggested to reduce colonic inflammation, while dietary calcium was shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. CaSR expression is lost in colonic malignancies, indicating that the CaSR is a biomarker for colonic cancer progression. This dual anti-inflammatory and anti-tumourigenic role of the CaSR makes it especially interesting in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. In this review, we describe the clinical and experimental evidence for the role of the CaSR in colonic inflammation and colorectal cancer, the intracellular signalling pathways which are putatively involved in these actions, and the possibilities to exploit these actions of the CaSR for future therapies of colonic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Iamartino
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Taha Elajnaf
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Martin Schepelmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
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16
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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17
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Campos-Verdes LM, Costa-Silva DR, da Silva-Sampaio JP, Barros-Oliveira MDC, Escórcio-Dourado CS, Martins LM, Sampaio FA, Revoredo C, Alves-Ribeiro FA, da Silva BB. Review of Polymorphism of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:1-7. [PMID: 29504802 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1430817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR or CaR) has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. This receptor plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, and has also been detected in several tissues that are unrelated to calcium metabolism, such as the skin, brain, and breast. The calcium-sensing receptor on cellular level, it regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, cell death, and gene expression. In breast cancer cells, CaSR seems to stimulate secretion of the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which stimulates cellular proliferation. Likewise, some studies have supported not only an association between calcium receptor gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk, but also a higher aggressiveness and unfavorable outcomes in breast cancer, which led us to make a survey in Pubmed on the subject in the last 10 years. Thus, in the literature there is a paucity of studies on the subject and the aim of this review was to show the role of calcium-sensing receptor and its association with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysse Maira Campos-Verdes
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil
| | - Danylo Rafhael Costa-Silva
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - João Paulo da Silva-Sampaio
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil
| | | | - Carla Solange Escórcio-Dourado
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Luana Mota Martins
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Fabiane Araújo Sampaio
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Camila Revoredo
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Francisco Adelton Alves-Ribeiro
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Benedito Borges da Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil.,b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
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18
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Frees S, Breuksch I, Haber T, Bauer HK, Chavez-Munoz C, Raven P, Moskalev I, D Costa N, Tan Z, Daugaard M, Thüroff JW, Haferkamp A, Prawitt D, So A, Brenner W. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) promotes development of bone metastasis in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:15766-15779. [PMID: 29644008 PMCID: PMC5884663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is an important prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has been associated with bone metastasis in several different malignancies. We analyzed the impact of CaSR in bone metastasis in RCC in vitro and in vivo. The RCC cell line 786-O was stably transfected with the CaSR gene and treated with calcium alone or in combination with the CaSR antagonist NPS2143. Afterwards migration, adhesion, proliferation and prominent signaling molecules were analyzed. Calcium treated CaSR-transfected 768-O cells showed an increased adhesion to endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and collagen I, but not to collagen IV. The chemotactic cell migration and proliferation was also induced by calcium. The activity of SHC, AKT, ERK, P90RSK and JNK were enhanced after calcium treatment of CaSR-transfected cells. These effects were abolished by NPS2143. Development of bone metastasis was evaluated in vivo in a mouse model. Intracardiac injection of CaSR-transfected 768-O cells showed an increased rate of bone metastasis. The results indicate CaSR as an important component in the mechanism of bone metastasis in RCC. Therefore, targeting CaSR might be beneficial in patients with bone metastatic RCC with a high CaSR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Frees
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ines Breuksch
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Haber
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heide-Katharina Bauer
- Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Chavez-Munoz
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Raven
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Igor Moskalev
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ninadh D Costa
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joachim W Thüroff
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Current address: Department of Urology, University Clinic Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Prawitt
- Department of Pediatrics, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alan So
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Prostate Centre, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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19
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Tajbakhsh A, Pasdar A, Rezaee M, Fazeli M, Soleimanpour S, Hassanian SM, FarshchiyanYazdi Z, Younesi Rad T, Ferns GA, Avan A. The current status and perspectives regarding the clinical implication of intracellular calcium in breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5623-5641. [PMID: 29150934 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+ ) act as second messengers in intracellular signaling. Ca2+ pumps, channels, sensors, and calcium binding proteins, regulate the concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ as a key regulator of important cellular processes such as gene expression, proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair, apoptosis, metastasis, and hormone secretion. Intracellular Ca2+ also influences the functions of several organelles, that include: the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi, and cell membrane both in normal and breast cancer cells. In breast cancer, the disruption of intracellular: Ca2+ homeostasis may cause tumor progression by affecting key factors/pathways including phospholipase C (PLC), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), calmodulin (CaM), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), calpain, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1), estrogen, and estrogen receptor. Because the foregoing molecules play crucial roles in breast cancer, the factors/pathways influencing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are putative targets for cancer treatment, using drugs such as Mephebrindole, Tilapia piscidin 4, Nifetepimine, Paricalcitol, and Prednisolone. We have explored the factors/pathways which are related to breast cancer and Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling in this review, and also discussed their potential as biomarkers for breast cancer staging, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.,Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fazeli
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra FarshchiyanYazdi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tayebe Younesi Rad
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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20
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Yang Y, Wang B. PTH1R-CaSR Cross Talk: New Treatment Options for Breast Cancer Osteolytic Bone Metastases. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:7120979. [PMID: 30151009 PMCID: PMC6087585 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7120979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (BrCa) is currently incurable despite great improvements in treatment of primary BrCa. The incidence of skeletal metastases in advanced BrCa occurs up to 70%. Recent findings have established that the distribution of BrCa metastases to the skeleton is not a random process but due to the favorable microenvironment for tumor invasion and growth. The complex interplay among BrCa cells, stromal/osteoblastic cells, and osteoclasts in the osseous microenvironment creates a bone-tumor vicious cycle (a feed-forward loop) that results in excessive bone destruction and progressive tumor growth. Both the type 1 PTH receptor (PTH1R) and extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) participate in the vicious cycle and influence the skeletal metastatic niche. Thus, this review focuses on how the PTH1R and CaSR signaling pathways interact and contribute to the pathogenesis of BrCa bone metastases. The effects of intermittent PTH and allosteric modulators of CaSR for the use of bone-anabolic agents and prevention of BrCa bone metastases constitute a proof of principle for therapeutic consideration. Understanding the interplay between PTH1R and CaSR signaling in the development of BrCa bone metastases could lead to a novel therapeutic approach to control both osteolysis and tumor burden in the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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21
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Diodati L, Carpi A. Recent Advances in Comprehending the Signaling Pathways Involved in the Progression of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2321. [PMID: 29099748 PMCID: PMC5713290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in the comprehension of signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression. Calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), caveolae signaling, signaling referred to hypoxia-inducing factors and disturbances in the apoptotic machinery are related to more general biological mechanisms and are considered first. The others refer to signaling pathways of more specific biological mechanisms, namely the heparin/heparin-sulfate interactome, over-expression of miRNA-378a-5p, restriction of luminal and basal epithelial cells, fatty-acid synthesis, molecular pathways related to epithelial to mesenchimal transition (EMT), HER-2/neu gene amplification and protein expression, and the expression of other members of the epithelial growth factor receptor family. This progress in basic research is fundamental to foster the ongoing efforts that use the new genotyping technologies, and aim at defining new prognostic and predictive biomarkers for a better personalized management of breast cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Diodati
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Angelo Carpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Wen L, Shi X, He L, Lu Y, Han D. Manganese-enhanced MRI for the detection of metastatic potential in colorectal cancer. Eur Radiol Exp 2017; 1:21. [PMID: 29708197 PMCID: PMC5909354 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-017-0024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To study manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) appearance and its relation to metastatic potential in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods CRC cells SW620, HCT116, LoVo, SW480, DLD-1, HCT15, Caco-2 and their normal counterpart CCD841 CoN were chosen, based on differential aggressiveness, to undergo Western blot analysis for assessment of MnSOD expression, reported as proportion of readings to internal reference (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase). Based on the results of the invasion assay, HCT15, DLD-1, LoVo and SW620 cells and corresponding xenografts underwent MEMRI. The differences of average T1-value shortening were compared. Results MnSOD expression in SW620, HCT116, LoVo, SW480, DLD-1, HCT15, Caco-2 and CCD841 CoN cells (0.255 ± 0.018 (mean ± standard deviation), 0.289 ± 0.028, 0.438 ± 0.028, 0.337 ± 0.025, 0.777 ± 0.031, 1.045 ± 0.038, 0.163 ± 0.035 and 0.185 ± 0.038, respectively) was not correlated with Invasion Index (22.6 ± 0.7, 17.0 ± 0.6, 20.9 ± 0.6, 9.7 ± 0.4, 7.5 ± 0.3, 8.3 ± 0.2, 12.6 ± 0.5 and 0) (r = − 0.204, p = 0.627). In highly aggressive cells (SW620, LoVo), T1 shortening (289.33 ± 0.57, 268.45 ± 6.87 ms, respectively) was greater than that in lower counterparts (148.68 ± 3.99 ms in DLD-1, 128.60 ± 1.96 in HCT15) (p < 0.001). Both 5- and 10-mm group SW620 and/or LoVo tumours showed greater T1 shortening (≥600 ms) than DLD-1 and HCT15 (≤350 ms) (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.010). Conclusions MEMRI has the potential to noninvasively distinguish different metastatic potential CRCs. However, the MnSOD expression is not correlated to malignant potential in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wen
- 1Radiology department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming city, Yunnan province 650000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinan Shi
- 2Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping He
- 2Kunming Medical University, Kunming City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lu
- 1Radiology department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming city, Yunnan province 650000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Han
- 1Radiology department , The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming city, Yunnan province 650000 People's Republic of China
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Bianchi A, Gobbo OL, Dufort S, Sancey L, Lux F, Tillement O, Coll JL, Crémillieux Y. Orotracheal manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI): An effective approach for lung tumor detection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3790. [PMID: 28857310 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a primary cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Timely detection of this pathology is necessary to delay or interrupt lung cancer progression, ultimately resulting in a possible better prognosis for the patient. In this context, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is especially promising. Ultra-short echo time (UTE) MRI sequences, in combination with gadolinium-based contrast agents, have indeed shown to be especially adapted to the detection of lung neoplastic lesions at submillimeter precision. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) increasingly appears to be a possible effective alternative to gadolinium-enhanced MRI. In this work, we investigated whether low-dose MEMRI can effectively target non-small-cell lung cancer in rodents, whilst minimizing the potential toxic effect of manganese. Both systemic and orotracheal administration modalities allowed the identification of tumors of submillimeter size, as confirmed by bioluminescence imaging and histology. Equivalent tumor signal enhancements and contrast-to-noise ratios were observed with orotracheal administration using 20 times lower doses compared with the more conventional systemic route. This finding is of crucial importance as it supports the observation that higher performances of contrast agents can be obtained using an orotracheal administration route when targeting lung diseases. As a consequence, lower concentrations of contrast media can be employed, reducing the dose and potential safety issues. The non-detectable accumulation of ionic manganese in the brain and liver following orotracheal administration observed in vivo is extremely encouraging with regard to the safety of the orotracheal protocol with low-dose Mn2+ administration. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a study has clearly allowed the high-precision detection of lung tumor and its contours via the synergic employment of a strongly T1 -weighted MRI UTE sequence and ionic manganese, an inexpensive contrast agent. Overall, these results support the growing interest in drug and contrast agent delivery via the airways to target and diagnose several diseases of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bianchi
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques,CNRS UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Oliviero L Gobbo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandrine Dufort
- Nano-H S.A.S, Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Sancey
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumiére Matiére, Lyon, France
| | - François Lux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumiére Matiére, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Tillement
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumiére Matiére, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coll
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques,CNRS UMR 5536, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Huang P, Lan M, Peng AF, Yu QF, Chen WZ, Liu ZL, Liu JM, Huang SH. Serum calcium, alkaline phosphotase and hemoglobin as risk factors for bone metastases in bladder cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183835. [PMID: 28902911 PMCID: PMC5597169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of bone metastases is helpful for the treatment of bladder cancer (BC). In this study, we investigated the potential risk factors for bone metastasis in newly diagnosed patients with BC. A total of 902 patients diagnosed with BC between January 2000 and August 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Of these patient, 50 (5.5%) were identified with bone metastasis. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium were significantly higher in patients with bone metastases than those without bone metastases (P = 0.015 and P<0.001). And the concentration of hemoglobin (HB) was significant lower in bone metastatic patients compared with non bone metastatic patients (P = 0.009). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that ALP, HB and calcium were independent risk factors for bone metastases in patients with BC. The cut off values of ALP, HB and calcium were 116 U/L, 37.5g/L and 2.54 mmol/L according to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis. And combined ALP, HB with calcium had the highest diagnostic accuracy for predicting bone metastases in BC patients (AUC = 0.760, P<0.001). Therefore, for newly diagnosed patients with BC, the concentrations of ALP >116 U/L, HB <37.5 g/Land calcium >2.54 mmol/L were the risk factors for developing bone metastases. Combined ALP, HB with calcium was more useful to diagnose the bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Department of Nutrition, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Min Lan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Fen Peng
- School of Humanities, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Fu Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zhao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JML); (SHH)
| | - Shan-Hu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JML); (SHH)
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25
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D'Oronzo S, Brown J, Coleman R. The role of biomarkers in the management of bone-homing malignancies. J Bone Oncol 2017; 9:1-9. [PMID: 28948139 PMCID: PMC5602513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone represents a common site of metastasis from several solid tumours, including breast, prostate and lung malignancies. The onset of bone metastases (BM) is associated not only with serious skeletal complications, but also shortened overall survival, owing to the lack of curative treatment options for late-stage cancer. Despite the diagnostic advances, BM detection often occurs in the symptomatic stage, underlining the need for novel strategies aimed at the early identification of high-risk patients. To this purpose, both bone turnover and tumour-derived markers are being investigated for their potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive roles. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of BM in breast, prostate and lung tumours, while exploring the current research focused on the identification and clinical validation of BM biomarkers.
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Key Words
- 1CTP, cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen
- BALP, bone specific alkaline phosphatase
- BC, breast cancer
- BM, bone metastases
- BMDC, bone marrow derived cells
- BMPs, bone morphogenetic proteins
- BSP, bone sialoprotein
- BTA, bone-targeting agents
- BTM, bone turnover markers
- Biomarkers
- Bone metastasis
- Bone turnover markers
- Breast cancer
- CAPG, macrophage-capping protein
- CCL2, chemokine C-C ligand 2
- CTC, circulating tumour cells
- CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine ligand
- CXCR, C–X–C motif chemokine receptor
- CaSR, calcium sensing receptor
- DPD, deoxypyridinoline
- DTC, disseminated tumour cells
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- GIPC1, PDZ domain–containing protein member 1
- HR, hormone receptor
- Her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
- IGF, insulin-like growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1R, IL-1 receptor
- LC, lung cancer
- Lung cancer
- M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor
- MAF, v-maf avian musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog
- NSCLC, non-small cell LC
- NTX and CTX, N- and C- telopeptides of type 1 collagen
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- P1NP and P1CP, N and C terminal pro-peptides of type 1 collagen
- PC, prostate cancer
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFRα, PDGF receptor α
- PSA, prostate specific antigen
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PTH-rP, PTH related protein
- PYD, pyridinoline
- PlGF, placental growth factor
- Prostate cancer
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kB
- RANK-L, RANK-ligand
- SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor 1
- SREs, skeletal related events
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- TRACP-5b, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b
- TRAF3, TNF receptor associated factor 3
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZNF217, zinc-finger protein 217
- miRNA, micro RNA
- sBALP, serum BALP
- shRNA, short hairpin RNA
- uNTX, urinary NTX
- β-CTX, CTX β isomer
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella D'Oronzo
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
| | - Janet Brown
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
| | - Robert Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, University of Sheffield, Whitham Road, Sheffield S10 2S, England, UK
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26
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Klimov S, Rida PC, Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Ellis IO, Janssen EA, Rakha EA, Aneja R. Novel immunohistochemistry-based signatures to predict metastatic site of triple-negative breast cancers. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:826-834. [PMID: 28720841 PMCID: PMC5589983 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although distant metastasis (DM) in breast cancer (BC) is the most lethal form of recurrence and the most common underlying cause of cancer related deaths, the outcome following the development of DM is related to the site of metastasis. Triple negative BC (TNBC) is an aggressive form of BC characterised by early recurrences and high mortality. Athough multiple variables can be used to predict the risk of metastasis, few markers can predict the specific site of metastasis. This study aimed at identifying a biomarker signature to predict particular sites of DM in TNBC. METHODS A clinically annotated series of 322 TNBC were immunohistochemically stained with 133 biomarkers relevant to BC, to develop multibiomarker models for predicting metastasis to the bone, liver, lung and brain. Patients who experienced metastasis to each site were compared with those who did not, by gradually filtering the biomarker set via a two-tailed t-test and Cox univariate analyses. Biomarker combinations were finally ranked based on statistical significance, and evaluated in multivariable analyses. RESULTS Our final models were able to stratify TNBC patients into high risk groups that showed over 5, 6, 7 and 8 times higher risk of developing metastasis to the bone, liver, lung and brain, respectively, than low-risk subgroups. These models for predicting site-specific metastasis retained significance following adjustment for tumour size, patient age and chemotherapy status. CONCLUSIONS Our novel IHC-based biomarkers signatures, when assessed in primary TNBC tumours, enable prediction of specific sites of metastasis, and potentially unravel biomarkers previously unknown in site tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Klimov
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | | | - Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Emiel Am Janssen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger N-4011, Norway
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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27
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D'Oronzo S, Brown J, Coleman R. The value of biomarkers in bone metastasis. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2017; 26. [DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stella D'Oronzo
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology; Weston Park Hospital; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Janet Brown
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology; Weston Park Hospital; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - Robert Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology; Weston Park Hospital; University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
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28
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Ward BK, Rea SL, Magno AL, Pedersen B, Brown SJ, Mullin S, Arulpragasam A, Ingley E, Conigrave AD, Ratajczak T. The endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein, OS-9, behaves as a lectin in targeting the immature calcium-sensing receptor. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:38-56. [PMID: 28419469 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the processing and quality control of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are largely unknown. In a yeast two-hybrid screen of the CaSR C-terminal tail (residues 865-1078), we identified osteosarcoma-9 (OS-9) protein as a binding partner. OS-9 is an ER-resident lectin that targets misfolded glycoproteins to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway through recognition of specific N-glycans by its mannose-6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain. We show by confocal microscopy that the CaSR and OS-9 co-localize in the ER in COS-1 cells. In immunoprecipitation studies with co-expressed OS-9 and CaSR, OS-9 specifically bound the immature form of wild-type CaSR in the ER. OS-9 also bound the immature forms of a CaSR C-terminal deletion mutant and a C677A mutant that remains trapped in the ER, although binding to neither mutant was favored over wild-type receptor. OS-9 binding to immature CaSR required the MRH domain of OS-9 indicating that OS-9 acts as a lectin most likely to target misfolded CaSR to ERAD. Our results also identify two distinct binding interactions between OS-9 and the CaSR, one involving both C-terminal domains of the two proteins and the other involving both N-terminal domains. This suggests the possibility of more than one functional interaction between OS-9 and the CaSR. When we investigated the functional consequences of altered OS-9 expression, neither knockdown nor overexpression of OS-9 was found to have a significant effect on CaSR cell surface expression or CaSR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Ward
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah L Rea
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aaron L Magno
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bernadette Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Brown
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shelby Mullin
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ajanthy Arulpragasam
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Evan Ingley
- Cell Signalling Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Ratajczak
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Laboratory for Molecular Endocrinology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and the Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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29
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Boudot C, Hénaut L, Thiem U, Geraci S, Galante M, Saldanha P, Saidak Z, Six I, Clézardin P, Kamel S, Mentaverri R. Overexpression of a functional calcium-sensing receptor dramatically increases osteolytic potential of MDA-MB-231 cells in a mouse model of bone metastasis through epiregulin-mediated osteoprotegerin downregulation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56460-56472. [PMID: 28915604 PMCID: PMC5593575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction and Aims Osteolytic bone metastases are observed in advanced cases of breast cancer. In vitro data suggest that the activity of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) expressed by metastatic cells could potentiate their osteolytic potential. This study aimed to demonstrate in vivo the involvement of the CaSR in breast cancer cells osteolytic potential and to identify potential targets linked to CaSR activity. Methods and Results MDA-MB-231 stably transfected with plasmids containing either a full-length wild-type CaSR (CaSR-WT), or a functionally inactive dominant negative mutant (CaSR-DN) or an empty vector (EV) were intratibially injected into Balb/c-Nude mice. X-ray analysis performed 19 days after injection showed a dramatic increase of osteolytic lesions in mice injected with CaSR-WT-transfected cells as compared to mice injected with EV- or CaSR-DN-transfected cells. This was associated with decreased BV/TV ratio and increased tumor burden. Epiregulin, an EGF-like ligand, was identified by a DNA microarray as a possible candidate involved in CaSR-mediated osteolysis. Indeed, in vitro, CaSR overexpression increased both epiregulin expression and secretion as compared to EV- or CaSR-DN-transfected cells. Increased epiregulin expression was also detected in osteolytic bone lesions from mice injected with CaSR-WT-transfected MDA-MB-231. In vitro, exposure of osteoblastic cells (HOB and SaOS2) to exogenous epiregulin significantly decreased OPG mRNA expression. Exposure of osteoblastic cells to conditioned media prepared from CaSR-WT-transfected cells also decreased OPG expression. This effect was partially blocked after addition of an anti-epiregulin antibody. Conclusions Overexpression of a functional CaSR in metastatic breast cancer cells dramatically amplifies their osteolytic potential through epiregulin-mediated OPG downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Boudot
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Lucie Hénaut
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Ursula Thiem
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Mariangela Galante
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Paulo Saldanha
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Zuzana Saidak
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Isabelle Six
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Said Kamel
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- Inserm U1088, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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30
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Hernández-Bedolla MA, González-Domínguez E, Zavala-Barrera C, Gutiérrez-López TY, Hidalgo-Moyle JJ, Vázquez-Prado J, Sánchez-Torres C, Reyes-Cruz G. Calcium-sensing-receptor (CaSR) controls IL-6 secretion in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by a dual mechanism revealed by agonist and inverse-agonist modulators. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 436:159-68. [PMID: 27477783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
IL-6 is a tightly controlled pleiotropic cytokine with hormone-like properties whose levels are frequently altered in cancer and inflammatory diseases. In highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, basal activity of endogenously expressed calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) promotes IL-6 secretion. Interestingly, upon agonist stimulation, CaSR reduces IL-6 levels whereas it promotes secretion of various other cytokines and growth factors, raising intriguing questions about how CaSR signaling modulates IL-6 secretion. Here, using NPS-2143, which acted as an inverse agonist, we show that IL-6 secretion promoted by constitutive activity of CaSR is mechanistically linked to Gαs/PKC, MEK1/2 and mTORC1 signaling pathways, integrated by transactivated EGFR. On the other hand, agonist-stimulated CaSR engages in a Rab11a-dependent trafficking pathway critical to inhibit constitutive IL-6 secretion via the PI3K/AKT and PKC signaling pathways. These results support the emerging potential of CaSR as a therapeutic target in metastatic breast cancer whose pharmacological modulation would reduce IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Hernández-Bedolla
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Erika González-Domínguez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Cesar Zavala-Barrera
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Tania Yareli Gutiérrez-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Joseline Janai Hidalgo-Moyle
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - José Vázquez-Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado postal 14-740, México, D.F., 07360, Mexico.
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Kim W, Wysolmerski JJ. Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Breast Physiology and Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:440. [PMID: 27746743 PMCID: PMC5043011 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in normal breast epithelial cells and in breast cancer cells. During lactation, activation of the CaSR in mammary epithelial cells increases calcium transport into milk and inhibits parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion into milk and into the circulation. The ability to sense changes in extracellular calcium allows the lactating breast to actively participate in the regulation of systemic calcium and bone metabolism, and to coordinate calcium usage with calcium availability during milk production. Interestingly, as compared to normal breast cells, in breast cancer cells, the regulation of PTHrP secretion by the CaSR becomes rewired due to a switch in its G-protein usage such that activation of the CaSR increases instead of decreases PTHrP production. In normal cells the CaSR couples to Gαi to inhibit cAMP and PTHrP production, whereas in breast cancer cells, it couples to Gαs to stimulate cAMP and PTHrP production. Activation of the CaSR on breast cancer cells regulates breast cancer cell proliferation, death and migration, in part, by stimulating PTHrP production. In this article, we discuss the biology of the CaSR in the normal breast and in breast cancer, and review recent findings suggesting that the CaSR activates a nuclear pathway of PTHrP action that stimulates cellular proliferation and inhibits cell death, helping cancer cells adapt to elevated extracellular calcium levels. Understanding the diverse actions mediated by the CaSR may help us better understand lactation physiology, breast cancer progression and osteolytic bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonnam Kim
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - John J Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
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Kim W, Takyar FM, Swan K, Jeong J, VanHouten J, Sullivan C, Dann P, Yu H, Fiaschi-Taesch N, Chang W, Wysolmerski J. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Promotes Breast Cancer by Stimulating Intracrine Actions of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5348-60. [PMID: 27450451 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) contributes to the development and metastatic progression of breast cancer by promoting hypercalcemia, tumor growth, and osteolytic bone metastases, but it is not known how PTHrP is upregulated in breast tumors. Here we report a central role in this process for the calcium-sensing receptor, CaSR, which enables cellular responses to changes in extracellular calcium, through studies of CaSR-PTHrP interactions in the MMTV-PymT transgenic mouse model of breast cancer and in human breast cancer cells. CaSR activation stimulated PTHrP production by breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Tissue-specific disruption of the casr gene in mammary epithelial cells in MMTV-PymT mice reduced tumor PTHrP expression and inhibited tumor cell proliferation and tumor outgrowth. CaSR signaling promoted the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and tumor cells cultured from MMTV-PyMT mice. Further, CaSR activation inhibited cell death triggered by high extracellular concentrations of calcium. The actions of the CaSR appeared to be mediated by nuclear actions of PTHrP that decreased p27(kip1) levels and prevented nuclear accumulation of the proapoptotic factor apoptosis inducing factor. Taken together, our findings suggest that CaSR-PTHrP interactions might be a promising target for the development of therapeutic agents to limit tumor cell growth in bone metastases and in other microenvironments in which elevated calcium and/or PTHrP levels contribute to breast cancer progression. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5348-60. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonnam Kim
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Farzin M Takyar
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Karena Swan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Joshua VanHouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Catherine Sullivan
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut
| | - Herbert Yu
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Nathalie Fiaschi-Taesch
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco and Veteran Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut.
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Chen SC, Kuo PL. Bone Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060987. [PMID: 27338367 PMCID: PMC4926516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-third of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have bone metastasis that are often osteolytic and cause substantial morbidity, such as pain, pathologic fracture, spinal cord compression and hypercalcemia. The presence of bone metastasis in RCC is also associated with poor prognosis. Bone-targeted treatment using bisphosphonate and denosumab can reduce skeletal complications in RCC, but does not cure the disease or improve survival. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of tumor-induced changes in the bone microenvironment is needed to develop effective treatment. The “vicious cycle” hypothesis has been used to describe how tumor cells interact with the bone microenvironment to drive bone destruction and tumor growth. Tumor cells secrete factors like parathyroid hormone-related peptide, transforming growth factor-β and vascular endothelial growth factor, which stimulate osteoblasts and increase the production of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). In turn, the overexpression of RANKL leads to increased osteoclast formation, activation and survival, thereby enhancing bone resorption. This review presents a general survey on bone metastasis in RCC by natural history, interaction among the immune system, bone and tumor, molecular mechanisms, bone turnover markers, therapies and healthcare burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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The calcium-sensing receptor and the hallmarks of cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ahearn TU, Tchrakian N, Wilson KM, Lis R, Nuttall E, Sesso HD, Loda M, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA, Finn S, Shui IM. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Tumor Expression and Lethal Prostate Cancer Progression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:2520-7. [PMID: 27115058 PMCID: PMC4891799 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prostate cancer metastases preferentially target bone, and the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) may play a role in promoting this metastatic progression. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of prostate tumor CaSR expression with lethal prostate cancer. DESIGN A validated CaSR immunohistochemistry assay was performed on tumor tissue microarrays. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and phosphatase and tensin homolog tumor status were previously assessed in a subset of cases by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age and body mass index at diagnosis, Gleason grade, and pathological tumor node metastasis stage were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of CaSR expression with lethal prostate cancer. SETTING The investigation was conducted in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Physicians' Health Study. PARTICIPANTS We studied 1241 incident prostate cancer cases diagnosed between 1983 and 2009. MAIN OUTCOME Participants were followed up or cancer-specific mortality or development of metastatic disease. RESULTS On average, men were followed up 13.6 years, during which there were 83 lethal events. High CaSR expression was associated with lethal prostate cancer independent of clinical and pathological variables (HR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3). Additionally, there was evidence of effect modification by VDR expression; CaSR was associated with lethal progression among men with low tumor VDR expression (HR 3.2; 95% CI 1.4-7.3) but not in cases with high tumor VDR expression (HR 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-3.0). CONCLUSIONS Tumor CaSR expression is associated with an increased risk of lethal prostate cancer, particularly in tumors with low VDR expression. These results support further investigating the mechanism linking CaSR with metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas U Ahearn
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Nairi Tchrakian
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Rosina Lis
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Elizabeth Nuttall
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Massimo Loda
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Stephen Finn
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Irene M Shui
- Departments of Epidemiology (T.U.A., K.M.W., E.N., H.D.S., E.G., L.A.M., I.M.S.) and Department of Nutrition (E.G.), Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Medical Oncology (R.L., M.L.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Divisions of Preventive Medicine (H.D.S.), and Channing Division of Network Medicine (K.M.W., E.G., L.A.M.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Histopathology Research (N.T., S.F.), Trinity College, Dublin 8, Ireland; and Public Health Sciences Division (I.M.S.), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Urtatiz O, Van Raamsdonk CD. Gnaq and Gna11 in the Endothelin Signaling Pathway and Melanoma. Front Genet 2016; 7:59. [PMID: 27148356 PMCID: PMC4837292 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we first briefly outline the function of G protein coupled receptors in cancer, and then specifically examine the roles of the seven transmembrane G protein coupled Endothelin B receptor (Ednrb) and the G proteins, GNAQ and GNA11, in both melanocyte development and melanoma. Ednrb plays an essential role in melanocyte development. GNAQ and GNA11 are oncogenes when mutated in certain types of melanocytic lesions, being extremely frequent in uveal melanoma, which forms from melanocytes located in the eye. Previously, we reported that in mice, Schwann cell precursor derived melanocytes colonize the dermis and hair follicles, while the inter-follicular epidermis is populated by other melanocytes. A pattern has emerged whereby melanocytes whose activities are affected by gain-of-function mutations of the Endothelin 3 ligand and Gαq/11 are the same subset that arise from Schwann cell precursors. Furthermore, the forced expression of the constitutively active human GNAQQ209L oncogene in mouse melanocytes only causes hyper-proliferation in the subset that arise from Schwann cell precursors. This has led us to hypothesize that in Schwann cell precursor derived melanocytes, Ednrb signals through Gαq/11. Ednrb is promiscuous and may signal through other G protein alpha subunits in melanomas located in the inter-follicular epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Urtatiz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Gianolio E, Arena F, Di Gregorio E, Pagliarin R, Delbianco M, Baio G, Aime S. MEMRI and tumors: a method for the evaluation of the contribution of Mn(II) ions in the extracellular compartment. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1104-1110. [PMID: 26174622 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to set-up a simple method to evaluate the contribution of Mn(2+) ions in the intra- and extracellular tumor compartments in a MEMRI experiment. This task has been tackled by "silencing" the relaxation enhancement arising from Mn(2+) ions in the extracellular space. In vitro relaxometric measurements allowed assessment of the sequestering activity of DO2A (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diacetic acid) towards Mn(2+) ions, as the addition of Ca-DO2A to a solution of MnCl2 causes a drop of relaxivity upon the formation of the highly stable and low-relaxivity Mn-DO2A. It has been proved that the sequestering ability of DO2A towards Mn(2+) ions is also fully effective in the presence of serum albumin. Moreover, it has been shown that Mn-DO2A does not enter cell membranes, nor does the presence of Ca-DO2A in the extracellular space prompt migration of Mn ions from the intracellular compartment. On this basis the in vivo, instantaneous, drop in SE% (percent signal enhancement) in T1 -weighted images is taken as evidence of the sequestration of extracellular Mn(2+) ions upon addition of Ca-DO2A. By applying the method to B16F10 tumor bearing mice, T1 decrease is readily detected in the tumor region, whereas a negligible change in SE% is observed in kidneys, liver and muscle. The relaxometric MRI results have been validated by ICP-MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences & Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Arena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences & Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Enza Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences & Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriella Baio
- Diagnostic Imaging and Senology Unit, National Cancer Institute - IST, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IRCCS, Genova, Italy
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences & Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Winczura P, Sosińska-Mielcarek K, Duchnowska R, Badzio A, Lakomy J, Majewska H, Pęksa R, Pieczyńska B, Radecka B, Dębska-Szmich S, Adamowicz K, Biernat W, Jassem J. Immunohistochemical Predictors of Bone Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 21:1229-36. [PMID: 26062800 PMCID: PMC4550640 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-9957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bones are the most common metastatic site of relapse in breast cancer patients and the prediction of bone metastases (BM) risk might prompt developing preventive and therapeutic strategies. The aim of the study was to correlate imumohistochemical (IHC) expression of selected proteins in primary breast cancer with the occurrence of BM. We analyzed expression of proteins potentially associated with BM in primary tumors of 184 patients with metastatic breast cancer (113 with- and 71 without BM). Expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in primary tumor was more common in patients with- compared to those without BM (74 vs. 45 % respectively, p = 0.0001), whereas in this subset less common was expression of parathyroid hormone related protein receptor type 1 (16 vs. 34 %, respectively, p = 0.007) and cytoplasmic expression of osteopontin (OPNcyt; 1.9 vs. 14 %, respectively, p = 0.002). The relationship between expression of ER and OPNcyt and the occurrence of BM was confirmed in the multivariate analysis. The ER-positive/OPNcyt negative phenotype was significantly more common in patients with- compared to those without BM (75 and 25 %, p < 0.0001, respectively; HR 1.79, p = 0.013). Luminal A (43 vs. 23 % respectively, p = 0.009) and luminal B/HER2-positive (16 vs. 4.9 % respectively, p = 0.032) subtypes were more common in patients with- compared to those without BM, whereas triple negative breast cancer subtype was less common (16 vs. 38 %, p = 0.002).
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Correlation between Choline Peak at MR Spectroscopy and Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression Level in Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Clinical Study. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:548-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hernández-Bedolla MA, Carretero-Ortega J, Valadez-Sánchez M, Vázquez-Prado J, Reyes-Cruz G. Chemotactic and proangiogenic role of calcium sensing receptor is linked to secretion of multiple cytokines and growth factors in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:166-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Feng J, Xu X, Li B, Brown E, Farris AB, Sun SY, Yang JJ. Prostate cancer metastatic to bone has higher expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) than primary prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1. [PMID: 26065011 DOI: 10.14800/rci.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the principal regulator of the secretion of parathyroid hormone and plays key roles in extracellular calcium (Ca2+o) homeostasis. It is also thought to participate in the development of cancer, especially bony metastases of breast and prostate cancer. However, the expression of CaSR has not been systematically analyzed in prostate cancer from patients with or without bony metastases. By comparing human prostate cancer tissue sections in microarrays, we found that the CaSR was expressed in both normal prostate and primary prostate cancer as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We used two methods to analyze the expression level of CaSR. One was the pathological score read by a pathologist, the other was the positivity% obtained from the Aperio positive pixel count algorithm. Both of the methods gave consistent results. Metastatic prostate cancer tissue obtained from bone had higher CaSR expression than primary prostate cancer (P <0.05). The expression of CaSR in primary prostate cancers of patients with metastases to tissues other than bone was not different from that in primary prostate cancer of patients with or without bony metastases (P >0.05). The expression of CaSR in cancer tissue was not associated with the stage or status of differentiation of the cancer. These results suggest that CaSR may have a role in promoting bony metastasis of prostate cancer, hence raising the possibility of reducing the risk of such metastases with CaSR-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alton B Farris
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jenny J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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Prognostic significance of calcium-sensing receptor in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5709-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Joeckel E, Haber T, Prawitt D, Junker K, Hampel C, Thüroff JW, Roos FC, Brenner W. High calcium concentration in bones promotes bone metastasis in renal cell carcinomas expressing calcium-sensing receptor. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:42. [PMID: 24576174 PMCID: PMC3945739 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is related to a high rate of metastasis, including 30% of bone metastasis. Characteristic for bone tissue is a high concentration of calcium ions. In this study, we show a promoting effect of an enhanced extracellular calcium concentration on mechanisms of bone metastasis via the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and its downstream signaling molecules. Methods Our analyses were performed using 33 (11/category) matched specimens of normal and tumor tissue and 9 (3/category) primary cells derived from RCC patients of the 3 categories: non-metastasized, metastasized into the lung and metastasized into bones during a five-year period after nephrectomy. Expression of CaSR was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot analyses and flow cytometry, respectively. Cells were treated by calcium and the CaSR inhibitor NPS 2143. Cell migration was measured in a Boyden chamber with calcium (10 μM) as chemotaxin and proliferation by BrdU incorporation. The activity of intracellular signaling mediators was quantified by a phospho-kinase array and Western blot. Results The expression of CaSR was highest in specimens and cells of patients with bone metastases. Calcium treatment induced an increased migration (19-fold) and proliferation (2.3-fold) exclusively in RCC cells from patients with bone metastases. The CaSR inhibitor NPS 2143 elucidated the role of CaSR on the calcium-dependent effects. After treatment with calcium, the activity of AKT, PLCγ-1, p38α and JNK was clearly enhanced and PTEN expression was almost completely abolished in bone metastasizing RCC cells. Conclusions Our results indicate a promoting effect of extracellular calcium on cell migration and proliferation of bone metastasizing RCC cells via highly expressed CaSR and its downstream signaling pathways. Consequently, CaSR may be regarded as a new prognostic marker predicting RCC bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Langenbeckstr 1, Mainz 55131, Germany.
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Abstract
Objective To report the case of a 28-year-old woman who presented with hypercalcemia (total calcium =4.11 mmol/L), elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) 24.6 pmol/L, normal parathyroid hormone-related peptide 7.8 pg/mL, and a 63 mm × 57 mm, poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (small-cell type) pancreatic mass with liver metastases. Investigations and treatment Hypercalcemia was acutely managed with intravenous fluids, pamidronate and calcitonin. Investigations for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and parathyroid adenoma were initiated. The identified neuroendocrine tumor was treated with cisplatinum/etoposide chemotherapy. Results The pancreatic mass (56 mm × 49 mm) and metastases decreased in size with chemotherapy and calcium levels normalized. Eight months later, calcium increased to 3.23 mmol/L, PTH increased to 48.2 pmol/L, and the pancreatic mass increased in size to 67 mm × 58 mm. The patient was given a trial of cinacalcet but was unable to tolerate it. Chemotherapy was restarted and resulted in a decrease in the pancreatic mass (49 mm × 42 mm), a reduction in PTH levels (16.6 pmol/L), and calcium levels (2.34 mmol/L). Conclusion Ectopic PTH secreting tumors should be considered when there is no parathyroid related cause for an elevated PTH. Recognizing the association between PTH and hypercalcemia of malignancy may lead to an earlier detection of an undiagnosed malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Doyle
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janine C Malcolm
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Brunetti G, Colaianni G, Faienza MF, Colucci S, Grano M. Osteotropic Cancers: From Primary Tumor to Bone. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-013-9147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Azim H, Azim HA. Targeting RANKL in breast cancer: bone metastasis and beyond. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13:195-201. [PMID: 23406560 DOI: 10.1586/era.12.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, RANK ligand (RANKL) appears to play an important role in the process of chemotaxis between circulating tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, which enables RANK-expressing breast cancer cells to migrate into the bone. Mounting clinical evidence has further demonstrated that the anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody; denosumab is the most effective approach in the prevention of skeletal-related events. On the other hand, inhibiting RANKL in preclinical models, not only reduced breast cancer formation but also decreased the development of lung metastases, suggesting RANKL as a novel target for breast cancer chemoprevention. In addition, recent data have pointed to a potential role of RANKL in the biology of breast cancer arising at a young age. Hence, RANKL emerges as a key molecule, not only in the field of breast cancer bone metastasis but also in the biology of breast cancer as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Azim
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells express the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the master regulator of systemic calcium metabolism. During lactation, activation of the CaSR in mammary epithelial cells downregulates parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) levels in milk and in the circulation, and increases calcium transport into milk. In contrast, in breast cancer cells the CaSR upregulates PTHrP production. A switch in G-protein usage underlies the opposing effects of the CaSR on PTHrP expression in normal and malignant breast cells. During lactation, the CaSR in normal breast cells coordinates a feedback loop that matches the transport of calcium into milk and maternal calcium metabolism to the supply of calcium. A switch in CaSR G-protein usage during malignant transformation converts this feedback loop into a feed-forward cycle in breast cancer cells that may promote the growth of osteolytic skeletal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Vanhouten
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S131, Box 208020, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Saito S, Hasegawa S, Sekita A, Bakalova R, Furukawa T, Murase K, Saga T, Aoki I. Manganese-enhanced MRI reveals early-phase radiation-induced cell alterations in vivo. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3216-24. [PMID: 23695553 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For tumor radiotherapy, the in vivo detection of early cellular responses is important for predicting therapeutic efficacy. Mn(2+) is used as a positive contrast agent in manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) and is expected to behave as a mimic of Ca(2+) in many biologic systems. We conducted in vitro and in vivo MRI experiments with Mn(2+) to investigate whether MEMRI can be used to detect cell alterations as an early-phase tumor response after radiotherapy. Colon-26 cells or a subcutaneously grafted colon-26 tumor model were irradiated with 20 Gy of X-rays. One day after irradiation, a significant augmentation of G2-M-phase cells, indicating a cell-cycle arrest, was observed in the irradiated cells in comparison with the control cells, although both early and late apoptotic alterations were rarely observed. The MEMRI signal in radiation-exposed tumor cells (R1: 0.77 ± 0.01 s(-1)) was significantly lower than that in control cells (R1: 0.82 ± 0.01 s(-1)) in vitro. MEMRI signal reduction was also observed in the in vivo tumor model 24 hours after irradiation (R1 of radiation: 0.97 ± 0.02 s(-1), control: 1.10 ± 0.02 s(-1)), along with cell-cycle and proliferation alterations identified with immunostaining (cyclin D1 and Ki-67). Therefore, MEMRI after tumor radiotherapy was successfully used to detect cell alterations as an early-phase cellular response in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Calcium sensing receptor signalling in physiology and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:1732-44. [PMID: 23267858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor that is crucial for the feedback regulation of extracellular free ionised calcium homeostasis. While extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)o) is considered the primary physiological ligand, the CaSR is activated physiologically by a plethora of molecules including polyamines and l-amino acids. Activation of the CaSR by different ligands has the ability to stabilise unique conformations of the receptor, which may lead to preferential coupling of different G proteins; a phenomenon termed 'ligand-biased signalling'. While mutations of the CaSR are currently not linked with any malignancies, altered CaSR expression and function are associated with cancer progression. Interestingly, the CaSR appears to act both as a tumour suppressor and an oncogene, depending on the pathophysiology involved. Reduced expression of the CaSR occurs in both parathyroid and colon cancers, leading to loss of the growth suppressing effect of high Ca(2+)o. On the other hand, activation of the CaSR might facilitate metastasis to bone in breast and prostate cancer. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving CaSR signalling in different tissues, aided by a systems biology approach, will be instrumental in developing novel drugs that target the CaSR or its ligands in cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 12th European Symposium on Calcium.
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