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García-Garabal S, Domínguez-Pérez M, Portela D, Varela L, Cabeza O. PRELIMINARY STUDY OF NEW ELECTROLYTES BASED ON [MPPyr][TFSI] FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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2
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Zhou W, Zhang M, Kong X, Huang W, Zhang Q. Recent Advance in Ionic-Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004490. [PMID: 34258155 PMCID: PMC8261505 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
From basic research to industry process, battery energy storage systems have played a great role in the informatization, mobility, and intellectualization of modern human society. Some potential systems such as Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, and Al secondary batteries have attracted much attention to maintain social progress and sustainable development. As one of the components in batteries, electrolytes play an important role in the upgrade and breakthrough of battery technology. Since room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) feature high conductivity, nonflammability, nonvolatility, high thermal stability, and wide electrochemical window, they have been widely applied in various battery systems and show great potential in improving battery stability, kinetics performance, energy density, service life, and safety. Thus, it is a right time to summarize these progresses. In this review, the composition and classification of various ILs and their recent applications as electrolytes in diverse metal-ion batteries (Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al) are outlined to enhance the battery performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityYanshanQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityYanshanQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Xiangyue Kong
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityYanshanQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Weiwei Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringYanshan UniversityYanshanQinhuangdao066004China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077China
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3
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Weber I, Kim J, Buchner F, Schnaidt J, Behm RJ. Surface Science and Electrochemical Model Studies on the Interaction of Graphite and Li-Containing Ionic Liquids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2589-2601. [PMID: 32196973 PMCID: PMC7317785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The process of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is systematically investigated along with its chemical composition on carbon electrodes in an ionic liquid-based, Li-containing electrolyte in a combined surface science and electrochemical model study using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and binder-free graphite powder electrodes (Mage) as model systems. The chemical decomposition process is explored by deposition of Li on a pre-deposited multilayer film of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMP][TFSI]) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Electrochemical SEI formation is induced by and monitored during potential cycling in [BMP][TFSI]+0.1 m LiTFSI. The chemical composition of the resulting layers is characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), both at the surface and in deeper layers, closer to the electrode|SEI interface, after partial removal of the film by Ar+ ion sputtering. Clear differences between chemical and electrochemical SEI formation, and also between SEI formation on HOPG and Mage electrodes, are observed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Weber
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Florian Buchner
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Johannes Schnaidt
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)P.O. Box 364076021KarlsruheGermany
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtzstraße 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and CatalysisUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
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Silva TA, Wong A, Fatibello-Filho O. Electrochemical sensor based on ionic liquid and carbon black for voltammetric determination of Allura red colorant at nanomolar levels in soft drink powders. Talanta 2020; 209:120588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Caimi S, Klaue A, Wu H, Morbidelli M. Effect of SiO₂ Nanoparticles on the Performance of PVdF-HFP/Ionic Liquid Separator for Lithium-Ion Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E926. [PMID: 30413021 PMCID: PMC6267017 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Safety concerns related to the use of potentially explosive, liquid organic electrolytes in commercial high-power lithium-ion batteries are constantly rising. One promising alternative is to use thermally stable ionic liquids (ILs) as conductive media, which are however, limited by low ionic conductivity at room temperature. This can be improved by adding fillers, such as silica or alumina nanoparticles (NPs), in the polymer matrix that hosts the IL. To maximize the effect of such NPs, they have to be uniformly dispersed in the matrix while keeping their size as small as possible. In this work, starting from a water dispersion of silica NPs, we present a novel method to incorporate silica NPs at the nanoscale level (<200 nm) into PVdF-HFP polymer clusters, which are then blended with the IL solution and hot-pressed to form separators suitable for battery applications. The effect of different amounts of silica in the polymer matrix on the ionic conductivity and cyclability of the separator is investigated. A membrane containing 10 wt.% of silica (with respect to the polymer) was shown to maximize the performance of the separator, with a room temperature ionic conductivity of of 1.22 mS cm - 1 . The assembled half-coin cell with LiFePO 4 and Li as the cathode and the anode exhibited a capacity retention of more than 80% at a current density of 2C and 60 ∘ C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Caimi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Antoine Klaue
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Nirmale T, Khupse N, Gore R, Ambekar J, Kulkarni M, Varma A, Kale B. Ethoxy-Ester Functionalized Imidazolium based Ionic Liquids for Lithium Ion Batteries. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Nirmale
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY); Government of India; Panchawati Off Pashan Road Pune - 411008 India
| | - Nageshwar Khupse
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY); Government of India; Panchawati Off Pashan Road Pune - 411008 India
| | - Rohitkumar Gore
- Department of Chemistry; Fergusson College; Savitribai Phule Pune University; Pune 411004 India
| | - Jalindar Ambekar
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY); Government of India; Panchawati Off Pashan Road Pune - 411008 India
| | - Milind Kulkarni
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY); Government of India; Panchawati Off Pashan Road Pune - 411008 India
| | - Anjanikumar Varma
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
- School of Chemical Sciences; Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh; Haryana 123031 India
| | - Bharat Kale
- Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology (C-MET); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY); Government of India; Panchawati Off Pashan Road Pune - 411008 India
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Raut P, Liang W, Chen YM, Zhu Y, Jana SC. Syndiotactic Polystyrene-Based Ionogel Membranes for High Temperature Electrochemical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30933-30942. [PMID: 28816433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on ionogel membranes for use in Li-ion batteries fabricated from syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) gels filled with ionic liquids (ILs). The aim is to increase the operating temperature of Li-ion batteries. Thermal stability and safe operation of Li-ion batteries are two key attributes for their success in hybrid vehicles and other high-temperature applications. The volatility of the liquid electrolytes in current lithium-ion battery technology causes thermal runaway leading to fire, explosion, and swelling of the cell. The approach followed in this work combines the thermal stability and ruggedness of sPS and the extremely low volatility of ILs. The performances of lithium metal/graphite half-cells fabricated with ionogel membranes and those with Celgard-3501 membranes are evaluated at both room temperature and at elevated temperatures of 100 °C. Our data show that the cells with ionogel membranes can be operated continuously at 100 °C without failure. In addition, better charge-discharge capacity is obtained due to high ionic conductivity and high electrolyte retention both derived from high porosity of sPS gels and better wetting of sPS by the ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Raut
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Wenfeng Liang
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Sadhan C Jana
- Department of Polymer Engineering and ‡Department of Polymer Science, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Huie MM, Cama CA, Smith PF, Yin J, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi KJ, Takeuchi ES. Ionic liquid hybrids: Progress toward non-corrosive electrolytes with high-voltage oxidation stability for magnesium-ion based batteries. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Cao X, He X, Wang J, Liu H, Röser S, Rad BR, Evertz M, Streipert B, Li J, Wagner R, Winter M, Cekic-Laskovic I. High Voltage LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4/Li 4Ti 5O 12 Lithium Ion Cells at Elevated Temperatures: Carbonate- versus Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25971-25978. [PMID: 27618412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to its high operating voltage, the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) spinel represents a promising next-generation cathode material candidate for Lithium ion batteries. However, LNMO-based full-cells with organic carbonate solvent electrolytes suffer from severe capacity fading issues, associated with electrolyte decomposition and concurrent degradative reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface, especially at elevated temperatures. As promising alternatives, two selected LiTFSI/pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) based electrolytes with inherent thermal stability were investigated in this work. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) profiles of the investigated LiTFSI/RTIL electrolytes display much higher oxidative stability compared to the state-of-the-art LiPF6/organic carbonate based electrolyte at elevated temperatures. Cycling performance of the LNMO/Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) full-cells with LiTFSI/RTIL electrolytes reveals remarkable improvements with respect to capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate maintained pristine morphology and structure of LNMO particles after 50 cycles at 0.5C. The investigated LiTFSI/RTIL based electrolytes outperform the LiPF6/organic carbonate-based electrolyte in terms of cycling performance in LNMO/LTO full-cells at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xin He
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jun Wang
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Haidong Liu
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Röser
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Babak Rezaei Rad
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marco Evertz
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Streipert
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jie Li
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isidora Cekic-Laskovic
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster , Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Bruck AM, Cama CA, Gannett CN, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi ES, Takeuchi KJ. Nanocrystalline iron oxide based electroactive materials in lithium ion batteries: the critical role of crystallite size, morphology, and electrode heterostructure on battery relevant electrochemistry. Inorg Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qi00247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The whole versus the sum of its parts; contributions of nanoscale iron-containing materials to the bulk electrochemistry of composite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cara N. Gannett
- Department of Chemistry
- State University of New York at Geneseo
- Geneseo
- USA
- Center for Inclusive Education
| | - Amy C. Marschilok
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Esther S. Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Kenneth J. Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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11
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Zhao Y, Boström T. Ionic liquid and nanoparticle based magnetic electrolytes: Design, preparation, and electrochemical stability characterization. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Cao X, Röser S, Rezaeirad B, He X, Streipert B, Winter M, Cekic-Laskovic I. Ester Modified Pyrrolidinium Based Ionic Liquids as Electrolyte Component Candidates in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Huie MM, DiLeo RA, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi KJ, Takeuchi ES. Ionic Liquid Hybrid Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Key Role of the Separator-Electrolyte Interface in Battery Electrochemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:11724-11731. [PMID: 25710110 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Batteries are multicomponent systems where the theoretical voltage and stoichiometric electron transfer are defined by the electrochemically active anode and cathode materials. While the electrolyte may not be considered in stoichiometric electron-transfer calculations, it can be a critical factor determining the deliverable energy content of a battery, depending also on the use conditions. The development of ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolytes has been a research area of recent reports by other researchers, due, in part, to opportunities for an expanded high-voltage operating window and improved safety through the reduction of flammable solvent content. The study reported here encompasses a systematic investigation of the physical properties of IL-based hybrid electrolytes including quantitative characterization of the electrolyte-separator interface via contact-angle measurements. An inverse trend in the conductivity and wetting properties was observed for a series of IL-based electrolyte candidates. Test-cell measurements were undertaken to evaluate the electrolyte performance in the presence of functioning anode and cathode materials, where several promising IL-based hybrid electrolytes with performance comparable to that of conventional carbonate electrolytes were identified. The study revealed that the contact angle influenced the performance more significantly than the conductivity because the cells containing IL-tetrafluoroborate-based electrolytes with higher conductivity but poorer wetting showed significantly decreased performance relative to the cells containing IL-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide electrolytes with lower conductivity but improved wetting properties. This work contributes to the development of new IL battery-based electrolyte systems with the potential to improve the deliverable energy content as well as safety of lithium-ion battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Esther S Takeuchi
- §Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11794, United States
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Rupp ABA, Welle S, Klose P, Scherer H, Krossing I. Effect of Dimethyl Carbonate on the Dynamic Properties and Ionicities of Ionic Liquids with [MIII(hfip)4]−(M=B, Al) Anions. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1940-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vicentini FC, Elisa Ravanini A, Silva TA, Janegitz BC, Zucolotto V, Fatibello-Filho O. A novel architecture based upon multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid to improve the electroanalytical detection of ciprofibrate. Analyst 2014; 139:3961-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00861h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Koh AR, Kim K. 1-Ethyl-1-Methyl Piperidinium Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Imide as a Co-Solvent for Li-ion Battery Electrodes. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.5229/jkes.2014.17.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Aono M, Abe H, Takekiyo T, Yoshimura Y. Protonated/deprotonated properties of a room temperature ionic liquid–water system: N, N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-2-methoxyethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Schmidt C, Beck M, Ahrenberg M, Schick C, Keßler O, Kragl U. Room temperature ionic liquids in a heat treatment process for metals. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06901c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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